Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Administrative Feasibility
Taxes should be capable of being
effectively enforced
Inherent Limitation
Taxation is bound in its
exercise by its own
nature, essential
characteristics and
purpose
Public Purpose of tax
It is important in taxation because of all
the powers of government, that taxation
is said to be the strongest as it can be
readily employed against one class of
individuals in favour of another so as to
ruin one class and give unlimited wealth
and property to another ,if there is no
implied limitation on the uses for which
such taxing power may be exercised.
Non-delegability of the Taxing
Power
The power of taxation is exclusively
legislative, but there are exceptions.
Non-delegability of the Taxing Power
Exceptions:
The power granted to the congress to
authorize the President to fix limitations
and restrictions as may impose, tariff
rates, even for revenue purposes only, and
other imposts duties
Non-delegability of the Taxing Power
Exceptions:
Each local government unit shall have the
power to create its own sources of
revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and
charges subject to such guidelines and
limitations as the congress may provide,
consistent with the basic policy of local
autonomy.
Situs of Taxation
Defined as the place of taxation, is a
limitation on the taxing power.
Situs of Taxation
The principle is well-recognized that,
however broad the power of taxation
may be as to its character, such power
is necessarily limited only to persons,
property or business within its
jurisdiction.
Basic Considerations:
Protection
One authority opines that a legal situs
cannot be given to property for the
purpose of taxation where neither the
property nor the person is within the
protection of the taxing state.
Basic Considerations:
Double Taxation and the Situs
Limitation
Double taxation is never invalid where
it is imposed by different states.
Basic Considerations:
Double Taxation and the Situs
Limitation
In determining situs, it is of no
importance that the property has
already been taxed or is subject to tax
in another state.
Basic Considerations:
The Maxim of Mobilia Sequuntur
Personam
The situs of personal property is the
domicile of the owner.
Basic Considerations:
The Maxim of Mobilia Sequuntur
Personam
The doctrine of Mobilia Sequuntur
personam is not allowed to stand in
the way of taxation of personalty in
the place where it has its actual situs
and the requisite legislative jurisdiction
exists.
Basic Considerations:
Legislative Power to Fix Situs
If no constitutional provisions are
violated, the power of legislature to fix
is undoubted.
(a) franchise which must be exercised in the
Philippines;
(b) shares, obligations or bonds issued by any
corporation or sociedad anonima organized or
constituted in the Philippines in accordance
with its laws;
(c) shares, obligations or bonds issued by any
foreign corporation eighty-five percentum
(85%) of the business of which is located in
the Philippines
(d) shares, obligations, or bonds issued by
any foreign corporation if such shares,
obligations or bonds have acquired a business
situs in the Philippines;and
(e) shares or rights in any partnership,
business or industry established in the
Philippines.
Factors affecting the principle:
Kind or classification of tax being levied
Situs of the thing or property taxed
Domicile of the person taxed
Citizenship of the person taxed
Source of the income
Situs of excercise, privilege, business or
occupation being taxed
To define the Factors:
Property Tax
In considering the place at which
property is taxable and the
governmental unit which may
rightfully levy and collect the property
tax
To define the Factors:
Property Tax
The taxing power reaches everything
in the State which can be denominated
as property
To define the Factors:
Tax on Persons
A state may levy a personal tax upon
persons subject to the jurisdiction of
its sovereignty.
To define the Factors:
IncomeTax
The crucial factors that involves
income tax:
▪ Citizenship of the taxpayer
▪ Domicile of the taxpayer
▪ Source of income
Exemption of Local Government
The property of the state and
municipal subdivisions devoted to
government uses is generally deemed
to be exempt from taxation.
International Comity
"International obligations concomitant
with our acceptance of the principles
of international law as part of our law
demand that certain representatives of
foreign states station and property of
such foreign states found within our
territory be exempted from taxation..."
Constitutional Limitation
Provisions that are said to
be the limitations on the
Taxing Power are as
follows:
Due Process of Law
"No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due
process"
Equal Protection of Law
"...nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of laws"
Freedom of Speech and of the Press
"No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or of
the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition
the government for the redress of
grievance
Non-infringement of Religious
Freedom
"No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof. The free exercise
and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship without discrimination or
preference shall forever be allowed.
Non-impairment of Contracts
"No law impairing the obligations of
contracts shall be passed"
Non-imprisonment for debt
"No person shall be imprisoned for
debt or non-payment of poll tax"
Origin of Appropriations, Revenue and
Tariff Bills
"All appropriations, revenue or tariff bills,
bills authorizing the increase of the public
debt, bills of local application and private
bills shall originate exclusively from the
House of the Representatives but the
senate may propose or concur with
amendments"
Uniformity, Equitability, and
Progressivity of taxation
"The rule of taxation shall be uniform
and equitable. The congress shall
evolve a progressive system of
taxation"
Delegation of Legislative Authority to Fix
Tariff Rates, Import, Export Quotas, etc.
"The congress may, by law, authorize the
President to fix within specified limits, and
subject to such limitations and restrictions as
it may impose tariff rates, import and export
quotas and other imposts, within the
framework of the national development
program of the Government."
Tax exemption of properties
"Charitable institutions, Churches,
Parsonages or Convents, Mosques,
non-profit cemetery and all lands,
public schools shall be exempted to
taxations."
Voting requirement
"No law granting any tax exemption
shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the
members of the congress."
Non-impairment of jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court
"The Congress shall have the power to
define, prescribe, and apportion the
jurisdiction of the various courts but
may not deprive the Supreme Court of
its jurisdiction..."
Provisions that are NOT
limitations on the
Taxing Power
Provisions that are NOT limitations
on the Taxing Power:
Constitutional requirement on the
subject and title of bills
Power of the President to veto any
particular item/s in an appropriation
Provisions that are NOT limitations
on the Taxing Power:
No money shall be paid out of the
Treasury except of an appropriation
made by the law
Appropriation of public money for the
benefit of religious systems
Provisions that are NOT limitations
on the Taxing Power:
Allotment to Local Governments