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Electromagnetic Induction
AIEEE Syllabus
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s CHAPTER
Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance, A.C. Generator and
Tranformer.

MAGNETIC FLUX & FARADAY’S LAW THIS CHAPTER

 
  B.A  BA cos  A COVERS :
 Magnetic flux &
 Faraday’s Law
B
 Lenz’s Law
 Methods of
inducing emf &
applications
Units : weber (SI)
Maxwell (CGS)  Mutual and self
1 maxwell = 10–8 Wb inductance

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction  Inductor

1. An emf is induced in a loop when the number of magnetic field lines i.e.,  LR circuit with dc
magnetic flux passing through the loop is changing. source
2. Magnitude of the emf ‘e’ induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate  Eddy current
at which the magnetic flux B through that loop changes with time.
d B  Induced electric
 e (for a loop), for a plane coil having N turns field
dt
Nd B d ( N B )  Transformer
e 
dt dt
 LC oscillations
Note : Negative sign indicates opposition (explained by Lenz’s law).

LENZ’S LAW
The flux of the magnetic field due to the induced current opposes the change
in flux that causes the induced current.

Application of Lenz’s Law

Motion Motion

S N N S N S N S
Repulsion Attraction

Induced Current Induced Current

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
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AIEEE/State CETs Electromagnetic Induction

1. If loop ABCD is brought closed, anticlockwise current is induced. (Fig. 1)

2. If ABCD is moved away, clockwise current is induced. (Fig. 2)
3. As shown, if magnetic field starts increasing, an anticlockwise current starts flowing. Due to this, slider
AB moves leftward.
B A
× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×
I (induced)
× × × × × × × × ×
R
× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × conducting rail
B
slider

METHODS OF INDUCING EMF AND APPLICATIONS

× × × × ×
Methods of Inducing EMF B (Varies with time)

(1) By Changing B
 = BA = B × R2
R
d 2 dB dB
 R  e   R 2
dt dt dt × × × × ×

(a) If B increases, current is in anticlockwise direction producing outward magnetic field.

(b) If B decreases, current is in clockwise direction.
(2) By Changing Area
(a) Let area changes from A1 to A2 in time t × × × ×
B
1 = BA1
2 = BA2
(  2  1 ) r
e
t
B( A1  A2 ) × × × ×
e
t
dr
(b) Radius of the loop starts increasing at rate
dt
d dr
e (B  r 2 )   B  2r
dt dt
(c) Moving a loop in/out of a uniform field.
× × B × ×

l v
BIl I

× × × ×

e = Bvl, R = resistance of loop, I  e (clockwise)

R
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Some Important Points :

(a) Force required to pull the loop with constant velocity

Bl  e B 2 l 2v
F  BIl  
R R
B 2 l 2v 2
(b) Power of external force = Fv 
R
B 2 l 2v 2
(c) Rate of heat loss = I 2R 
R
 External power = thermal power dissipated
If the loop is pushed inside, current will be anticlockwise.

Applications
1. × B(+) 2. × × 3. × ×
× v
vsin v

v
l A(+)  B(–)
B(–)
A(+) O R e = Bvl sin
e = Bv(2R)
A(–)
 
e = Bvl
4. 5. 6.
A B
A(+) 
 A B B(–)
l (–) O
(+) R

1 1 1
Br   AB = 0 eOA = Br 
2 2
Bl 
2
e= e=
× 2 × 2 × × 2 ×
×
Disc Part of Disc

7. 8. 9.
× × (B) × × × A ×
A D
R
v v v
l R l
O

B C
B

A D
I =0 I
I =0
Bvl Bvl R
2BvR 2BvR Bvl

I
B C
Bvl
× × × × × I  ×
R
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AIEEE/State CETs Electromagnetic Induction

× × × ×
10.
I
v r
R1 l R2  R1 R2
Bvl

× × × × Bvl
Sliding rod also has a I 
R1R2
resistance ‘r ’ r 
R1  R2
(3) A.C. Generator
A B


A


t=0
 =0
e

t
e = e0 sint
Alternating emf is produced in the coil, given by

e = NBA.sint
[N = No. of turns, B = magnetic field,
t
A = Area of loop, = angular speed of rotation]

MUTUAL AND SELF INDUCTANCE

Mutual Induction
Property of two coils by virtue of which each opposes any change in the magnitude of current flowing through
the other by inducing an emf in itself provided magnetic flux of one coil is linked with other.
Let I1 is current through one coil, 2 is flux linked with other coil, then
2  I1
 2 = MI1, where M is mutual induction

d 2 dI
 e  M 1
dt dt

Important cases :
1. Mutual inductance of two solenoids :

 0 N1N 2 A
M
l
N1 = Number of turns in one solenoid
N2 = Number of turns in other solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of narrower solenoid
l = Length of solenoid

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Electromagnetic Induction AIEEE/State CETs

2. Two loops :
R >> r

 0 r 2
(a) M 
2R
R r

2 2 a
(b) M   8 a  b r 2
4 ab
r
b

0 r b
(c) M  a log  
2  r 
I a

r b

Self Induction
Property of a coil by which it opposes any change in the magnitude of current flowing through it by inducing
an emf in itself.

