1 Transmission

AGILE DIGITAL
SUBSTATIONS
The complete guide
1
2
Overview
of Digital Substation
Solutions
3
4
Agile Digital Substations
Alstom’s
agile digital
substation offers
unprecedented
performance
using intelligent
primary systems
and tailored
automation
solutions
55
Index
Overview of digital substation COSI-CT F3........................................... 105

solutions COSI-PC13........................................... 111
The complete digital substation solution........ 8 MU Agile XMU820................................ 115
The benefits................................................. 11 CBWatch-2........................................... 119
IEC 61850................................................... 13 DWatch................................................ 125
The architecture of digital substations......... 16 RPH3................................................... 133
Digital instrument transformers................... 20 AIS Service solutions................................. 137
Primary converters...................................... 23 AIS conclusions......................................... 139
Control and monitoring................................ 26 SAS solutions
Service & technical training......................... 30 SAS overview............................................ 142
Summary.................................................... 32 SAS global footprint................................... 144
Digital substation solutions – Q&A............... 33 Introducing DS Agile.................................. 145
The complete digital substation solution.... 146
GIS solutions DS Agile key benefits................................. 147
GIS overview............................................... 41
DS Agile components................................. 153
Our mission statement................................ 42
Data sheets:
GIS fact sheet index..................................... 43
DCS OI................................................. 155
Digital solutions for GIS............................... 44
DS Agile Gateway................................. 159
Digital instrument transformers................... 47
DS Agile WACU.................................... 163
Data sheets:
DS Agile bay controllers........................ 165
COSI-RECT............................................. 49
DS Agile Switchgear Control Unit......... 171
COSI-CEVT............................................. 53
MU Agile AMU...................................... 173
COSI RogoFlex........................................ 57
Introducing Protection Relays............... 179
COSI-PC12............................................. 61
MiCOM Alstom P40.............................. 181
MU Agile XMU800.................................. 65
MiCOM Alstom P847............................ 197
MU Agile XMU820.................................. 69
P40 Agile.............................................. 203
BWatch3................................................ 73
P60 Agile.............................................. 211
Online PDWatch..................................... 79
DAPserver™......................................... 219
RPH3..................................................... 83
MiCOM S1 Agile................................... 223
GIS Service solutions................................... 87
DS Agile H series.................................. 227
GIS conclusions........................................... 90
SAS conclusions........................................ 229
AIS solutions Online condition monitoring
AIS overview............................................... 93 MS3000.................................................... 233
Our mission statement................................ 94
AIS fact sheet index..................................... 95 Reference projects
Jambua, India............................................ 240
AIS digital substation overview.................... 96
Saumade, France...................................... 241
Data sheets:
Nadezhda, Russia...................................... 242
COSI-CT.................................................. 99
Energinet, Denmark.................................. 243
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Introduction Agile Digital Substations
After more than 15 years of advanced research and

projects around the world, Alstom Grid’s digital
substations now deliver the great potential of this
technology: interoperability, ease of configuration,
maximised reliability and availability, real-time
performance, Smart Grid communications
capabilities and reduced cost of ownership.
Integration from conventional through to non-
conventional substations is ensured, thanks to IEC
61850 compliance.
Alstom Grid’s engineering teams can interface with
any system, whatever its age or generation. We
provide stage-by-stage extensions, whilst keeping
the remaining circuits safely in service.
Alstom Grid has developed simple tools that enable
operators to manage their substations easily
and safely while identifying problems quickly.
We provide a fully documented solution with
clear instructions on interconnecting, testing and
commissioning. Moreover, extension and retrofit
solutions in the future will not require the original
manufacturer to be involved, as everything is
designed for interoperability.
7
The complete
digital substation
solution
B IEC 61850 Ethernet C DS Agile substation
network bay controller
Hardwire link
A
Process bus
IEC 61850 B
M Condition
monitoring
unit
A
D
M Condition
monitoring M Analog
unit merging
unit
M Numerical L
A merging
unit
M Switchgear
controlling
unit
Fibre optic link
Condition M
monitoring
unit
A Smart primary equipment
M Merging units
integration
8
D DS Agile switches E DS Agile A300 F Remote access and

telecommunication G Grid control room
substation gateway
Cyber security
F
F
H
I
E
I F
Central
K access
server
D
B
Station bus
IEC 61850
J
F
H System Configuration
Editor (SCE)
I DS Agile Operator Interface (OI)
J DS Agile A400 WACU / SACU
K MiCOM protection and other

L Precision time protocol IED integration
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Alstom Grid agile digital substations –
key advantages
Based on the IEC 61850 unifying communication standard for complete information, future
modernisation and the integration of new systems.
Digital Control Systems may connect with the primary bays via a process bus built
on redundant Ethernet architectures. Merging and control units collect and translate
measurements, indications and commands (I/O) from the primary equipment into sampled
values and GOOSE messages and vice-versa
Digital instrument transformers and HMI (Human Machine Interface)-integrated condition
monitoring systems for the primary equipment can be added, providing superior substation
situational awareness locally and remotely.
Optimise your operational costs

Asset managers now have a critical tool that, with less wiring and fewer commissioning
tests, optimises preventive maintenance and can extend the lifetime of the entire substation,
including third party plant items.
Alstom Grid’s digital solutions:
■■ Maximise the reliability of your substation
■■ Operate assets more efficiently and safely close to the limits of the system
■■ Optimise maintenance, repair and retrofit of equipment with minimal outages
Complete and adaptable solutions

Alstom Grid’s digital solutions solutions are available for:
■■ Retrofit and extension schemes, as they reinforce conventional tools and systems
■■ New substations
■■ The particular solution and architecture can be adjusted to meet your operational needs
according to how critical your asset and substation is to the network.

■■ Extensions and modifications are easier, as the substation functions via software, not
hardware.
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Alstom Grid’s digital

substation – the benefits
Increased reliability and availability
The extensive self-diagnostic capabilities of digital devices ensure the maximum availability
of the substation, as well as its full suite of functionalities: any degradation in the
performance of an asset is pinpointed in real-time.
The inherent redundancy built into the system can be employed to self-heal and permits
troubleshooting without the need for primary system outage.
Optimised operation of assets

The intelligence within digital substation schemes allows close monitoring of the load
capacity of plant equipment, based on their design ratings. This dynamic load analysis
means that lines, cables, transformers and other grid equipment can operate closer to their
limits.
Improved safety
■■ Removal of wired cross-site CT (Current Transformer) circuits reduces the risk of fatal
injury due to inadvertent opening of the circuit by personnel
■■ Absence of oil in transformers reduces explosion risks
■■ Advanced self-monitoring of substation assets ensures that they are operating within safe
limits
Reduced maintenance costs

The digital substation closely monitors all substation assets in terms of operational
conditions, effective load capacity and asset health indicators. Intelligent systems analyse
the data and provide recommendations on maintenance and repair actions. This allows a
shift to predictive maintenance, avoiding unplanned outages and emergency repair costs.
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Investment optimisation
The capital cost of investment projects is reduced on many fronts:
■■ savings on the time needed to engineer and install substations
■■ reduced real-estate needs
■■ copper cabling is cut by up to 80% through the use of optical fibre
■■ asset optimisation tools allow faster targeting of weak areas which need to be reinforced,
allowing for reduced operational costs
Easier renovation and extension of

existing substations
Interoperable solutions and the use of fibre optics instead of copper wires reduce the
duration and costs of unavailability of substations during the refurbishment phase of
secondary equipment. This also applies to extension works.
Standardisation and interoperability

Being IEC 61850 compliant, Alstom Grid digital solutions and substations are designed to
be interoperable with other vendors’ equipment, with a strong degree of standardisation at
the interface level of secondary equipment systems.
Improved communication capabilities

Data exchange between intelligent devices, intra and inter- substation, is optimised
through Ethernet communications. Smart local and wide area control units allow data
exchanges between voltage levels within substations and between substations.
Direct inter-substation communication without the need to transit via a control centre
reduces the response times, enabling fast, real-time applications.
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IEC 61850: the key

technology enabler
Modern sensors and other Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs) must be connected to communicate within the
substation and over the greater grid system. In the past,
there were many different protocols requiring much effort
to make them communicate with each other. Insufficient
standardization, fear of degraded reliability and lack of
return on investment slowed down the emergence of the
fully digital substation. But today, the IEC 61850 standard
makes it possible to facilitate interoperability between
different equipment and suppliers.
Introduced in 2004, the IEC 61850 standard is increasingly
accepted across the world, as its main objective is to ensure
interoperability between equipment coming from various
suppliers. IEC 61850 continues to evolve and encompass
the needs identified by the industry’s user group (UCA UG),
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ensuring that it caters to all substation needs. IEC 61850 is rapidly being enriched as new
application areas are continually added, most notably IEC 61850-8-1 and IEC 61850-9-2.
This permits the full digitising of signals in a substation so that large amounts of data can
be managed and communicated for the real-time management of a modern power grid –
a smarter grid.
IEC 61850
IEC 61850 is the international standard for Ethernet-based communication in substations.
It is more than just a protocol, it is a comprehensive standard designed for utilities, to
deliver functionalities that are not supported in legacy communication protocols.
IEC 61850 defines a domain specific data model (data and services) supporting all
functions required in substations. These unique characteristics can significantly reduce
costs associated with designing, installing, commissioning and operating power systems.
IEC 61850 is designed for interoperability and longevity, removing the dependence on one
supplier and one generation of IEDs.
IEC 61850-8-1
IEC 61850-8-1 is the relevant standard for the station bus. It defines the means to
generate and present reports which may be subscribed to by other devices and HMIs
(Human Machine Interfaces) as well as the way to communicate peer-to-peer. The latter
is achieved by the exchange of GOOSE messages between devices on the LAN (Local Area
Network).
IEC 61850-9-2
IEC 61850-9-2 is the part of the standard that brings non- conventional instrument
transformer technology into play, breaking the constraints of conventional CTs and VTs. It
is particularly important for the process bus, as it describes how analogue signals such as
phase currents and voltages can be exchanged as sampled values.
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15
The digital substation
architecture can be
divided into three levels Remote access
WAN
The station control area
Advanced
Communication within substation and control
system, coordination with the substation operational
Gateway
functions and the station-level support functions.
Switches
The protection and control level

Protection and control of substation equipment
includes IEDs traditionally called “secondary
equipment” (protections, measurement devices, bay Bay controllers Protection
controllers, recorders...) relays
Switches
The primary equipment process level

Capture of voltage and current signals, consolidation, Analogue
and digital
processing, and transmission of data via optical merging
units
fibres: intelligent primary devices (electronic power
and instrument transformers, circuit-breakers,
disconnectors) and optic fibre have replaced
traditional CT/VT systems and conventional cable
wiring.
Figure 1 Generic overview of a digital substation
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The architecture of Alstom

Grid digital substations
Alstom Grid’s digital substations incorporate the newest
DS Agile digital control system that provides the complete
architecture, connecting all the components, together and
Grid control rooms with the operator interface, through an IEC 61850 Ethernet
network.
d substation situation awareness HMI
DS Agile digital substation solutions are highly scalable in
terms of equipment, functions, architecture and services.
STATION Bus
Phasor data Wide area control

concentration
Process Bus
Conditioning
monitoring units
Primary equipment
with embedded
digital sensors
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A typical Alstom Grid digital substation solution incorporates many components, all
designed for optimal inter-operability, data retrieval, protection and control capability and
remote settings. Its architecture is organised on three levels:
1. The process level

A digital substation is based on a communicating
architecture, where real-time operational measurements
and other data are polled from the primary system by
sensors embedded within the primary system. This
data is communicated to devices that must act on those
measurements (pressure or temperatures in GIS switchgear,
current and voltage measurements) via a “process bus”.
Most important is that smart devices and systems within
the substation, (protection relays, recorders, phasor
measurement units, bay controllers, wide area controllers)
can immediately process this data. By subscribing as
clients to this data flow over an Ethernet process bus, the
information from the ‘eyes and ears’ of the power system is
distributed and communicated much more efficiently to the
bay level than in conventional hardwired schemes.
The process bus is also the link by which the primary
equipment information from out in the yard travels back to
the substation control room.
In a fully digital architecture, control commands are also routed to the primary devices via
the process bus. The process bus, therefore, enables time-critical services.
2. The protection and control level

Between the process bus and the station bus are devices identified as ‘secondary equipment’.
In the digital substation, these devices are IEDs (intelligent electronic devices), interacting
with: the field via the process bus; with other peer devices in the bay; with other bays, and
with the digital control system via the station bus. They are designed to provide the Smart
Grid applications demanded by utilities via real-time and secure equipment. They provide
interoperable solutions, stability applications, wide area protection & control plans, and more
globally, substation situation awareness.
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Key components are: the protection relays, bay controllers,

switches and Ethernet network, measurement and
recording devices, substation proxy, the operator user
interface within the substation control room, time
synchronization units, security applications and the panels
where all this equipment is commissioned and energised.
IEC 61850 communications enable complete integration
between devices. It ensures optimal use of the information
for the continuity and reliability of electrical grid operations
in secured access situations.
3. The station control area

The digital substation station bus is much more than a
traditional SCADA bus, as it permits multiple clients to
exchange data, supports peer-to-peer device communication
and links to gateways for inter-substation wide-area
communication.
The IEDs perform their time critical functions such as
protection, point-on-wave switching supervision and other
tasks via direct interaction with the process bus.
Additionally, other clients in the substation may require
information-sharing of some or all of this data. For example,
protection and control schemes may be distributed amongst multiple IEDs.
There is also the need to distribute the information to local or remotely-stationed control
operators so they can visualise the operational status of the substation in real-time. This
requires substation HMIs, proxy server links to remote HMIs and control servers. One or
more workstations can apply the instructions assigned by regional dispatchers, or can be
used as an engineering workstation for IED configuration, or for local concentration and
archiving of power system data. Online condition monitoring may have specific workstations
for alerts and to manage the database history of each primary device.
Using industry norms and enabling technologies to their fullest, Alstom Grid’s global experts
now bring the digital substation to the market. Whether for incremental refurbishment, or
complete green-field installations, Alstom has the equipment, the system delivery capability
and project management expertise to be operational first time and on-time. The component
parts of this offer are detailed in further sections.
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Digital instrument transformers

Decades of extensive research by Alstom Grid has delivered proven non-conventional
instrument transformers, designed to be accurate, intelligent, safe, cost-effective – and very
importantly – core-less.
The root of many of the limitations of conventional instrument transformers is their reliance
on an iron core. The core is a source of inaccuracy, due to the need to magnetise it, but not
to overflux it. In the case of conventional CTs, achieving the low- level accuracy and dynamic
range to satisfy both measurement and protection duties is a challenge. Conventional VTs
may experience ferroresonance phenomena resulting in thermal overstressing.
Instead of an iron core, the translation from primary to secondary measurement uses
optical, Rogowski or capacitive technology, with the optimal choice for AIS (air-insulated
substation) and GIS (Gas-Insulated Substation) equipment driven by the size of the
respective digital device, which allows size optimisation for the switchgear.
A wide array of sensors monitor conditions in real-time thanks to multiple applications:
diagnostic analysis, asset management and condition-based maintenance.
Alstom Grid COSI (COmpact Sensor Intelligence) solutions:

Device Description AIS GIS AC DC
Optical Faraday optical technology devices: • • • •
Sensor COSI-CT: Composite optical CT
COSI-CT F3: Flexible, portable optical current sensor
Rogowski COSI-RECT: Rogowski coil for current measurement • •
Sensor CT COSI-Rogoflex: Flexible Rogowski current sensor
Capacitive COSI-VT: AIS voltage transformers • •
Sensor VT COSI-CEVT: GIS voltage transformers • •
COSI-CT-F3 COSI-RECT COSI-CEVT
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The facts Customer benefits

■■ Optical sensors use the Faraday effect. A fibre optic loop ■■ Enhanced safety: no
sensor carrying a polarised light beam encircles the risk of explosion, no
power conductor. This light will experience an angular wired CT secondary
deflection due to the magnetic field, generated by the circuit running cross-
primary current flow. The sensor’s intelligence is to site
accurately determine the primary current based on the ■■ Measurement precision
real-time optical measurement. coupled with protection

■■ Rogowski sensors dispense with the conventional CT dynamic range
core and instead implement windings as tracks on a ■■ No saturation,
multi-layer printed circuit board. Four quadrants of the ferroresonance or

board are clamped together to form a toroid around the unwanted transients
primary conductor. The sensor output becomes a low- ■■ Long-term accuracy
level voltage measurement, which can be accurately ■■ Outstanding seismic

correlated to the primary current. resilience
■■ Capacitive dividers dispense with the conventional VT
■■ Unparalleled reliability
core. Capacitors are built from slimline film stacks for and availability with full
AIS sensors or printed circuit board electrodes laid on self-diagnostics
the interior of the enclosure for GIS sensors. ■■ Lightweight, compact
and flexible
■■ Minimal inventory,
near-zero maintenance
■■ Harmonic monitoring
■■ Online condition
monitoring
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Primary converters
Converters
Alstom Grid digital substations optimise the amount of electronics residing in potentially
harsh outdoor environments.
The primary converters convert analog signals from the primary equipment into digital
signals. Primary converters can be installed either directly in primary plant hardware or in
cubicles.
Digital controllers (switch control units) are the fast, real-time interface to switchgear,
mounted close to the plant that they command. They replace the hardwiring of inputs
and outputs with an Ethernet interface to the yard.
Merging units
Merging units perform all the digital data processing necessary to produce a precise,
time-aligned output data stream of sampled values according to the IEC 61850-9-2
standard. This processing includes tasks such as sampling, analog to digital conversion,
scaling, precise real-time referencing and message formatting.
The design may vary with the applied technology of the instrument transformers (eg:
optical, Rogowski, voltage dividers, or conventional wound instrument transformers),
the switchgear type, mounting space available and also with the preferred substation
communication architecture.
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Device Description
DS Agile SCU Switchgear controller unit:
Processes the I/O signals from/to the primary switchgear as IEC
61850-8-1 GOOSE messages
MU Agile AMU Standalone compact merging unit:
Digitising of conventional 1A/5A and 100/120V analog secondary circuits
MU Agile Modular digital merging unit:
XMU800 Interfaces with multiple primary converters in the field
MU Agile Modular merging unit:
XMU820 Interfaces with digital and conventional instrument transformers
MU Agile NXMU Modular merging unit:
Interfaces with COSI optical CTs and conventional VTs
Customer benefits
■■ Interfaces with all
types of power system
current and voltage
sensors, whether
digital instrument
transformers (DIT) or
conventional CT/VT Primary converter MU Agile
■■ Ensures accuracy of
protection applications
up to highest fault
currents and X/R ratios
■■ Ensures measurement
accuracy
MiCOM IEDs
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Digital protection relays

MiCOM Alstom is a complete range of IEDs designed for digital
substation architectures. The full range of transmission protection
is included, from the simplest back-up device, to subcycle tripping
main protection schemes. In a fully-digital architecture, the relays
receive currents and voltages as IEC 61850-9-2 sampled values
and issue trip or alarm signals using IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE. The
flexibility of MiCOM allows you to adopt new technology tailored
to match your pace of change – from initial station bus digital MiCOM P40 Agile
integration, up to full station and process bus schemes. The
following table indicates the typical relays selected, and their main functions:
Device Principal Application

MiCOM Alstom P446 Subcycle distance protection with integral teleprotection and one
or two breaker reclosing
MiCOM Alstom P546 Line differential for 2 or 3 terminal lines with subcycle distance
and one or two breaker reclosing
MiCOM Alstom P645 Transformer differential for up to 5 ends with advanced loss-of-life
thermal monitoring
MiCOM Alstom P746 Digital busbar protection for centralised smaller schemes up to
& P743 large decentralised bus configurations
MiCOM Alstom P841 Transmission line terminal IED for backup, reclose and breaker fail
management
MiCOM Alstom One-box solution feeder protection with control and bay mimic
C264P diagram
Customer benefits
■■ Proven algorithms of conventional applications remain unchanged, no need for reapproval
■■ Time-critical performance is maintained irrespective of the architecture, number of functions
enabled, or extent of logic programmed
■■ Safer test and maintenance operations for technicians – no wired CT secondary circuit exists
■■ Accurate measurement capabilities – as accurate as the incoming -9-2 data itself
■■ Station bus communication redundancy available:
PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol) and RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)
25
Also available, the MiCOM P847 phasor measurement unit offers industry-leading accuracy
and dynamic response to frequency excursions.
The MiCOM P594 provides the precision clock source reference for merging units and phasor
measurement units in the substation.
MiCOM Alstom IEDs extend their supervision facilities to address and check the plausibility
of the incoming sampled values from the process bus. This addresses the fact that the
traditional task of current and voltage sampling is now external to the device, and is
connected via Ethernet. The supervision compensates for any latency or mismatch in the
network, provides ride-through intelligent compensation in the event of several missing
samples or jitter, and blocks/alarms if the quality of incoming data compromises the secure
and reliable operation of the IED.
Control and Monitoring

Alstom Grid’s DS Agile range is the latest generation of substation Digital Control Systems
(DCS). It relies on fast Ethernet networks with IEC 61850 communication standards and offers
topology-orientated automation combined with electrical security to minimise outages.
DS Agile can be tailored either to single substations or to a harmonised system across
multiple substations.
Devices Applications
DS Agile bay Alstom’s IEC 61850-compliant bay
controllers controllers, like the C264, provide
(C-series) embedded or programmable fast
automation (automatic voltage
regulation, synchro-check, auto-
recloser, busbar transfer, etc.), backup
feeder protection, data concentrator,
events and waveform recorder, hot
standby redundancy etc.
DS Agile OI Real-time, user-friendly Operator
Interface (OI) for complete
substation automation
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Redundant architectures
DS Agile architectures can be set up as a self-healing ring (HSR protocol) or dual-homing
star (PRP protocol); both of which are fully redundant, eliminating outages.
Fibre optical networks link all the system’s components together and with the operator interface
(HMI), via a full range of Ethernet switches that provide full reliability and interoperability.
Devices Applications
DS Agile switches GOOSE switches
(H-series) External (rack) or internal
Interoperable standard protocols (PRP/HSR)
Gigabit switches
IEEE 1588 transparent clock
Substation/grid control room

communications
The digital substation benefits from a wide-area network interface, receiving and
responding to the data from its extensive array of sensors and IEDs. It can be integrated
as part of the grid operator’s wide area control systems and defence plans, as the data
from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is concentrated
and relayed from the substation to the control centre Customer benefits
and analysed by online stability solutions to track current ■■ Reduced unscheduled
oscillations and anticipate incidents. outages and repair

Alstom’s digital substation sensors and control systems times
work seamlessly with its software platforms for grid ■■ Reduced routine
operator control rooms, allowing a real-time data exchange maintenance costs

both at the substation operational data level and at the ■ ■ Increased equipment
asset management data level. This substation / control life expectancy
room communication introduces Smart Grid capabilities ■■ Frees-up skilled
to the network, bringing complete synergy between field personnel for remote
equipment operations and network management systems. diagnostics and
The networks can be local to the substation or they operation centres
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can interconnect several Devices Applications
dispersed substations,
and all are linked to the DS Agile A300 Powerful and ruggedised gateway
grid control room through Gateway solution that offers multiple
gateway solutions. communication protocols (including full
Inter-substation or inter- IEC 61850 compliance) with hot-standby
redundancy and simple commissioning
voltage level automation
exchanges GOOSE DS Agile A400 Substation inter-voltage (SACU) and
messages for: SACU & WACU inter-substation (WACU) level exchange
■■ Logic selectivity
through IEC 61131 automation
■■ Auto-reclose and fault
IEC 61850-compliant
location hot-standby redundancy
■■ Automatic setting of the
relays
Cyber security
The digital substation brings increased cyber security capabilities, as intrusion protection
and protection against virus attacks are integrated in switches and IEDs. Cyber security
provides protection against unauthorised access to equipment and unauthorised transfer,
modification or destruction of data – whether deliberate or accidental.
Particularly when wide area networks extend beyond the traditional substation fence,
cyber-security measures are essential. Security procedures, controls, firewalls and role-
based access are all examples of such measures. A number of standards apply in this area,
typically: NERC CIP, IEEE 1686, IEC 62351, ISO/IEC 27002, ETSI and CEN CENELEC.
C264 bay controller DS Agile switches
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Online condition monitoring

and asset management
Online condition monitoring functions are essential for power transformers, circuit-breakers,
disconnectors and gas-insulated switchgear.
Physical parameters are continuously monitored and real- time measurements are combined
and compared to models in order to generate specific recommendations for operations and
maintenance, as well as alarms when necessary.
Expert software providing additional advance warnings, automatic diagnostics and
maintenance suggestions will boost the efficiency of asset management. An interface with
an asset management system yields additional features such as remaining lifetime or
dynamic rating capabilities.
This architecture gives operational and maintenance teams an overview of the condition
of all substations in real-time, so they can make appropriate strategic asset management
decisions.
Device Principal applications

PTWatch Power transformer condition monitoring: expert system for data management
MS3000 throughout the life span of the power transformer, with scalable range
of sensors and modules for online continuous monitoring of all major
components of the transformer (active parts, bushings, tap-changer and
cooling system)
BWatch GIS bay condition monitoring: interactive diagnostics, acquisition of pressure
and temperature, threshold management, leakage, density and liquefaction
calculation, internal arc location, enclosure overheating detection
PDWatch Partial discharge condition monitoring for GIS
GISWatch Integrated bay & partial discharge condition monitoring for GIS
CBWatch Circuit-breaker condition monitoring: moving part timings and travelling
curves, main contact wear, drive energy and auxiliary parts are continuously
monitored
DWatch Disconnector condition monitoring
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Services & technical training for
Alstom Grid service is committed to provide the support from retrofit solution engineering
to the full lifecycle of the substation by leveraging the expertise of a worldwide leader in
primary product manufacturing, condition data interpretation and product ageing models.
Expertise and consulting services

In addition to the real-time data information and alerts interpretation consulting services,
reviews can be complemented with on-site condition assessment of the full system –
equipment, sensors, data communication and IED processing units. This assessment
provides the information needed for asset management strategies such as maintenance,
repairs and residual life assessment, while maximising the asset reliability performances
and minimising operational risks.
Services can be provided either on an on-call basis, or a long term contract tailored to
your needs.
Technical training
Dedicated technical training develops the knowledge and skills required to operate and
maintain digital substations for peak performance. Gaining theoretical and hands-on
experience at one of our training centres, Alstom Grid Technical Institute, ensures teams’
efficiency in their daily work.
Our training offer on digital substation applications encompasses several topics such as
cyber security, graphical programmable scheme logic, Ethernet ready solutions and online
condition monitoring for circuit-breakers, CTs & VTs or DC supplies. Furthermore, this
training is complemented by training on power equipment operation and maintenance,
network management solutions and electrical safety.
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Digital retrofitting of substations

Alstom Grid’s engineering teams can interface with any system, whatever its age or
generation. Simple tools, specifically developed, enable operators to manage their substation
easily and safely while identifying problems quickly. Alstom Grid provides a fully documented
solution with clear instructions on interconnecting, testing and commissioning. Moreover, as
everything is designed for interoperability, a unique service provider will be able to maintain
the equipment and manage the digital retrofitting of the substation in the future.
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Summary
Alstom’s agile digital substation offers unprecedented performance using intelligent
primary systems and tailored automation solutions.
Digital components can be effectively and easily integrated into existing substations,
networks and grids, allowing users to gradually move from conventional to digital
solutions. This ability to integrate Alstom digital substation components allows for
operator training, system testing and incremental investment while ensuring future
compatibility.
32
Agile Digital Substations | Q&A
Digital substation
solutions – Q&A
33
Let’s share some of the questions we have heard asked about digital
substations so far, and the answers we provided..
“I am not sure Regarding reliability and system architecture:

