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International Journal of
Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrmms
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Overburden grout injection
Subsidence prediction
Knothe time function model
Dynamic surface subsidence
⁎
Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
E-mail address: cumtxjl@cumt.edu.cn (J. Xu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.01.044
Received 27 June 2017; Received in revised form 11 December 2017; Accepted 25 January 2018
1365-1609/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
Buildings
Ground surface
Grouting borehole
Fig. 1. Schematic cross section of the isolated overburden grout injection technique
Fig. 2. Knothe time function curves for various values of the time parameter c.
(after22).
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B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
Fig. 3. Comparison of the measured subsidence of coalmine working faces under overburden grout injection in the Huaibei coalfield with the predictions of the Knothe time function: a)
Longwall 8281, b) Longwall 1018, c) Longwall 1044, and d) Longwall 8103.
the variational characteristics of this parameter, and then derive an of the fill from the coal seam increases. An impact coefficient n may be
expression for cg based on the grout injection parameters. The time introduced on this basis to assess the impact of the height of the stratum
parameter cg is then used to develop a new time function model of of the grout injection (i.e. the distance of the injected fill from the coal
longwall mining with overburden grout injection. Finally, the relevant seam) on the time parameter cg.
parameters of actual mining cases were investigated and used to de- In summary, it may be inferred that cg is affected by the factors that
termine those of the proposed model. affect the conventional time parameter c and is proportionally related
to the n-th power of the fill thickness h. Thus, it is supposed that
The time parameter cg of the working faces with overburden grout We have previously established a model of the fill distribution in an
injection is affected by the factors that affect the conventional longwall overburden for the purpose of determining the value of h.21 In the cross
mining time parameter c. However, cg is additionally affected by the section, the fill may be considered to have a graded distribution (Fig. 4),
thickness of the injected fill, h, owing to the filling of the overburden and the relationship between the thickness of the fill within the over-
fracture cavities. Since cg is inversely correlated with the surface sub- burden (at the centre of the working face) and the volume of the
sidence duration, the relationship between cg and h may be determined compacted fill, Q, may be expressed as
by analysing the relationship between the surface subsidence duration
Q = h (W − H1/ tan φ) L (4)
and h. Incidentally, the surface subsidence duration is closely related to
the dimensions of the mining-induced overburden fracture cavities.
where W is the width of the working face (m), φ is the angle of full
Grout injection into the overburden decreases the total number of
subsidence, and the empirical value of 60° was used for the calculation
mining-induced fracture cavities as well as the propagation time of the
in the Huaibei coalfield28; H1 is the distance between the fill and the
fracture cavities toward the surface, thus decreasing the duration of the
ceiling of the coal seam (m); and L is the advancement length of the
surface subsidence. The decrease in the duration of the subsidence
working face in the grout injection area (m). The volume of the fill may
becomes more pronounced as the thickness of the fill increases. This
be expressed as
indicates that the time parameter cg increases in proportion to the
thickness of the fill h. Q = Vf (t + t0) (5)
Because the number of mining-induced fracture cavities varies with
the depth, the effect of the cavities on the duration of surface sub- where Vf is the filling rate of the compacted ash (m3/d); t is the duration
sidence would also vary with the depth. Theoretically, the number of of the subsidence at an arbitrary point on the surface (d); and t0 is the
mining-induced fracture cavities decreases as the vertical horizon from duration of the grout injection prior to the subsidence (d). It should be
the coal seam increases. The effect of the fracture cavities on the noted that Vf is actually a variable, but because it only varies within a
duration of the subsidence thus decreases as the depth of the cavities relatively small range, it may be reasonably approximated by its
decreases. Similarly, for a fill with a given thickness, the duration of the average value.
surface subsidence decreases as the distance of the fill from the coal An expression for the time parameter for mining with overburden
seam increases. Hence, the time parameter cg increases as the distance grout injection may be obtained by combining Eqs. (3)–(5), as follows:
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B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
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B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
Table 2
Geological, mining, and grout injection parameters of four grout-injection mining working faces in the Huaibei coalfield.
Working face Hs (m) Hj (m) H1 (m) Vf (m3/d) L (m) W (m) t0 (month) v (m/d)
Hs: thickness of the unconsolidated formations; Hj: thickness of the bedrock; v: advancement speed of the working face.
Table 3
Parameters of the developed time function model of four working faces in the Huaibei Fig. 7. Comparison of the fitted and measured values of the impact coefficient n of the
coalfield. considered working faces.
Fig. 6. Fitted curves of the developed function model and measured subsidence with respect to time of the four considered working faces: a) Longwall 8281, b) Longwall 1018, c)
Longwall 1044, and d) Longwall 8103.
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B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
Fig. 8. Plan of the 7226 working face and a picture of the nearby surface buildings.
4. Experimental validation injection area are shown in Fig. 8. Detailed descriptions of the grout
injection process and the monitoring of surface subsidence are available
4.1. Geological setting and mining conditions in the work of Teng et al.16
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B. Wang et al. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 104 (2018) 1–8
Measurement point RMSE (mm) RSE (%) This study was financially supported by the Natural Science
B4 7.1 7.7
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51604258) and the Independent
B5 7.2 4.7 Research Projects of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe
B6 12.3 5.3 Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No.
B7 19.7 4.7 SKLCRSM15X06).
B8 30.7 5.5
B9 57.0 8.6
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