Design of Isolated R.C.

Footings
General Most of the structures built by our country are made of reinforced concrete. Here, the part of the
structure above ground level is called as the superstructure, and this is already designed, where the part of
the structure below the ground level is called as the substructure. Footings are located below the ground
level and are also referred as foundations. Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct
contact with soil. The R.C.C. structures consist of various structural components which act together to
resist the applied loads and transfer them safely to soil. In general the loads applied on slabs in buildings
are transferred to soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are that part of the structure which
is generally located below ground Level. They are also referred as foundations. Footings transfer the
vertical loads, Horizontal loads, Moments, and other forces to the soil. The important purpose of
foundation is as follows;
1. To transfer forces from superstructure to firm soil below.
2. To distribute stresses evenly on foundation soil such that foundation soil neither fails nor experiences
excessive settlement.
3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.
4. To provide an even surface for smooth construction of superstructure. Due to the loads and soil
pressure, footings develop Bending moments and Shear forces.
In our case of footings which are want to deal is isolated footing this footing is concerned only columns
which are far apart and they are mostly interior columns and another footing which are want to design
combined footing . And this is part of layout of our project foundation that shows type of footings.

Design of Isolated R.C. Footings

Isolated Column Footing These is independent footings which are provided for each column. And this
type of footing is chosen when
 Soil bearing capacity is generally high
 Columns are far apart
 Loads on footings are less
The isolated footings can have different shapes in plan. Generally it depends on the shape of column cross
section some of the popular shapes of isolated footings or column footing are:
 Square  Rectangular  Circular
The isolated footing essentially consists of bottom slab. These bottom Slabs can either be flat, stepped or
sloping in nature. The bottom of the slab is reinforced with steel mesh to resist the two internal forces
namely bending moment and shear force.
Combined Column Footing
These are common footings which support the loads from two or more columns. Combined footings are
provided when, (1) soil bearing capacity is generally less, (2) Columns are closely spaced and (3)
Footings are heavily loaded. In the above situations, the area required to provide isolated footings for the
columns generally overlap. Hence, it is advantageous to provide single combined footing. In some cases
the columns are located on or close to property line. In such cases footings cannot be extended on one
side. Here, the design of a combined footing is more efficient and economical as well as the settlement of
footing is uniform if the pressure distribution due to load is uniform. This condition may be achieved if
the centroid of all applied loads and the centroid of the area of footing coincide. Generally, these footings
may be of the following steps:
i) A rectangular slab type with or without a beam connecting the columns,
ii) A trapezoidal slab type with or without a beam connecting the columns, and
iii) Isolated footings connected by a beam (strap footing).
From Bending Moment Consideration
The bending moment of any section is determined by passing through the section a vertical plane
extending completely across the footing and computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire
area of the footing on one side of the said plane.
For calculating the greatest bending moment the section is to be located at the face of concrete wall,
column or pedestal. But this section may be taken to be located at halfway between the center line and
edge in case of masonry wall. The fa* of round or octagonal column may be taken as the side of a square
inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal.
Loads for determination of size of foundation:
The condition to be satisfied by the subsoil in the design of foundation is that its safe bearing capacity
(which is based on both strength and settlement) should not be exceeded by the loads from the structure.
As the safe bearing capacity is obtained (from the principles of soil mechanics) by dividing the ultimate
capacity of the soil by a suitable factor of safety, its value represents the serviceability condition, and not
the limit state condition. Accordingly, the loads to be used to determine the size of the foundation should
the the service loads
Checking for two-way or punching shear:
In footing punching shear is the shear produced by a concentrated load punching through the slab around
it. It is also called two-way shear. This type of shear occurs around columns in footings and flat slabs.
This stress is calculated around the column load at a distance d/2 from the edge of the column. The
allowable value is 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐾(0.25√Fck ) , where k = (0.5 + β) < 1 , β = ratio of the short to long side of
the column. If k > 1 , then𝜏𝑝 = (0.16√Fck ).
In foundation slabs, the thickness of concrete around columns should be so chosen that they can withstand
the above punching shear without shear reinforcement. If the shear value is high, there are methods, such
as shear head reinforcement, for reinforcing for punching shear as described in books on R.C. They are
mostly used in flat slab construction and rarely used in foundation slabs.
One-way shear (wide-beam shear):
