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–Interferometers
Interferometers
Outline
• Basics of interference
• Interference testing of lenses
• Types of interferometers
– Amplitude division
– Wavefront division
• Fourier transform spectroscopy
– Coherence length
Basics of interference
Interfering plane waves
r r 2
I = E1 + E2
r r r
= E1eˆ1e ( j ω1t − k1 ⋅r +φ1 ) + E eˆ e j (ω2t −k2 ⋅rr +φ2 ) 2 E1, E2 ∈ Real
2 2
r r r
( ) [
= E + E + 2 eˆ1 ⋅ eˆ E1 E2 cos (ω1 − ω2 )t − k1 − k 2 ⋅ r + (φ1 − φ2 )
1
2 2
2
*
2 ( ) ]
Summation of intensities Interference
Typically we define
eˆ1 ⋅ eˆ2* = 1 Identical polarization states
ω1 − ω2 = 0 Stationary fringes
r r r 2π
K G ≡ k1 − k 2 = Kˆ G Fringes of period Λ and direction K̂ G
Λ
Φ = φ1 − φ2 Phase shift
Yielding
r r
I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 cos K G ⋅ r + Φ [ ] Fringe visibility, V
I
I max Λ I max − I min 2 I1 I 2
V≡ =
I min I max + I min I1 + I 2
x
Φ KG 0 ≤V ≤1
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 60
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Basics of interference
Fringe visibility
What it looks like
Basics of interference
Interfering spherical waves
r r 2
I = E1 + E2
r r r r 2
E1 j (ωt − k r − r1 +φ1 ) E2 j (ωt − k r − r2 +φ 2 )
= r r
r −r 1
eˆ1e + r r
r −r 2
eˆ2 e
= ( ) + ( ) + 2(eˆ ⋅ eˆ )
E1 2
R1
E2 2
R2 1
* E1 E2
2 R1 R2 cos[k (R1 − R2 ) − Φ ]
Typically we define
r
Ri ≡ r − ri Distance from focus
Hyperbolas
R1
R2
Optical phase
relation to thickness
2π
j ωt − nz +φ
r
E (t , r ) = E0 e j (ωt −kz +φ ) = E0 e λ0
Transmission
n Optical path length = sum of index times distance
z4
S ≡ ∫ n(ζ )dζ = 1( z1 − z 0 ) + n( z 2 − z1 ) + 1( z3 − z2 ) + 1( z 4 − z3 )
z0
z4
S ≡ ∫ n(ζ )dζ = 1( z1 − z0 ) + n( z 2 − z1 ) + n( z3 − z 2 ) + 1( z 4 − z3 )
z0
∆S ≡ (n − 1)( z3 − z 2 ) = (n − 1) d [m]
2π 2π
d ∆φ = ∆S = (n − 1) d [radians]
z0 z1 z2 z3 z4 λ0 λ0
Reflection
∆S = 2 d [m]
2π 2π
∆φ = ∆S = 2d [radians]
λ0 λ0
Wavefront aberrations
General picture
Reference
sphere
Wavefront
Ray
aberration
Spherical aberration
∆W = W040 ρ 4
-1 1
-2
∆W -3 0.5
-4
-1 0
-0.5 y
0 -0.5
x 0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 65
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
0.5
0 1
∆W -0.5 0.5
-1
-1 0 y
-0.5
-0.5
x 0
0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 66
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
Coma
∆W = W131 x0 ρ 3 cosθ = W131 x0 x ρ 2
1 1
∆W -1
0
0.5
-2
-1
-0.5
0
y
0 -0.5
x 0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 67
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
Astigmatism
∆W = W222 x02 ρ 2 cos 2 θ = W222 x02 x 2
-0.25
1
∆W -0.5
0.5
-0.75
-1
-1 0
y
-0.5
-0.5
x 0
0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 68
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
Astigmatism at CLC
(
∆W = W222 x02 ρ 2 cos 2 θ − 12 ρ 2 = W222 x02 ) ( 1
2 x 2 − 12 y 2 )
Wavefront error in pupil
W222 = 1
0.5
0.25
1
∆W -0.25
0
0.5
-0.5
-1 0
y
-0.5
0 -0.5
x 0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 69
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
Field curvature
∆W = W220 x02 ρ 2
-0.5
1
∆W -1
-1.5 0.5
-2
-1 0 y
-0.5
0 -0.5
x 0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 70
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Aberration testing via interference
Distortion
∆W = W311 x03 ρ cos θ = W311 x03 x
0.5 1
∆W -0.5
0
0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0
y
0 -0.5
x 0.5
Interferogram 1
-1
x
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 71
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Types of interferometers
Amplitude division
Finite-impulse response interferometers
∆S
∆S / 2
Twyman
Green
Michelson Mach-Zender
I = E1 + E2 + 2 E1 E2 cos[k 0 ∆S ]
2 2
2 2 2πν
= E1 + E2 + 2 E1 E2 cos ∆S
c
c
ν0 = Free-spectral range
∆S
1
0 .8
0 .6
I
0 .4
0 .2
0
- 2 - 1 0 1 2
ν ν0
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 72
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Types of interferometers
Amplitude division
Infinite-impulse response interferometers
Fabry-Perot interferometer, aka “Etalon”
Partially-
reflecting
Plane wave in mirrors
Summation of
exit waves
d
r r
S = 2nd cos θ
[
Etrans = Einc tt + trrte − jk0 S + trrrrte − jk0 2 S + ... ]
This is a geometric series. Writing R=|r|2, T=|t|2
I trans 1 4R c c
T= = F= ν0 = =
I inc 1 + F sin 2 π ν (1 − R )2 S 2nd cos θ
ν 0
1
F=1
0.8
0.6
T 0.4
F=10
0.2
0 F=100
0 1 2 3
ν ν0
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 73
•Lecture 5 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Types of interferometers
Wavefront division
E.g.: single and double slits
x′
r L
Etot (r ′) = Sinc k x
L 2
π x′ L
= Sinc
λ f
r
Eap (r ) = rect (x / L ) f Screen
x′
r L d 2 ′
L Etot (r ′) = Sinc k x cos k x x
2 f
d π L π d
L = Sinc x′ cos x′
λ f λ f
r
Eap (r ) = rect (x / L ) f Screen
r
A(r ) = δ (x − d 2 ) + δ (x + d 2 )
1
0 . 5
- 0 . 5
- 1
- 2 - 1 0 1 2
I ( x) Detected
∞
I (x ) = ∫ (1 + cos k x )P(k )dk
Integrate interference over all
wave-numbers
0
∞
1
= I 0 + ∫ P(k ) e jkx dk I(x) is Fourier transform of P(k)
2 −∞
∞
P(k ) = ∫ [ ( ) ] − jkx So P(k) is inverse Fourier
I x − I 0 e dk transform of I(x)
−∞
I ( x) P(k )
F-1
Coherence length
Important app of FT spectroscopy
Important definitions and relations.
∆t
∆t Coherence time: duration of single-frequency operation
≅ c ∆ν ≈ λ2 ∆λ
P(k ) I ( x) Visibility
2π
∆k = ∆ν
c I0
k x
k0 0 xo