PRT4701/101/0/2018

Tutorial Letter 101/0/2018

Protection Technology IV (Theory)

PRT4701

Year module

Department of Electrical and Mining

Engineering

This tutorial letter contains important information

about your module.

BARCODE
 CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3
2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE............................................................... 3
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 3
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS................................................................................... 3
3.1 Lecturer(s) .................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Department ................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 University ...................................................................................................................................... 4
4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 4
4.1 Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Recommended books ................................................................................................................... 4
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)................................................................................................. 4
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ............................................................... 4
6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN ............................................................................................. 4
7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING .................................... 4
8 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 4
8.1 Assessment criteria....................................................................................................................... 4
8.2 Assessment plan .......................................................................................................................... 4
8.3 Assignment numbers .................................................................................................................... 5
8.3.1 General assignment numbers ....................................................................................................... 5
8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers ........................................................................................................ 5
8.4 Assignments due dates ................................................................................................................. 5
8.5 Submission of assignments .......................................................................................................... 5
8.6 Assignments ................................................................................................................................. 7
8.7 Other assessment methods ........................................................................................................ 19
8.8 The examination ......................................................................................................................... 19
9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 19
10 SOURCES CONSULTED ........................................................................................................... 19
11 IN CLOSING ............................................................................................................................... 19
12 ADDENDUM ............................................................................................................................... 19

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 PRT4701/101/0/2018

1 INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to the subject Protection Technology IV (Theory) (PRT4701) at UNISA. This
tutorial letter serves as a guideline to this subject. It provides you with general administrative
information as well as specific information about the subject. Read it carefully and keep it safe
for future reference. We trust that you will enjoy this course.

2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this subject is for the student to study the calculation of fault currents (three
and/or single phase) to form an integral part of application of the field of Protection Technology.

2.2 Outcomes
The ability to calculate fault currents theoretically (three and single phase as well as
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults) by using the Zbus - and other methods.

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer(s)

Your Lecturer for Electrical Protection IV is Mr TS Hlalele. He can be contacted at the following
number for any theoretical questions:

Contacts: 011 471 2099

Email: hlalets@unisa.ac.za
Contact hours: 13:00 – 16:00 Mondays and Wednesdays

3.2 Department
Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering: electrical&mining@unisa.ac.za

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3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.
This brochure contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom you can write
for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of the times
certain facilities are open).Always have your student number at hand when you contact the
University.

4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES
4.1 Prescribed books
Grainger & Stevenson. Power System Analysis. Mc Graw-Hill. ISBN 0071133380

4.2 Recommended books

There are no recommended books for this module.

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no electronic reserves for this module.

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

The practical part of this module will be covered in the module PRTPRA4.

8 ASSESSMENT
8.1 Assessment criteria
Your final mark will be calculated by using a ratio of 20% year mark and 80% examination mark.

8.2 Assessment plan

You will find your assignments for this subject in this Tutorial Letter. Assignment 1, 2
and 3 are compulsory and all assignments will be used in the calculation of your year
mark. Please send the completed assignments to UNISA before the closing dates stated
in this section.
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Assignment 1 must be completed on a mark reading sheet.

The mark for Protection Technology IV (Theory) (PRT4701) is calculated as follows:

 The year mark contributes to 20%.
 The examination mark contributes to 80%

The year mark is based on all the assignment marks obtained and their contribution towards the
final year mark are as shown in the table below:

ASSIGNMENT CONTRIBUTION
NUMBER TOWARDS YEAR
MARK
1 (Compulsory) 10%

2 (Compulsory) 45%

3 (Compulsory) 45%

TOTAL = 100 %

8.3 Assignment numbers

8.3.1 General assignment numbers
Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01.

8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers

Assignment 1: 683400
Assignment 2: 628774
Assignment 3: 803240

8.4 Assignments due dates

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1: 22 May 2018
Assignment 2: 18 July 2018
Assignment 3: 5 September 2018

8.5 Submission of assignments

ALL ASSIGNMENTS (submitted) HAVE TO BE ATTEMPTED!!!!!!!

THE SUBMISSION OF AN EMPTY ASSIGNMENT COVER IS UNACCEPTABLE.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING POINTS :

 NO LATE ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

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  KEEP A CLEAR COPY OF THE ASSIGNMENT FOR YOUR OWN REFERENCE.
THIS IS IMPORTANT, AS ASSIGNMENTS DO GET LOST.

 SUBMISSIONS OF ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH “MY

STUDIES @ UNISA”.

Please note that model answers for the assignments will be dispatched to all
students within 1 week of the closing date of the assignment. This implies that
you cannot submit your assignment later than the stipulated submission date.

For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see the
brochure my Studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.

To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

 Go to myUnisa.
 Log in with your student number and password.
 Select the module.
 Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
 Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
 Follow the instructions.

