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Crystal Systems 0
2 4
3.20 Below is a unit cell for a hypothetical metal. 01 1 0
1
2 1 3
4
(a) To which crystal system does this unit cell 1 1 1
001 2 4
belong?
101 0 12 1
4
(b) What would this crystal structure be 1 1 1
called? 111 2 2 2
+y
90° 0.35 nm Direction 2
0.4 nm
0.35 nm
+x
0.3 nm
3.21 Sketch a unit cell for the face-centered or-
thorhombic crystal structure.
+x
Point Coordinates 0.5 nm
3.22 List the point coordinates for all atoms that are Direction 1
A
a1
1
2
3.36 Using Equations 3.6a, 3.6b, 3.6c, and 3.6d, de-
C 1 1 rive expressions for each of the three primed
,
2 2
1
B indices set (u¿, v¿, and w¿) in terms of the four
2
D
unprimed indices (u, v, t, and w).
+y
Crystallographic Planes
+x 3.37 (a) Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and
within that cell a (021) plane.
3.32 Determine the indices for the directions (b) Draw a monoclinic unit cell, and within
shown in the following cubic unit cell: that cell a (200) plane.
3.38 What are the indices for the two planes drawn
+z in the sketch below?
2 +z
3
B
Plane 2 Plane 1
2 1
3 2
1 1
,
A 2 2
1
2
C 1 +y +y
0.2 nm
3 D
1 1
,
2 2
0.4 nm
0.4 nm
+x
3.33 For tetragonal crystals, cite the indices of
directions that are equivalent to each of the
following directions: 3.39 Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following
planes:
(a) [011]
(a) (101), (e) (111),
(b) [100]
(b)
3.34 Convert the [110] and [001] directions into the
four-index Miller–Bravais scheme for hexag- (c)
onal unit cells. (d)
Questions and Problems • 77
3.40 Determine the Miller indices for the planes and (111) planes, (b) (110) and (110) planes,
shown in the following unit cell: and (c) (111) and (001) planes.
+z 3.44 Sketch the atomic packing of (a) the (100)
1 plane for the FCC crystal structure, and (b)
1
3 the (111) plane for the BCC crystal structure
(similar to Figures 3.10b and 3.11b).
3.45 Consider the reduced-sphere unit cell shown
in Problem 3.20, having an origin of the co-
ordinate system positioned at the atom la-
beled with an O. For the following sets of
planes, determine which are equivalent:
+y
(a) (100), (010), and (001)
(b) (110), (101), (011), and (101)
+x (c) (111), (111), (111), and (111)
3.46 Here are three different crystallographic
3.41 Determine the Miller indices for the planes
planes for a unit cell of a hypothetical metal.
shown in the following unit cell:
The circles represent atoms:
+z
1
2
0.55 nm
0.55 nm
0.4 nm
0.4 nm 0.4 nm
+x
3.47 Below are shown three different crystallo-
graphic planes for a unit cell of some hypo-
3.42 Determine the Miller indices for the planes thetical metal. The circles represent atoms:
shown in the following unit cell:
+z
0.36 nm
0.39 nm
0.32 nm
1
2
0.30 nm 0.25 nm
0.20 nm
(110) (101) (011)
Intensity
3.60 The metal rhodium has an FCC crystal struc- 3.64 The diffraction peaks shown in Figure 3.21 are
ture. If the angle of diffraction for the (311) set indexed according to the reflection rules for
of planes occurs at 36.12 (first-order reflec- FCC (i.e., h, k, and l must all be either odd or
tion) when monochromatic x-radiation having even). Cite the h, k, and l indices of the first
a wavelength of 0.0711 nm is used, compute four diffraction peaks for BCC crystals con-
(a) the interplanar spacing for this set of sistent with h k l being even.
planes, and (b) the atomic radius for a 3.65 Figure 3.24 shows the first five peaks of the
rhodium atom. x-ray diffraction pattern for tungsten, which
3.61 The metal niobium has a BCC crystal structure. has a BCC crystal structure; monochromatic
If the angle of diffraction for the (211) set of x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm
planes occurs at 75.99 (first-order reflection) was used.
when monochromatic x-radiation having a (a) Index (i.e., give h, k, and l indices) for
wavelength of 0.1659 nm is used, compute each of these peaks.
(a) the interplanar spacing for this set of
planes, and (b) the atomic radius for the (b) Determine the interplanar spacing for
niobium atom. each of the peaks.
3.62 For which set of crystallographic planes will a (c) For each peak, determine the atomic ra-
first-order diffraction peak occur at a diffrac-
tion angle of 44.53 for FCC nickel when
dius for W and compare these with the value
monochromatic radiation having a wave-
presented in Table 3.1.
length of 0.1542 nm is used?
3.63 Figure 3.21 shows an x-ray diffraction pattern
Noncrystalline Solids
for lead taken using a diffractometer and
monochromatic x-radiation having a wave- 3.66 Would you expect a material in which the
length of 0.1542 nm; each diffraction peak on atomic bonding is predominantly ionic in
the pattern has been indexed. Compute the nature to be more or less likely to form
interplanar spacing for each set of planes a noncrystalline solid upon solidification
indexed; also determine the lattice parameter than a covalent material? Why? (See Sec-
of Pb for each of the peaks. tion 2.6.)