ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGum. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CChE Board Exam Review Material DEFINITION OF TERMS: / santory Engineering Cin an ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ~ branch of engineering concerned with the environment and its management. It ‘addresses the problems on soil, water, and air environment. Environment — an aggregate of surrounding things, conditions or influences; air, water, soll and minerals, organisms, social and cultural forces and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time Three media of the environment: AIR, WATER, SOIL CONCENTRATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Common Units Used in Environmental Engineering 2. mass/mass: ppm (mg/kg); ppb (uk/ke) b. volume/volume: ppm (ul/L); ppb (nt/L); ppt(pL/L) © mass/volume: ppm (mg/L) Note: For dilute aqueous solutions, 1ppm = Img/t (density of water = 1kg/L) Particle concentration in air = This include dust, mist (Sox, NOx) and metals = Concentration determination is done by pulling a known volume of air through a filter and increase in ‘weight of the filter is determined, + Note that in order to penetrate deep into the human lungs, particles must have a diameter between 0.1- 2.5um in diameter. Hence the common air particulate concentration expression as PM2.5, referring to particles less than 2.5um in size. Particles in aqueous systems = _ Reported in terms of the concentration (in ppm) of solids or solidifiable components of the sample = Total Solids (T5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - TS=TDS+TSS Concentration as a common constituent. = Concentration of certain compounds are commonly expressed as a concentration of the common constituent. For example, P in wastewater may be present as orthophosphates (e.g. H3POs, H:PO*, etc.), as polyphosphate (e.g. HsP:0;) and as other forms, and may instead be expressed as mg of P (the ‘common constituent) per liter of water - Water hardness is an example whereby concentration is expressed as a common constituent Representation by effect ~ When the strength of the solution in mixture is defined by some common factor on which the chemicals ofthe mixture depend on, e.g. BOD, COD, ThoD WASTE MANAGEMENT- wv. epesent in eecess Pollution ~ the act of introducing pollutants, which refers to any substance that could damage the environment Environmental Poll which adversely affects its aesthetic quantity and/or beneficial use Hierarchy of Waste Management _—the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce t! toxicity of waste cy ching ~ reprocessing of the material recovered from the waste stream so t ‘materials for new applications sn ~any alteration in the physical, chemical, or biological properties ofthe environment je amount or ey became raw nemenuibe chuninG process of restoring a product to like-new condition; process of disassembly and reassembly of products during which time parts are cleaned, repaired, or replaced e —To use a product repeatedly in the same form WASTE TREATMENT METHODS A. Wastewater Treatment Wastewater (definition from the standpoint of sources of generation) "Wastewater is a liquid — or water ~ carried wastes removed from residences, insttutl and industrial establishments, together with such groundwater, surface water, and sto present.” (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991) Effluent-“a general term denoting any wastewater, partially or completely treated, or flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant or treatment plant” (DAO 35, 19 ‘Some Important Water Parameters of Concern 1. Heavy metals - usually added to wastewater from industrial and comm: ‘which may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused Lead - used as a component in lubricants, an anti-knocking agent Chromium ~ cancerous in hexavalent forms; usually reduced to Cr°* Suspended Solids ~ can lead to the development of sludge deposits and ‘when untreated wastewater is discharged to the aquatic environment. 5. Organic Components (BOD, COD) n and businesses jm water as maybe inits natural state, 20) cial activities and inaerobic condition