Sometimes users express concern about the architecture of the
about the reliability digital solutions because it is different. With analogue solutions
and accuracy the information chain was: sensor then cable then relay. Now the
route is different with sensors, fibre optics, station bus and process
of process bus bus. Even though the architecture may seem more complex to
solutions” non-specialists, the solution is extremely reliable, because it has
auto-test and health-check capabilities that analogue solutions do
not have.
Regarding accuracy:
The information is digitised from the source, so the information
conveyed is very accurate. Indeed, accuracy is much improved,
especially with digital instrument transformers, as there is no CT/VT
iron core to magnetise or introduce measurement error.
“These systems Digital solutions are able to capture and transfer a lot of information,
not only simple 0/1 values. Of course, more information means
transfer too much users have to interpret it and to define for each parameter the alarm
unnecessary/ thresholds. Alstom offers many functions to make the best out of
digital systems.
unimportant a. Expert support is available at all stages to design and parameter,
information” analyse etc.
b. Alstom solutions offer user-friendly interfaces with simple colour
“The information coded indicators: green = ok, orange = warning, red = not ok.
which is delivered c. Alstom solutions enable users to select the information displayed
is too complicated according to the user’s profile, as operation staff, maintenance
staff or asset managers do not need to monitor the same things.
to analyse” Alstom makes it possible to
give the right information to
the right person. For example,
the systems can generate data
sets for managers once a day,
while they can display the
information in real time for
operation people.
34
“Only experts can d. Alstom solutions can concentrate and filter information before it
is sent to upper levels of the system hierarchy. This avoids placing
use the information unnecessary bandwidth constraints on the communications network.
received from these
systems”
“What about Electronic components obsolescence is a point of interest for

network operators although such technologies are now used in
the life time many industrial applications, and well-proven in Digital Control
of electronic Sytems and numerical protection relays.
components?” Solutions are designed incorporating the necessary ‘functional

sustainability’ which implies that all new developments will
replace/be compatible with older generations. Changing a
“What will component in 20 years, while keeping the same functionality, is
happen if we made easier with Alstom.
need to replace As regards the life time of digital components, the MTBF of many
components is actually several decades.
components?”
Temperature is the most impactful parameter when talking about
the life time of digital components and the industry improves
continuously. Alstom choses electronic components that have been
selected to withstand higher temperatures and therefore feature
longer service life.
Furthermore Alstom solutions withstand extensive thermal testing
during their design and development.
Last but not least: with analogue solutions, if a component does not
work, you might not know it unless you perform visual tests. Digital
solutions incorporate automatic health check and if a component is
out of order, it will give a signal, ensuring the reliability of the whole
solution.
And what may happen in 15 or 20 years if a component might need
to be replaced?
Alstom ranges are managed so as to replace the components and
solutions gradually as they become obsolete, maintaining the
same functionality. Service specialists are dedicated to supporting
customers after the warranty period and to supply with the right
component or solution.
35
“Implementing I mplementing a substation with digital control and monitoring will
actually be easier than implementing a substation with analogue
digital solutions systems. The main reason is that the whole cabling adventure is a
will be difficult” thing of the past! Cabling in a HV substation is reduced by approx.
80%.
For the design and implementation of the digital systems
“We do not have themselves, Alstom experts provide support and all the solutions
the skills in-house are scalable, meaning that they can be implemented one stage at a
time.
to implement such
For example, conventional current and voltage sensors can be linked
systems” via fibre optics to digital merging units and protection relays, so as
to reduce the cabling, while keeping the conventional substation
equipment.
Note that much of the digital system engineering is in software,
which means that the maximum can be engineered and proven
before the FAT (factory acceptance test). The site works are
drastically reduced, meaning that the more senior specialists need
not travel to each project site.
Alstom delivers training to all involved staff:
■■ Architecture and design of solution
■■ Maintenance
■■ Operation
■■ Asset management
The younger generation of network engineers are educated and very
familiar with these technologies. As the future is digital, the training
and knowledge gained is career enhancing, so utilities can remain
attractive to talented young engineers!
“The information lstom solutions range from the most basic information delivery to
A
expert systems. We are able to discriminate the right information
given by the for the right person according to his/her position and profile. Expert
system requires systems also include some analysis and clever data display, so as
to make the reading and interpretation easier. Training is available
highly skilled for all positions from operational staff to asset management
people to interpret executives.
it”
36
“Is it right that the Digital devices run on Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV), meaning
that staff are at no risk while working with them.
safety of my staff
The elimination of oil in instrument transformers (removal of explosion
can be enhanced?” risk), and the removal of cross-site current transformer circuits (risk of
lethal injury if open-circuited whilst live) are the two principal examples
of staff safety being improved.
“What are the In 2013, Alstom has installed a base of:
references?” or ■■ Protection : over 400 000 digital relays

Control : more than 3000 control systems
“which utilities
■■
■■ Monitoring : more than 1300 GIS bays

have already There are specific case studies in the ‘Reference Projects’ section of
implemented such this handbook.
systems?”
37
A quick visual guide to answering questions and

overcoming objections
System concerns
Too much
Reliability
information Life time of
and New solution
Too components
accuracy
complicated
Permanent health + User-friendly HMI Functional Numerous references,

check capabilities + + tailored datasets sustainability + pilot projects and
info digitised at its + expert support robustness of the real installations
source design and component
selection
Implementation concerns
Need for
Difficulty to How to replace a
experience/skills for
implement component
results analysis
Easy to implement Alstom provides training Functional sustainability

+ scalable solutions + such skillsets more + dedicated service
available in the engineering specialists
community today
38
GIS Solutions
39
40
GIS Solutions
Digital solutions
for GIS
With more than 40 years of operational experience
in power substation provision, Alstom Grid is a
leader in the GIS market. Our leadership is largely
thanks to meeting the most demanding operational
criteria through the sustainable process of
improvement of our solutions.
We offer a complete GIS range from 72.5 to 800 kV
to interconnect and protect electrical networks. We
have manufactured and commissioned more than
20,000 GIS bays from 72.5 up to 800 kV and 150
km of GIL circuits worldwide over the last 45 years.
We focus on smarter solutions, integrating devices
for predictive maintenance including online
bay monitoring (BWatch3), Partial Discharge
measurement (PDWatch) and point-on-wave
controlled switching (RPH3)
We are shrinking the technology footprint to
maximise space efficiency and flexibility. For
example, our F35 170 kV has a footprint 30%
smaller than its predecessors.
41
Our mission statement
Alstom Grid’s GIS product line provides power networks
and industrial customers with state-of-the-art
Gas-insulated substations from 72.5 kV to 800 kV.
We offer:
■■ Most compact GIS range
■■ Optimised products at all voltage levels
■■ Fully eco-designed products
■■ First class spring-mechanisms
■■ Connectivity for Smart Grids with integration of automation and
monitoring systems
42
GIS Solutions
GIS Solutions
Fact sheets
Digital Instrument Transformers - DIT
COSI-sensors
■■ COSI-CEVT sensor
■■ COSI-RECT sensor
■■ COSI-Rogoflex sensor
Primary converters
■■ COSI-PC12
Merging units
■■ MU Agile XMU800
Monitoring and control

SF6 and GIS monitoring
■■ BWatch3
Partial discharges monitoring

■■ PDWatch
Point-on-wave switching
■■ RPH3
43
Digital solutions for
gas-insulated substations
The new generation of GIS digital substation
solutions bring unprecedented levels of reliability,
security and performance through real-time
monitoring, automation and interoperability.
They integrate high performance primary
equipment including Alstom’s COSI (COmpact
Sensor Intelligence) and advanced substation
automation solutions. Information acquisition,
processing and output is treated in real-time
through a digital architecture with multiple layers
of automation units.
GIS Bay
44
GIS Solutions
45
Bay introduction Spring drive Circuit-
breaker
Combined Local control

disconnector / cubicle
earthing
switch Combined
voltage &
current sensors
Busbar
disconnector /
Cable feeder earthing switch
Full digital
control
cubicle
Reduced
cabling
46
GIS Solutions | DIT
Digital instrument
transformers
Our range of digital instrument transformers
provide measurement using optical, Rogowski or
capacitive technology, which have been optimised
for operation with GIS equipment, integrating into
the relevant switchgear to provide accurate real-
time measurement of key operational parameters.
47
47
GIS Solutions | DIT
COSI sensors Current

sensor
Voltage
sensor
Current & voltage measurement
Current Voltage
sensor sensor
Protection
relays
Primary Converter Bay

(Signal-conversion of controller
analog/digital)
9.2
1850-
6
IEC
IEEE 1588
Merging unit
(Conversion to IEC 61850-9-2)
IEEE 1588 synchronisation
48
GIS Solutions | COSI-RECT sensor
Fact sheet – Gas insulated substations
COSI-RECT
Rogowski electronic
current transformer
for GIS
High voltage designs now increasingly incorporate
Smart devices - making Smart substations part
of the real world. In the digital chain for current
measurement, the COSI-RECT uses the latest
sensor technologies for DIT applications.
Customer benefits
■■ One single sensor design suitable for protection, metering
and qualimetry
■■ Sensor enclosures are smaller than conventional ones -
space gains for substations

■■ High degree of electromagnetic immunity
4949
Integrated voltage sensor
Integrated current sensor

Primary converter
Measure Convert
RECT: High-tech sensor Less maintenance
Sensors are the basic elements of current Thanks to the coating on the PCBs and the highly
measurement. In order to get the best results accurate processing, the sensors are designed to
for final measurement or protection applications, work whether conditions are optimal or not.
the sensor must be highly accurate and should
An external memory (EEPROM) is associated to the
be protected against the electromagnetic
sensor allowing all calibration values to be stored as
perturbations (EMC) found in GIS substations.
soon as the sensors are mounted.
Sensors are designed based on an Alstom patent,
Thus, when a sensor is connected to the PC12
using a double-sided PCB (printed circuit board)
primary converter, the electronics automatically
as sensor material. This provides an excellent
adjust the compensation gains related to
stability in the measurements, even when
calibration values found in the EEPROM.
temperature and currents have slight variations.
Compatible with all GIS types Maximum protection

against EMC
Several sensor designs have been introduced to
cover all types of high voltage equipment. RECT Based on an Alstom patent, sensors are on a
sensors are available for all GIS equipment. Their double-sided PCB with interlaced copper tracks,
small size allows for smaller enclosures and providing high immunity against EMC and external
consequently smaller GIS substations. magnetic fields.
The PCB is shielded to have a perfect immunity
against nearby magnetic fields.
50
important note:
This product may not be
sold on its own. It must
always be integrated in
a global DIT engineering
solution.
Merging unit
Merge Protection relay
IEC 61850 Protect
Single-phase GIS design
Three-phase GIS design COSI-RECT 550 kV
51
Ratings Technical features

(sensor associated with PC12) ■■ Rated supply voltage
Module type PC12-3I 48 Vdc (proprietary input)
3 x RECT* connected to PC1 power
supply (48 - 350 Vdc / 100 -
Rated voltage kV -
240 Vac)
Rated current kA Up to 150 Power cons. < 10 W @ 20°C
Accuracy 50/60Hz % <0.05
■■ Ambient temperature
-40°C up to 80°C
Delay time μs <500 ■■ Protective index
Sample Values Output rate IP64 compliant
(IEC 61869-9) ■■ Case material
■■ Protection channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 Magnetic Stainless Steel
■■ Metering channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 ■■ EMC Protection
■■ Qualimetry channel KSPS 14.4 /12.8 /15.36 IEC 61000-4
FFT Analysis Harmonics Harmonic 100 1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
(qualimetry channel only) rank to 5, 18
55022 Class A
Frequency domain Hz 0-10K ■■ Standard (instrument
(sensor imput) transformers)
A/D converters Qty 2 + 3 refs IEC 61850-9-2
IEC 61869 -1, -6, -7, -8, -9
Auxiliary Channels Type 4/20 mA, RTD150
MTBF (acc. To MIL-HDBK-217F) khrs >350
Weight kg 1.2
*RECT: Rogowski Electronic Current Transformer.
52
GIS Solutions | COSI-CEVT sensor
COSI-CEVT
Capacitive Electronic
Voltage Transformers
for GIS
of the real world. In the digital chain for voltage
measurement, the COSI-CEVT uses the latest
sensor technologies in voltage measurement for
DIT applications.
Customer benefits
■■ One single sensor design suitable for protection,
metering and qualimetry

■■ High degree of electromagnetic immunity
53
Primary converter
Measure Convert
CEVT: High-tech sensor Less maintenance
Sensors are the basic elements of voltage Thanks to the particular coating on the PCBs and
measurement. In order to achieve the best accuracy highly accurate processing, the sensors are designed
for final measurement or protection applications, to work whether conditions are optimal or not.
sensors must be as accurate as possible and
An external memory (EEPROM) is associated to the
protected against electromagnetic perturbations
sensor allowing all calibration values to be stored
(EMC) that exist in GIS substations.
while the sensors are mounted. Thus, when a sensor
Sensors are designed following an ALSTOM is connected to a PC12 primary converter, the
patent which uses a doublesided PCB (printed electronics automatically adjust the compensation
circuit board) as the sensor material. This provides gains related to calibration values found in the
excellent stability in the measurements, even EEPROM. The components are therefore easily and
if temperature, pressure and voltages have quickly replaced
variations.
High immunity against EMC
Compatible with all GIS types Based on an Alstom patent, the sensors are created
Several sensor designs have been introduced to on a double-sided PCB (printed circuit board),
cover all types of high voltage equipment. CEVT providing high immunity against EMC and fast
sensors are available for ALSTOM GIS substations. transient currents and voltages. The current analog
Their small size allows them to fit into smaller signal for measurement also provides perfect
enclosures, which means smaller substations. immunity against nearby magnetic fields.
54
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect
Single-phase GIS design
Three-phase GIS design (135 kV) COSI-CEVT 420 kV
55

(sensor associated with PC12) ■■ Rated supply voltage
Module type PC12-3U 48 Vdc (proprietary input)
3 x CEVT* connected to PC1 power
supply (48 - 350 Vdc / 100 -
Rated voltage kV Up to 1100
240 Vac)
Rated current A - Power cons. ~ 5 W @ 20°C
Accuracy 50/60Hz % <0.05
-40°C up to 80°C
Delay time μs <500 ■■ Protective index
Sampled Values Output rate: IP64 compliant
■■ Protection channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 ■■ Case material
■■ Metering channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 Magnetic Stainless Steel
■■ Qualimetry channel KSPS 14.4 /12.8 /15.36 ■■ EMC Protection
IEC 61000-4
FFT Analysis Harmonics Harmonic 100 1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
(qualimetry channel only) rank to 5, 18
55022 Class A
Frequency domain Hz 0-10K
(sensor imput) ■■ Standard
IEC 61850-9-2LE
A/D converters Qty 2 + 3 refs IEC 61869 -1, -6, -7, -8, -9
Auxiliary Channels Type 4/20 mA, RDT100
MTBF (acc. To MIL-HDBK-217F) khrs >350
Weight kg 1.2
*CEVT: Capacitive Electronic Voltage Transformer.
56
GIS Solutions | COSI-RogoFlex sensor
COSI-RogoFlex
RogoFlex® electronic
current transformer
for GIS
of the real world. In the digital chain for current
measurement, the COSI-RogoFlex® uses the latest
sensor technologies in current measurement for DIT
applications.
Customer benefits
■■ Very flexible design, allowing installation in a huge variety
of locations in the substation

■■ Higher electromagnetic immunity
57

Primary converter
Measure Convert
RogoFlex® : These sensors are available for the entire GIS range
from 72.5 kV to 1200 kV or higher. Thanks to their
Flexible current sensor flexibility, RogoFlex® sensors can be installed in
Sensors are the basic elements of current retrofit in existing substations without designing
measurement. In order to obtain the highest specific enclosures and with no need to remove
accuracy for protection applications, the sensor HV parts.
should measure the current with the best linearity The sensors can be opened if needed (e.g.
and repeatability. inspection). The open/close mechanism is rugged
It should also be protected against the and locks the external tube.
electromagnetic perturbations (EMC) found in
GIS substations. Less maintenance
Sensors are designed based on an Alstom patent, An external memory (EEPROM) is associated to the
using flexible polymer pipes as wiring supports with sensor, allowing all calibration values to be stored
a shielded double winding. when the sensors are mounted. Thus, when a
sensor is connected to the PC12 primary
Compatible with all GIS types converter, the electronics automatically adjust the
compensation gains related to calibration values
Thanks to their design, RogoFlex® sensors are
found in the EEPROM.
flexible and the length of the ‘ring’ can be calculated
for each application, depending on conductor
diameter.
58
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect

Closed RogoFlex sensor
High immunity against EMC
Based on an Alstom patent, the double wiring inside the sensor
provides immunity to EMC. Moreover, there is a metallic shield around
the windings. The signal cable uses twisted pairs and a specific shield.
COSI-RogoFlex sensor installed on

a bushing
Fixing point for RogoFlex sensors Fixing point for RogoFlex sensors
59

(sensor associated with PC12) ■■ Ambient temperature
Rated current kA Up to 200 -40°C up to 80°C
Accuracy error 50/60Hz % <1 ■■ Protective index
IP64 compliant
Repeatability error % <1 ■■ Case material
Linearity error IEC Class % 0.2 Magnetic Stainless Steel
Polymer
Resistivity (for D = 336 mm) Ω ~10
■■ EMC Protection
Sensitivity* mV/kA 48 IEC 61000-4
1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
FFT Analysis Harmonics Harmonic rank 100
to 5, 18
(qualimetry channel only)
55022 Class A
Frequency domain Hz 0-10K ■■ Standard (instrument
(sensor imput) transformers)
MTBF (acc. To MIL-HDBK-217F) khrs >350 IEC 61850-9-2LE
IEC 61869 -1, -6, -7, -8, -9
Weight* kg 1.2
*Standard values; further data is available on request
60
GIS Solutions | COSI-PC12
COSI-PC12
Primary digital
converter for GIS
applications
Smart devices - making Smart substations part of
the real world. In the digital chain for current and
voltage measurement, the PC12 converter uses the
latest technologies to convert analog signals into
digital data to be transmitted to the merging unit
and ultimately to the protection relays and
control room.
Customer benefits
■■ High performance and rugged design
■■ Easy to maintain & test: off-the-shelf replacement
■■ 3-phase compact design for voltage levels up to 1,100 kV
■■ Reliable substation protection
61

Primary converter
Measure Convert
PC12: A high-tech converter (EMC) can be a problem, as is the case with
GIS substations in most layouts.
The digitising of signal outputs from DITs is crucial
and requires state of the art electronics Easy to maintain
using high-speed and high-accuracy components.
Thanks to its modular concept, the replacement
The PC12 is a smart converter providing high of a PC12 module is as simple as an off-the-shelf
performance and reliability. It is based on a digital replacement.
conversion unit and a digital core (FPGA:
Calibration values for sensors are included in the
programmable gate array) for signal treatment,
sensors themselves and pre-stored in an EEPROM
management and communication.
memory unit before leaving the factory.
An analog condition circuit, digital filters and
If a PC12 needs to be replaced, as soon as the new
integrator provide low noise, high linearity and
sensor is plugged in, the calibration values are
high bandwith to the converter.
automatically swapped to PC12 internal memory.
Compliant with all GIS layouts and with a rugged
and compact design, the PC12 can be easily Several communications rates
integrated with all HV products in voltage ranges High-speed electronics allow the simultaneous
up to 1,100 kV. The 3-phase design means only transmission of protection, metering and
one converter is required for a 3-phase qualimetry sample value outputs according to the
measurement point. IEC 61850-9.2 / 61869-9 standards.
The design is particularly adapted to harsh The design meets Smart Grid requirements up to
environments where Electromagnetic Compatibility harmonic 100 on the qualimetry channel.
62
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect
COSI-PC12
COSI-PC12
1. Power connector
2. Led indicators (alarm & power Ok)
3. Optical fibre connector
4. Sensor connectors (from 1 to 3)
5. Auxiliary connector
6. Test connector (for commissioning)
63

Module type PC12-3U PC12-3I ■■ Rated supply voltage
3 x CEVT* 3 x REVT* 48 Vdc (proprietary input)
connected to PC1 power
Rated voltage kV Up to 1100 - supply (48 - 350 Vdc / 100 -
Rated current kA - Up to 200 240 Vac)
Power cons. ~ 5 W @ 20°C
Accuracy 50/60Hz % <0.05 <0.05 ■■ Ambient temperature
Delay time μs <500 <500 -40°C up to 80°C
Sample Values
■■ Protective index
Output rate: IP64 compliant
■■ Protection channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 ■■ Case material
■■ Metering channel KSPS 4.8 /4 /5.76 Stainless Steel
■■ Qualimetry channel KSPS 14.4 /12.8 /15.36 ■■ EMC Protection
IEC 61000-4
FFT Analysis Harmonic 100 100
1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
Harmonics (qualimetry rank
to 5, 18
channel only)
55022 Class A
Frequency domain Hz 0-10K 0-10K ■■ Standard
(sensor imput) (instrument transformers)
A/D converters Qty 2 2 IEC 61850-9-2LE
IEC 61869 -1, -6, -7, -8, -9
Internal references Qty 3 (1 at 0.02%)
Auxiliary Channels Type 4/20 mA, 4/20 mA,
RTD100 RTD100
MTBF (acc. To khrs 175 175
MIL-HDBK-217F)
Weight kg 1.2 1.2
*CEVT: Capacitive Electronic Voltage Transformer *RECT: Rogowski Electronic Current
Transformer.
64
GIS Solutions | MU-Agile XMU800
MU Agile
XMU800
Merging unit
smart devices – making smart substations part of the
real world. In the digital chain for current and voltage
measurement, the MU-Agile 800 merges data and
signals to make them IEC 61850 compliant.
Customer benefits
■■ Self monitored and easy to set up via webserver
■■ Many input/output ports provide compatibility with most
known GIS layouts

■■ Remote supervision of primary sensors and converters
65

Primary converter
Measure Convert
XMU800: Smart, powerful Compliant with GIS
device architectures
As soon as the analog signals have been digitised The MU-Agile XMU800 design is compact, with all
via the COSI-PC12, the data is sent digitally to the the communications ports at the back of the box.
MU-Agile XMU800. Several COSI-PC12s can send A mechanical form factor was chosen for simple
their measurements to one merging unit. integration into a 19-inch bay.
The large number of I/O ports allows the MU-Agile
The MU-Agile XMU800 merges all signals and
XMU800 to fulfill most GIS substation architectures
synchronises them using 1 PPS (Pulse Per Second)
(one busbar, two busbars, one and half circuit-
input or the PTP IEEE 1588 protocol. Then, the
breakers) thanks to the 13 Ethernet ports: 10 as LC
data is packed into one or several 61850.9-2
optical connectors, 3 as RJ45.
frames and sent to protection relays, data loggers,
smart terminals, etc. The device has a powerful
FPGA core (parallel microprocessor), creating a
Highly communicative device
real time matrix for interconnections between Thanks to its powerful core, the device is able to
HV sensors and secondary Intelligence Electronic communicate via 61850.9-2 (& 9-2 LE) and the
Devices (IEDs). future IEC 61869-9, sending Sample Values (SV) to
a 9-2 network simultaneously over several ports.
It is also possible to connect another digital network
(such as a 61850.8-1 network) to check the health
of the unit or, for example, the RMS value on each
PC12 channel.
66
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect

MU-Agile XMU800
User-friendly interface
A webserver integrated into the device allows users, depending
on access rights, to check the health of the unit, to change some
parameters and to display measured values on a webpage. This can be
done via any computer equipped with an internet browser.
MU-Agile XMU 800

Available ports:
■■ Optional ports (e.g. 600044-8)
■■ 1 PPS input (a PPS output is also available for
daisy chaining for IEEE 1588 synchronisation)

■■ Ethernet input ports
■■ Power supply and alarm contact
■■ HMI Ethernet connection
67

Unit Type MU-Agile XMU800 ■■ Rated supply voltage
Option 1: 100 to 350 Vdc
Ethernet ports: + 100 to 240 Vac
- Input (PCBUS type) Qty 6 Option 2: 20 to 72 Vdc
- Output (61850.9-2 type) Qty 7: 4LC, 3RJ45 Power cons. max. 18 W @ 25°C
- HMI/8.1 connections Qty 1 front (HMI) + 1 rear ■■ Ambient temperature
(8.1 compliant)
-40°C up to 70°C
PPS synchro. ports Qty 1 In + 1 Out ■■ Protective index
Optional ports Qty 8 (4 In + 4 Out) IP20 compliant
(Compliant 44-8) ■■ Case material
Auxiliary contacts Type Alarm NO & NC Type Aluminium anodised (EMC)
MTBF KHrs 150 IEC 61000-4
(acc. To MIL-HDBK-217F) 1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
Weight Kg 2.7 to 5, 18
55022 Class A
Dimensions (mm):
- Height: mm 90
- Width: mm 480
- Depth: mm 240 / 340 with optical fibre
68
MU-Agile
XMU820
Analog & Digital
Merging Unit
Smart devices and Smart substations are now part
of the real world. DIT sensors, for both current and
voltage, are one of the most important components
of this new generation of GIS. The XMU820 (Analog
& Digital Merging Unit) is the ‘switchboard’ of DIT
systems, facillitating communications using the
61869 and 61850 protocols.
Customer benefits
■■ Both digital & analog CT & VT use is possible on the same unit
■■ Remote supervision of digital primary sensors and
converters
69

Primary converter
Measure Convert
XMU820: Smart, powerful Compliant with GIS
As soon as the analogue signals have been The XMU820 design is compact, with all the
digitised via the PC12, the data is sent digitally to communications ports at the back of the XMU box.
the XMU820 merging unit. (Several PC12s can send
A mechanical form factor was chosen for simple
their measurements to one or more merging units).
integration into a 19-inch wide bay.
The XMU820 merges all those digital signals and The large number of I/O ports allows the XMU820
is also able to include analog signals coming from to fulfill most GIS substation architectures (one
conventional VT & CTs and synchronises them using busbar, two busbars, one and half circuit-breakers)
the 1 PPS (Pulse Per Second) input or IEEE1588 thanks to the 13 Ethernet ports and 14 analog input
protocol. Then, the data is packed into one or terminals which can be used as PC12 and/or CT,VT
several 61850.9-2 frames and sent to protection inputs. All communication ports are designed with
relays, data loggers, Smart terminals, etc. The standard LC- type optical connectors or RJ45 plugs.
device is powered by a powerful FPGA, creating a
real time matrix for interconnections between HV Highly communicative device
Sensors (conventional and/or DIT) to secondary Thanks to its powerful core, the device is able
IEDs. to communicate via 61850.9-2 (& 9-2 LE)
sending Sample Values (SV) to a 9-2 network
simultaneously over several ports.
70
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect

MU-Agile XMU820
It is also possible to connect another digital network (such as a

61850.8-1 network) to check the health of the unit or, for example,
the RMS value on each PC12 channel.
User-friendly interface
A webserver integrated into the device allows users (depending
on access rights) to check the health of the unit, to change some
done by connecting any computer equipped with an internet browser.
1. Ethernet input ports

2. Optional ports (e.g. 600044-8)
3. 1 PPS input (a 1 PPS output is
also available for daisy chaining)
4. Power supply
5. HMI ethernet connections
6. Ethernet output ports
7. Conventional VT input Terminals
(1A and/or 5A type)
MU-Agile XMU 820 8. Conventional CT input Terminals
71

Unit Type MU Agile XMU820 ■■ Rated supply voltage
48 to 300V DC - 90 to 220V AC
Ethernet ports: Power cons. - 14 to 22 W @ 20°C
- Input (PCBUS Type) Qty 6 ■■ Ambient temperature
- Output (61850.9-2 Type) Qty 7
-40°C up to 60°C
or input or mirror
- HMI/8.1 connections ■■ Protective index
Qty 1 HMI/Station Bus 61850.8-
IP40 compliant
1 compliant RJ45 or LC
■■ Case material
Conventional TC inputs Qty/ 4 x 1A + 4 x 5A
Stainless Steel
type
Conventional CT inputs Qty/ 6 x 100/√3 V AC up to 610004-1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16
type 600V AC Class A
PPS synchro. Ports Qty 1 In + 1 Out 55022 Class A
Optional ports (Compliant Qty 8 (4 In + 4 Out)
44-8)
Auxiliary Contacts Type Alarm NO & NC Type
MTBF (acc. To MIL- KHrs 150
HDBK-217GF)
Weight Kg 7
Dimensions (mm):
- Length: mm 480
- Width: mm 240 (340 with rear
connectors)
- Depth: mm 135 (3U)
72
GIS Solutions | BWatch3
BWatch3 system
Expert GIS and SF6
monitoring
The BWatch3 system is our expert solution for GIS
monitoring.Thanks to modern condition monitoring
systems, transmission substations can now be
monitored remotely and in real time, providing
better reliability and availability in the Smart Grid era.
Customer benefits
■■ Asset management: schedule maintenance
■■ Greater safety for personnel and switchgear
■■ Environmentally-friendly
■■ Quality assurance: life span extension
■■ Ergonomic and simple HMI
■■ Permanent monitoring and auto-test
73
Local control
cubicle
Sensors
Control monitoring unit
Customer challenge Main features

