Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B=C
Therefore,
A=C
After-school
jobs are bad for teenagers
because they take away study time.
THE SUMMATION
provides a strong conclusion,
amplifying the force of the argument,
and showing the readers that this solution is the best at
meeting the circumstances.
To standardize an argument is set it out in in the
standard form; “to set out its premises and
conclusion in clear, simple statements with premises
preceding the conclusion” (25).
Standardized:
1. Medication does not address psychological and lifestyle
issues
2. Medical problems are not purely biochemical
3. Medical issues involve issues of attitude and way of life
Therefore,
4. Medical problems cannot be treated solely by
medication
Each of the arguments that we have
standardized so far has the following
structure:
1 2 3
4
But not all arguments relate premises to
conclusions in this straightforward (independent)
way.
Some arguments proceed in stages: A statement
that functions as a premise in one argument
becomes the conclusion to another.
A subargument is a subordinate argument that is a
component of a larger argument (the “whole
argument”)
In effect, you are asking your audience (a to
accept your premises as true and b) to accept that
your premises do in fact support your conclusion.
A subargument is useful, e.g., in establishing
premises that your audience might not already
accept.
A computer cannot cheat in a game, because
cheating requires deliberately breaking the rules in
order to win. A computer cannot deliberately break
the rules because it has no freedom of action.
2
+ 3