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8.6 Assignments

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1: (Compulsory) 22 May 2018
Assignment 2: (Compulsory) 18 July 2018
Assignment 3: (Compulsory) 5 September 2018
ASSIGNMENT 1
Choose the correct answer for the questions below:

1. The bus admittance matrix of a large scale interconnected power system is typically very
sparse with mainly _______ elements.
(1) infinite
(2) zero
(3) two
(4) thousand

2. In practice, Zbus is rarely explicitly required, and so the triangular factors of ________
are used to generate elements of Zbus only as they are needed.
(1) Vbus
(2) Ibus
(3) Ybus
(4) Pbus

3. The bus impedance matrix can be directly constructed element by element using simple
algorithms to incorporate ______ element at a time into the system representation.
(1) zero
(2) one
(3) two
(4) three

4. The impedance elements of the Zbus on the principal diagonal are called ___________
impedances of the buses.
(1) transfer
(2) driving point
(3) mutual
(4) none of above
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5. The impedance elements of the Zbus on the principal off-diagonal are called
___________ impedances of the buses.

(1) transfer
(2) driving point
(3) mutual
(4) None of the above

6. The bus impedance matrix provides important information regarding the power system
network, which we can use to advantage in network _______.
(1) calculations
(2) impedances
(3) operations
(4) sources

7. In the Thevenin’s theorem, the voltages V10 and VN0 are the effective ______ voltages,
which can be measured by voltmeter between the buses of the network and the
reference node.
(1) infinite
(2) short-circuit
(3) two
(4) open-circuit

8. V0 in the superposition equation of V is represented by:.

(1) Zbus I0
(2) Zbus ΔI
(3) Zbus (I0 + ΔI)
(4) None of the above

9. If a capacitor is added to a bus, it ______ the bus voltages.

(1) increases
(2) decreases
(3) doubles
(4) have no effect
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10. A single branch of impedance Zb between two nodes can be removed from the network by:
(1) dividing by -j
(2) by adding the negative of Zb
(3) by adding another Zb
(4) adding jZb

11. We could determine Zbus by first finding Ybus and then ________ .
(1) multiplying it with the prefault voltage
(2) multiplying it with prefault current
(3) multiplying it with -j
(4) none of above

12. The Zbus building procedures are simple for a computer which first must determine the
types of modification involved as each branch impedance is _______ .
(1) squared
(2) added
(3) halved
(4) doubled

13. A transformation of network variables which preserves power is said to be __________.

(1) power variant
(2) power invariant
(3) power inductive
(4) None of above

14. If V and I describe the set of bus voltages and currents respectively, in the network. The
complex power associated with these variables is a ______.
(1) scalar quantity
(2) vector quantity
(3) matrix quantity
(4) None of above

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15. With reference to question 19 above, a3 will be equal to:
(1) -0.5 + j0.866
(2) -0.5 – j0.866
(3) one
(4) zero

16. For a long transmission line, γ is called the propagation constant. The real part of this
constant is called ___________.
(1) attenuation constant
(2) impedance constant
(3) termination constant
(4) instantaneous constant

17. In the case where bus k of an existing Zbus is chosen as the new reference node, one of the
steps to determine the new bus impedance matrix is to _____ the existing row k from each
of the other rows in Zbus and change the sign of row k.
(1) multiply
(2) add
(3) divide
(4) subtract

18. Power invariancy imposes requirements when transforming from one set of ____________
to another.
(1) vectors
(2) currents and voltage
(3) power network
(4) power relationships

19. Mutually coupled branches, which do not generally arise except under unbalanced
__________ conditions, can be added to and removed from Zbus by algorithmic methods.
(1) complex
(2) sub transient
(3) fault
(4) None of above

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20. The reactive power Q is depended on α-β, which is the phase angle between voltage and
current. If β>α, Q would be
(1) positive
(2) negative
(3) zero
(4) imaginary
(20)

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 ASSIGNMENT 2

 Power Systems Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson is the textbook. The textbook must be
used with the Protection Technology IV study guide.

QUESTION 1:

Two voltage sources feeds a three bus system. The values are as follows:

Voltage source1 (Value 1.4pu angle 00 and internal reactance of j0.8p.u.) when it feeds into bus
1 and voltage source 2 (Value 1.0pu angle 00 and internal reactance of j1.0p.u.) when it feeds
into bus 3.

Bus 1 is connected to bus 2 via a reactance of j0.5p.u. and connected to bus 3 via a reactance
of j0.2p.u and bus 2 is connected to bus 3 via a reactance of j0.4p.u.

Bus 3 is connected to the neutral via a reactance of j2.0p.u.

Determine the following: (The magnitude and angle of each of the generated voltages may be
assumed to remain constant.)