Transmission systems and related equipment must - Gas density monitoring
be designed for reliability. Energy managers require Gas density monitoring with immediate and
cost effective applications and solutions to avoid anticipated density threshold alarms, fast leakage
unscheduled downtimes, major failures and the alarms, centralised displays of compartment status,
subsequent penalties. alarm management, protected circuit-breaker security
tripping and interlocking.
Alstom Grid’s solution
The most effective solution to avoid potential - Data management
GIS failure is through condition based asset Archival recording and displays of measurements
management with advanced detection. The and events in the central monitoring unit for
BWatch3 system is therefore designed for accurate switchgear condition evaluation and assistance for
and anticipated SF6 monitoring. diagnosis before maintenance and repairs.
The BWatch3 monitoring system is a digital, open Evolutive system capacities for additional functions
and modular system, easy to adapt to all switchgear requiring monitoring.
types, cost effective and reliable. Optional functions
are also available, such as internal fault localisation - Gas temperature monitoring
and circuit-breaker condition monitoring. Liquefaction and overheat alarms management
thanks to the temperature sensor embedded in
each transducer. The friendly mobile HMI displays
all current measurements and alarms and allows
maintenance and commissioning.
74
References
Internet links More than 150 gas-insulated
Electrical wire substations around the world
are equipped with Bwatch3
Ethernet fibre optic
representing more than 1,200
bays and 20,000 gas sensors.
Ergonomic HMI
Expert remote support
Options
- Advanced communications features Digital gas sensors
and remote access
GIS current and stored monitoring data are available to any
authorised external PC user using high-speed ethernet links via
internet, intranet or telephone links.
- CB monitoring
■■ Electrical wear calculation and recording
■■ Operations counter by current ranges
Mobile HMI
■■ Travel curves recording with comparison to reference curves.
- Internal fault location

■■ Allows quick faulty compartment location
■■ Helps secure substation automatic reconfiguration through
interlock, even in the CB compartment (faulty and normal
operation discrepancy).
Bwatch3 sensor
75
Ratings Units Values
1. Gas sensors
Pressure
Warranted measurement scale (Full Scale) abs Bars 0-11
1 minute overpressure withstand abs Bars 20
Measurement resolution FS% <= 0.01
Long term stability FS% 0.1
Accuracy FS% <=0.1
Repeativity at 25 °C FS% < 0.05
Endurance (0…100 % FS at 25°C) No. of cycles 1,000,000
Temperature
ToB Bridge temperature resolution °C 0.1
2. Travel sensors
Range ° 90
Independant linearity (at 20°C) <±0.25%
3. Acquisition and process unit
Gas compartments Up to 30 (3x10)
Gas sensors bus length m Up to 800
Digital ouputs Up to 128
Digital inputs Up to 64
Analog inputs Up to 16
Density sets Up to 8
Pressure acquisition cycle time ms 300
Temperature acquisition cycle time min 1
Density calculation cycle time s 2
Leakage advanced alarm forecast time days 90
Gas sensors communication speed bytes/s 115,000
LVCC touch panel communication speed bytes/s 19,200
Distributed Control System communication speed bytes/s 9,600
4. Central Monitoring Unit
Gateway Up to 4
Bays by gateway Up to 12
Event records Infinite
Density records Infinite
76
System composition
1. Digital gas sensors with separated pressure and temperature measurements, daisy chained in field bus
on each bay. Sensors for HV current and and CB operation curve available as options.
2. Programmable logic controller implemented in the low voltage control cubicle of each bay, with I/O and
communications modules.
3. Central unit, which is dedicated to display measurements and alarms, to record events and trends and to
communicate the data to users. CB operation curve available as options.
4. A LVCC touch panel HMI, which is an independent unit, manages the display of current monitored values
and alarms that it is able to read directly from the APU’s* memory.
(*Aquisition and Process Unit)
Technical Features
EMC Protection IEC 61004-2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12 Class 3 to 5 55022 Class A
Standard Gateway APU Gas sensors Travel sensors
Climatic withstand
Low temperature IEC 60068-2-1 -40°C -40°C -40°C -20°C
Dry heat IEC 60068-2-2 55°C 55°C 110°C 80°C
Protection index IEC 60068-2-30 IP20 IP20 IP68 IP65
Mechanical withstand
Shocks IEC 60068-2-27 15 g 25 g 25 g 40 g
Vibration IEC 60068-2-6 1 g / 10 - 150 Hz 1 g / 10 - 150 Hz 1 g / 10 - 150 Hz 10 g / 10 - 150 Hz
77
78
GIS Solutions | PDWatch
Online PDWatch
Online partial
discharge monitoring
for GIS
The UHF PDWatch online monitoring system
records and displays the UHF signals generated
by partial discharges in a GIS. Thanks to modern
condition monitoring systems, transmission
substations can now be monitored remotely and in
real time, providing better reliability and availability
in the Smart Grid era.
Customer benefits
■■ Predict potential faults
■■ External noise discrimination
■■ Superior reliability and auto-test
■■ Ergonomic and simple HMI
■■ Expert support available
79
Sensors PD Panel
System composition External noise discrimination

1. A set of UHF modules, which are dedicated to In order to avoid spurious alarms, signals generated
signals acquisition and pre-treatment. by real partial discharges must be distinguishable
from external noises: the detection of UHF signals
2. A central unit dedicated to recording the signals,
is based on calculations of spectrum key features,
generating alarms and displaying data to users.
such as average and variance.
Predict potential faults The key features are calculated by placing specific
The system is permanently fitted into the substation masks on the spectrum to exclude the known
and can be queried remotely. Thanks to this system, externally disturbed frequency bands. This
developing dielectric faults can be detected and possibility is not currently offered by broadband
eliminated before complete breakdown occurs. systems using thresholds on analog signals.
Used with suitable couplers, this system can detect A clever algorithm validates an event generated
all critical defects such as particles, coronas, free by a threshold on the mean and variance of the
potentials and insulator voids at the sensitivity spectrum by making an analysis of signals on
specified by CIGRE TF 15/33.05.03. internal and external noise sensors.
The link between the UHF modules is ensured by
a 100 Mbit/s ethernet network with self-healing
features, providing greater reliability.
80
Internet links
Electrical wire
Ergonomic HMI
UHF coupler for external noise

discrimination
Short and long term analysis

A trend curve shows the evolution of the UHF signals level inside the
GIS over the short and long term. It is very useful for risk PDWatch sensor
assessment because the UHF signals level is not fully linked to the
partial discharge level (due to factors such as the kind of defect or
the distance to coupler,). This evolution of UHF activity is crucial to
the determination of the defect’s severity.
A single HMI with monitoring

The HMI shows the Single Line Diagram with gas compartments
and PD couplers. It is thus common to both PD monitoring and SF6
density monitoring, avoiding the need for multiple HMIs. This tool also brings
PD-Box
important time savings thanks to automatic test report generation.
Auto-test function
The status of the complete system is continuously checked, including
the couplers: the HMI displays an indication if a UHF module is out of
order, if a UHF coupler is disconnected or if a synchronisation signal is absent.
Acquisition Box
81

UHF modules ■■ Mains supply
■■ 48 Vdc – 15% to 250 Vdc
6 inputs for PD couplers (N type sockets)
■■ 110/240 Vac +/- 20%
■■ Amplitude resolution: 256 amplitude levels ■■ Power consumption: 20 W
■■ Overall signal range: - 100 dBm to - 10 dBm
per UHF module
Spectrum analysis ■■ Central unit: PD-Panel:
■■ Industrial PC:
■■ UHF spectrum bandwidth: 300 to 1200 MHz
■■ UHF spectrum resolution: 2.5 MHz ■■ Fanless, without moving
parts
Time analysis ■■ Touch screen 17”
■■ Time resolution: 20 μs at 50 Hz / 16.7 μs at 60Hz ■■ Processor: Core II duo,
■■ Band-pass filtering on central frequency during acquisitions 1.5 GHz
■■ Memory: 2 GB, DDR
Coupler test through UHF cable
■■ Hard disk capacity:
3 possibilities of synchronisation signal: main supply, voltage
80 GB Flash (SDD)
transformer, capacitive coupler
■■ Long duration storage
Versatile layout: Integration in GIS control cubicles or in with external HDD

stand-alone boxes ■■ OS: XP Embedded
■■ MODEM
Network
■■ For digital lines
■■ Ethernet 100 Mbits/s between PC and measuring units
■■ For G3 links (on request)
■■ IEC 61850-8-A compliant
■■ Possible integration with SF6
Operational limits monitoring BWatch3
■■ Temperature: -250C to 550C
■■ Protection: IP54 or IP66
■■ EMC compliant (electronics completely protected)
82
GIS Solutions | RPH3
RPH3
Point on Wave
switching
Optimising the closing and opening of a circuit-
breaker is of the utmost importance because
random switching can result in high transient
overvoltages and/or high inrush currents. These
transients generate stresses on all substation and
network equipment, leading to accelerated aging
- or the worst case scenario - flashover of the HV
apparatus.
Customer benefits
■■ Eliminate switching transients
■■ Reduce stress, overvoltages and inrush currents on
electrical networks
■■ Increase lifetime of HV equipment
■■ Enhance power system security
■■ Support operations and maintenance
■■ IEC 61850-9-2 compliant
83
Sensors CB drive
(Spring or Hydraulic) Synchronous
switching relay
Controlled switching of issuing switching commands to the circuit-breaker

at the optimal point on the reference voltage
high voltage circuit-breakers waveform. Thanks to its electronics and software,
The RPH3 is an advanced microprocessor-based the RPH3 point-on-wave controller effectively sends
synchronising relay suitable for Independent pole a switching command to the circuit-breaker to
operated circuit-breakers. More commonly referred operate at the correct instant, thus eliminating or
to as a Point-on-Wave controller, it protects high substantially reducing transients.
voltage network components from transients
generated during switching operations. Perfect matching with the
Thanks to the RPH3’s sophisticated algorithms, circuit-breaker under control
the operation of the circuit-breaker is configured Success of controlled switching operations depends
to reduce stress in all conditions and network on the ability of the RPH3 controller relay to assess
configurations. beforehand the reference synchronising voltage, as
Random switching operations on high voltage well as the characteristics and the consistency of
networks cause electrical transients that stress circuit-breaker operations under all operating and
equipment and degrade power quality. ambient conditions.
The way to deal with switching transient To optimise the performance of the RPH3 in its
phenomena is to act efficiently on their root-causes. controlled switching operations, the relay can be
Eliminate random switching and replace these programmed according to network and circuit-
practices with a controlled switching strategy - or breaker operational characteristics.
“point-on-wave” switching. Thanks to the permanent monitoring of the circuit-
Point-on-wave controlled switching consists of breaker’s parameters and the sophisticated adaptive
84
Internet links
Electrical wire
Ergonomic HMI

RPH3
control routines, the RPH3 enables a reliable and accurate control

over the behaviour of the device, thus permitting optimal switching
sequences.
Advanced communications features and

user friendly interfaces
With its integrated memory and communications ports, the RPH3
records switching parameters and communicates the results of
controlled switching operations.
An embedded web server for the machine interface allows:
■■ Real-time information on the RPH3 device & application status DIT for current measurement
■■ Configuration of parameters needed for controlled switching
applications
■■ Retrieval of switching archives and data from RPH3 devices
The web server program operates by accepting HTTP requests from

the client via a standard web browser.
The ‘RPH3 Manager’ dedicated software allows the analysis of
archive records stored in the RPH3 relay in service and can perform
data evaluations of controlled switching operations.
GIS 550 kV circuit-breaker
85
Functionalities Technical features

Switching applications ■■ Temperature : -25°C to +55°C
■■ EMC compliant (electronics
Capacitor banks ■■ Reduce overvoltages and eliminate
completely protected)
inrush current
■■ Mains supply
■■ Switch in at zero voltage
■■ 48 Vdc – 15% to 250 Vdc
Shunt reactors ■■ Reduce overvoltages and prevent current ■■ 110/240 Vac +/- 20%/50-
chopping and re-ignition 60 Hz
■■ Switch out with medium arcing time
■■ Power consumption: < 20 W
Power transformers ■■ Eliminate inrush current ■■ Solid state control of breaker
■■ Switch in under conditions where coils

residual flux is minimal ■■ 48 V= / 250 V=
■■ 10 A – 300 ms / 15 A –
Transmission lines ■■ Limit overvoltages while energising
(uncompensated or re-closing 200 ms
■■ Alarm relays operating range:
and shunt reactor ■■ Switch in at zero voltage across circuit-
compensated) breaker poles 230 V= / 5 A

■■ Reference synchronising
Advanced features voltage:
■■ Digital interface via ethernet 100 Mbit/s 15 – 330 V~ (20-60 Hz)
■■ Open for 61850-9.2 protocol ■■ Switching time resolution:
0.1 ms
■■ Control voltage (auxiliary)
86
GIS Solutions | Service
GIS Service
solutions
87
Improve equipment availability
through SF6 monitoring
SF6 leakages are the first root causes of the minor failures in GIS, due to sealing technologies of the interfaces and
ageing of the material. Maintenance and monitoring functions are the key solutions for keeping the substations in
good operating conditions.
In addition, looking forward to protecting the environment from the global warming, many regulations are
increasing the level of requirements pertaining to SF6 leakages in high-voltage equipment.
Digital GIS substation

From a standardised technical solution to a
tailored application on existing assets, our Service
engineering departments can propose retrofit
solutions to install the BWatch system to all existing
substations, either Alstom or third-party branded.
The sensor installation, cabling and low-voltage
cubicle upgrades can be performed during
scheduled maintenance or overhaul.
Expertise and consulting

Our experts are available for customer data
interpretation and analysis. Several options for
data collection and transmission are available, from
remote online access to manual file exchange. This
consultancy can be provided on an on-call basis and
on a contractual frequency basis.
All the BWatch data are applicable to the Asset
Health Index (AHI) of our asset management solution,
supporting customer asset management policies.
88
GIS Solutions | Service
Monitoring dielectric condition Retrofitting GIS Substations

Partial discharges are the key indicators of high- with new sensors
voltage equipment dielectric condition. The use of several types of sensors allows our
The assessment of the GIS dielectric condition is experts to define the optimum comprehensive
one of the major conditions to reach the level of retrofit solution for most installed GIS substations.
Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM), combining
the advantages of time based maintenance and The sensor installation, cabling and low-voltage
those of condition monitoring. cubicles upgrades and signal calibration can be
performed during scheduled maintenance or
overhaul.
The UHF method used along with all PDWatch
features and options, allow maximum leveraging
the GIS condition and improve lifetime expectancy
of the existing assets.
89
GIS Solutions
GIS conclusions
Alstom Grid’s digital substation solutions offer a range of market leading benefits for
GIS operations. These include:
■■ GIS product range from 72.5 to 800 kV
■■
Integration with our complete range of state-of-the-art digital hardware, software
and communications products
■■
Increased reliability and availability delivered through extensive
self-diagnostic abilities
■■
Improved safety, through innovations and self monitoring
■■
Investment optimisation delivered through reduce space requirements, service and
maintenance scheduling, and asset optimisation
■■ Global footprint, local service.
90
AIS Solutions
91
92
AIS Solutions
Digital solutions
for AIS
With more than 100 years of experiences in High
voltages switchgear, Alstom is the leader on the
Air Insulated substation market. Our leadership is
largely thanks to our complete product portfolio
from 72.5 kV up to 1200 kV.
A leader in the field of High Voltage equipment,
Alstom has delivered and commissioned more
than 10,000 of each key element of a substation
(Circuit-breaker, Disconnectors and Instrument
Transformers) worldwide.
Thanks to recent progress in electronics, in
information technology and in new communication
protocol standards, Alstom has developed and
put into service a new generation of Air Insulated
equipment such as Instrument Transformers, which
allow real time information input from modern
sensors and complete interoperability. Digital
substations are able to meet a whole new set of
expectations.
93
Our mission statement
Alstom Grid provides essential equipment from 72.5 kV
up to 1200 kV, to secure and optimise transmission of the
electricity from generation to consumption with a full range
of Circuit-breakers, Disconnect Switches and Instrument
Transformers.
We offer:
■■ Full product portfolio up to 1200 kV
■■ High performance range
■■ First class spring mechanism
■■ Solution to ensure the operational reliability of self-monitoring equipment
94
AIS Solutions
AIS Solutions
Fact sheets
Digital Instrument Transformers - DIT
COSI-sensors
■■ COSI-CT
■■ COSI-CT F3
Primary converter
■■ COSI-PC13
Merging unit
Monitoring and control

SF6 and AIS monitoring
■■ CBWatch-2
Partial discharges monitoring

■■ DWatch
Point-on-wave switching
■■ RPH3
95
AIS digital substation overview
Alstom, the worldwide market leader in Air
Insulated Switchgear, offers all the advantages
of the new generation of AIS digital substation
solutions.
Alstom offers you a state-of-the-art Air Insulated
product portfolio, combined with advanced
substation automation solutions.
96
AIS Solutions
97
AIS Solutions
Digital instrument
transformers
The new generation of AIS digital substation solutions bring
unprecedented levels of reliability, security and performance through
real-time monitoring, automation and interoperability. Integrating
high performance primary equipment including Alstom’s COSI
(COmpact Sensor Intelligence) and advanced substation automation
solutions. Information acquisition, processing and output is treated
in real-time through a digital architecture with multiple layers of
automation units.
Monitoring and controls

Our range of digital instrument transformers provide measurement
using optical, Rogowski or capacitive technology, which have been
optimised for operation with AIS equipment, integrating into the
relevant switchgear to provide accurate real-time measurement of key
operational parameters.
98
AIS Solutions | COSI-CT
Fact sheet – DIGITAL INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
COSI-CT
Optical Current
Transformer
Our comprehensive COSI range (COmpact Sensor
Intelligence) includes innovative digital instrument
transformers for AC and DC applications. The
COSI-CT optical current sensor brings a new level of
accuracy to sensing over the range between 1 A rms
and 63 kA rms.
Customer benefits
■■ Improved measurement performance
■■ Significant system cost reduction
■■ Environmentally friendly
■■ World-wide standard for Interconnection
■■ Reliability, availability, safety
■■ Light weight
■■ One device only – not multiple CTs
99
Performance
features
■■ Accuracy exceeds ANSI/IEEE
Class 0.15S/IEC Class 0.2S for
metering and IEC Class 5P/
IEEE 10% for protection
■■ Wide dynamic range
■■ Bandwidth from DC to 100th
harmonic
■■ No magnetic core saturation
■■ Excellent phase accuracy
■■ Digital Interface and analog
output
■■ DC / AC without calibration
Intrinsically safe,
The reduced size and weight are attractive benefits compared to
environmental
conventional oil-filled equipment, allowing placement in compact friendly
substations or in retrofit applications where space may be limited. ■■ No oil, gas or SF6
A lightweight dry-type insulator and window head design allow ■■ No hazardous open secondaries
pedestal mounting or suspension from a rigid bus. ■■ No violent failure
Its broad dynamic range makes this CT particularly suited for both
high-precision metering and protection applications at the same time.
The accurate measurement of DC and AC to the 100th harmonic
and the measurment of phase angle is a must for new Smart Grid
applications.
The standard digital interface will ensure smooth integration of COSI-
CT in the digital substation application.
100
Smart Solutions for Smart Grid

Fast fault response
■■ Extreme fast and accurate
response
■■ COSI-CT actually measures the
dynamic current
■■ No distortion due to core
saturation, no need for TPY -

TPZ specs, yet no danger for
secondary equipment
40 000
20 000
-20 000
Basic Faraday effect

Current (A)
-40 000
-60 000
In Faraday Effect current sensors; the current flowing through a
conductor induces a magnetic field that affects the propagation of -80 000
light traveling through an optical fibre encircling the conductor. -100 000
A linear state of polarization rotates in the presence of a magnetic -200 000

1200 1600 2000 2400
field because the field produces a circular birefringence in the glass. Time (arb.)
CT Ref
Birefringence refers to an optical material with two indices of refraction.
Metering and protection accuracy

The COSI-CT design permits measurements to be made with the
highest possible accuracy and stability. To address stringent revenue
metering applications, its performance exceeds IEC Class 0.02S and
IEEE Class 0.3 accuracy (optional 0.15%) with a dynamic range that
extends from 1 A to 5000 A.
The COSI-CT has ultra-accurate and stable phase measurement, which
is critical for intertie metering. For protection applications, the COSI-CT
exceeds IEC Class 5P accuracy ratings and IEEE 10% accuracy ratings.
101
Wide dynamic range Choice of connection option
Accuracy specification is New window head design allows a variety of
maintained over a broad dynamic connection options including standard NEMA pads,
range - from 0.2% to 150% of rated up to 300 mm rigid bus, or flexible cable pass
current (extended metering range through, allowing optimal selection for ease of
sensor) and up to 171 kA (protection installation and reliability.
range sensor). Broad dynamic range
allows elimination of separate
high and low range CTs.
Wide bandwidth
Accurate waveform reproduction up to 6 kHz
allows full power quality analysis of harmonics and Green design
transients with no sensor-imposed limitations.
The COSI-CT insulator contains no oil, SF6 or
Dry type insulator other gas. There is no internal mechanism for
seismic stable violent failure to endanger personnel or adjacent
equipment. There are no environmental concerns or
Field-proven lightweight composite gas to recycle. With an optical design there are also
insulator reduces transportation no open secondary concerns.
costs, substation support structure
requirements, and installation Low maintenance
equipment demands.
The COSI-CT has no active components at line
The lightweight design also allows location
potential, eliminating the need for costly outages to
in seismically active areas.
maintain the electronics. Since there is no insulating
oil or paper there are no complex maintenance
procedures. The polymeric insulating column
employs silicone rubber sheds that do not require
liveline washing.
Smart Grid ready with digital

interface
The standard digital interface will ensure smooth
integration of COSI-CT into digital substation
applications the accurate measurement of harmonics
and phase angle is a must for new Smart Grid
applications.
102
Specifications
COLUMN MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL Ratings
CT Type 72.5 123 145 245 362 420 550 800
Maximum system
Voltage (Um) kV 72.5 121 145 245 362 420 550 800
Impulse test voltage
(BIL)) kV 350 550 650 1050 1300 1550 1800 2100
Minimum creepage
distance in 57 115 115 193 285 562 562 562
mm 1400 2900 2900 4900 7240 14280 14280 14280
Height in 54.7 54.7 77.91 107.44 127.13 204.71 204.71 204.71
mm 1389.4 1389.4 1978.9 2729 3229.1 5199.6 5199.6 5199.6
Weight lbs 75 88 88 111 124 177 177 177
kg 34 40 40 50 56 80 80 80
Static Withstand lbs 675 675 675 900 Suspension application only
N 3000 3000 3000 4000
Suspension application only
Ratings and dimensions for IEC pollution Class 2. Other ratings are available.
Environmental
Operating Temperature Range - 40° C to 55° C (- 40° F to 131° F) Outdoor Service Conditions
Opto-Electronic Module - 5° C to 40° C (23° F to 104° F) Indoor Service Conditions
Seismic Capability 0.5 g
Mechanical
Standard Pollution Withstand IEC Level II, other ratings available
Insulation Solid composite insulator
Electronics Dimensions 19’’ x 18’’ x 8.75’’ (482 mm x 457 mm x 222 mm)
(includes high energy metering interface)
103
Specifications continued...
Electronics
Packaged in 2 modules: 4 Vrms metering
Low Energy Analog Interfaces1
200 mVrms protection
< 0.2% error at rated current for 4V output,
< 0.5% error at rated current for 200 mV output
Dynamic Range
< 2% error at 108 kApeak (using protection
Sensor Electronics sensor)
Bandwidth 0.5 Hz to 6 kHz DC available
High Energy Analog Interfaces 1
1 Arms [2 ohm burden] or 5 Arms [B0.1 (2.5 VA)
burden] nominal at power 0.9 for metering
Dynamic Range < 0.2% error from 1 A to 4000 A (using extended
Current Amplifier/Power Supply metering range sensor)
Bandwidth 10 Hz to 6 kHz for 1 A metering output
Input Power Requirements 70 Vdc to 150 Vdc
Typical power 60 W
Electronic Turns Ratio Electronic Turns Ratio
Alarms Contacts Data invalid / Maintenance required
ElectrICAL PERFORMANCE
Metering Accuracy IEC Class 0.2S, IEEE Class 0.3, 0.15S
Type I3:
Protection Accuracy IEC Class 5P, IEEE 10%
Type II3: Extended Range Std Metering Accuracy 0.2% (0.2% to 150% of rated current)2
Extended Range High Metering Accuracy 0.15% (0.2% to 150% of rated current)2
Continuous Current 4800 A Max (4800 A, RF = 1; or 3000 A, RF = 1.33;
Type II3: or 2500 RF = 1.5)
Rated Current User specified for up to 4000 A
Short-time Thermal Current 63 kArms for 1 s
1 Scales linearly with primary voltage and current. / 2 Accuracy window moves with selected ratio. / 3 Other ratings available, consult Alstom Grid.
104
AIS Solutions | COSI-CT F3
Fact sheet – DIGITAL INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
COSI-CT F3
Flexible Optical
Current Transformer
Our comprehensive COSI range (COmpact Sensor
Intelligence) includes innovative digital instrument
transformers for AC and DC applications. The COSI-
CT F3 optical current sensor is the most flexible,
portable optical current transformer sensor available
and the easiest to install.
Customer benefits
■■ Flexible Form Factor
■■ Easy installation and configuration
■■ Improved measurement performances
■■ On-site calibration tool
■■ World-wide standard for interconnection
105
Three product types are available, Type A, Type B, and Closed Loop,
each optimised for different applications and specifications.
Each F3 has a wrap-around sensing head around high-voltage
bushings, generator buses, and other conductors in ways not possible
with conventional Current Transformers.
The sensing loop is an all-dielectric cable, which connects to the
standard electronics, giving the user the same high
performance capability and output options as the high-voltage optical
CT. It is an ideal solution for retrofit applications and installations in
difficult spaces, on a temporary or permanent basis.
Type A F3 Current Transformer

The type A F3 CT is a fibre optic current sensor consisting of an
electronics module, a fibreglass sensor box, and a flexible PVC conduit
wrap-around sensing cable.
The sensing fibre resides in the PVC conduit, which attaches directly to
the sensor box.
Standard telecommunications optical fibre cabling and wire cabling
connect the electronics module to the sensor box. Because the sensor
box has a wire connection to the electronics, it should not be installed
in a high-voltage environment.
However, it may be installed in a low-voltage environment, allowing
the sensing cable to be wrapped around a high-voltage bushing.
106
Flexible Form Factor

The type A F3 CT has metering
grade accuracy to 0.15%, and it
can measure both AC and DC
currents with this accuracy from
1 A to 160 kA, depending on the
number of sensing cable wraps
used to measure the current.
COSI-CT F3 installed on AIS bushing Undersea cable metering

& protection
Type B F3 Current Transformer

The type B F3 CT is a fibre optic current sensor consisting of an
electronics module, a fibreglass sensor box, and a flexible PVC conduit
DC valve hall wall bushing wrap-around sensing cable.
The cable length between the The sensing fibre resides in the PVC conduit, which attaches directly
electronics module and the to the sensor box. Standard telecommunications optical fibre cabling
sensor box can be up to one connects the electronics module to the sensor box.
kilometer. The sensing cable has In the type B sensor, no wire connection is required at the sensor box,
a standard length of 20 m, but allowing it to be installed in a high-voltage environment.
other lengths may be specified at
the time of order. The type B F3 CT is a protection grade sensor with accuracy to 1%. It
measures AC currents over a bandwidth of 10 Hz to 3 kHz and can
The output of type A F3 CT can cover a range from 1 A to 160 kA, depending on the number of
be analog with 1 A or 5 A for sensing cablewraps used to measure the current.
metering application or digital
for metering and protection
applications.
■■ Applications include metering
and protection, wrap-around
bushing for metering or
protection, DC valve hall
measurements for metering
and protection, and very large
aperture applications.
Sensor box
107
Measuring current at an
overhead to underground
Closed Loop F3 CT
line transition The Closed Loop F3 CT is a fibre optic current sensor
consisting of an electronics module, a fibreglass
sensor box, and a flexible PVC conduit wrap-around
sensing cable.
The sensing fibre resides in the PVC conduit which
attaches directly to the sensor box. Standard
telecommunications optical fibre cabling and wire
cabling connect the electronics module to the
sensor box. However, it may be installed in a low-
voltage environment allowing the sensing cable to
be wrapped around a high-voltage bushing.
Underground Power Line Protection
The cable length between the electronics module

and the sensor box can be up to 10 km. The sensing
cable has a standard length of 20 m, but other
lengths may be specified at the time of order.
The output of the type B F3 CT can be an analog 0.1% class Closed Loop F3 metering CT for DC valve hall
voltage (11.3 V full scale), a current (1 A or 5 A
formats), or digital (IEC61850). The Closed Loop F3 CT uses a current feedback to
null the impact of the sensed current on the sensing
■■ Applications include protection, wrap-around cable. As a result, the Closed Loop F3 CT achieves
bushing for protection, temporary field service accuracies Cl 0.1. Both AC and DC currents are
measurements, and underground cable measured from 1 A up to >500 kA.
monitoring.
The distance between the electronics module and
The underground cable monitoring application the sensor box is limited to 100 m. The sensing
uses sensors at both ends of the underground cable has a standard length of 20 m, but other
line to measure the differential current. When lengths may be specified at the time of order. The
the underground cable is in good condition, output of the Closed Loop F3 CT can be an analog
there is little to no difference between the two voltage (11.3 V full scale), a 1 A current, or digital
measured currents. But, when the cable between (IEC 61850-9.2).
the two sensors has faulted, there is a substantial
differential current.
Because the type B F3 CT sensor box can be placed
up to 10 km away from its associated electronics,
this line differential currentprotection scheme can
be implemented at remote sites where there is
no substation or power available (such as an
overhead to underground line transition).
108
■■ Applications include protection, wrap-around

bushing for protection, temporary field service
measurements, and underground cable
monitoring.
Current Transformer specifications