One-way shear is similar to shear in bending in slabs. Considering the footing as a wide beam, the shear is
taken along a vertical plane extending the full width of the base located at a distance equal to the effective
depth of the footing. The allowable shear stress is the same as in beams. The tension reinforcement to be
considered for estimating the allowable shear should continue for a distance equal to the full effective
depth beyond the section. In one-way shear, the shear force to be resisted is the sum of the upward forces
in the foundation area from the critical section to the edge of the footing. The consequent shear per unit
V
area is given by τv = , This τv should not be more than the 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐾(0.25√Fck ). Design the depth for
𝑏𝑑
one-way shear. We generally find the depth required from shear consideration before we find the depth
required from bending moment consideration in pad footings.
Design of Combined footing
Loads
Column C1 = 157046 kg
Column C2 = 105974 kg
Super imposed load = 263020 kg
Self-weight of footing = 10% super imposed = 0.1*263020= 26302 kg
Total load of footing to the soil = 263020 + 26302 = 289322 kg
Bearing capacity of soil = 2kg/cm2 = 20000kg/m2
QF 289322
A required = = = 14.47 m2
QS 20000
Hence provided area of footing = 4.6 ∗ 3.2 = 14.72m2
Let the C.G of loads be at X from the center of column C1, taking moment of superimposed loads about of
column C1.
−(157046 + 105974)X + 105974 ∗ 2.1 = 0
222545.4
X= = 0.85𝑚
263020
For uniform soil pressure C.G of loads must coincide with C.G of footing projection of footing on L.H.S
from center of column C1
L
X = − 0.85 = 2.3 − 0.85 = 1.45𝑚
2
Similarly, projection of footing on R.H.S from center of column C2
L 4.6
X = − (2.1 − 0.85) = − 1.25 = 1.05𝑚
2 2
Now upward pressure on footing
105974+157046
𝑃= 4.6∗3.2
= 17868.2kg/m2
Sheer force of section of column 1 = 17870 * 3.2 * 1.45 = 82917kg
Sheer force of section of column 2 = 17870 * 3.2 * 1.05 = 60043kg
Bending moment at section 1-1 = 17870 * 3.2 * 1.452/2 = 60115kgm
Bending moment at section 2-2 = 17870 * 3.2 * 1.052/2 = 31523kgm
m 60115 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 40.24 cm Let d = 45.2cm and D = 50cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 320
Checking depth for two way shear
Taking critical section for two way shear at d/2 from face of column C1
V = 157046𝑘𝑔 − 17870(60 + 45)(30 + 45) = 16319.75 = 16320𝑘𝑔
V 16320
τ𝑉 = = = 1Kg/cm2
𝑏𝑑 360 ∗ 45
𝑏0 = 2 ∗ (60 + 45) + 2 ∗ (30 + 45) = 360
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜏𝑠
short side of column 0.3
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + =1
long side of column 0.4
𝑇𝑐 = 0.16√Fck = 0.16√220 = 2.37Kg/cm2
τ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < τ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
Longitudinal reinforcement for maximum bending moment
M 60115 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 108.43 cm2
Ϭst ∗ J ∗ d 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 45
Provide the diameter of Bars in the slab ∅18 so:
ASt 108.43 ∗ 4
Nos = = = 42.6 say 43 bars.
Area of one bar π ∗ 1.82
If we increase the depth of footing 60 cm
M 60115 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 81.32 cm2
Ϭst ∗ J ∗ d 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 60
Provide the diameter of Bars in the slab ∅18 so:
ASt 81.32 ∗ 4
Nos = = = 31.96 say 32 bars.
Area of one bar π ∗ 1.82
Design of isolated footing (rectangular footing)
Column size = 25 * 60
Soil bearing capacity = 2
Load from column W1 = 107856kg
Self-weight of footing = 10% of column load = 0.1*107856 = 10785.6kg
The total load of superimposed load = 118642kg
PT 118642
A required = = = 5.9 m2
SBC 20000
A = 2 m * 3 m = 6 m2
Net upward pressure of soil = q = P/A=10785.6/6=17976kg/cm2
Determination of depth
I. Design Bending Moment at Y-Y
B 2
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = q (𝐿 − 𝑎)2 = 1797.6 (3 − 0.6)2 = 25885.44 kgm
8 8
m 25885.44 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 33.4 cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 200
Similarly, Design B.M at X-X
L 3
𝑀𝑥𝑥 = q (𝐵 − 𝑎)2 = 1797.6 (2 − 0.25)2 = 20644.3 kgm
8 8
m 20644.3 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 24.36 cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 300
II. From shear force consideration
a) Distance of critical section for one shear = d
Breadth of loaded area from edge parallel to B
𝐿−𝑎 3 − 0.6
X = ( − 𝑑) = ( − 𝑑) = 1.2 − 𝑑
2 2
Shear force at section Y-Y
𝐿−𝑎
𝑉1 = 𝑞𝐵 ( − 𝑑) = 1797.6 ∗ 2( 1.2 − 𝑑) = 35952( 1.2 − 𝑑)
2
V
τV1 = ≤ K τc
Bd
V 35952( 1.2 − 𝑑) 1797.6( 1.2 − 𝑑)
τV1 = = =
Bd 2d d
Permissible shear stress = K τc
short side of column 0.25
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + = 0.92 < 1
long side of column 0.6
𝜏𝑝 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
1797.6( 1.2 − 𝑑) 3.7Kg Cm2
τV1 = = ∗ 1000
d Cm2 m2
37000d + 1797.6𝑑 = 21571.2
54976𝑑 = 21571.2
𝑑 = 0.39 ≅ 40 cm
Similarly:
b) Breadth of load area parallel to L.
 𝐵−𝑏 2 − 0.25
X = ( − 𝑑) = ( − 𝑑) = 0.875 − 𝑑
2 2
Shear force at section X-X
𝐵−𝑏
𝑉2 = 𝑞𝐿 ( − 𝑑) = 17976 ∗ 3( 0.875 − 𝑑) = 53928( 0.875 − 𝑑)
2
V
τV2 = ≤ K τc
Ld
V 53928(0.875 − 𝑑) 17976( 0.875 − 𝑑)
τV2 = = =
Ld 3d d
Permissible shear stress = K τc
short side of column 0.25
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + = 0.92 < 1
long side of column 0.6
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
17976(0.875 − 𝑑) 3.7Kg Cm2
τV1 = = ∗ 1000
d Cm2 m2
37000d = 15729 − 17976𝑑
37000d + 179768𝑑 = 15729
54976𝑑 = 15729
15729
𝑑= = 0.29𝑐𝑚 ≅ 30cm
54976
III. Critical section for two way shear from the face of the column
Perimeter of critical section b0 = 2[(𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)]