1.1 Determine the Zbus by direct formulation. (Round all the elements off to two digits
after the coma) (10)
1.2 Determine the voltage at each bus. (4)
1.3 The current drawn by a capacitor having a reactance of 3.0 per unit connected from bus
3 to neutral; (3)
1.4 The change in voltage at each bus when the capacitor is connected at bus 3 (3)
1.5 The voltage at each bus after connecting the capacitor. (3)
1.6 Voltage source 1 fails and is replaced by a voltage source of value 1.75pu
angle 00 and internal reactance of j1.0p.u. Recalculate problem 1.2 above. (3)
1.7 With the new voltage source in place, calculate the current drawn by a capacitor having
a reactance of j0.45p.u. connected from bus 3 to neutral. (4)

TOTAL (10+4+3+3+3+3+4 = 30)

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QUESTION 2:
QUESTION 2.1

Discuss 5 methods of earthing.

(10)

QUESTION 2.2

The line voltages in a star connected three-phase system are as follows:

Vab = 150 angle 00 V

Vbc = 120.4 angle 2250 V
Vca = 80 angle 900 V

Determine the voltage Van

(8)

QUESTION 2.3

The line currents on the low voltage side of a Dyn 11 transformer are as follows:

Ia = 0.85 angle 250 A

Ib = 3.2 angle -900 A
Ic = 1.8 angle 1250 A

Determine IA, IB and IC

(8)

Total (26)

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QUESTION 3:

The bus impedance 4x4 matrix of a four bus network with values in per unit is:

0.18 0.08 0.04 0.07

Zbus = 0.08 0.15 0.06 0.13

j

0.04 0.06 0.13 0.05

0.07 0.13 0.05 0.16

Generators connected to buses 1 and 2 have their subtransient reactances included in

Zbus. If prefault current is neglected:

(a) Find the subtransient current in per unit in the fault for a three-phase fault on bus 4.
Assume the voltage at the fault is 1.5 angle 0 0 per unit before the fault occurs. Find also
the per-unit current from generator 2 whose subtransient reactance is 0.2 per unit.
(b) Find the same as above for the fault that occurs on bus 3.
(c) Find the same as above for the fault that occurs on bus 2.
Total (6+4+4=14)

QUESTION 4:

QUESTION 4.1

Prove that the ratio of the currents in the lines on the delta side of a Dy transformer will be 1:2:1
if a line to line fault occurs on the star side of the transformer.
(12)

QUESTION 4.2

Study the following one-line diagram:

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A 1200kVA generator with X”d = 0.18 per unit is connected to a bus through a circuit breaker.
Connected through circuit breakers to the same bus are three synchronous motor rated 250kW,
6.6kV, 1.0 power factor, 90% efficiency with X”d = 0.18 per unit. The motors are operating at full
load, unit power factor and rated voltage with the load equally divided among the machines.
Neglect the resistance of the lines.

4.1 Draw the impedance diagram with the impedance marked in per unit on a base of 1MVA,
6.6kV.
4.2 Find the symmetrical short-circuit current in Amps, which must be interrupted by breakers
A and B for a three phase fault at point P. Simplify the calculations by neglecting the pre-
fault current.

(6+12=18)
Total (30)
TOTAL: 100

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 ASSIGNMENT 3

 Power Systems Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson is the textbook. The textbook must be
used with the Protection Technology IV study guide.

QUESTION 1:
Consider the 3-bus power system single diagram below. A bolted three phase fault occurs at
bus 3. Using bus impedance matrix calculate the following:

1.1 Fault current

1.2 Bus voltages
1.3 Line currents during the fault.

(22+4+4=30)
TOTAL (30)

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QUESTION 2:

Consider the single diagram below and determine 2.1 and 2.2 below:

2.1 The terminal voltage of the alternator for double line fault occurred at 4.1 on the
diagram above.
2.2 The line currents of the alternator for double line earth fault occurred at 4.2 above.

(17+20=43)
TOTAL (43)

QUESTION 3:

Question 3.1:

Unsymmetrical faults are known as faults on the power system which gives rise to
unsymmetrical currents. Distinguish by means of sketches, three ways in which unsymmetrical
faults may occur in a power system.
(6)

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Question 3.2

(15)
Question 3.3:

A 50Hz turbogenerator is rated 420MVA, 44kV. It is Y-connected and solidly earthed and is
operating at rated voltage at no load. It is disconnected from the rest of the system. Its
reactances are Xd” = X1 = X2 = 0.11 and X0 = 0.05 per unit. Find the ratio of the subtransient line
current for a single line to ground fault to the subtransient line current for a symmetrical three
phase fault.
(6)
TOTAL (27)
TOTAL: 100

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8.7 Other assessment methods

None

8.8 The examination

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

10 SOURCES CONSULTED
None

11 IN CLOSING
Please ensure that you have all the tutorial letters and prescribed book available before starting
with your studies.

12 ADDENDUM

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