■■ Single phase, three phase, and six phase system ■■ 20-meter length wrap-around sensing fibre
configurations available standard, other lengths available on request
■■ Sensor enclosure; fibreglass box; ■■ Programmable output scaling
-Type A and Type B: Dimensions: 355 x 304 x 145 mm ■■ Output format options: analog voltage (IEC
Weight: 9 Kg 60044-8 200 mV and 4 V formats), current (1 A
IP66 or 5 A metering format), digital (IEC 61850-9.2)
-Closed Loop F3: Dimensions: 406 x 355 x 145 mm
Weight: 20 Kg
IP66
F3 CT Type A Type B Closed Loop

Class 1 x
Class 15s x x
Class 2s x x
Class 3 x x
Class 1 x
Class 5 x
AC x x x
(up to 20 kHz) (10 Hz to 3 kHz) (up to 20 kHz)
DC x x
AC/DC x x
Sensor box HV isolated x
Max distance between electronics and sensor 1 km 10 km 100 km
(no repeater)
Fibre cable required x x x
Copper cables required x x
109
APPLICATIONS Type A Type B Closed Loop

Bushing x x x
Currents > 160 kA x
AIS x x
Calibration x
Field service x x x
Metering x x
Protection x x x
Cable monitoring x x
Rated current range vs. number of fibre wraps

# of fibre wraps Minimum rated current* Max rated current*
1 2000 A 80 kA
2 1000 A 40 kA
5 400 A 16 kA
10 200 A 8 kA
20 100 A 4 kA
*F3 maintains accuracy class from 1% to 200% of rated current.
110
AIS Solutions | COSI-PC13
Fact sheet – AIR insulated substations
COSI-PC13
Primary digital
converter for AIS
applications
Smart devices - making Smart substations part of
the real world. In the digital chain for current and
voltage measurement, the PC13 converter uses the
latest technologies to convert analog signals into
digital data to be transmitted to the merging unit
and ultimately to the protection relays and
control room.
Customer benefits
■■ Easy to maintain & test: off-the-shelf replacement
■■ 3-phase compact design for voltage levels up to 1,200 kV
■■ Reliable substation protection
111
Primary converter
Measure Convert
PC13: A high-tech converter (EMC) can be a problem, as is the case with
AIS substations in most layouts.
The digitising of signal outputs from DITs is crucial
and requires state of the art electronics Easy to maintain
using high-speed and high-accuracy components.
Thanks to its modular concept, the replacement
The PC13 is a smart converter providing high of a PC13 module is as simple as an off-the-shelf
performance and reliability. It is based on a digital replacement.
conversion unit and a digital core (FPGA:
Calibration values for sensors are included in the
programmable gate array) for signal treatment,
sensors themselves and pre-stored in an EEPROM
management and communication.
memory unit before leaving the factory.
An analog condition circuit, digital filters and
If a PC13 needs to be replaced, as soon as the new
integrator provide low noise, high linearity and
sensor is plugged in, the calibration values are
high bandwith to the converter.
automatically swapped to PC13 internal memory.
Compliant with all AIS layouts and with a rugged
and compact design, the PC13 can be easily Several communications rates
integrated with all HV products in voltage ranges High-speed electronics allow the simultaneous
up to 1,100 kV. The 3-phase design means only transmission of protection, metering and
one converter is required for a 3-phase qualimetry sample value outputs according to the
measurement point. IEC 61850-9.2 / 61869-9 standards.
The design is particularly adapted to harsh The design meets Smart Grid requirements up to
environments where Electromagnetic Compatibility harmonic 100 on the qualimetry channel.
112
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect
COSI-PC13
113

Module type PC13-3U PC13-3I ■■ Rated supply voltage
3 x CEVT* 3 x RECT* 48 Vdc (proprietary input)
connected to PC1 power
Rated voltage kV Up to 1100 - supply (48 - 350 Vdc / 100 -
Rated current kV - Up to 200 240 Vac)
Power cons. ~ 5 W @ 20°C
Accuracy 50/60Hz % <0.05 <0.05 ■■ Ambient temperature
Delay time μs <500 <500 -40°C up to 80°C
Sample Values
Output rate: IP64 compliant
kHz 4.8 /4 /5.76
■■ Protection channel
kHz 4.8 /4 /5.76
■■ Metering channel Stainless Steel
kHz 14.4 /12.8 /15.36
■■ Qualimetry channel ■■ EMC Protection
IEC 61004-
FFT Analysis Harmonic 100 100
1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16 Class 3
Harmonics (qualimetry rank
to 5
channel only)
55022 Class A
Frequency domain Hz 0-10,000 0-10,000 ■■ Standard
(sensor imput) IEC 61850-9-2LE
A/D converters Qty 2 2 IEC 61869 -1, -6, -7, -8, -9
Internal references Qty 3 (1 at 0.02%)

Auxiliary Channels Type 4/20 mA, 4/20 mA,
PT100 PT100
MTBF (acc. To khrs 175 175
MIL-HDBK-217F)
Weight kg 1.2 1.2
*CEVT: Capacitive Electronic Voltage Transformer *RECT: Rogowski Electronic Current
Transformer.
114
AIS Solutions | MU-Agile XMU820
MU-Agile
XMU820
Analog & Digital
Merging Unit
Smart devices and Smart substations are now part
of the real world. DIT sensors, for both current and
voltage, are one of the most important components
of this new generation of AIS. The XMU820 (Analog
& Digital Merging Unit) is the ‘switchboard’ of DIT
systems, facillitating communications using the
61869 and 61850 protocols.
Customer benefits
■■ Both digital & analog CT & VT use is possible on the same unit
■■ Remote supervision of digital primary sensors and
converters
115
Primary converter
Measure Convert
XMU820: Smart, powerful Compliant with AIS
As soon as the analogue signals have been The XMU820 design is compact, with all the
digitalised via the PC13, the data is sent digitally to communications ports at the back of the XMU box.
the XMU820 merging unit. (Several PC13s can send
A mechanical form factor was chosen for simple
their measurements to one or more merging units).
integration into a 19-inch bay.
The XMU820 merges all those digital signals and
The large number of I/O ports allows the XMU820
is also able to include analog signals coming from
to fulfill most AIS substation architectures (one
conventional VT & CTs and synchronises them using
busbar, two busbars, one and half circuit-breakers)
the 1 PPS (Pulse Per Second) input or IEEE1588
thanks to the 13 Ethernet ports and 14 analog input
protocol. Then, the data is packed into one or
terminals which can be used as PC13 and/or CT,VT
several 61850.9-2 frames and sent to protection
inputs. All communication ports are designed with
relays, data loggers, Smart terminals, etc. The
standard LC- type optical connectors or RJ45 plugs.
device is powered by a powerful FPGA, creating a
real time matrix for interconnections between HV
Sensors (conventional and/or DIT) to secondary
Highly communicative device
IEDs. Thanks to its powerful core, the device is able
to communicate via 61850.9-2 (& 9-2 LE)
sending Sample Values (SV) to a 9-2 network
simultaneously over several ports.
116
important note:
solution.
Merging unit
IEC 61850 Protect MU-Agile XMU820
It is also possible to connect another digital network (such as a

61850.8-1 network) to check the health of the unit or, for example,
the RMS value on each PC13 channel.
User-friendly GUI (Graphic User Interface)

A webserver integrated into the device allows you (depending on
rights and privileges) to check the health of the unit, to change some
done by connecting any computer equipped with an internet browser.
1. Ethernet input ports

2. Optional ports (e.g. 600044-8)
3. 1 PPS input (a 1 PPS output is
also available for daisy chaining)
4. Power supply
5. HMI ethernet connections
6. Ethernet output ports
7. Conventional CT input Terminals
(1A and/or 5A type)
MU-Agile XMU 820 8. Conventional VT input Terminals
117

Unit Type MU-Agile XMU820 ■■ Rated supply voltage
48 to 300V DC - 90 to 220V AC
Ethernet ports: Power cons. - 14 to 22 W @ 20°C
- Input (PCBUS Type) Qty 6 ■■ Ambient temperature
- Output (61850.9-2 Type) Qty 7
-40°C up to 60°C
or input or mirror
- HMI/8.1 connections ■■ Protective index
Qty 1 HMI/Station Bus
IP40 compliant
61850.8-1 compliant RJ45
or LC ■■ Case material
Stainless Steel
Conventional TC inputs Qty/ 4 x 1A + 4 x 5A
type ■■ EMC Protection
610004-1,3,4,5,6,8,12,13,16
Conventional VT inputs Qty/ 6 x 100/√3 V AC up to Class 3 to 5
type 600V AC 55022 Class A
PPS synchro. Ports Qty 1 In + 1 Out
Optional ports (Compliant Qty 8 (4 In + 4 Out)
44-8)
Auxiliary Contacts Type Alarm NO & NC Type
MTBF (acc. To MIL- KHrs 150
HDBK-217GF)
Weight Kg 7
Dimensions (mm):
- Length: mm 480
- Width: mm 240 (340 with rear
connectors)
- Depth: mm 135 (3U)
118
AIS Solutions | CBWatch-2
Fact sheet – AIS SOLUTIONS
CBWatch-2
Modular circuit-
breaker monitoring
system
Substation equipment life management is of
key importance - and one of the best ways to
accurately supervise your network is through an
efficient monitoring system. Alstom has developed
the CBWatch-2 monitoring system which can be
your proactive link to cost-effective circuit-breaker
management.
Customer benefits
■■ Optimised, proactive circuit-breaker maintenance through
constant surveillance
■■ Increased circuit-breaker availability
■■ Diagnostic assistance in case of failure
■■ Optional web interface display
119
The CBWatch-2 monitoring system offers you the
possibilities to manage a proactive, more cost
effective maintenance programme by constantly
monitoring your circuit-breakers’ condition
and the trends in your operational parameters.
These advance warning notifications are the
best insurance to avoiding network failure and
guarantee a longer life to your equipment.
The CBWatch-2 installs directly on the circuit-

breaker and maintains a constant, monitored
link with your local or remote database via the
CBWatchTool software package. The monitoring
system records information coming from the
sensors installed on the breaker and analyses this
information, comparing it with standard operational
parameters programmed into the system.
SF6 or gas mixture

The installation of the CBWatch-2 monitoring system makes it possible to constantly watch the gas
pressure and temperature, calculating the SF6 or gas mixture density using the Beattie-Bridgeman
algorithm. It detects and inhibits false alarms in the event of liquefaction. The system measures SF6 leakage
rates giving you advance warning before sending alarms or reaching lockout threshold levels. The system
also maintains historical records.
Mechanical operation
CBWatch-2 monitors close and open operating times, allows the use of conventional auxilary switches
or primary contact travel sensors, monitors primary contacts separation speed, buffering and over travel,
detects mechanical performance deterioration (friction, corrosion, breakage, spring fatigue and buffer
defects) and it monitors auxilary switch timing.
120
Spring or hydraulic operating mechanism Swiching

CBWatch-2 can also monitor the hydraulic or spring-operated During switching, the
mechanisms. For spring-operated mechanisms, the system monitors CBWatch-2 monitors the current
recharging motor operating times and can detect motor limit switch during breaking, arc duration,
defects. For hydraulic operating systems, it monitors pump motor and estimates primary contact
operating times, detects internal and external leakage, nitrogen loss wear.
from the accumulator and threshold pressure.
Auxiliary and control
circuits
The CBWatch-2 system monitors
operating coil continuity, your
auxiliary supply voltage and
heater integrity.
Available versions
CBWatch-2 exists for circuit-
breakers with one operating
mechanism for all three pole or
for one operating mechanism for
each of the three poles.
CBWatch-2 also exists for
generator circuit-breakers
(please consult us for the
available functions).
CBWatch-2 installed in the central control cubicle.
121
Installation Power supply Local interface
■■ Dimensions: > 48-125 Vdc; 48 - 120 Vac ■■ LCD display and keypad
310mm x 280mm x 95mm > 150-250 Vdc; 150 - 240 Vac (optional)
121/4”x11”x3 3/4” > Tolerance: -30 % to +15 % ■■ 1 self monitoring status relay
■■ Installation in operating > Power consumption: 30 VA ■■ 4 configurable output relays
mechanism, local control maximum ■■ 1 self monitoring status LED

cubicle or separate enclosure
Dependability ■■ 4 local LED indicators
Environment ■■ RS232 local communication port

■■ High reliability and high
■■ Ambient temperature: -40oC to availability due to continuous Network interface
+55oC (Option: -50oC with heater) self monitoring of electronic
■■ Electromagnetic compatibility module and sensors: auto
■■ Isolated RS485 communication
according to the following diagnostic port with MODBUS protocol
standards:
-IEC 255-5
-IEC 1000-4-4
-ANSI C37-90-1
-IEC 1000-4-12
-IEC 255-22-3
122
Sensors required for CBW2TOOL software

different functions CBWatch-2 has communication interfaces that connect to a personal
■■ SF6 or gas mixtures: computer loaded with the CBW2Tool Human-Machine Interface
Pressure and temperature Software.
sensors This software gives access to CBWatch-2 settings, event recordings,
■■ Operations: measurements and alarms.
Coil signal sensors
Auxiliary contacts Connection and configuration
Primary contact travel sensors
Connection to a CBWatch-2 can be made via a RS232 or a RS485
■■ Primary current:
serial link, via MODEM or an Ethernet gateway. The software
Auxiliary current transformers configures and edits the data via a user-friendly interface.
■■ Spring mechanism:
Spring motor limit switch Access to the measurements and to the alarms
contacts
The software provides a visual display of the state of the on-going
■■ Hydraulic mechanism:
alarms and measurements on the connected CBWatch-2.
Pump start contacts
Hydraulic pressure sensor Access to the recordings of events
■■ Auxiliary and control circuits:
Temperature sensors The data archived in the CBWatch-2 connected to the PC can be
Coil supervision relays downloaded and saved in the EXCEL format, then recalled, visualised,
and printed out. The archived events can be studied and/or recalled on
your PC on demand.
Example of a CBWatch-2 installation

on a circuit-breaker with one
operating mechanism per pole.
CBWatch-2 interface software
Examples of some of the industrial

sensors used.
123
124
AIS Solutions | DWatch
Fact sheet – AIR INSULATED SWITCHGEAR
DWatch
The Smart operating
mechanism
DWatch integrates a hardware and software solution
to enable the smart automation and monitoring of
disconnector operations, through continuous control
of a variety of modes across the entire range of
disconnectors
Customer benefits
■■ Continuous monitoring of the circuit to maximise
efficiency
■■ Early detection of excessive torque
■■ Flexible configuration based on disconnector types
■■ Improved reliability, better lifetime management and
optimised maintenance.
125
The D-Watch Application
■■ The D-Watch device is designed to drive the Disconnector operation through the automation of the
operating mechanism with an electronic board
■■ The D-Watch permits users to monitor and control mechanism and most of the disconnector’s
mechanical parts
■■ D-Watch is a reliable electronic module that manages the control unit for very flexible operation
Operating D-Watch Features

mechanism The new operating mechanism equipped with the D-Watch device
overview features:
■■ Stainless steel box
■■ 0.22 to 0.5 kW
■■ Irreversible gearbox
■■ AC or DC supply voltage
■■ Robust design to cope with adverse environmental conditions
■■ Stainless steel box
■■ Can be adjusted for any motor-driven motor supply voltage
■■ Irreversible reduction gear
■■ Less cabling and wiring
■■ Lubricated for life
■■ Reduced maintenance cost by predictive maintenance (“when
■■ Maintenance free
necessary”)
■■ Easy wiring
■■ Variable speed during the operations
■■ Emergency crank
■■ Disconnector operation time is independent for voltage supply
■■ IP55
■■ Time operation not function of voltage supply
■■ Padlockable front door
■■ Modularity on the configuration to suit any type of installation
■■ Digital communication plug
126
D-Watch Installation
The electronic device is installed inside Alstom Grid’s motor operating
mechanism.
D-Watch Smart Product

■■ Speed control
■■ Data logger of several parameters
■■ All integrated in the standard operating mechanism
■■ Standard drive for all disconnectors
■■ Plug & play (ready to use)
127
D-Watch benefits
This solution allows the system to manage a multitude
of information.
Digital Mechanism
Two way communication
Adaptive
Several sensors available
Less copper wires with fibre optics
Self-monitoring
Self-diagnostic
Generalised and deeper control
Vast range of options available for customers
Standardised device fully adaptable
Software Interface
128
Monitoring benefits
The D-Watch device offers the following benefits to the user:
■■ Archive curve to have historical data for maintenance purposes
■■ Evaluate the state of kinematic chain and live part position during the operation
■■ Control circuit monitored
■■ Quickly identify location of failure thanks to digital internal control
■■ Control the real end open-close position of disconnector
■■ Operation times recorded for each operation
■■ Record load curves during commissioning activities and for maintenance purposes
■■ Detect an excessive torque to operate the disconnector
■■ Offer a flexible configuration based on the different disconnector type
D-Watch device
Alstom Grid has designed a very flexible electronic module that allows its entire range of disconnectors to
be controlled. Through continuous monitoring with variable speed, the D-Watch device allows various
operation modes to be set considering different disconnector kinematics, architecture, live part design and
special environmental conditions: e.g. operations under ice, etc.
D-Watch can be used with any disconnector in service
Monitoring specification
D-Watch device monitors/controls following parameters as a function of position and time:
1. Voltage
2. Current
3. Operating time
4. Synchronisation of operation
5. Disconnector in motion/not in motion
6. N° of operation cycles
7. Max current reached
8. Minimum voltage reached
9. Motor torque
Data is recorded in non-volatile memory and transferred via PC communication.
Ethernet connection for remote diagnostic and integration to the Digital substation using the
IEC 61850 protocol.
129
I/O functions and integration in substation networks –
Features of Communication
■■ RS-232-USB connection for commissioning measurement/set-up
− Maintenance DMC
• Firmware update
• Debug warning alarm
• Download operation data
− On-site diagnostic
− On site adjustment
− PC operation
Integration examples
With PC With C264 BCU
■■ Webserver for Remote diagnostic ■■ IEC 60870-5-104 integration through fibre optics
− Viewing status of disconnector − Integration with substation network with possibility to integrate
− Debug warning alarm data in control network
− Download operation data
■■ IEC 61850-8-1 integration through fibre optics
− Notification via e-mail
− Integration with a SMART –GRID protocol
− Exchange data with other devices in the substation
130
Schematic block with communication Technical features

features in Modbus RS-485 Fibre optics ■■ Rated supply voltage
(power or/and auxiliary)
70 V to 250 V DC - 50 to
400 V AC
Motor 0.22 kW to 0.5 kW
-60°C up to 50°C
IP55 compliant
Stainless Steel
■■ MC Protection according to
E
IEC62271-1
(6.9.1, 6.9.2, 6.9.3,..) Class A
■■ I/O: communication with substation through serial or Ethernet ■■ Dimensions
■■ 1,2,..n: speed/torque profile memorized in the electronic board Length: 545mm
■■ E: PWM driver Height: 600mm
■■ M: DC motor
Depth: 460mm
■■ R: reduction gear
Weight: 65Kg
■■ DS: disconnector
■■ Temp: temperature
131
132
AIS Solutions | RPH3
RPH3
Point on Wave
switching
Optimising the closing and opening of a circuit-
breaker is of the utmost importance because
random switching can result in high transient
overvoltages and/or high inrush currents. These
transients generate stresses on all substation and
network equipment, leading to accelerated aging
- or the worst case scenario - flashover of the HV
apparatus.
Customer benefits
■■ Eliminate switching transients
■■ Reduce stress, overvoltages and inrush currents on
electrical networks
■■ Increase lifetime of HV equipment
■■ Enhance power system security
■■ Support operations and maintenance
■■ IEC 61850-9-2 compliant
133
Sensors CB drive Synchronous
(Spring or Hydraulic) switching relay
Controlled switching of issuing switching commands to the circuit-breaker

at the optimal point on the reference voltage
high voltage circuit-breakers waveform. Thanks to its electronics and software,
The RPH3 is an advanced microprocessor-based the RPH3 point-on-wave controller effectively sends
synchronising relay suitable for Independent pole a switching command to the circuit-breaker to
operated circuit-breakers. More commonly referred operate at the correct instant, thus eliminating or
to as a Point-on-Wave controller, it protects high substantially reducing transients.
voltage network components from transients
generated during switching operations. Perfect matching with the
Thanks to the RPH3’s sophisticated algorithms, circuit-breaker under control
the operation of the circuit-breaker is configured Success of controlled switching operations depends
to reduce stress in all conditions and network on the ability of the RPH3 controller relay to assess
configurations. beforehand the reference synchronising voltage, as
Random switching operations on high voltage well as the characteristics and the consistency of
networks cause electrical transients that stress circuit-breaker operations under all operating and
equipment and degrade power quality. ambient conditions.
The way to deal with switching transient To optimise the performance of the RPH3 in its
phenomena is to act efficiently on their root-causes. controlled switching operations, the relay can be
Eliminate random switching and replace these programmed according to network and circuit-
practices with a controlled switching strategy - or breaker operational characteristics.
“point-on-wave” switching. Thanks to the permanent monitoring of the circuit-
Point-on-wave controlled switching consists of breaker’s parameters and the sophisticated adaptive
134
Internet links
Electrical wire
Ergonomic HMI
control routines, the RPH3 enables a reliable and accurate control

over the behaviour of the device, thus permitting optimal switching
sequences.
Advanced communications features and

user friendly interfaces
With its integrated memory and communications ports, the RPH3
records switching parameters and communicates the results of
controlled switching operations.
An embedded web server for the machine interface allows:
■■ Real-time information on the RPH3 device & application status
■■ Configuration of parameters needed for controlled switching RPH3
applications
■■ Retrieval of switching archives and data from RPH3 devices
The web server program operates by accepting HTTP requests from

the client via a standard web browser.
The ‘RPH3 Manager’ dedicated software allows the analysis of
archive records stored in the RPH3 relay in service and can perform
data evaluations of controlled switching operations.
AIS 420 kV circuit-breaker
135
Functionalities Technical features

Switching applications ■■ Temperature : -25°C to +55°C
■■ EMC compliant (electronics
Capacitor banks ■■ Reduce overvoltages and eliminate
completely protected)
inrush current
■■ Mains supply
■■ Switch in at zero voltage
■■ 48 Vdc – 15% to 250 Vdc
Shunt reactors ■■ Reduce overvoltages and prevent current ■■ 110/240 Vac +/- 20%/50-
chopping and re-ignition 60 Hz
■■ Switch out with medium arcing time
■■ Power consumption: < 20 W
Power transformers ■■ Eliminate inrush current ■■ Solid state control of breaker
■■ Switch in under conditions where coils

residual flux is minimal ■■ 48 V= / 250 V=
■■ 10 A – 300 ms / 15 A –
Transmission lines ■■ Limit overvoltages while energising
(uncompensated or re-closing 200 ms
■■ Alarm relays operating range:
and shunt reactor ■■ Switch in at zero voltage across circuit-
compensated) breaker poles 230 V= / 5 A

■■ Reference syncronising
Advanced features voltage:
■■ Digital interface via ethernet 100 Mbit/s 15 – 330 V~ (20-60 Hz)
■■ Open for 61850-9.2 protocol ■■ Switching time resolution:
0.1 ms
■■ Control voltage (auxiliary)
136
AIS Solutions | Service
AIS Service
solutions
137
AIS Solutions | Service
Condition based maintenance

Time based maintenance is still the most frequently maintenance strategy
in use, although it has been shown not to be the most efficient when
looking at cost and equipment failure prevention compromise.
With a clear objective of shifting to condition base maintenance and
reliability centred maintenance (RCM) strategy, the need for monitoring
ageing physical parameters in real-time has increased. Maintenance
and monitoring solutions are key for keeping the substation’s primary
equipment in optimal operating condition.
Digital AIS substation

From a standardised technical solution to a tailored application on existing assets, our Service engineering
departments can propose retrofit solutions to apply DWatch and CBWatch to most existing disconnectors
and circuit-breakers in substations regardless of OEM.
The sensor installation, cabling and IED upgrades can be performed during scheduled maintenance or
overhaul.
Expertise and consulting

Our experts are available for customer data interpretation and
analysis. Several possibilities for data collection and transmission are
available, from remote online access to manual file exchange, this
consultancy can be provided on an on-call basis and on a contractual
frequency basis.
BWatch and CBWatch data are applicable to Asset Health Index
(AHI) of our asset management solutions, supporting customer asset
management policies.
138
AIS Solutions
AIS conclusions
Alstom’s digital substation solutions offer a range of market leading benefits
for AIS operations. These include:
■■ Entire Air Insulated Switchgear product portfolio
■■ A range from 72.5 up to 1200 kV
■■ Worldwide footprint, with local services
■■ High level of reliability and availability, with real time performance and extensive self-
diagnostics
■■ Standardisation and solutions designed to be interoperable
■■ Investment optimisation through reduced real estate needs, with copper cabling cut
by up to 80%
■■ Move to predictive maintenance thanks to intelligent asset management systems
139
AIS Solutions
140
SAS Solutions
141
142
Substation Automation Solutions
Substation
Automation
Solutions
Alstom Grid is the technology leader in substation
automation solutions.
Alstom Grid benefits from a leading position in the
substation automation market: The number one in
the Near and Middle East, India, Western Europe
and Africa, its worldwide market-share amounts
to more than 10%. With a complete substation
automation range, offering full IEC 61850
compliance, the products are ready for Smart Grid
applications. Alstom Grid Substation Automation
Solutions (SAS) is amongst the leading suppliers
to provide high-performance, mission-critical
solutions that protect, control and monitor electrical
substations. Our leadership is based on a strength
of over 1600 experts, with fully-local project,
delivery and application support capabilities, to
offer integrated solutions for utilities and industrial
customers worldwide.
143
SAS global footprint
The new era of intelligent Smart Grids requires more
sophisticated substation automation systems which allow
energy operators to provide a secure, dependable and cost
effective power supply to meet increasing customer
demands for higher standards of power automation.
Alstom Grid SAS provides intelligent systems and smart services to protect
and control all equipment and assets, for secure and optimum transmission
and distribution of electricity.
We offer a complete control, protection and monitoring range in all
segments, from medium voltage to over 1000kV, including:
■■ Fully-engineered digital control systems (DCS)
■■ Numerical protection relays
■■ Merging units, switchgear controllers, Ethernet switches and gateways

for use in digital substations
■■ Automation turnkey projects
■■ Recording, measurement and phasor measurement solutions
■■ Conventional control/relay panels
■■ Refurbishment, training and post-delivery support services
144
Introducing
DS Agile
DS Agile is the latest in turnkey automation
solutions for digital substations. It combines
cutting-edge hardware, software, communications
and the highest technology engineering to IEC 61850
standards. DS Agile is a fully scalable solution, in
terms of functionality, architecture and services,
that can be tailored either to single substations or to
a harmonised system across multiple substations.
145
The complete
digital substation
solution D DS Agile switch
For various Ethe
ring, multi-ring,
●● Interoperable
C DS Agile substation bay controller
Substation control, communication, monitoring, ●● Gigabit switch
protection and automation functions ●● Full complian
●● Modular, IEC 61850-compliant solution constraints (I
●● Open platform for real-time automation schemes ●● Internal PC an
●● Both legacy and cutting-edge communication protocols ●● External racka
●● LCD graphical display for local control, monitoring and
maintenance
●● Suitable for retrofitting and modernising
existing installations
B IEC 61850 Ethernet network
●● International standard protocol
●● Allows interoperability between
IEDs from different vendors
Hardwire link
A
Process bus
IEC 61850 B
M Condition
monitoring
unit
A
D
M Condition
monitoring M Analog
unit merging
unit
M Numerical L
A merging
unit
L
M Switchgear
controlling
unit
Fibre optic link
A Smart primary equipment