b0 = 2[(0.6 + 𝑑) + (0.25 + 𝑑)] = 1.2 + 2𝑑 + 0.5 + 2𝑑 = 1.7 + 4𝑑

𝑉2 = 𝑞[( 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)(𝑏 + 𝑑)]
𝑉2 = 17976[3 ∗ 2 − (0.6 + d)(0.25 + d)]
𝑉2 = 17976[6 − 0.15 − 0.85d − 𝑑2 ]
𝑉2 = 179765[5.85 − 0.85d − 𝑑2 ]
𝑉2 = (105159.6 − 15279.6𝑑 − 17976𝑑2 )
V
τV2 = ≤ K τc
b0 d
V (−17976𝑑2 − 15279.6𝑑 + 105159.6)
τV2 = =
b0 d (1.7 + 4𝑑)d
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
V (−17976𝑑2 − 15279.6𝑑 + 105159.6)
τV2 = = ≤ 3.7Kg/cm2
b0 d (1.7 + 4𝑑)d
(−17976𝑑 2 − 15279.6𝑑 + 105159.6) 3.7Kg Cm2
= ∗ 10000
(1.7 + 4𝑑)d Cm2 m2
37000(1.7 + 4𝑑)d = (−17976𝑑2 − 15279.6𝑑 + 105159.6)
62900d + 148000𝑑2 = (−17976𝑑2 − 15279.6𝑑 + 105159.6)
148000𝑑2 + 17976𝑑2 + 62900d + 15279.6𝑑 = 105159.6
165976𝑑2 + 78179.6d = 105159.6
d = 0.595cm ≅ 60cm This is effective depth of footing
Hence the maximum value of d = 60cm and the cover of footing is 40cm
So overall depth D=60+5=65cm
Tensile reinforcement
Mmax 25885.4 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 35𝑐𝑚2
σst jd 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 60
We choose ∅18 is the diameter of steel bar so the number of bars can be calculated
Ast 35
nos = = = 13.75 say 14 bars
Abar π ∗ 1.82
4
Checking for bending stress
Control of bearing Pressure on Base of column on footing
The compressive bearing stress at the base of a column should not exceed the permissible
𝐴1
bearing pressure in direct compression of 0.25Fck increased by a coefficient equal to√
𝐴2

𝐴1 For supporting area of uniform thickness 𝐴1 = (𝑎 + 4𝐷)(𝑏 + 4𝐷)

𝐴2 = loaded area of footing = (a ∗ b)
𝐴
The maximum value of factor√𝐴1 is equal to 2
2

𝐴1 = (𝑎 + 4𝐷)(𝑏 + 4𝐷) = (60 + 4 ∗ 100)(25 + 4 ∗ 100) = 195500𝑐𝑚2

𝐴2 = (a ∗ b) = (60 ∗ 25) = 1500𝑐𝑚2
∴ Multiplication factor to bearing stress in direct compression (𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑟 )
𝐴 195500cm2
√𝐴1 = √ 1500cm2
= 11.4 > 2
2

Hence adopt Factor=2

𝐴1
Permissible bearing stress = √ ∗ 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑟 = 2 ∗ 0.25 ∗ 220 = 110𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴2
Super − imposed load
Actual Bearing stress = ≤ Permissible bearing stress
Loaded area of column bar
107856
60∗25
= 72𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 < 110𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 it is safe.