LdI
Here  = LI, e  , L = Coefficient of self-induction.
dt
1 Volt - sec
Both M and L have unit Henry. 1 Henry = = 1 Joule/(Amp)2
Ampere

INDUCTOR
Ideal Inductor : A part of long solenoid having zero resistance, inductance or coefficient of self induction

0N 2 A
L = 0n2Al =
l l
l = length, A = area of cross-section
n = number of turns/length, N = total number of turns

Direction of Induced emf

(a) I is increasing (b) I is decreasing

e = LdI/dt e = LdI/dt
I I

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AIEEE/State CETs Electromagnetic Induction

(c) I is increasing (d) I is decreasing

e = LdI/dt e = LdI/dt
I I

Energy in Inductor
I

1 2 1 B2
Energy U B  LI , Energy Density =
2 2 0

Combination of Inductors
1. Inductor in series

L1 L2

(a) L = L1 + L2
(b) L = L1 + L2 ± 2M (If mutual inductance is also considered)
2. Inductor in parallel

L1

L2

1 1 1
 
L L1 L2 (Neglecting mutual induction)

Relation between Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance

M  K L1L2
M = Mutual inductance of two inductors L1 and L2, K = Coefficient of coupling.
For a tight (perfect) coupling K = 1, otherwise K < 1.

L-R- CIRCUIT WITH D.C. SOURCE

Growth of Current

R L

At t = 0 the switch S
is closed
i
S
E i
t=0
E/R
E
0.63
E t
 R
i i  e   .
R 
t= t
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Electromagnetic Induction AIEEE/State CETs

Graph for variation of current (i) with time (t) is shown here.
(1) Inductor behaves like open circuit. No current through it, as t = 0, i = 0.

E
(2) After long time, as t , i 0  . (Inductor behaves as closed switch)
R

Illustration :

R R
E

R S R

t=0
i
i R R
R R
E E 2E
at t = 0 i at t =  i
3R R R 3R
R R

Decay of Current
E
i0 = at t = 0
R

R L
i E
S1 At t = 0, i = is flowing
R
t=0 through the inductor. Now
S1 is closed and S2 is opened.
E S2 t = 0

i
E
R

E
E t 0.37
i   e   R
R  t= t
Graph for variation of current (i) with time (t) is shown here.

EDDY CURRENTS
When the magnetic flux through a large piece of conducting material changes, induced currents appear in the
material. These current are called eddy currents.
B

Typical eddy
current loop

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AIEEE/State CETs Electromagnetic Induction

 d / dt
The magnitude of eddy currents is given by i   where R is resistance of the conductor. The
R R
direction of eddy currents is given by Lenz's law or Flemming's right hand rule.
Some of the important applications of eddy currents are: Induction motor and in diathermy i.e., deep heat
treatment of parts of human body.
Some of the undesirable effects of eddy currents are that they oppose the relative motion, involve loss of energy
in the form of heat and reduce the life of electrical devices. To minimise eddy currents, we use laminated cores.

Uses of Eddy Currents

Induction furnace, magnetic brakes, speedometers, damping in galvanometers, dead beat galvanometer.

INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELD

A changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This field is non-conservative and always forms closed

dB
lop. Consider a region of magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is increasing at a rate . This creates
dt
anticlockwise electric field lines. Electric field strength at distance r from point O is given by
dB r
E   .
dt 2
× ×
B × × ×
×
× × ××
× × × × ×× ×

×
×
× × × ×

×
×
× ×

×××
× × × ×
××

××

× ×× ×

××
r
×
×

× ×
× ××
×
× × × ×

TRANSFORMER
1. A transformer is a device for converting high voltage into low voltage and vice versa, without change in
power.
2. There are two types of transformers.
(a) Step up Transformer : It converts low voltage into high voltage.
(b) Step down transformer : It converts high voltage into low voltage.
3. The principle of a transformer is based on mutual induction and a transformer always works on AC. The
input is applied across primary terminals and output is obtained across secondary terminals.

ns
4. The ratio of number of turns in secondary and primary is called the turn ratio i.e., = turn ratio n.
np

5. If Ep and Es are alternating voltage, Ip and Is the alternating currents across primary and secondary
terminals respectively, then for ideal transformer

E s I p ns
  n.
E p Is n p
6. Efficiency of practical transformer
output power Pout E I
   s s 1
input power Pin Ep Ip

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LC OSCILLATIONS
A charged capacitor is connected to an inductor and switch is closed at t = 0. UE
+ –
– S
The charge and current vary sinusoidally as, +
+ –
–
+ –
q = q0 cos t [ at t = 0, q = q0] + –

i = i0 sin t [ at t = 0, i = 0] L
Graphical representation of this variation is as shown.
i q

t t

q0 1 1
i0  , ,  is frequency of LC oscillations
LC LC 2 LC

Some Important Points :

1. If there is some resistance, there is a continuous loss of energy. Amplitude of charge or current decays
with time.
2. During oscillations, voltage across capacitor at any instant = emf induced in the inductor.
3. Energy stored in capacitor or inductor oscillates with frequency 2.

  

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