●● Non-conventional voltage and current transformers
Condition M
●● for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS)
●● for air-insulated switchgear (AIS)
monitoring
unit
M Merging units inte
●● AMU (Analogue)
●● Primary devices with embedded sensors for condition ●● NMU (Numerica
monitoring ●● SCU (Switchgear
●● Power electronics-based equipment: HVDC systems, FACTS
transformer tap-
●● CMU (Condition
146
G Grid control room

●● Network management systems
(EMS/DMS)
hes E DS Agile A300
F Remote access and
telecommunication
●● Market management systems (MMS)
●● Asset management solutions
ernet redundant architectures: substation gateway ●● Wide area solutions (WAMPAC)
, star, double-star ●● Remote desktop Cyber security
●● Protocols: IEC 61850, ●● Cyber-secure web access to
e protocols (PRP/HSR) IEC 60870-5-104, ●● Intrusion protection
hes substation
IEC 60870-5-101, DNP 3.0, ●● e-terragridcom telecommunication
●● Integrated in switches
nce with electrical installation ModBus and IEDs
IEC 61850-3) ●● Hot standby redundancy solutions for MV & HV networks
and bay controller switches ●● Integrated Ethernet switch G
kable switches
F
F
H
I
E
I F
Central
K access
server
D
B
I DS Agile Operator Interface (OI)
Station bus ●● Single-line dynamic diagram viewer and bay viewer
IEC 61850
J ●● Alarm viewer
●● Select-before-operate configurable function
F
●● Data monitoring, logging, archiving and curve trends
●● Phasor data concentrator
●● Condition monitoring HMIs
●● Secure access control by user profile
●● Protection and automation engineering toolsuite MiCOM
S1 Agile
Precision time protocol

J DS Agile A400 WACU / SACU
●● Synchronisation of IEDs
and merging units
K MiCOM protection and other
IED integration Wide Area Control Units (WACU) for
●● GPS clock server 1 PPS, ●● MiCOM protection relays for inter-substation and inter-voltage
IEEE 1588 exchange
application from MV through to EHV
●● IEC 61131 PLC automation
●● Measuring and recording devices
●● Phasor measurement units ●● IEC 61850 -compliant H System Configuration Editor (SCE)
●● Hot stand-by redundancy ●● Allows integral data creation for system coherency
●● Interoperable third-party relays integration ●● ISaGRAPH editor IEC 61131 standard
through IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103, IEC ●● PSL editor for fast automation
60870-5-101, DNP 3.0 and ModBus protocols
●● Graphical editor
egration ●● Reference templates library
) - for conventional instrument transformers
al) - for digital instrument transformers (DIT)
r controller) - for circuit-breakers, disconnectors and
-changers switching and control
monitoring) - for monitoring of primary devices
147
DS Agile key benefits
DS Agile is a complete substation automation solution whose typical architecture consists of
a local IEC 61850 Ethernet network (LAN) that links all components, together and with the
operator interface (HMI). The network can be local to the substation or can interconnect several
dispersed substations. Redundant architectures can be set up as self-healing ring or dual-
homing star; eliminating outages. All LAN configurations are linked to the grid control room.
Industry standardisation
Alstom DS Agile offers topology-orientated automation protecting, controlling and
monitoring installations to ensure continuity and reliability of electrical networks.
Based on IEC 61850 communication standards, DS Agile enables complete integration
between devices and therefore ensures optimum use of information.
Reliability and security

DS Agile provides ultimate reliability through the application of fully redundant
architectures. This is reinforced by unmatched cyber security, at all levels throughout the
digital substation.
Wide-area automation
DS Agile is much more than a control and protection system for substations. Rapid data exchange
and communications between all control and protection IEDs is enabled, not only across the
substation and substation gateway, but also through Wide-Area Control Units (WACU) that can
process real-time automation, taking into account the topology of multiple substations.
The new WACU solution developed by Alstom makes inter-substation automation and
protection possible, helping protect assets and optimise power flows.
Project delivery and support

Alstom has experienced teams located worldwide, with a proven track record in project
management, engineering, application support, maintenance and training. Our experts can
provide assistance in any or all of these areas, allowing users to make the best use of DS Agile.
148
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile
DS Agile A-series SCADA

Interface Gateway
(HMI)
IEC 61850 ethernet network
C26x MiCOM
Bay P40
Controllers IED
Serial
communication
with IEDs Digital I/Os, instrument transformers, etc.
DS Agile functions
Data concentration and processing
One of the main functions of the DS Agile is to concentrate and process data: the
information can come from a variety of sources, both analog and digital. For example, when
re-using legacy equipment, analog data can be acquired directly from current and voltage
transformers and digital data can be acquired over serial communications links or via
hardwired links.
DS Agile manages many types of data from the substation’s primary and secondary
equipment such as: tapchanger and switchgear positions, control signals, measurement
values, disturbance records, settings, etc. Each item of qualified data is uniquely referenced
in the system configuration tool in order to ensure full consistency of the information, as
well as allowing it to be re-used in other parts of the system.
149
Automation
An operator can configure
specific control sequences
or automation schemes,
across one or more
sites (e.g. automatic
reclosing, System Integrity
Protection Schemes (SIPS),
load shredding). Such
applications can be based
on local or remote data.
Monitoring and analysis Similarly, the outputs can
Among DS Agile standard features are functions for locally perform local or remote
or remotely monitoring and analysing collected data. actions. Programmable
Extremely compact monitoring can be achieved via the logic can be implemented
embedded LCD in the C26x bay controller, displaying single using either Programmable-
line diagrams, alarms, measurement values and sequence of Scheme Logic (PSL) or
event lists. the Programmable-Logic
Alternatively, more sophisticated monitoring is possible via Controller (PLC). PSL is for
one or more flat screens, providing additional benefits such fast automation applications
as busbar colouring for easier maintenance, advanced alarm and it is available in the
screens and accurate fault localisation within the system. C26x bay controller. It is
Other features include advanced reporting, dual language event-driven, so there is
display and disturbance record analysis. no cycle time. The optional
PLC tool is fully compliant
with IEC 61131-3 and it
Control can be used for complex
Controls can be initiated by the operator (locally or or sequential automation
remotely) and multiple checks are performed before the applications, not only at bay
issue of a control signal in order to make it fully secure. level (in the C26x) but also
For instance, interlocking is achieved by logical equations at inter-substation (or inter-
or as the result of a dynamic topological analysis coupled system) level, by means of
with expert rules. Interlocks are managed as close to the the programmable Wide-
process as possible in order to provide the best security of Area Control Units (WACU).
operation. Interlocking conditions are graphically displayed
on the operator’s screen in order to immediately identify the
locking conditions (if any), allowing the operator to make
the appropriate changes before issuing the order.
150
DS Agile architecture
Homogenous
DS Agile offers a unified architectural framework for building multiple solutions tailored to
the real needs of almost any application. It allows for progressive upgrading of the system
design according to the evolving requirements in terms of functions, size, performance etc.
Extendable
A DS Agile solution can be contained within a standard panel or be geographically
distributed, depending on the application. The DS Agile architecture is structured in a series
of hierarchical levels. Each level maintains a given performance in terms of transmission
time, dependability and automation independently of the other levels. It therefore ensures
that the system can be extended consistently and securely.
Standardised
The combination of modern, multi-functional and highly programmable IEDs together with
fast communications greatly improves the capabilities for producing a “standard bay”. A
standard bay is a product made of standard hardware, software and engineering libraries
(automation, graphical representations, wiring interface and IED composition). It can then
be customised to the exact requirements of the project through changes to the database.
Reliable
System availability is a function of the reliability of each individual component and the
architecture in which they are combined. DS Agile accommodates a variety of redundancy
options, ranging from the switch redundant power supply to the complete redundancy of
each component, including configuration database redundancy.
A DS Agile solution can be engineered from a few integrated components or have its
functions split into several components, thus offering a balance between functional
availability, cost and compactness.
In addition to the self-checks carried out by each component, DS Agile offers a variety of
system test modes such as ‘device maintenance management’ and ‘data forcing’ to further
increase the overall availability.
151
Communications protocols
Physical communications between components are based on both Ethernet and serial RS
links in order to cope with different applications such as the re-use of existing devices and
the integration of third-party equipment. State-of-the-art communications technology based
on client-server and peer-to-peer links such as IEC 61850 is DS Agile’s standard. It relies
on fast Ethernet networks and offers new perspectives in terms of distributed functions,
performance and flexibility, enabling innovative automation schemes and the flexible
addition of new application clients.
In addition to Ethernet’s IEC 61850, DS Agile supports the most typical serial protocols
(T103, DNP3 and MODBUS), in order to interface with existing devices, and it can be fully
integrated within a remote control scheme. When using MiCOM Alstom devices, the same
link can be used to retrieve settings or disturbance records.
Communications with remote control centres is achieved using IEC 60870-5-101,
IEC 60870-5-104 or DNP3 protocols. DS Agile also supports a series of older protocol
generations.
State-of-the-art communications technology based on client-server and peer-to-peer links
such as IEC 61850 is DS Agile’s standard. It relies on fast ethernet networks and offers
new perspectives in terms of distributed functions, performance and flexibility, enabling
innovative automation schemes and the flexible addition of new application clients.
Simple architecture
The DS Agile base architecture interconnects a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or a PC with a
series of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) such as protection relays or measurement IEDs.
This architecture is typically used within a simple distribution substation, a wind farm or a
transmission substation bay (a feeder, for example).
Complete architectures
A DS Agile complete architecture is made up of an ethernet network linking components
from the base architecture with an operator interface (HMI), gateway and IEDs.
The ethernet network might be local to a substation, typically for a transmission application,
or it may interconnect dispersal sites commonly found in industrial or infrastructure
applications through wide-area control units.
The client-server communications exchange avoids any central point between local and
remote control (as found in the simple architecture) and allows for tailored redundancy of
the client and/or server.
152
The full architecture is also typically implemented as a way to make an existing installation
evolve progressively via new technologies. The older system thus becomes a slave to an
IEC 61850 converter and new devices can successively be plugged into this network.
DS Agile components
A typical DS Agile Digital Control System (DCS) will incorporate different Intelligent
Electronic Devices (IED, such as protection relays, measurement devices and monitoring
equipment), bay controllers, Ethernet switches and gateways. All key components are
designed for optimal interoperability, data retrieval, control capability and remote settings.
DS Agile substation server with DCS OI operator interface (HMI)

The DS Agile system database is hosted in at least one Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
server, but it may support two servers with hot-standby redundancy. The HMI itself can be
hosted either in the main server workstation or in a dedicated one and supports up to 10
HMI Clients.
The DCS OI software platform provides real-time access to all substation automation data
and enables secure and intuitive control operation functions.
DS Agile bay controllers

IEC 61850-compliant substation bay controllers that provide fast automation, embedded or
programmable (automatic voltage regulation, synchrocheck, autorecloser, busbar transfer),
IED interface for legacy protocol conversion, data concentrator, events and waveform
recorder, hot standby redundancy and are adaptable for individual requirements. Alstom’s
bay controllers, like the MiCOM C264, are proven solutions with more than 30,000
units installed worldwide.
MU Agile merging units and DS Agile switchgear control units

Alstom provides a full range of flexible merging units, allowing measurement conversion and
switchgear control. Both AMU and SCU are based on proven architectures, such as those of
MiCOM P40 Agile relays and MiCOM C264 bay controllers, respectively.
153
DS Agile switches
The DS Agile H-series Ethernet switches combine interoperable redundancy protocols (such
as PRP) and fibre-optic connections for ultimate reliability of the substation communication
networks. They maintain the flexibility to connect to standard Ethernet networks for
substation upgrades or refurbishments.
DS Agile communication devices

Alstom’s A-series provide powerful and ruggedised gateway and wide-area automation
solutions for interfacing bay level devices, station level devices or upper level systems.
They combine full IEC 61850 compliance with hot standby redundancy and simple
commissioning.
MiCOM Protection range

The MiCOM Alstom and agile protection ranges provide a complete family of technologically
advanced protection relays for the modern digital substation. Typical protection applications
include busbar, transformer and line differential, distance, feeder, generator, motor and
phasor measurement.
Condition monitoring IEDs

A complete range of state-of-the-art systems for online condition monitoring of the primary
substation equipment can be fully integrated within the DS Agile system, through
IEC 61850, to provide valuable online condition data, plus expert tools for safer operation,
preventive maintenance and lifetime management of your assets.
Measuring and recording IEDs

Alstom supplies advanced IEDs for highly accurate, real-time fault recording and analysis,
power quality measurements and trend recording. They are the ideal IED for analysing
network faults, protection IED reactions, dynamic network stability and long term trends.
154
Substation Automation Solutions | DCS OI
Fact sheet – SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SOLUTIONS
DCS OI
Operator interface
(HMI) platform for
substation automation
While substations are usually unmanned during normal
conditions, efficient information access is a key requirement
in emergency situations. Design, installation, life extension
and maintenance instances of an electrical substation’s
digital control system (DCS) demand a straightforward,
user-friendly interface. Intuitive access to the most relevant
information and fully secure operations are necessary to
ease operator tasks. To help you meet these challenges,
we offer the Alstom DCS OI operator interface platform
dedicated to our substation automation systems, DS Agile
v5.0 and upwards, and PACiS (up to v4.6).
Customer benefits
■■ Native integration of substation requirements
■■ Intuitive, secure and efficient interface
■■ Scalable platform tailored to each project
■■ HMI server hot redundancy
■■ Consistent suite of operator tools
■■ Compatible with all versions of Alstom Grid’s DCS
155
Native integration of substation
requirements
Alstom DCS OI relies on a standard graphical user interface, enabling
local or web visualisation of single line displays. The HMI’s true added
value consists of a series of fully tested modules that match electrical
application needs such as: real-time communication protocol interface,
select before operate sequences, automation capabilities and no data
loss guarantee.
Intuitive and fully secure interface

Alstom’s DCS OI scans of two dimensional substation representations
or remote visualisations of real time video significantly improve the
operator’s understanding of the situation. Embedded buttons enable
functions such as synchro-check or interlocking condition displays to
greatly increase the safety of operation and maintenance actions. Multiple
language management allows dynamic switching between task-oriented
dialects (operation vs. maintenance), or between national languages.
Scalable platform tailored to your project

The configuration of Alstom’s DCS OI is tailored according to the needs of each project. This includes the
number and type of screens and engineering facilities. From a performance perspective, the HMI can be
expanded seamlessly from a single box to a series of interconnected PCs - with partial or complete redundancy.
The interface is open to the integration of any additional software and may display any type of HMI, including
real-time images issued from video cameras, providing a remote and secure view of the application.
Open and efficient interfaces

The DCS OI provides an open interface to multiple intelligent electrical devices (IEDs) and Master SCADA through
the latest Ethernet protocol IEC 61850. Disturbance files (COMTRADE 97/2001) and setting data are retrieved on
the same link without disturbing real-time performance, using pass-through technology.
Additional supported standards for data access include web access, SQLTM interface, COMTRADE archives or
Crystal ReportTM.
156
Consistent suite
of operator tools
HMI software tools cover the complete lifecycle of the electrical
application including: system engineering, IED engineering, substation
automation, network analysis, system maintenance and IED maintenance
- all integrated with a consistent look and feel.
The DCS OI can provide access to (as a complement to local HMIs) any
remote connection to present real-time information and any archived
data for maintenance and supervision. Remote access is available
through PSTN, DSL, satellite link as a dedicated application or Web
server.
OI hot redundancy
The DCS OI server redundancy is managed through a set of 2 HMI servers
(named cluster). The OI client can be connected to one of the 2 servers.
Reconfiguration is automatically managed when the preferred server
is reconnected. Each datapoint change is consolidated between the 2
servers (real-time data & historical data are the same on both servers).
KEY FEATURES
Intuitive and secure monitoring and control via Windows® 2000, Windows 7 or XP modules
Real-time communication with following protocols: UCA2, IEC 61850, OPC, IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 60870-5-101,
DNP3, ModBus...
Powerful archiving and reporting facilities (SQL, COMTRADE, etc.)
Universal real-time IEC 61131-3 automation capabilities
Unique system management tool for efficient database version management
Complete system engineering tools for XML database design
Hardware compliant with EMC and environmental electrical constraints
10 s internal resolution and instance
157
158
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile Gateway
DS Agile
Gateway
Rugged, solid-state,
communications
solution
DS Agile’s A300 communications protocol gateway
is an advanced solution for interfacing substation
networks with digital control systems and network
management systems.
Customer benefits
■■ Fully compliant with IEC 61850
■■ Simple commissioning and maintenance
■■ Hot standby redundancy
■■ Available with additional cyber security tools
159
Combining full IEC 61850 compliance, hot standby redundancy and
simple commissioning, the A300 is a powerful solution for interfacing
bay level devices (protection, control or measurement devices), station
level devices (digital control system client/servers) and upper level
systems (network management systems or digital control systems).
The DS Agile Gateway is ruggedised and solid-state - designed to work
within stringent substation environmental conditions (EMC compliance
as per IEC 61850-3 etc.).
Full compliance Simple Hot stand-by

with IEC 61850 commissioning and redundancy
Alstom Grid’s A300 provides a maintenance DS Agile A300 is equipped with
dedicated interface to any other The A300 gateway has flexible two native independent ethernet
IEC 61850 enabled device, either communications interfaces ports which can support Alstom’s
with a single or dual-redundant enabling multiple, separate H-series dual-redundant ethernet
communications architecture. redundant substation ethernet switches and/or multiple LAN/
architectures. This helps to guard WAN connections. Two A300
The DS Agile Gateway is also
against the repercussions of gateways can also be physically
is also fully compliant with
network failure and facilitates a clear connected in a redundant hot-
the different editions of IEC
separation of network functions, standby configuration for high
61850, which ensures backward
simplifying commissioning and communications data integrity.
compatibility and interoperability -
ideal for substation refurbishment maintenance activities.
or upgrades.
160
Communications protocols Communications

Alstom’s A300 gateway is compatible with the most ■■ LAN: 2 x 10/100Base-T RJ-45 ports
popular communications standards at IED, DCS and ■■ Ethernet switches (optional): 2 x MiCOM H152 or
NMS levels: IEC 61850 Client and Server, DNP3.0 H162 redundant ethernet boards
serial and IP, MODBUS serial and TCP/IP, Profibus DP, ■■ Serial Ports: 2 × RS-232, 2 x RS-232/422/485
HNZ 66, IEC 60870-5-101 & 101 NUC, IEC 60870-5- ■■ USB ports: 4 x USB Rev. 2.0 compliant
104 & 104 NUC, OPC, etc
Tools and cyber security Environmental conditions

■■ Humidity: IEC 60068-2-3, 95% @ 40°C
Supervision of the trip circuit, whether the breaker (non-condensing)
is closed or open (preclosing supervision), can be
■■ Operating temperature: IEC 60068-2-1&2,
implemented using opto-coupled inputs and the
-20°C to 55°C
programmable scheme logic.
■■ Storage temperature: IEC 60068-2-1&2,
Technical specifications - 40°C to 60°C

■■ Shock protection: IEC 60068 2-27
■■ Dimensions: (W x D x H) 181 x 238 x 177 mm
■■ Vibration protection: IEC 60068 2-64
■■ Mounting kits (optional): wall/ panel/ stand
■■ Electromagnetic compatibility: EN55022,
■■ Weight: 5 kg
EN55011, EN61000
■■ Power consumption typical: typical 25 W
■■ Power supply: 24 Vdc; 36 - 60 Vdc; 90 - 350 Vdc; 100 -
240 Vac/ 50-60 Hz
System hardware
■■ Processor: CPU Intel Atom D510 1.66GHz
■■ Memory: 2GB DDRII SDRAM built-in
■■ Operating system: Microsoft WINDOWS XP
■■ Battery backup RAM: 512 KB
■■ Expansion slots: 4 x PCI V 2.2
■■ Indicator LEDs: power input 1, power input 2,
power fault, IDE, diagnosis, 4 COM ports Tx/Rx

■■ Video: VGA DB15 VGA connector, 1600 x 1200 @
85 Hz
■■ Storage: internal solid state drive
161
162
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile WACU
DS Agile WACU
Based on the DS Agile gateway, the new DS Agile
WACU A400 allows inter-voltage and inter-substation
control exchange through IEC 61131 PLC automation.
This wide-area automation capability becomes
highly valuable whenever the implementation of
multi-substation control is needed (e.g., among the
multiple substations across railway lines or between
the generation subsystem and the transmission
interconnection substation in a power plant).
Customer benefits
■■ Wide Area Control Units (WACU) for inter-substation and
inter-voltage exchange
■■ IEC 61131 PLC automation
■■ IEC 61850-compliant
■■ Hot stand-by redundancy
163
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile WACU
164
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile bay controllers
DS Agile bay controllers

IEC 61850-compliant substation bay controllers that provide fast
automation, embedded or programmable (automatic voltage regulation,
synchrocheck, autorecloser, busbar transfer), IED interface for legacy
protocol conversion, data concentrator, events and waveform recorder, hot
standby redundancy and are adaptable for individual requirements. Alstom’s
bay controllers, like the MiCOM C264, are proven solutions with more than
30,000 units installed worldwide.
Customer benefits
Substation control, communication, monitoring, protection
and automation functions.
■■ Modular, IEC 61850-compliant solution
■■ Open platform for real-time automation schemes
■■ Both legacy and cutting-edge communication protocols
■■ LCD graphical display for local control, monitoring and
maintenance
■■ Suitable for retrofitting and modernising existing
installations
165
Alstom’s C264 Bay Control Unit (BCU) is a sophisticated solution
supporting many applications and functions for substation control,
communication, monitoring, protection and automation.
Flexibility, reliability and ease of use are among the top features required
in a substation computer; the MiCOM C264 has these features. A
combination of dual redundant fibre optic Ethernet, modular I/O, an
expandable design and an extensive library of functions make the C264 Sample logical equations
the ideal solution for a wide array of applications in substation digital
control systems.
In addition to the traditional data management (inputs and outputs) the
DS Agile BCU can be used as a:
■■ Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
■■ Bay computer
■■ Feeder manager (protection & control)
■■ Substation automation processor
■■ Sequence of Events Recorder (SER)
■■ Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
■■ Measurement centre
■■ Load shedding controller
■■ Protocol converter
■■ Substation gateway
Seamless modernisation of existing installations

The C264 provides seamless integration with existing substation
assets, thanks to its flexible interfaces and native expandability. Its
powerful processing, communication and configuration facilities make
it the ideal tool for upgrading substation supervision, automation and
maintenance.
Innovative real-time automation schemes
MiCOM C264 enables innovative automation schemes thanks to
extremely fast (event driven) Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) and
robust Programmable Logic Control (PLC).
Optimised engineering
The multifunctional capabilities of the C264 optimise system engineering
as fewer devices result in less wiring, training and maintenance.
166
Applications AVR in the MiCOM C264 is a

compact voltage regulation
close the breaker. Locking and
coupling modes are available and
Bay/substation interlocking solution for IEC61850 systems in a deadline and dead bus logic are
Alstom’s C264 provides two electrical substations. It is able to also included.
methods of interlocking: manage one transformer or up to
■■ A logical equation based method IED gateway and data
four transformers in parallel.
■■ A topology based method, using
concentrator
C264 AVR provides: One of the main features of
predefined rules and substation
■■ Active and reactive compounding the C264 is to concentrate and
topology
in order to maintain the voltage process data. This information can
Interlocks are managed as close at a remote location come from a variety of sources,
to the process as possible in order ■■ Homing in order to adjust a both analogue and digital. For
to provide the best security of transformer to the voltage of example, when re-using existing
operation. Interlocking conditions the busbar to which it will be equipment, analogue data can
are graphically displayed in order connected be acquired directly from current
to immediately identify the ■■ For transformers in parallel: and voltage transformers and
interlocking conditions (if any) Minimising circulating current digital data can be acquired over
and make the appropriate changes method, master/follower mode serial communication links or via
before issuing the command. hardwired links.
■■ Optimised transformer ratio
Trip circuit supervision The DS Agile BCU manages

Auto-recloser
The purpose of this function is many types of data: tap positions,
The MiCOM C264 can manage
to supervise the continuity of the controls, measurements,
one autorecloser per bay (up to
trip circuit of a circuit-breaker. disturbance records, settings,
12 bays per unit). The integrated
Two options are available: two etc. Each item of qualified data
auto-reclosers can operate in
wires or four wires. The two-wire is uniquely referenced in order
1 phase and/or 3 phase mode.
option verifies the trip circuit to ensure full consistency of the
Up to four autoreclosing cycles
continuity when the circuit- information, as well as allowing it
are available and the time
breaker is closed. to be reused in other parts of the
delay for each is independently
The four-wire option permits system.
configurable. Auto reclosers can
verification of the continuity be initiated either internally in the
whether the CB is open or closed. bay unit or via external protection
In the case of single phase circuit- devices using digital inputs.
breakers the C264 can supervise
the continuity of the trip circuit Synchro-check
separately for each phase. The synchro-check function
can be used in conjunction with
Automatic Voltage Regulation automatic or manual reclosure.
(AVR) The function (limited to one bay)
The Automatic Voltage Regulation determines the difference between
(AVR) function is used to the amplitude, phase angles
automatically maintain the and frequencies of two voltage
correct secondary side voltage of vectors and uses this information MiCOM C264 front view
a tap changing transformer. to determine whether or not to (40TE variant)
167
Features Additionally a digital input can be Encoded digital data
The C264 BCU can interpret
manually suppressed, substituted,
Communication protocols forced invalid and detected as a group of digital inputs as an
Alstom’s MiCOM C264 is faulty. Digital inputs can then be encoded digital value. Binary,
fully compatible with many transmitted on the substation LAN Binary Coded Decimal (BCD),
communication standards such using the desired protocol. gray code, decimal and 1 among
as UCA2/IEC 61850, IEC 60870- N types of encoding can all be
5-104, DNP3, IEC 60870-5- Binary counters
processed. These values can
101/103, and MODBUS. Two types of binary counter are
represent data such as process
available; single counters for
Redundancy measurements and tap positions.
single data points and double
At substation level and / or bay counters for double data points. Analogue inputs
level an optional redundant C264 Counters can be transmitted Analogue measurements can be
can be used to avoid the loss of periodically or on request. In the acquired from either an analogue
critical functions. event of a supply interruption the input board, a transducerless
Digital inputs counters can resume from their measurement board (for current
The MiCOM C264 offers five types previously stored values. and voltage transformers) or via a
of digital inputs: communication network.
Digital outputs
■■ Single point
Digital outputs can be used to Analogue outputs
■■ Double point apply a switching voltage to an Analogue outputs can be used
■■ Multiple point external device. These outputs can to interface with auxiliary
■■ System input for internal C264 be controlled in one of three ways: devices (measurement viewers,
information ■■ Select Before Operate once generators, motors, etc). The
■■ Logical combination of digital (SBO once) Analogue outputs are powered
inputs ■■ Select Before Operate many
from an external supply (48VDC)
All inputs are acquired and time- (SBO many) and can maintain their value even
stamped with an accuracy of 1 ms. if the C264 is powered down.
■■ Direct execution
Digital input processing The SBO once mode is used for

In addition to de-bouncing many controls via set points or ancillary
customisable filtering functions devices, as well as synchronised or
can be used to process digital non-synchronised circuit-breakers,
inputs, including: transformers, disconnectors and
■■ Toggle filtering
earthing switches. The SBO many
(selection, execution, and de-selection)
■■ Persistence filtering
control sequence is used for the
■■ Motion filtering
control of transformers.
■■ Undefined state filtering
MiCOM C264 rear view

(40TE variant)
168
Measured and derived values Self monitoring

Directly measured values of voltage and current can Comprehensive self-monitoring procedures, including
be measured using the transducerless measurement power-on and continuous testing, ensure that
board. Many different values can be calculated from internal hardware or software errors are detected and
the measured values including: do not cause malfunctions. If a fault is detected an
■■ RMS currents and voltages alarm will be issued and/or the watchdog contacts
■■ Network frequency and phase angle will change state depending on the fault severity.
■■ Active, reactive and apparent powers - total and Maintenance web server
per phase The maintenance web server can be used to
■■ Power factor visualise maintenance data (Hardware/Software,
■■ Sequence components Communication, I/O values) and to download the
■■ Derivatives: df/dt, dV/dt, etc
up-to-date event log. It is directly accessible with a
standard Internet Browser.
Waveform recording
The MiCOM C264 provides two types of waveform Programmable logic
recording, Fast Waveform Record (FWR), which An operator can configure specific control sequences
stores samples at the maximum sampling frequency or automation schemes (e.g. automatic switching,
and Slow Waveform Record (SWR), which stores System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS), load
RMS measurements over a longer period. Both shedding). Such applications can be based on local
modes can run simultaneously. Recording can be or remote data. Similarly the outputs can perform
triggered by, the change of state of binary digital local or remote actions. Programmable logic can be
inputs/outputs, measurement threshold violations implemented in the C264 using either Programmable
and a request from an operator. Waveform records Scheme Logic (PSL) or the Programmable Logic
are stored using COMTRADE 2001 binary format. Controller (PLC). PSL is for fast automation
applications (<5ms). It is event driven and so there is
Power quality no cycle time. The optional PLC tool is fully compliant
Alstom’s C264 can measure the percentage Total with IEC 61131-3. It can be used for complex or
Harmonic Distortion (THD) (up to and including 15th sequential automation applications.
harmonic) and the Total Demand Distortion (TDD)
on voltage and currents.
169
Local interface for control,

operation and display
The control of switching devices
is possible using a keypad and a
graphical backlit LCD. Operations
can be performed in a simple
and intuitive way via up to 12
switchable displays for bay
control. Additionally there are
dedicated panels for monitoring
(i.e. measurements, events
list, alarms, etc.), display and
maintenance. If required the
operator panel can be mounted
separately from the C264 (up to
five meters away). Access barriers
can be used to guard against
inadvertent or unauthorised
operations.
Event logging
Up to 2,000 events can be stored
in nonvolatile memory. The
events are time stamped and
stored in chronological order.
170
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile switchgear control unit
DS Agile Switchgear
Control Unit (SCU)
Switchgear control units are the fast, real-time interface to switchgear,
mounted close to the plant which they command. They replace the
hardwiring of inputs and outputs with an Ethernet interface to the yard.
They combine full IEC 61850 compliance with hot standby redundancy and
simple commissioning.
Customer benefits
For Ethernet redundant double-star architectures:

■■ Interoperable protocol (PRP)
■■ Gigabit switches
■■ Multiple Gigabit ports and IEEE 1588 supported
■■ Full compliance with electrical installation constraints
(IEC 61850-3)
■■ Hardwired binary I/O in the yard scaleable up to 48
binary inputs and 20 outputs

■■ Fast 1ms GOOSE response time, with high speed, high
break contacts available for time-critical trip commands
171
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile switchgear control unit
172
Substation Automation Solutions | MU Agile AMU
MU Agile AMU
Analogue merging unit
The Alstom MU Agile AMU provides a high quality,
cost effective, IEC 61850-9-2LE sampled value
interface to conventional current and voltage
transformers.
Customer benefits
■■ Measures accurate, time synchronised power system data
■■ Communicates sampled values according to
IEC61850-9-2LE
■■ Uses the same transformers for current and voltage
measurement as in the MiCOM Alstom P40 product

family
■■ Compact, cost effective solution
■■ Withdrawable
173
Digital technologies have brought many benefits in the strategic field of transmission networks and
specifically substations. Digital technology at station bus level is today widely spread and has also extended
to process buses at the primary equipment level.
The Alstom MU Agile Analogue Merging Unit goes one step further towards a complete digital substation;
facilitating the connection of conventional current and voltage transformers to modern substation
automation solutions through IEC 61850-9-2LE.
With a space-saving case accommodating four current and four voltage transformers taken from the proven
MiCOM P40 product range, the MU Agile AMU affords a low-risk transition from conventionally connected
substation automation to a fully digital substation.
174
Configuration and status Hardware

monitoring The MU Agile AMU hardware offers:
The MU Agile AMU can be quickly and easily ■■ Support for 4 x CTs and 4 x VTs
configured using the intuitive MiCOM S1 Agile PC ■■ Space-saving 4U height and 30TE (6”) case size
tool suite via the front USB port. ■■ A front USB port and a rear fibre optic Ethernet port
■■ Power-up diagnostics and continuous self-

A visual indication of the IEDs status via 4 tri-colour
LEDs is available on the front panel. These are monitoring
■■ Time synchronization via fibre optic 1-PPS
used to indicate the health of the IED, the time
synchronisation status, whether it is out of service, ■■ N/O (form A) and N/C (form B) watchdog
and whether it has raised an alarm. contacts

■■ Withdrawability
MU Agile AMU standard hardware
All CT connections have integral shorting, when the IED is withdrawn from the case. This affords additional
safety to personnel who may be working near live apparatus.
175
Sequence of event recording Alstom Grid agile digital
All events are time tagged to a resolution of 1 ms. substations
Up to 2048 time-tagged event records are stored Alstom Grid agile digital substations are based
in the flash memory, and can be extracted using on IEC 61850, the unifying communication
the USB port. standard for complete information sharing
and interoperability. They allow for future
Communications modernisation and the integration of new
Two communication ports are standard: a rear systems. Digital Control Systems are connected
port providing for process bus communications with the primary bays through a process bus built
and a front port for substation staff. The front on redundant Ethernet. Merging and control units
USB port facilitates the programming of settings, collate and convert measurements, indications
and the extraction and viewing of events. The and commands (I/O) into sampled values and
rear fibre optic LC Ethernet connection offers GOOSE messages, and vice-versa.
the ability to transmit IEC 61850-9-2 sampled
At an advanced level, digital instrument
values and to receive SNTP time synchronisation
transformers and condition monitoring systems
messages.
integrated with the substation HMI (Human
Time synchronisation Machine Interface) can be added, providing
superior substation situation awareness, locally
The high-precision referencing of sampled values and remotely.
to GPS real time uses the one pulse per second (1
pps) fibre input, typically provided by the MiCOM
Alstom P594.
Cyber-Security
The sophistication of protection schemes,
coupled with the advancement of technology,
increasingly leads to devices and substations
being interconnected with open networks, such
as the internet or corporate-wide networks.
This introduces a potential security risk making
the grid vulnerable to cyber-attack, which could
in turn lead to electrical outages. To secure
communication within such environments, the
MU Agile AMU offers NERC-compliant cyber
security.
MU Agile AMU withdrawability
176
IEC 61850-9-2LE Environmental Responsibility

process bus The MU Agile AMU allows for the substitution of many copper cables
IEC 61850-9-2LE facilitates the with just a few optical fibres. In a full digital substation wiring can be
integration of non conventional reduced by up to 80%.
instrument transformers into The IEDs are manufactured in a lead-free soldering process using
modern substation automation lead-free components. This eco-responsibility is demonstrated in
equipment. It also allows the Product Environment Profile (PEP). The PEP shows claims for
conventional current and voltage raw material depletion, energy depletion, water depletion, global
transformers to be interfaced to warming potential, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation,
the same equipment via merging air acidification, and hazardous waste production. The IED does not
units. It describes how analogue require any resident battery.
signals such as phase currents
and voltages can be exchanged Quality Built-In
as sampled values.
Quality Built-In methodology is applied throughout the development
Benefits of IEC and manufacturing of the IEDs. Part stress analysis in R&D, rigorous
component supplier selection, and a shipping carton compliant
61850-9-2LE with ISTA protection requirements all are examples of best-practice
■■ Asset optimisation to maximise long-life reliability. All circuit boards have harsh
environmental coating, to resist moisture, salt, corrosive atmosphere
■■ Reduced maintenance cost
and industrial ambient pollution – as standard. Circuit board
■■ Optimisation of new
production uses in-circuit tests, boundary scanning, built-in self-test,
investments automated optical inspection, and X-ray scanning to achieve
■■ Reliability and availability maximum test coverage.
■■ Standardisation and
Interoperability
■■ Ease of refurbishment
■■ Safety
■■ Environmental responsibility
177
178
Substation Automation Solutions | Protection Relays
Introducing
Protection Relays
No matter how well designed, faults will always
occur on a power system, and these faults may
represent a risk to life and/or property. The
destructive power of a fault arc carrying a high
current is very large; it can burn through copper
conductors or weld together core laminations in a
transformer or machine in a very short time – some
tens or hundreds of milliseconds. Even away from
the fault arc itself, heavy fault currents can cause
damage to plant if they continue for more than a
few seconds.
Uncleared faults would also pose a risk to system
stability, resulting in unwanted disconnection of
generation or interruption of supplies to consumers.
The provision of adequate protection to detect and
disconnect elements of the power system in the
event of faults is therefore an integral part of power
system design. Only by doing this can the objectives
of the power system be met and the investment
protected.
179
Substation Automation Solutions | Protection Relays
180
Substation Automation Solutions | MiCOM Alstom P40
MiCOM Alstom P40

Protection platform
devices
The MiCOM Alstom P40 range offers a suite of relay
functionality and hardware options to best suit the
protection requirements, while allowing the customer
to choose the most cost-effective solution for their
application.
Customer benefits
■■ Unparallelled speed, security and selectivity
■■ Comprehensive models, hardware options, protection and
control functions
■■ Graphical programmable scheme logic (PSL) eases
protection scheme creation, and avoids the need for

external logic controllers
■■ Ease of integration into DCS, SCADA and engineering
workstations
■■ Comprehensive communication options including IEC
61850 and redundant Ethernet ports

■■ IEC61850-9-2 process bus applications: deploy in digital
substation architectures
■■ MiCOM S1 Agile software manages your IEDs
181
The 40 series platform, incorporating a full complement of utility,
generation and industrial-focussed models is the principal building
block of Alstom Grid’s offer, hosting the wide variety of protection,
control, measurement, monitoring and communication functions
demanded.
The versatile hardware allows deployment with confidence and the
PC tool, S1 Agile, makes for easy configuration, application and
management of the installed base.
Typical device in small case
size variant A fresh and intuitive user interface makes the 40 series ideal for any
environment and suits all skillsets of headquarters and field personnel.
Numerous integrated communication protocols allow easy interfacing
to substation control or SCADA systems. From simple wired serial
buses, to Ethernet station and process bus architectures with IEC
61850 - MiCOM Alstom protection has the solution.
The MiCOM Alstom P40 range offers comprehensive solutions for all
power system protection applications, including:
Generation Transmission and

■■ Integrated generator protection distribution
Distance protection
Industrial ■■
■■ Line differential
■■ Motor management ■■ Transformer management
■■ Feeder management ■■ Busbar protection
■■ Interconnection protection
■■ Feeder management
Rail ■■ Voltage and frequency
protection
■■ Trackside AC Grids
■■ Loadshedding
■■ Catenary distance protection
■■ Breaker fail and reclosing
■■ Transformer management
■■ Line phase comparison
■■ Transformer-rectifier units
■■ Phasor Measurement Units
(PMU)
182
Scope
The P40 range fulfills the requirements at all voltage levels from MV to EHV/
UHV for industrial, distribution, generation, transmission and railway systems.
Common features
■■ 1 A/5 A dual rated CTs for simplified inventories
■■ Event and disturbance recording for post-fault analysis
■■ Rear ports with choice of protocols, and front port for local setting
■■ Full Programmable Scheme logic for customer-specific automation
■■ Scalable input / output hardware depending on requirements
■■ Operating voltage user programmable for opto inputs
■■ Hardware accessories available for easy mounting in racks or panels
Applications and multiplexed communication

options as well as phase
Rotating machine protection
Specialist devices for protection,
Feeder protection comparison protection for use control and monitoring of all
A full range, with directional and with power line carrier machine types and ratings:
non-directional applications of
■■ P84* - Transmission line ■■ P24* - Rotating machine
overcurrent and earth fault at its
terminal devices for backup, management relay for
heart:
reclose and breaker fail with application on a wide range
■■ P14x - Feeder management
single, dual, breaker and a of synchronous and induction
relay suitable for MV systems half and mesh circuit-breaker machines
and HV system backup, toplogies. ■■ P34* - Generator protection for
with autoreclose, and check
Substation plant protection small to sophisticated generator
synchronism within the model
Applicable at all voltage levels, to systems, and interconnection
option selection
safeguard the most costly system protection.
■■ P341 - Grid interconnection
protection, at the point assets: System monitoring and stability

of coupling systems with ■■ P64* - Transformer devices
embedded generation. management and protection, Fast-acting devices to take local
for between two and five-ended decisions and input to wide area
Line protection schemes schemes:
A full range extending up to
■■ P74* - Numerical busbar ■■ P14* - Voltage and frequency
the most demanding sub-cycle
protection (biased principle) protection for load shedding,
technology for EHV and UHV
suitable for application on MV, load restoration and generator
transmission:
HV and EHV busbars abnormal detection
■■ P44* - Full scheme distance
■■ P14* - Numerical high- ■■ P84* - System stability devices,
protection relays for HV, EHV
impedance busbar and REF including a P847 Phasor
and UHV systems
protection schemes, deployed Measurement Unit (PMU) for all
■■ P54* - Line Differential
with varistors. grid applications.
protection relays for direct fibre
183
Protection and control features
Protection elements
All algorithm and hardware know-how is the culmination of decades of advances in Alstom’s centres of
excellence. The platform has vast experience in test and in-service operational environments, proving the
technical integrity.
The comprehensive and advanced library of protection and control functions in each device allow it to
meet the exact application requirements. Multiple protection functions, logic and control functions may be
enabled, without deterioration in performance – the platform is fully deterministic.
Independent protection settings groups

The 40 series can offer up to four independent settings groups. These can be activated locally, remotely or via
a dedicated input and are used to allow for different system operating conditions and where adaptive relaying
is applied.
Programmable scheme logic

Powerful logic available in the 40 series relays allows the user to customise the protection and control
functions of the relay. It is also used to program the functionality of the opto-isolated inputs, relay outputs,
LED and user alarms.
The programmable scheme logic can be used to implement additional supervision features, such as trip circuit
supervision or implement complex logic such as frequency restoration schemes. Schemes have been developed
capable of supervising the trip coil and circuit with the circuit-breaker open or closed.
The Px40 gate logic includes OR, AND, NOT and MAJORITY gate functions, with the ability to invert the inputs
and outputs, and provide feedback. A number of general purpose logic timers are also available as well as
those timers used to condition the relay contacts.
The system is optimised (event driven) to ensure that the protection outputs are not delayed by the PSL
operation. The programmable scheme logic is configured using the graphical S1 Agile PC software,
as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Programmable logic for P40
184
Substation Automation Solutions| MiCOM Alstom P40
Measurements, available for viewing on the

LCD, or by extraction via the
as an option on relays providing
easy access to settings,
recording and post communication ports. records and measurements for
fault analysis Fault records
protection engineers. A main
Measurement & post fault rear communications port is
Up to 15 records are supported
analysis also available for interface to
for every fault (5 on some
The relays are capable of a SCADA system. A number of
models), with the following
measuring and storing a wide protocols are available as an
information captured:
range of system quantities option for this purpose, with
■■ A fault number
such as current, voltage, different media such as wired
■■ The date and time
frequency, power, distance to serial, fibre serial, RJ45 Ethernet,
■■ The active setting group and fibre Ethernet.
fault etc. depending on the relay
■■ The function that issued the trip
functionality. These measured Local communication
■■ The magnitude of the current/
values can be displayed on the The front EIA(RS)232
front LCD display or transferred voltage that gave rise to the trip communication port has been
locally or remotely per user command designed for use with the S1
requirements. Distance to fault calculation is Agile software and is primarily
provided on most feeder and line for configuring the relay settings
All event, fault and disturbance
protection models. and programmable scheme logic.
records are time tagged to a
resolution of 1ms using the Disturbance records It is also used to locally extract
internal real time clock and are The internal disturbance recorder event, fault and disturbance
stored in non-volatile memory. will record the sampled values record information and can be
Where relays are communicating of all analogue input variables used as a commissioning tool by
with a SCADA system, the such as phase currents and viewing all relay measurements
protocol’s telegrams can be used voltages where applicable during simultaneously.
for external time synchronisation a fault. Oscillographic analysis Communication
or alternatively an optional can be performed using the S1 The rear communication
IRIG-B port is available for Agile PC tool which will provide port is based on EIA(RS)485
accurate time synchronisation on the means to quickly analyse voltage levels and is designed
all P40 relays. Relays can also analogue and digital signals for permanent multidrop
use an opto input to synchronise on the same time scale for connection to network control
the internal clock. convenience. (Figure 2 on next and data acquisition systems.
page) Disturbance records can Optional fibre optic and ethernet
Event records
be extracted from the relay via communications ports are also
These are generated for status
the communication ports and supported on the 40 platform, the
changes to logic inputs and
saved in the COMTRADE format. latter available with redundancy.
outputs, modifications to one
or more setting parameters and Relay communications
alarm signals. As standard, a front communication
All events are time-tagged and port is available for local access
stored in chronological order in to the relay. An auxiliary rear
cyclic memory. These are readily communication port is available
185
The following protocols are
available:
■■ Courier/K-Bus
■■ Modbus
■■ IEC 60870-5-103
■■ DNP 3.0
■■ IEC 61850
This flexibility allows the MiCOM

Alstom P40 range of relays to be
integrated into a SCADA system
as well as to provide engineering
data for remote access by utility
engineers.
Redundant Ethernet
communication
MiCOM Alstom P40 series Figure 2 Oscillography analysis using S1 Agile software for optimum results
includes several redundant
Ethernet options for IEC 61850 or
DNP3/IP: (3) Up to 18 user programmable LEDs (7) A lower cover concealing
■■ Parallel Redundancy Protocol (4) Menu navigation and data the front EIA(RS)232 port and
(PRP) according to IEC 62439-3 entry keys download/monitor port
■■ Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (5) “READ” and “CLEAR” keys for (8) Facility for fitting a security seal
(RSTP) viewing and reset of alarms (9) Up to ten programmable
■■ Alstom Self Healing Ring (6) An upper cover identifying function keys with tricolour
■■ Alstom Dual Homing the product name, which may be LEDs – for control and
raised to view full product model test applications and easy
PRP has the advantage of taking
number, serial number and rating annunciation (not visible in the
zero time to recover from a failure,
information 40TE example shown)
as parallel alternative paths are
continually operative. All settings
are configurable with the use of
MiCOM S1 Agile.
User interfaces
The ability to customise the menu
text and alarm descriptions are
supported on P*40. The front
panel user interfaces, as per
the example shown in Figure 3
comprise:
(1) A back-lit liquid crystal display
Figure 3
(2) Four fixed function LEDs
P40 series user interface
186
Self monitoring functionality within the product. The 40TE case width is often
Comprehensive self-monitoring Communication ports and model/ narrow enough to allow a retrofit
procedures within the device serial number information are of legacy vertically-mounted relays.
ensure that internal hardware and concealed by upper and lower
Wiring
software errors are detected, thus covers.
External connections are made
ensuring a high degree of reliability.
Physical protection of the front via ring type terminals, for the
Automatic tests are performed
panel user interface and prevention peace of mind of secure ring lug
during start-up and cyclic self-
of casual access is provided by an and screw-through fastening.
monitoring tests are performed
optional transparent front cover, Ring terminals accommodate one
during operation. Any deviations
which can be fitted or omitted or two lugs per terminal.
are stored in non-volatile memory
according to choice, since the
and the result of the fault diagnosis
front panel was designed for IP52
determines whether a blocking of
protection against dust and water.
the device will occur or whether
only an alarm is issued. The cases are suitable for either
rack or panel mounting as shown
Trip circuit supervision
in Figure 4.
Supervision of the trip circuit,
whether the breaker is closed or Taking into account the differing
open (preclosing supervision), case widths, relays can be
can be implemented using combined with or without the use
opto-coupled inputs and the of standard blanking plates to
programmable scheme logic. form a complete 19” mounting.
This saves space and allows for
Mechanical a neat installation, especially in
description conjunction with MiCOM ALSTOM
P*90 series interfaces, P991 and
Cases
MMLG test blocks, and MIDOS
The Px40 series relays are
auxiliary relays – all of which
housed in a specially designed
share the same 4U mounting
case providing a high density of
dimensions.
Figure 4 Typical case dimensions
Case dimensions A B C D E
Px40 40TE 206
60TE 177 309.6 240 (inc wiring) 270 (inc wiring) 157.5 max
80TE 413.2
80TErack 483
Note: Maximum sizes for guidance only, for specific product information please
check the relevant product documentation. (All dimensions in mm)
187
Technical data implementation has been designed
to be especially resilient and
ordering stage to balance ease of
deployment with energy efficiency.
Measuring inputs – analogue reliable in the presence of “noise”,
All CT inputs are dual-rated at 1A Digital inputs (Optos)
such as latency, jitter or missing/
and 5A to simplify ordering and The digital status input pickup
suspect data.
strategic spares inventories. thresholds are programmable,
Power supplies so specifying the inputs is just a
The heavy duty terminal block Three ranges of power supply question of counting how many
features integral current options are available at the are needed.
transformer shorting to prevent
dangerous voltages being present
should the block be removed; General Series Data Px40
a maintenance error could Frequency 50/60Hz x
otherwise lead to a potentially Dual rated 1A/5A x
unsafe/lethal scenario.
CT Thermal Ratings Continuous: 4 Inom x
Measuring inputs – process bus for 10s: 30 Inom
for 1s: 100 Inom
IEC 61850-9.2
Many models in the range are Opto Inputs max 48
available with an IEC 61850-9.2 Output Contacts max 46
process bus interface to replace Carry: continuous 10 A
traditional analogue inputs. This
Make and Carry 30 A for 3s
facilitates interoperability with
non-conventional instrument LED Indication (freely programmable) 12 (8) - plus those with function keys
transformers and merging units, Function Keys/Hot keys 10 functions/2 hotkeys (available on some
with the measuring signals models)
marshalled via Ethernet. Settings Groups 4 (2)

Fault Records 15 (5)
IEC 61850-9-2 process bus
interface Event Records up to 1024
An optional process bus interface Disturbance Records 75 s max
is available in MiCOM P40. It Programmable Logic Fully programmable
allows the relay to received
IRIG B Option
current and voltage sampled
data from non-conventional LCD Display Alphanumeric
instrument transformers such Front Port (RS 232) Yes
as optical devices and Rogowski Rear Port Yes, 2nd rear port option
devices. In other digital substation
Courier K-Bus/ EIA(RS) 485 or fibre (some models only)
architectures, the -9-2 data is
generated by merging units in the Modbus EIA(RS) 485 or fibre (some models only)
yard, which digitize conventional IEC 60870-5-103 EIA(RS) 485 or fibre (some models only)
1A/5A and 100/120V secondaries, DNP3.0 EIA(RS) 485 or fibre (some models only)
for safer and more economical
IEC 61850 Available on most models
cross-site communication to
IEDs by fibre optic. Alstom’s -9-2 Terminals Ring
188
Extended temperature range Overcurrent and feeder management relays

operation
Device P141 P142 P143 P145
In addition to the standard -25oC
CT inputs 5 5 5 5
to +55oC operating temperatures
VT inputs 3 3 3/4 3/4
claim as per IEC 60255-6, the
Opto inputs (max)1 8 16 32 32
P40 range has proven withstand
Output contacts (max)1 7 15 30 32
capability at extremes of
Function keys/Hotkeys 2 2 2 12
temperature as per IEC 60068-
Interlocking logic x x x x
2. These onerous tests were
Protection
passed at -40oC and +85oC for 96
Autoreclose 79 - x x x
continuous hours in each case.
Check synchronising 25 - - x x
Application tips 3 Phase overcurrent 50/51P x x x x
Ground fault 50/51N x x x x
■■ P141 - for cable feeders and
Phase directional 67P x x x x
overhead line circuits without
Ground fault directional 67N x x x x
reclosing
Sensitive directional Earth fault 67N x x x x
■■ P142 - for radial overhead line
Wattmetric Earth Fault 67W x x x x
circuits employing reclosing
Neutral Admittance YN x x x x
■■ P143 - used where reclosing is
Restricted Earth fault 64 x x x x
used with check synchronism, Voltage dependent overcurrent 51V x x x x
or in applications where the Negative sequence overcurrent 46 x x x x
larger case width is required to Thermal overload 49 x x x x
accommodate a larger binary Undercurrent 37 x x x x
I/O count
Over/Under Voltage 27/59 x x x x
■■ P145 - used where F-keys assist
Residual overvoltage 59N x x x x
engineering of the scheme Negative sequence overvoltage 47 x x x x
Over/Under Frequency 810/U x x x x
Rate of Change of Frequency 87R x x x x
Lock-out 86 x x x x
Directional power 32 x x x x
Nominal DC AC
Voltage Vx Circuit-breaker failure 50BF x x x x
Broken conductor 46BC x x x x
Px40 24-48 19-65 -
Voltage Transformer Supervision VTS x x x x
48-125 37-150 24-110
Current Transformer Supervision CTS x x x x
110-250 87-300 80-265 Cold load pick-up x x x x
Inrush Blocking x x x x
Switch On To Fault SOTF x x x x
Auxiliary Voltage Vmin/Vmax Circuit-breaker monitoring x x x x
thresholds
Trip Circuit Supervision TCS x x x x
Px40 24/27, 30/34, 48/54, 110/125
InterMiCOM x x x x
and 220/250 (software
selectable)
1: Please note that some relays may have a limit on max. I/0 when used as a combination
189
Motor and generator management relays
Device P241 P242 P243 P341 P342 P343 P344 P345 P346
CT inputs 4 4 7 4 5 8 8 9 8
VT inputs 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 4
Opto inputs (max)1 8 16 16 16 24 32 32 32 32
Output contacts (max)1 7 16 16 15 24 32 32 32 32
RTDs(option) 10 10 10 - 10 10 10 10 10
Analogue I/O(option) 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4
Function Keys/Hotkeys x x x x x x x x x
Interlocking logic x x x x x x x x x
Protection
Motor Protection
Short circuit 50/51 x x x
Motor differential 87M x
Locked rotor 50S/51LR/51S x x x - - - - - -
Reverse power 32R x x x - - - - - -
Reacceleration/LV ride-through/ 27LV x x x - - - - - -
Autorestart
Startup monitoring/Excessive long start 66/48/51 x x x - - - - - -
Negative sequence overvoltage 47 x x x - - - - - -
Out of step 55 x x x - - - - - -
Loss of load 37 x x x - - - - - -
Undercurrent 37P/37N x x x - - - - - -
Unbalance/Lock-out 30/46/86 x x x - - - - - -
Speed switch inputs 14 x x x - - - - - -
Anti backspin 27ABS x x x
Generator Protection
Generator/Transformer differential 87G/T - - - - - x x x x
Check synchronising 25 - - - - x x x x x
Interturn/split phase 50DT - - - - - x x x x
Underimpedance 21 - - - - x x x x x
Pole slipping 78 - - - - - x x x -
Directional power 32 - - - x x x x x x
Loss of field 40 x x x - x x x x x
Restricted earthfault 64 - - - x x x x x x
100% stator earth fault(3rd harmonic) 27TN/59TN - - - - - x x x -
100% stator earth fault(Low Freq. 64S - - - - - - - x -
Injection)
Overfluxing 24 - - - - x x x x x
Unintentional energisation at standstill 50/27 - - - - x x x x -
Voltage dependent O/C 51V - - - - x x x x x
Rotor earth fault 64R - - - - x x x x x
190
Motor and generator management relays continued

Device P241 P242 P243 P341 P342 P343 P344 P345 P346
Protection
Ancillary Functions
Phase overcurrent 50/51P x x x x x x x x x
Phase directional 67P - - - x x x x x x
Ground fault 50N/51N x x x x x x x x x
Sensitive directional earth fault 67N x x x x x x x x x
Wattmetric earth fault 64N/32N x x x x x x x x x
Negative sequence overcurrent 460C x x x - x x x x x
Negative sequence thermal 46T - - - - x x x x x
Thermal overload 38/49 x x x x x x x x x
Under/Over voltage 27/59 x x x x x x x x x
Residual overvoltage 59N x x x x x x x x x
Negative sequence overvoltage 47 x x x x x x x x x
Under frequency 81U x x x x x x x x x
Over frequency 81O - - - x x x x x x
Turbine abnormal frequency 81AB - - - - x x x x x
Voltage vector shift dV - - - x - - - - -
Rate of change of frequency 81R - - - x x x x x x
Circuit-breaker fail and monitoring 50BF x x x x x x x x x
Loss of life/Thru fault monitor LoL/Thru - - - x x x x x x
Dynamic line rating 49DLR - - - x - - - - -
Trip circuit supervision TCS x x x x x x x x x
1: Please note that some relays may have a limit on max. I/0 when used as a combination
Application tips
■■ P241 - for small/medium motors where the scheme requires only a
small binary I/Ocount
■■ P242 - used in applications where the larger case width is required to
accommodate a larger binary I/O count

■■ P243 – for motor applications requiring differential protection
■■ P341 - used at a grid main interface to a local network having
embedded generation
■■ P342 – for smaller generators not requiring per phase differential
protection
■■ P343 – the standard choice for large generator protection
■■ P345 – for large generators, where the customer requires 100% stator
earth fault by low frequency injection

■■ P346 – for smaller generators requiring differential protection
191
Distance and phasor measurement Application tips
Device P441 P442 P443 P444 P445 P446 P847
■■ P441 and P445 – for
CT inputs 4 4 4 4 4 8 3/12
smaller device size and
VT inputs 4 4 4 4 4 5 3
optimum functionality
Opto inputs (max)1 8 16 32 24 16 24 24
for subtransmission and
Output contacts (max)1 14 21 32 46 16 32 24
distribution
Function Keys/Hotkeys x x x x x x x
■■ P442 and P444 – distance
Protection
relay for transmission
Distance protection 21/21N x x x x x x -
applications
- Phase Mho/Quad 21P -/x -/x x/x -/x x/- x/x -
■■ P443 – distance relay with
- Ground Mho/Quad 21G -/x -/x x/x -/x x/x x/x -
subcycle tripping for fastest
- Autoreclose 79 3 pole x - - - x - -
fault clearance
1/3 pole - x x x - 2 -
■■ P446 – for subcycle tripping
- Power swing blocking 78 x x x x x x -
- Out-of-step tripping 68 - - x - - x -
applications with dual circuit-
- Check synchronising 25 x x x x x 2 -
breaker topologies (eg.
- Switch on to Fault 50/27 x x x x x x -
breaker and a half)
■■ P847 – for phasor
- Mutual compensation x x x x - x -
measurement applications
Phasor Measurement PMU - - - - - - x
Ancillary functions
Phase overcurrent 50/51P x x x x x x x
Phase directional 50BF x x x x x x x
Delta directional Comparsion ΔI/ΔV - - x - - x -
Ground fault 50/51N x x x x x x x
Ground fault directional 67N x x x x x x x
Negative sequence overcurrent 46 x x x x x x x
Directional negative sequence 46/67 x x x x x x x
Thermal overload 49 x x x x x x x
Under/Over voltage 27/59 x x x x x x x
Redsidual over voltage 59N x x x x x x x
Under/Over frequency 81U/O - x x x x x x
Rate of change of frequency 81R - - x - x x x
Circuit-breaker Failure 50BF x x x x x 2 x
Broken Conductor 46BC x x x x x x x
Stub Bus Protection 50ST x x x x x x x
Voltage/Current Transformer VTS/CTS x x x x x x x
Supervision
Capacitive Voltage CVTS x x - x - - - 1: Please note that some relays may
Transformer Supervision have a limit on max. I/O when used
Channel Aided Scheme Logic 85 x x x x x x - as a combination.
Trip Circuit Supervision TCS x x x x x x x 2: Denotes functionality for two
InterMiCOM 46BC - x x x x x - circuit-breakers per line
192
Line differential, transformer and busbar protection relays

Device P541 P542 P543 P544 P545 P546 P547 P642 P643 P645 P741 P742 P743 P746 P747
CT inputs 4 4 5 8 5 8 4 8 12 18 4 4 4 18 18
VT inputs (max) - - 4 5 4 5 4 1 4 4 - - - 3 3
Opto inputs (max)1 8 16 16 16 32 24 8 12 24 24 8 16 24 40 48
Output contacts (max)1 7 14 14 14 32 32 8 12 24 24 8 8 21 32 32
Analogue I/O (option) 1 - - - - - - - 4/4 4/4 4/4 - - - - -
RTDs (option) 1 - - - - - - - 10 10 10 - - - - -
Function Keys/Hotkeys x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Interlocking Logic x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Protection
Line differential 87P x x x x x x - - - - - - - - -
- 2 terminal
- Neutral differential 87N - - x x x x - - - - - - - - -
- 2/3 terminal x x x x x x - - - - - - - - -
- FO signalling x x x x x x - - - - - - - - -
- SDH/Sonet networks 78 - - x x x x - - - - - - - - -
- In-zone transformer 68 x x x - x - - - - - - - - - -
- 2nd harmonic restraint x x x - x - - - - - - - - - -
- Vector compensation 50/27 x x x - x - - - - - - - - - -
2 breaker configuration - - - x - x - - - - - - - - -
- Direct/permissive x x x x x x - - - - - - - - -
intertripping
Phase comparison 87PC - - - - - - x - - - - - - - -
- PLC signalling 0 - - - - - - x - - - - - - - -
Transformer Differential 87T - - - - - - - x x x - - - - -
- Windings/Bias inputs 0 - - - - - - - 2 3 5 - - - - -
Restricted Earth fault 87G/64 - - - - - - - 2 3 3 - - - - -
- Overfluxing/5th harmonic 0 - - - - - - - x x x - - - - -
- Overexcitation 24 - - - - - - - x 2 2 - - - - -
- 2nd harmonic restraint 0 - - - - - - - x x x - - - - -
Busbar Protection 87BB - - - - - - - - - - x x x x x
- Central unit feeders 0 - - - - - - - - - - 2B - - 6/18 18
- Peripheral units 0 - - - - - - - - - - - x x - -
- Phase-segregated 87P - - - - - - - - - - 8 - - 2 4
differential zones
- Sensitive Earth fault 87N - - - - - - - - - - 6 - - - -
differential zones
- Check zone 87CZ - - - - - - - - - - 8 - - x x
- CT supervision CTS x x x x x x x x x x x x
- CT saturation immunisation 0 - - - - - - - - - - - x x x x
- Fibre optic signalling 0 - - - - - - - - - - x x x - -
Continued on next page...
193
Line differential, transformer and busbar protection relays (...continued)
Device P541 P542 P543 P544 P545 P546 P547 P642 P643 P645 P741 P742 P743 P746 P747
Ancillary Functions
Phase Overcurrent 50/51P x x x x x x x x x x - x x x x
Phase Directional 67P - - x x x x x - x x - - - - -
Ground Fault 50/51N x x x x x x x x x x - x x x x
Ground Fault Directional 67N - - x x x x x - x x - - - -
CT Supervision/ Differential CTS CTS - - x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Sensitive Directional Earth Fault 67N - - x x x x x - - - - - - - -
Wattmetric Earth Fault 64W x x x - x - - - - - - - - - -
Distance Protection 21 - - x x x x x - - - - - - - -
Power Swing Blocking 78 - - x x x x x - - - - - - - -
Check Sync 25 - - x - x - x - - - - - - - -
Negative Sequence 46 - - x x x x x x x x - - - - -
Overcurrent
Thermal Overload 49 x x x x x x x x x x - - - - -
Loss of life and Through Fault LOL - - - - - - - x x x - - - - -
Under/Over Frequency 81U/O - - x x x x x x x x - - - - -
Circuit-breaker Failure 50BF x x x 2 x 2 x 2 3 5 x x x 6/18 18
Autoreclose 79 - 3 1/3 - 1/3 - - - - - - - - - -
pole pole pole
Over/Under Voltage 27/59 - - x x x x - - x x - - - - x
Trip Circuit Supervision TCS x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
1: Please note that some relays may have a limit on max. I/O when used as a combination.
2: Denotes functionality for two circuit-breakers per line
Application tips
■■ P145 – the typical high impedance busbar ■■ P643 – for three sets of phase CTs in a transformer
protection choice differential scheme, or where 3-phase voltage-
■■ P541 – for cable and line differential in an based functionality is required
economical device size for distribution ■■ P645 – for transformers requiring four or five CT
■■ P543 – the standard choice line differential for bias input sets to the scheme
subtransmission and transmission applications ■■ P741 – central unit in a busbar scheme typically
■■ P545 - used in applications where the larger case with three or more discrete zones
width is required to accommodate a larger binary ■■ P742 – the typical busbar protection peripheral unit
I/O count used per feeder bay

■■ P547 – for phase comparison line unit protection ■■ P746 – for simple busbar topologies with one or
operating via power line carrier two discrete protection zones

■■ P642 – for two winding transformer differential ■■ P747 - centralised busbar protection for up to 18
with one set of CTs per side feeders and four zones
194
Autoreclose relays
Device P841 P842
CT inputs 4/9 -
VT inputs 4/5 4
Opto inputs (max) 32 48
Output contacts (max) 32 32
Protection
Breaker Failure Protection 50BF x/2 -
- 2-stage c x -
- Pole discrepancy x -
Autoreclose 79 x/2 x
- Mesh corner/Single switch 78 - x
Typical application - Check sync 25 x/2 x
advice: - Ferroresonance suppression - x
Voltage and Frequency Protection 50/27
■■ P841 – for autoreclose,
- Undervoltage 27 x -
check synchronism, breaker - Overvoltage 59 x -
fail and backup protection
- Residual overvoltage 59N x -
of transmission and
- Under/Over frequency 81U/O x -
subtransmission circuits
- Rate of Change of Frequency (df/dt+t) 81R x -
■■ P842 – UK-specific mesh
- Frequency Supervised Rate of Change of 81RF x -
corner reclosing device Frequency (f+df/dt)
- Frequency Supervised Average 81RAV x -
Rate of Change of Frequency f+Δ f/ Δt)
Product selector - Trip Circuit Supervision TCS x x
Up-to-date guidance on the 1: Please note that some relays may have a limit on max. I/O when used as a combination.
best protection product can be 2: Denotes functionality for two circuit-breakers per line
explored within our product

selector, available from:
http://www.alstom.com/ Device track record
grid/products-and-services/ P14x series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over 95 000 units delivered.
Substation-automation-system/ P24x series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over 14 000 units delivered.
protection-relays/MiCOM- P34x series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over 13 000 units delivered.
Alstom-product-selector/ P44x series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over 35 000 units delivered.
P54x series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over 26 000 units delivered.
P64x series introduced in 2009. Worldwide application, with over 4600 units delivered.
P74x series introduced in 2002. Worldwide application, with over 2100 schemes delivered.
195
196
Substation Automation Solutions | P847 PMU
MiCOM Alstom
P847
Phasor measurement
unit
MiCOM Alstom Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
provide high quality, synchronised measurements of
key power system quantities.
Customer benefits
■■ Measures accurate, time synchronised power system data
■■ Communicates synchrophasors according to IEEE C37.118
■■ Available with ancillary protection, control and
recording functions
■■ Galvanic, fibre optic and redundant communication
options
197
Stability and thermal limits, voltage collapse and loop flows are ■■ Anticipate impending system
constraints that electrical power system planners and operators failures such as angular
continually have to deal with. With today’s stretched systems, instability by monitoring
often having minimal reserve, cascading events, such as the loss bus angles between key
of generator units or transmission lines, can easily lead to severe generating areas
power swings, voltage collapses, possible loss of synchronism and
■■ Predict impending voltage
underfrequency load shedding. Real-time knowledge of system
instability problems by
conditions and changes is at the heart of the battle to maintain
monitoring high VAR flows
security of supply.
in the network associated
The MiCOM Alstom P847 is a product that can help in this battle by with fast declines in regional
providing highly accurate, time-synchronised phasor measurements voltage magnitudes
(synchrophasors) from anywhere in the system. ■■ Invoke system wide defence
Use the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) as part of a wide area plans to ensure system
monitoring and control system to assess key metrics in, or between, stability is maintained.
critical areas in the power system. High-speed transfer of key system ■■ Improve control to prevent
parameters, complemented by cutting-edge visualisation tools at the the risks of unnecessary
control centre, enhances the system management capability. islanding, damage to costly
transmission equipment,
unnecessary load shedding,
and blackouts.
Physical communications IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor

Galvanic or fibre optic Ethernet communication communications
ports are provided for streaming synchrophasor The MiCOM P847 supports synchrophasor data
data. Redundant Ethernet is available, optionally transmission according to IEEE C37.118 via UDP/
managed by the market’s fastest recovery time IP and TCP/IP. Synchrophasors to be transmitted
protocols: ‘self-healing’ ring and ‘dual homing’ star, via IEEE C37.118 can be selected from the available
allowing bumpless redundancy. IEC 62439 PRP set, by simply enabling or disabling them in the
and RSTP are also available, offering multi-vendor PMU configuration column of the menu.
interoperability.
198
Software tools Event records

Software tools are available for the configuration, Up to 512 time-tagged event records are stored in
monitoring and analysis of multiple P847 PMUs. battery backed memory.
All PMU settings can be configured using MiCOM
S1 Agile locally or remotely. Disturbance records
The oscillography can record up to 12 analogue
Dynamic performance channels and 32 digital channels at a resolution
Under dynamic system conditions the PMU needs of 48 samples per cycle. Disturbance records
to track system parameters very accurately and this can be extracted from the relay via the remote
is ensured with an advanced frequency tracking communications and saved in the COMTRADE
algorithm able to perform accurately even under format.
off-nominal frequency and abnormal voltage and
current conditions. Language support
The user interface and menu text are available in
Programmable Scheme Logic English, French, German and Spanish as standard.
(PSL) The ability to customise the menu text and alarm
Powerful graphical logic allows the user to create descriptions is also supported.
customised logic schemes using logic gates, latches
and timers. Inputs to the PSL can include digital
Quality Built-in (QBi)
inputs and programmable function keys; outputs Alstom Grid’s QBi initiative has deployed a
can include programmable LEDs, user alarms and number of improvements to maximise field quality.
IEEE C37.118 digital data. Harsh environmental coating is applied to all
circuit boards to shield them from moisture and
User Interface atmospheric contamination. Transit packaging
The front panel user interface consists of an LCD has been redesigned to ISTA standard, and the
display, navigation keypad, 10 programmable third generation of CPU processing boosts not only
function keys, fixed function LEDs and 10 performance, but also reliability.
programmable function LEDs.
Password protection
Password protection may be
independently applied to the front
user interface, front communications
port and rear communications port.
Two levels of password protection
are available providing access to the
controls and settings respectively.
Side view of MiCOM Alstom P847 B/C PMU
199
Related products
Phasor Terminal
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), such as the
MiCOM P847, output synchronised phasor data
over an Ethernet network at rates of up to 60
frames per second. This results in large amounts
of data being produced that can be challenging
to handle in real time when commissioning or
troubleshooting an individual PMU or even a small
Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS).
Phasor Terminal solves this problem; it is a software
tool that provides clear visualisation and archiving
of real time IEEE C37.118-2005 data. Multiple
PMUs can be quickly and easily configured,
Phasor Terminal, Synchrophasor visualisation
connected and graphically compared using an
and archiving tool
intuitive drag-and-drop interface.
Substation Phasor Data Concentrator (sPDC)

In support of the MiCOM P847 PMU, a Substation Phasor Data Concentrator is available to aggregate
and time-align high speed synchronised data from multiple P847s into a single data stream.
The PhasorPoint sPDC offers the following functionality:
■■ Receives multiple PMU streams
■■ Phasor stream rate conversion
■■ Phasor stream time alignment
■■ Multi-rate stream outputs
■■ User defined content for stream outputs
(managing data provided to third-parties)

■■ Local rolling buffer storage
■■ Data recovery for upstream archive
(PhasorPoint Central PDC based systems only)

■■ Cyber-security
PhasorPoint substation phasor data concentrator
200
Applications
Synchronised phasor measurements can be transmitted by the MiCOM Alstom P847 to a PhasorPoint
Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) or other upstream application using a high speed communications
link. The applications that can be deployed to utilise synchrophasor data include wide area monitoring,
visualisation and alarming, post-event analysis, islanding detection and oscillatory stability management.
Islanding, Resynchronisation and Blackstart (IRB) Oscillatory Stability Management (OSM)

The MiCOM Alstom P847 can be applied to make Synchrophasor data from the MiCOM Alstom
synchronised measurements of key variables such P847 can be used by the PhasorPoint Oscillatory
as voltages, currents and phase angles at strategic Stability Management (OSM) application to allow
busses and corridors in the transmission system. power system operators to visualise and analyse
real time power system dynamics. By studying the
These measurements can be used by the
oscillatory modes of a power system this application
PhasorPoint Islanding, Resynchronisation and
can be used to detect and manage power system
Blackstart (IRB) application to aid the operator
oscillations which can be a sign of system instability.
before, during and after an islanding event.
PhasorPoint Islanding, PhasorPoint Oscillatory Stability Management (OSM)

Resynchronisation and Blackstart (IRB)
Main features
Product variants
Three models of the MiCOM P847 Phasor Measurement Unit are available: A, B, and C.
Model A features a three-phase VT input and a three-phase CT input and provides phasor measurements of
the three-phase voltages, the three-phase currents and the derived sequence components. Basic protection
functions including under and over, frequency, voltage and current, and circuit-breaker monitoring are
included in the P847 A.
As well as the three VT inputs, Models B and C feature twelve CT inputs. The CT inputs can be configured
as 4 sets of three-phase measurements or 12 independent phasor measurements. No protection functions
are available in Models B & C. The functions available in each model are outlined in full in the table overleaf:
201
MAIN FEATURES
ANSI FEATURES P847 A P847 B P847 C
PMU Synchronised phasor measurements - - -

Voltage channels 3 3 3
Current channels 3 12 12
Optocoupled logic inputs 8 16 24
Conventional output contacts 8 24
1A and 5A CT inputs - - -
Direct access menu “Hotkeys” - - -
Multiple password access levels - - -
81U/O/R Under/Over and rate of change of frequency -
50/51/67 Phase overcurrent stages -
50N/51N/67N Earth/Ground overcurrent stages -
51N/67N/SEF Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) -
67/46 Negative sequence overcurrent -
46BC Broken conductor -
49 Thermal overload -
50BF High speed breaker fail -
VTS Voltage transformer supervision -
Fault locator -
SOE Event records - - -
Disturbance recorder - - -
Circuit-breaker condition monitor -
PSL Graphical Programmable Scheme Logic - - -
GPS GPS time synchronisation input - - -
IEEE C37.118-2005 communications - - -
Redundant Ethernet (option) - -
202
Substation Automation Solutions | P40 Agile
P40 Agile
Feeder management
IEDs
The P14N non-directional feeder, P14D directional
feeder and P94V voltage & frequency IEDs bring
the design rigour and technology of transmission
applications to the entire utility and industrial
market.
The footprints of both the device physical size and the
lifecycle environmental impact have been minimised
using state-of-the-art design, component, and
process selection. Agile solutions from Alstom are
ideal for new-build and retrofit alike.
Customer benefits
■■ Novel I Draw-out I Versatile
■■ Powerful logic, protection and communications
■■ Cost effective IEC 61850 and DNP3 Ethernet solution
■■ High impedance downed conductor element boosts the
safety of the public and livestock

■■ Alstom’s user-centric access tool ‘S1 Agile’ used as the
single PC tool for all MiCOM

■■ NERC compliant cyber security
203
Agility, versatility
MiCOM P40 Agile IEDs provide an integrated solution for the
complete protection, control and monitoring of electrical power
systems. Application for overhead lines, underground cables, busbars,
breakers, transformers, reactors, distributed generation and motors
is supported, right from distribution (as primary protection) to
transmission voltage levels (as back-up). The IEDs are suitable for
application in solidly-earthed, resistance earthed and Petersen coil
systems alike.
The perfect balance:

standardised and adaptable
With a wide range of protection functions as standard, MiCOM P14N,
P14D and P94V IEDs also offer additional pre-configured applications
for smaller generators and a choice of functionality applicable
to overhead lines. This allows the user to conveniently scale the
application, which is then readily adapted via simple enable/disable
feature selection in the configuration menu.
The IEDs offer a universal wide-range power supply, universal 1A/5A CT
inputs (software selectable), and universal binary inputs - the latter with
programmable pickup thresholds. Harmonisation at just one ordering
option is often possible, easing the task of creating standard cubicle
designs and strategic spares holding.
Model Hardware Base Intended application

P14NB P14N Non-directional feeder
P14NZ(1) P14N Non-directional feeder with HIF(2)
P14DB P14D Directional feeder
P14DG P14D Distributed generation
P14DL P14D Advanced directional feeder protection (with autoreclose and fault locator)
P14DZ(1) P14D Advanced directional feeder with HIF(2)
P94VB P94V Voltage and frequency
P94VP P94V Voltage and frequency with check synchronising
(1)
Only with sensitive earth fault CT option
(2)
HIF - high impedance (downed conductor) fault
204
P40 AGILE PROTECTION FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

ANSI FUNCTION P14NB P14NZ P14DB P14DG P14DL P14DZ P14VB P14VP
Non-Directional Directional Voltage & frequency
50 Definite time overcurrent 6 6 6 6 6 6
50N Neutral/Earth definite time overcurrent 4 4 4 4 4 4
51 IDMT overcurrent 3 3 3 3 3 3
51N Neutral/Earth IDMT overcurrent 2 2 2 2 2 2
50/51SEF Sensitive earth fault 4 4 4 4 4 4
51V Voltage controlled overcurrent * * * *
Voltage restrained overcurrent * * *
50 SOTF Switch on to fault * * * * * *
68 Inrush blocking * * * * * *
Cold load pick up * * * * * *
Load encroachment supervision * *

(Load blinders)
HIF High impedance earth fault * *
46 Negative sequence overcurrent 4 4 4 4 4 4
46BC Broken conductor * * * * * *
Programmable curves 4 4 4 4 4 4
67 Directional phase current 6 6 6 6
67N Directional neutral current 4 4 4 4
Sensitive directional earth fault 4 4 4 4
Wattmetric earth fault * * * *
Blocking scheme * * * * * *
37 Undercurrent detection (low load) * * * * * *
32 Phase directional power (Forward / Reverse / 2 2 2

Under / Over)
49 Thermal overload * * * * * *
50BF CB failure 2 2 2 2 2 2
21FL Fault locator * *
27 Undervoltage 3 3 3 3 3 3
59 Overvoltage 3 3 3 3 3 3
59N Residual overvoltage 3 3 3 3 3 3
47 Negative sequence overvoltage * * * * * *
dv/dt Rate of change of voltage 4 4 4
79 Autoreclose (number of shots) 4 4 4
205
P40 AGILE PROTECTION FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW (...continued)
ANSI FUNCTION P14NB P14NZ P14DB P14DG P14DL P14DZ P14VB P14VP
25 Check synchronising * * * *
81O Overfrequency 9 9 9 9 9 9
81U Underfrequency 9 9 9 9 9 9
81V Undervoltage blocking of frequency protection * * * * * *
81df/dt Rate of change of frequency, with 9 9 9 9 9 9

81Rf optional frequency supervision
and averaging
81RAV
81R Frequency restoration 9 9 9
64N Restricted earth fault * * * *
87B High impedance busbar * *
PSL Programmable scheme logic * * * * * * * *
86 Latching output contacts (Lockout) * * * * * * * *
VTS VT supervision * * * *
CTS CT supervision * * * *
DC supply supervision * * * * * * * *
CB condition monitoring * * * * * *
Setting groups 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
The numbers in the table denote the number of elements or stages available
Intuitive User
Interfaces
The front-panel interface (shown
in Figure 1) allows direct IED
interaction. A USB front port
offers enhanced access by laptop
computers. Integrated user
function keys and tri-colour
programmable LEDs provide a
cost effective solution for control
and annunciation. Numerous,
optional, modern communication
protocols, including IEC 61850,
ensure interfacing to upper-level
Supervisory, Control, Automation
or Data Acquisition systems. Figure 1 P40 Agile front panel interface
206
Environmental responsibility
The IEDs are manufactured in a lead-free soldering process using lead-free components. Power dissipation
is the lowest among comparable products, easing concern on station batteries. Even the product weight
(including packaging) has been optimised to lessen the transit carbon footprint. All such actions boost the
eco-responsibility demonstrated in the Product Environment Profile (PEP). The product does not require any
resident battery.
The PEP shows claims for raw material depletion, energy depletion, water depletion, global warming
potential, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation, air acidification, and hazardous waste pollution.
Quality Buit-In
Quality Built-In methodology is applied throughout the development and manufacturing of the IEDs. Parts
stress analysis in R&D, rigorous component supplier selection, and a shipping carton compliant with ISTA
protection requirements are all examples of best-practice to maximise long-life reliability. All circuit boards
have harsh environmental coating, to resist moisture, salt, corrosive atmosphere and industrial ambient
pollution - as standard. Circuit board production uses in-circuit tests, boundary scanning, built-in self test,
automated optical inspection, and X-ray scanning to achieve maximum test coverage.
Figure 2 depicts the software scalability of models, within the overall superset of the range functionality.
The strong P40 family identity offers high customer familiarity, with minimal training requirements.
Cyber-security
The sophistication of protection schemes, coupled with the
advancements of technology, increasingly leads to devices and
substations being interconnected with open networks, such as the
internet or corporate-wide networks. This introduces a potential
security risk making the grid vulnerable to cyber-attack, which could
in turn lead to electrical outage. To secure communication within such
environments, MiCOM P14N, P14D and P94V offer NERC-compliant
cyber security.
Asset life extension

In addition to new-build, P40 Agile IEDs can be used to refurbish
legacy protection schemes. As MiCOM P14N and P14D are pin-to-pin
compatible with KCGG14x and KCEG14x respectively, they can simply
be plugged-in to the K relay cases for an easy upgrade. This draw-out
and substitute strategy dramatically reduces the refurbishment time
and cost.
Figure 2 P40 Agile application scalability
207
Hardware
All models offer: Figure 3
■■ Space-saving 4U height and Example P40 Agile standard hardware (P14D)
20TE (4”) or 30TE (6”) case sizes
■■ A front USB port and a rear
RS485 port
■■ Power-up diagnostics and
continuous self-monitoring
■■ 8 opto-isolated binary inputs,
and 8 output relays

■■ N/O (form A) and N/C (form
B) watchdog contacts
208
HARDWARE OVERVIEW
FUNCTIONS P14NB P14NZ P14DB P14DG P14DL P14DZ P14VB P14VP
Trip circuit supervision Option Option Option Option Option Option
Rear communications port RS485, Fibre optic, or Ethernet RS485 RS485
2nd Rear port hardware options RS485 RS485 RS485 RS485 RS485 RS485 RS485 RS485
IRIG-B hardware options Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option
Communication protocols IEC-103, IEC 61850, Modbus, Courier, DNP3, or DNP3 Ethernet IEC-103, Modbus,
Courier, or DNP3
Digital inputs min./max. hardware options 8/13 8/13 8/13 8/13 8/13 8/13 8 8
Output relays min./max. hardware options 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8 8
CT (AC Current inputs: 1 and 5A software selectable 3ph + N 3ph + N 3ph + N 3ph + N 3ph + N 3ph + N
100/120V VT (AC voltage inputs) 4 4 4 4 4 4
The numbers in the table denote the number of elements or stages available
Alstom Grid: Feeder device track record

CDG - Forerunner of feeder developments undertaken by Alstom in
Stafford since 1949
MCGG - World’s first mass-produced digital relay launched in 1984

and sold over 80,000 units.
KCGG/KCEG - First fully-numerical overcurrent relay launched in

1992 and sold over 100,000 units.
P14x MiCOM series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application,

with over 95,000 units delivered.
Addition of UCA2 protocol and Ethernet port in 2004
Addition of IEC 61850 protocol in 2004
P40 Agile tested in the ILAC-accredited automation product

laboratories in Stafford
MiCOM P40 Agile: | Novel | Draw-out | Versatile
209
210
P60 Agile
Feeder protection
P60 Agile enhances Alstom’s range of IEDs by
providing a ‘One Box solution’ for protection, control
and monitoring of electrical power systems.
Customer benefits
■■ Bay visibility: large HMI with configurable views
■■ One box solution: protection, control and measurements
■■ Integration into existing substation automation:
choice of communication protocols

■■ High performance (1.5 ms) IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE
■■ Low depth design for installation in switchgear LV
compartment
211
Compact | Multifunction | Versatile
P60 Agile One Box solutions
The P60 range is suitable as main or backup protection for a wide range of typical applications and
covers all common power system earthing arrangements such as solid, resistive, or resonant earthing
and isolated networks. The colour touch-screen HMI with provision for bay mimic display and integrated
control / interlocking functions maximises the application range of the P60 family. The fully programmable
nature of P60 Agile makes it an extremely versatile and cost effective solution for all switchgear applications
with varied protection requirements.
Alstom’s one box solution brings touch-screen technology into the

substation. Switchgear control and single-line diagram presentation is
achieved thanks to the full colour, graphical HMI.
The P16x series comprises the P161, P162 and P163 feeder
management IEDs. Each requires a shallow depth of only 90 mm
behind the panel, for ease of mounting within any switchgear cabinet.
High performance features include 1.5 ms GOOSE, graphical logic,
colour bargraph displays, and optional motor protection. IEC 61850,
Modbus, Profibus DP, CANBUS and IEC 60870-5-103 protocols are
available for full system integration.
Human machine interface

The P60 Agile has a state-of-the-art HMI with intuitive and easy
navigation across the full range of its features and functionality. The
membrane keypad hosts up to 6 configurable function keys and eight
programmable LEDs, in addition to a USB port for communication
with the PC-based configuration software.
The default HMI may be configured to display user preferences such
as the single line diagram or load flow parameters such as voltages or
currents instead of the Main Menu shown. The IED’s touchscreen along
with hotkeys facilitate quick and convenient access to the whole menu
system.
Up to four user-defined pages are available in the home menu, with
easy touch-screen navigation from one to the next.
Main menu screen
212
Switchgear control
The P60 Agile offers comprehensive switchgear control, aided by
the dynamic single-line-diagram display, ON/OFF switching via the
function keys and programmable bay and inter-bay interlocks. Up to
five (5) switchgear elements may be switched by the P60 Agile bay
control models. The single line diagram for the bay or a subset of the
substation, along with relevant data such as measurements or alarms,
may be generated by the user via the P60 configuration tool, aided by
Example single line diagram (SLD)
integrated graphical icons. Remote controls are facilitated by the relay’s
display
SCADA communication interfaces.
The provision of such powerful control capacity within the relay (the
“one box” concept) negates the need for external control, switches
and annunciation on the panel. Equipment cost and panel engineering
time is reduced. For ease of operability and security of the command,
dedicated open and close push buttons are provided on the P60 Agile
front panel.
Protection + Control + Measurement +

Recording = One-box solution
Applications functions. Sensitive earth fault

(SEF) applications are also
surge protection for islanding
applications, with the enhanced
Feeder protection covered by the P60 Agile with a security of supervision by load
All models of P60 Agile provide choice of CTs for the neutral input. current change. Three stages
full-featured overcurrent and of df/dt (rate of change of
earth fault protection, with six Core balance CTs may be
frequency) are also available
stages and a choice of definite- connected for maximum
in the P163, with the flexibility
time or IDMT characteristics, sensitivity, also the neutral
of configurable hysteresis
including reset curves. displacement voltage may be fed
and supervision by frequency
from a broken-delta VT where
thresholds and/or direction.
Applications involving directional available. The integral multi-
earth fault are covered by the shot autoreclosing function The P163 also features under/
P162, and the P163 provides supplements the application of over voltage and under/over
full directional control of phase feeder protection where transient frequency protection with
and earth fault elements in four faults on overhead lines are twelve (12) stages each and
independent stages. Harmonic expected. the possibility of assigning the
stabilisation for inrush, voltage measurement to any of the three-
Distributed generation
control and customisable phase VTs signals in the relay
protection
directional characteristic hardware on a per-stage basis,
The P163 relay features
boundaries all add to the thereby securing the applications
two-stage voltage vector
versatility of the feeder protection against the loss of a single VT input.
213
Dynamic grid support with customisable triggering
The P60 is designed with the logic, interlocking and bypass
need for availability of modern features for each control action
high voltage and medium (eg: opening, closing, earthing)
voltage networks in mind. In associated with the switchgear
the event of single or multiple element.
short circuits in medium or high
User-programmable alarm
voltage networks, immediate
conditions can trigger on-screen
mains decoupling of distributed Simplicity of logic programming
customised text alarms. Each text
generation may be allowed only provided by P60 Agile
field can be up to 40 characters,
under specific conditions defined
enabling alarms to be simple
by the operators.
and explicit for maintenance/
Rear communications
operational personnel.
The P60 Agile includes custom P60 Agile has 3 rear serial
functions for fault ride- Each alarm, and each entry in communications ports, operating
through with up to ten (10) the event record can be colour- at Baud rates up to 57.6 kbit/s.
permissible voltage dips and highlighted to correspond Port 1 is dedicated for MODBUS,
for reactive power direction with the urgency, or customer Port 2 for IEC 60870-5-103
protection, and has been KEMA classification desired. (optional) and Port 3 for Profibus
certified in accordance with DP (optional). IEC 61850 is
Four alternative settings groups
the requirements of the BDEW available, with single port point-
are provided, such that P60
utilities’ standard, Germany. point connection, and RSTP
Agile may adapt to switched or
redundant options. Accurate time
Functional Overview emergency feeding scenarios.
synchronisation can be achieved
Programmable Logic Control Front port setting and using IRIG-B or SNTP.
(PLC) interrogation
Fast IEC 61850 GOOSE
The P60 Agile relays feature The USB front port provided on
128 GOOSE inputs and 128
comprehensive programmable the P60 Agile relay is used for
GOOSE outputs are available,
logic, with logic gates, flip- the configuration of settings,
offering best-in-class GOOSE
flops, counters, timers and logic, and other downloadable
performance (typically 1.5 ms
timed switches. Users can data. An additional min-USB
response time, class P3).
customise the logic associated port is available at the side of
with protection functions via the the housing which provides the Overcurrent protection
PLC, combining outputs from same functionality as the front There are six stages of
the function block, binary input USB port. Alternatively, setting overcurrent protection provided
signals and and inter-device and interrogation may be made in the P60 Agile family, with
signals (IEC 61850 GOOSE) in from the menu system accessible a choice of definite time, IEC
the PLC. Up to 500 logic gates on the front HMI. Password Inverse or ANSI Inverse curves
can be programmed. protection is provided, with the for time-coordinated tripping.
touch-screen providing a virtual The overcurrent protection
Configuration of breaker or keypad display for fast entry of features also include reset curves,
switchgear element control the password. blocking inputs and harmonic
utilises similar logic capability, stabilisation to facilitate a variety
214
of protection schemes. The Protection functions are conveniently referenced according to their
function may be directionalised IEEE/ANSI function number.
in relay models with three-phase
voltage inputs. P60 AGILE PROTECTION FUNCTION OVERVIEW
Earth fault protection ANSI FUNCTION P161 P162 P163
The earth fault protection 51/51N IDMT overcurrent/earth fault protection * * *
functions in the P60 Agile
51SEF Sensitive earth fault * * *
include sensitive earth fault,
wattmetric earth fault, neutral 50/50N Definite time overcurrent/earth fault protection * * *
voltage displacement and 68 Inrush blocking * * *
neutral admittance protection in 50BF Breaker failure protection * * *
addition to the standard residual
67 Directional overcurrent protection *
current based protection. All the
functions have multiple stages 67N Directional earthfault protection * *
and permit flexible scheme Neutral admittance * *
configuration with instantaneous 59N Residual overvoltage * *
(start) and timed event outputs.
59 Overvoltage *
Voltage protection 27 Undervoltage *
The P163 provides
27T Fault ride-through (BDEW) *
comprehensive overvoltage and
undervoltage protection, with up 27Q Reactive power support (BDEW) *
to twelve stages and phase- 81O Overfrequency *

phase or phase-earth voltage 81U Underfrequency *
as the measurand. The voltage
78 Vector surge *
measurement for each stage
81R Rate of change of Frequency (df/dt) *
may be assigned to any of the
three VT inputs in the relay for 32 Power protection *
maximum flexibility. 79 Multishot autoreclose * * *
25 Check synchronising *
CTS CT supervision * * *
VTS VT supervision *
74 Trip circuit monitoring * * *
49 Thermal overload *
32N Wattmetric earth fault protection * * *
46 Negative sequence overcurrent * * *
51V Voltage dependent overcurrent * *
CLP Cold load pick-up * * *
46BC Broken conductor * * *
64R Restricted Earth Fault (REF) * * *
215
Platform Overview HMI
The P60 Agile is designed for Full colour touchscreen display *

reliability with four powerful Programmable hotkeys *
microprocessors and an integral 3 x status LEDs *
cross-monitoring feature. The
slim profile hardware (< 90 mm 8 x programmable LEDs *
depth) makes it easy to fit into USB port *
any switchgear compartment. Communication
The compact design together
MODBUS, RS 485/422 *
with the robust stainless steel
housing provides rigidity, a wide PROFIBUS DP, RS485 (O)
operating temperature range, IEC 60870-5-103, RS485 (O)
and maximum shock and bump
IEC 61850 station bus (O)
capability for even the most
demanding applications. The IEC 61850 station bus, RSTP (O)
redundancy
design pedigree draws from
utility, industry, marine and BINARY INPUTS / OUTPUTS
genset installed base experience. Digital inputs, wide range 19
■■ The innovative design of the Relay outputs 12
P60 allows functions to be ANALOGUE INPUTS
distributed between hardware
and software implementation. Phase current inputs, 3 x 1 ph *
For example, the eight freely- Measurement class current inputs, 3 (O)
programmable physical LEDs x 1 ph
can be supplemented with Earth current input, 1 x 1 ph (O)
virtual LEDs on the LCD screen. Sensitive current input, 1 x 1 ph (O)
■■ Terminal blocks on the rear of Feeder voltage input, 1 x 3 ph (M)
the device are typically pin-type
Busbar 1 voltage input, 1 x 3 ph (M)
and encapsulated, for safety of
personnel even when a cabinet Busbar 2 voltage input, 1 x 3 ph (M)
door is even open. Neutral displacement voltage input, (M)
1 x 1 ph
GENERAL
Setting groups 4
Event logging *
Alarm management *
Disturbance recording *
* Standard (O) Option (M) Model dependent
216
HARDWARE In addition to directly measured

analogues, power, (including
Dimension (H x W x D) 250 x 210 x 90 (mm)
power factor) and energy
Cut out 232 x 192 (mm) measurements are provided for
Auxiliary supply 24 V DC, 80-300 V DC or the P163. Energy measurement
85-230 V AC is accumulated in all four
Climatic conditions Operation -200C to + 700C quadrants: kWh, kVArh, import
and export. Frequency statistics
Maximum -400C to + 700C
track the present, maximum
Housing Front IP54 (IEC529) and minimum frequencies, in
Rear IP20 (IEC529) order to trend the stability of the
network frequency.
Measurements, recording, and Operation logs count the number
post fault analysis of operations of each switchgear
device. For 3-position devices,
Measurements the number of open and earthing
Analogue measurement values are clearly displayed on the HMI operations are accumulated
screen. A subset of principle values may be placed alongside the independently.
single line diagram, with the full suite of measurements accessible
within the menu. Real-time measurements are shown as accurate High accuracy metering
digital quantities, with a corresponding bar graph alongside. Each The P60 Agile platform offers
bar changes from green to orange and then red, annunciating normal measurement CT inputs
loading, overloading and excessive loading in a way that is clearly optionally, for applications where
visible by substation staff. Alternatively, voltage and current vector high accuracy metering is called
(polar) diagram displays may be consulted. for. The measurement CT inputs
are accurate to 0.2% for currents
up to 3 in, and are intended
for use in combination with an
external metering class CT.
P60 Agile: full

colour touch-screen
technology within
the substation
Vector display capability of P60 Agile
217
Records
The P60 Agile relay records up to
3000 sequence of events records
in a FIFO buffer. Time-tagging
is to a resolution of 1 ms.
Disturbance recording stores the
analogue waveforms and binary
signal data to allow in-depth
post-fault analysis. Typically ten
disturbance records are stored.
Alarm management
The P60 features include
extensive alarm management
capability, keeping in view its
role as the protection, control
and measurement device for
a bay. The HMI display has a
configurable Alarms page, which
is opened on occurance of any
alarm. Alarm names may be
configured by the user, along
with a software LED which helps
the user to recognise the alarm
status - whether it is active,
active and acknowledged or
inactive and not acknowledged.
The configuration tool allows
the user to derive alarms as a
combination of events available ALSTOM GRID: FEEDER DEVICE TRACK RECORD
in the relay data model; up to CDG - Forerunner of feeder developments undertaken by Alstom since 1949
449 alarms may be defined, and
MCGG - World’s first mass-produced digital relay
allocated to alarm groups for
efficiency. KCGG/KCEG - First fully-numerical overcurrent relay launched in 1992 and
sold over 20 000 units
P14x MiCOM series introduced in 1999. Worldwide application, with over
95 000 units delivered
P40 Agile launched in 2012
P60 Agile brings one-box protection and control to the range
218
Substation Automation Solutions | DAPserver ™
DAPserver TM
Digital Automation Platform

The DAPserver™ is a versatile and scalable multi-function
solution designed for electric power substations and
industrial power systems. It is a reliable and efficient system
that enables the integration of field devices, unification of
substation data, interfaces with enterprise applications and
secures delivery of substation information to utility users.
DAPserver™ also provides a truly open migration platform
for upgrading legacy RTU-based systems. It will keep the
user informed on what is happening – or not happening –
at every point on your network nodes and facilitate effective
decision making and quick action to keep the power system
operating smoothly.
Customer benefits
■■ Improves system availability and reliability
■■ Improves system security and risk management
■■ Enables effective decision making
■■ Consolidates substation data and information
■■ Provides role-based visualisation for technical and
management staff
■■ Complements SCADA host with detailed information
■■ Eliminates hardwired annunciator panels
■■ Reduces dependency on expensive mimic control panels
■■ Improves staff safety in substation work
■■ Reduces unnecessary travel to sites
■■ Enables condition-based maintenance and asset management
219
DAPserverTM – product features and functionality
The DAPserver™ provides:
■■ Power PC substation hardened hardware platforms:
■■ DAPmini™, DAP-100, DP-300
■■ Ruggedised substation hardware platforms:
■■ eg. DAP-AT (Advantech UNO)
■■ Embedded Linux Operating System
■■ Real-time and SQL database
■■ Fanless CPU and no rotational or moving machine parts
■■ A hardware watchdog and components for online diagnosis and self-restarting
■■ Built-in real-time database to support the distribution of data for multiple users through serial
and/or TCP/IP network

■■ Provides network security and manages network application services (i.e. SSH/SSL/TLS, IPsec, SFTP,
Firewall, and Routing functions)

■■ Comprehensive redundant architecture:
■■ Redundant server – failover switching between primary and backup server
■■ Redundant communication – failover switching between communication channels
■■ Redundant power supply – available on specific hardware platform
HMI Protocol Analyser

The DAPview embedded HMI provides users with The DAPstudio software utility provides a protocol
measurements, indications, alarm management, analyser feature in which communication between
trending, condition monitoring and control at remote devices and the server may be analysed. The
substation site or from a remote location using DAPserver™ protocol analyser provides a command
a Web browser. It also allows users to view and line interface through which messages can be sent
control other remote sites from a local site. to debug the communication channel. The protocol
analyser displays and interprets filtered messages
Programmable Logic Control
that contain timing and other relevant information.
The DAPlogic module provides soft logic
It also facilitates effective communication monitoring
programming application. It can perform
between devices.
programmable logic control in user-defined
automation application on a event-driven or periodic Device Library
basis. An optional software module for IEC 61131 is Device templates are full function definitions
also supported. including the communication protocol and point
mapping of IEDs. DAPStudio is delivered preloaded
with a set of commonly used device templates.
Users can create additional device templates or
modify existing ones.
220
How does DAPserverTM fit into utility operations?

1. Substation HMI (HMI)
Graphical User Interface, Single Line Diagram, Annunication
2. Substation Security Gateway (SSG)
Facilitates secure remote access to meet NERC CIP requirements
3. IEC 61850 Gateway (ICG)
Facilitates mapping of 61850 data objects to protocols such as DNP and IEC 60870-5-104
4. Substation Data Gateway
(SDG)/Substation Server (SS)
Multi-function server including including data concentration, IED integration, protocol conversion, serial to IP
conversion
5. DAPmini
A substation server which is custom-designed for upgrading legacy D20/D200-type RTUs.
221
The DAPserverTM product family How does the DAP

Software Applications
substation server
■■ DAPcore™ - IED integration and protocol conversion software fit into your utility’s
■■ DAPview™ - substation HMI software with remote access capability operation?
■■ DAPguard™ - cyber security software to secure remote access to
Retrofit Substation
legacy and new substation devices ■■ Legacy IED integration
■■ DAPgateway™ - IEC 61850 protocol conversion software for mapping
■■ Serial-to-IP conversion
IEC 61850 data objects to standard protocols
■■ Protocol conversion
Hardware Platforms ■■ Integrated HMI function

■■ DAPmini™ - plug-in module for D20 RTU upgrade
■■ Substation cyber security
■■ DAP-100 - rugged substation server
■■ DAP-300 - multiple processor system

New Substation
■■ Multi-vendor IED integration
The ASAT DAPserver™ product line is designed for electric power ■■ IEC 61850 IED integration
substation and industrial power systems. DAPserver™ has the ■■ User-friendly configuration tools
FLEXIBILITY to build a RELIABLE, SCALABLE and VERSATILE system to ■■ Substation HMI
meet your substation automation needs.
■■ Substation cyber security
Asset Management
■■ IED and sensor integration
■■ Secure connectivity from
substation devices to enterprise

applications
■■ Online condition monitoring
DAPmini ™ ■■ Turning data into actionable
information
Substation Cyber Security
■■ NERC CIP features
■■ Authentication- User credential
■■ Authorisation - Multi-level
DAP-100
access privileges
■■ Audit Trail - Security Event Log
■■ Secure tunnelling to IED
■■ Encrypted data communication
DAP-300
222
Substation Automation Solutions | Protection
MiCOM S1 Agile
Graphical, universal,
intuitive
MiCOM S1 Agile is the truly universal IED
engineering toolsuite. No-longer are separate tools
required for redundant Ethernet configuration,
phasor measurement unit commissioning, busbar
scheme operational dashboards, programmable
curve profiles or automatic disturbance record
extraction – all applications are embedded.
Customer benefits
■■ Configuration file creation and management, following the
substation topology
■■ Ethernet and IEC 61850 configuration, including SCL
import and export

■■ Programmable logic, menu text and IDMT curve profiles
■■ Settings conversion to the new MiCOM P40 Agile IEDs
■■ Event and disturbance record extraction and viewing
■■ Embedded product selector
■■ Full successor to MiCOM S1 Studio
■■ Zero or minimal training to move from S1 Studio to
S1 Agile
223
Redefining the engineering toolsuite for your IEDs
MiCOM S1 Agile is the next step enhancement from MiCOM S1 Studio, encompassing all of its functionality
plus new tools and features, to become the complete successor. It underlines Alstom’s R&D investment in
usability: assembling all tools in a palette for simple entry, with intuitive navigation via fewer mouse-clicks.
MiCOM S1 Agile supports all existing MiCOM ranges, K-Series and Modulex, including a utility for automatic
conversion of setting files from previous generations of numerical relays like K-series and MiCOM P20 to the
latest P40 Agile models.
MiCOM S1 Agile will automatically import your datamodels and configured systems/projects from Studio and
all files remain backward-compatible.
S1 Agile offers a fresh new look - functions and components are presented as “tiles” rather than menu items
for more intuitive use.
224
Environment The selector application is continually refreshed with

the latest releases, from the P40 Agile overcurrent/
Operating Systems: Windows XP, Vista or Windows 7 voltage and feeder devices to the latest digital
Languages: English, French, German, Spanish, substation-ready MiCOM Alstom P40 relays.
Russian, Chinese.
To get the selector stand-alone, navigate to
For more information on MiCOM S1 Agile: Protection Relays on the SAS homepage:
■■ Navigate to the homepage:
www.alstom.com/grid/sas
www.alstom.com/grid/ms1
■■ Register for the software:
www.alstom.com/grid/micomrequest
Embedded product selector

The product selector eases your choice of the right IED
for each application. In synergy with MiCOM S1 Agile,
the user answers a few questions to choose the latest
applicable full model number, which then allows the
configuration and setting workflow to continue.
225
226
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile H Switches
DS Agile H Series
Secure and reliable
Ethernet switches
The H series Ethernet switches use cutting-
edge redundancy protocols to offer superior
automation network availability and extremely fast
reconfiguration in the event of link failure.
Customer benefits
■■ Superior network availability
■■ Very fast network reconfiguration Bumpless with Dual
Homing Star and Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP).
■■ Easy to install and configure
■■ Monitoring capabilities
227
Substation Automation Solutions | DS Agile H Switches
Power transmission and distribution networks worldwide depend

on reliable and highly available protection and control systems.
KEY FEATURES
These systems in turn depend on reliable and highly available ■■ Cutting edge redundancy
communications networks for control, data collection, automation, protocols: PRP, Dual Homing
monitoring and much more. Star and Self Healing Ring
Alstom Grid’s H series Ethernet switches use a combination of ■■ Flexible connectivity:
advanced redundancy protocols and fibre-optic connections to Different port variants are
ensure the reliability, availability and dependability of substation available - copper or fibre
communications networks. All this while maintaining the flexibility of (single mode or multi mode)
being able to be connected to standard ethernet networks - ideal for with ST, SC or LC connectors
substation refurbishments or upgrades. ■■ Monitoring capabilities: Set
an alarm to monitor link
The H series switches use either the PRP, Dual Homing Star or Self
failure using either the inbuilt
Healing Ring protocols and are available in standalone, embedded
watchdog relay (contact) or
and PCI card (for integration into a PC) variants. As part of Alstom
via communications
Grid’s Digital Control Systems (DCS), the H series switches are fully
compatible with our protection relays, bay computers and gateways. ■■ Increased reliability:
Standalone switches have
redundant power supplies
■■ Ruggedised: The H series
switches are designed to work
in harsh environments such as
electrical substations
Architecture
DS Agile’s H series is a complete portfolio of ethernet switches for
all substation automation applications covering: standalone DIN-rail
switches, embedded switches in protection relays and bay computers
and PCI internal switches for gateways and substation PC’s.
Alstom Grid’s Ethernet network architectures reduce the cost of
ownership, as embedded switches in Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs) reduce the number of external switches required. This has
the advantage of reducing the overall power burden, reducing
the maintenance requirements, reducing the required number of
connections, improving communications availability and reducing
unwanted downtime.
228
SAS conclusions
The new era of intelligent Smart Grids requires more sophisticated substation
automation systems which allow energy operators to provide a secure,
dependable and cost effective power supply to meet increasing customer
demands for higher standards of power automation.
As a world leader in substation automation solutions, Alstom is at
the forefront of developing systems which help energy operators optimise
the design, operation and maintenance of digital substations to meet the
demands of an ever-changing environment, through realtime intelligent
digital networks.
This interoperable and IEC 61850-compliant solution allows operators
to achieve a high level of availability and enhanced reliability of substation
equipment. It also provides full integration with control room network
monitoring and Smart Grid applications, such as network stability, wide-area
protection plans and online condition monitoring.
Through advanced, expert data processing, Alstom’s DS Agile and DAPserver
digital substation solutions reduce cables, improve flexibility and increase
reliability by preventing failures.
The range continues to grow, with cybersecurity and substation situational
awareness at the heart of the technology
229
230
Online condition
monitoring
231
232
Online condition monitoring | MS 3000
Fact sheet – Online condition monitoring
MS 3000
Online condition
monitoring and expert
system
Transformers are critical to electrical power
systems. Their reliability and availability is the key
to profitable power generation and transmission
and continuous supervision is essential to evaluate
transformer performance and safe operating
conditions.
Customer benefits
■■ Decision-making support
■■ Cost-effective solution
■■ Customised solution based on standardised modules
■■ User-friendly interface
233
Take advantage of our experience Our commitment to your success gives you a high degree of flexibility
in transformer manufacturing. and reliability. While focussing on user-friendly operation, the MS
Decades of dedicated expert 3000 also provides maximal support to accurately assess your
knowledge has made us a world transformer - and our solution serves new and existing transformers
leader in power transformer of all makes.
monitoring systems.
A practical solution for real needs
The MS 3000 offers a complete solution as a one-stop concept:
■■ Data acquisition - fast and reliable
■■ Lifetime data management – high resolution when demanded;
compressed where reasonable

■■ Data analysis and condition diagnostics – reflecting a high level of
expert knowledge
■■ Interface – visible quality in your own language
■■ Information distribution – a communicative team-player with upper level
systems
State-of-the-art communication with

The MS 3000 is Alstom Grid’s
next generation of online IEC 61850 standard
condition monitoring systems. MS 3000 provides the most efficient solution for communications
As the successor of the globally with power automation systems using the new IEC 61850 standard.
recognised MS 2000 system, it This is a key factor, reducing overall configuration costs and achieving
combines practical experience improved inter-operability, flexibility and reliability in data exchange.
with innovative features and
high technological standards.
You get more with MS 3000:
■■ An expert system
■■ A DGA tool
■■ A report generator
■■ A simulator
■■ Sophisticated modelling
234
A comprehensive and smart solution

Our philosophy: a monitoring system should integrate all transformer main components with a
correlation of the analysed acquired data - even for several transformers at the same time.
Our expertise provides the basis Expert system Sophisticated

for reliable interpretation of single
or multi-transformer conditions. Algorithms for analysing the online modelling
acquired data are implemented in Thermal model
Our Expert System with its the software and reflect our
■■
diagnostic functions supports ■■ Aging model

extensive experience. This
and enables your engineers in ■■ Tap changer model
sophisticated tool highlights the
making the right decisions at capacities that a state-of-the-art ■■ Moisture model
the right time for the proper monitoring system should have. ■■ Bushing model
operation and maintenance of The Expert System software ■■ Overload model
your valuable equipment. The MS provides you with recommendations ■■ Cooling model
3000 saves you time, so that you and information concerning
can concentrate on other tasks transformer operation and service/
requiring more attention. maintenance.
235
A user-friendly solution
MS 3000 software
Our interactive, clearly structured interface is
user-friendly and easy to operate.
The straightforward messaging of alarms, warnings and
diagnostics proposes both a quick key data overview and
a deep look inside the transformer. The implemented web
server in the MS 3000 IED provides multilingual web pages
which can be accessed directly by ethernet, LAN or modem
connection without any proprietary software.
Various password protection levels give only specific users the
permission to access the data or to configure the system.
The visualisation software offers a user-friendly presentation of
online and historical data as well as numerous combinations of
graphs and zoom possibilities.
Using quick links, recommendations for preventive actions can be
obtained to optimise transformer operation or to initiate maintenance.
Report generator
The configurable report generator automatically creates user-friendly protocols with status information about the
transformer and its main components. This protocol can be generated on command or can be periodically created
and sent to a defined email address.
Simulator
The built-in simulator module allows the user to simulate external or transformer events and to study the
transformer’s behaviour as well as the monitoring system’s. The simulator can also be used for training site
personnel and engineers.
DGA-tool
Choose your preferred method to analyse the acquired dissolved gas data
according to MSS, Doernenburg, Rogers, extended Rogers,
IEC 60599, Duval or KeyGas methods. Also a risk classification, including
interaction recommendations, will be carried out according to IEEE
C57.104-1991. This tool allows you to enter and historically store your
transformer-related offline DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) data, including
Furfurol determination.
236
The modular and flexible solution for MS 3000 Standard kits:

measured and analysed quantities
new and existing transformers Active Part
Apparent power and load factor
We have the answer for the complete transformer application range:
Oil temperature
from power generation to transmission - compatible with all transformers
Hot-spot temperature
independent of the transformer manufacturer.
Gas-in-oil content
Standard kits Moisture-in-oil content

Moisture of paper
Along with the MS 3000 standard kit, a new concept has been launched. Bubbling temperature and safety margin
Depending on transformer design and monitoring comprehension, Aging rate and lifetime consumption
different modules can be adapted to a basic kit. This standardised solution
Breakdown voltage
covers your needs in an efficient, cost-optimised package.
Actual losses
Overload capacity
Main characteristics Emergency overloading time
Protection class* IP 54
Bushings
Operating temperature* -40°C - +55°C
Operating voltages
Power supply Wide range
Overvoltages
Signalisation Transformer condition display
Change of capacitance, online capacitance
Data visualisation Web Server on monitoring IED
Capacitive displacement currents
Monitoring module Without moving parts
Load currents
Sampling rate 20 ms
Over-and short-circuit currents
Data resolution 1 ms
Tap changer
Data storage Self-compressing historical data storage --> Lifetime storage for all
On-load tap changer position
connected transformers
Number of switching operations
Protocol* IEC 60870-5-101/104 / Modbus / DNP 3 / IEC 61850
Sum of switched load current
Architecture Flexible – different topologies possible
Power consumption of motor drive
Operating system State-of-the-art real-time operating system
Assessment of mechanical quality
* others on request
Contact wear
Tap changer oil temperature
Oil temperature difference OLTC-tank
Cooling System
Operating condition of fans and pumps
Operating time of fans and pumps
Cooling efficiency (Rth)
Ambient temperature
237
Additional features and measurements

■■ Fibre optic hot-spot measurements ■■ Oil level
■■ Partial discharge ■■ Humidity of air inside conservator
■■ Bushing power factor (tan delta) ■■ Air pressure
■■ Transformer power factor (cos phi) ■■ Cooling power
■■ Transformer efficiency ■■ Intake and outlet cooling equipment temperatures
■■ Bottom oil temperature ■■ Differences of intake and outlet temperatures
■■ Monitoring module temperature ■■ AVR
■■ Moisture of OLTC oil ■■ Control of cooling equipment
■■ Gas quantity and rate in Buchholz relay ■■ Digital status information, etc.
■■ Oil pressure and oil pressure differences ■■ Others on request
■■ Accelerations (tank wall, OLTC)
A tribute to quality
One of our key objectives in developing the next generation was to achieve the highest possible reliability
levels. To do this, we used the best available technology and components such as fanless IEDs (Intelligent
Electronic Devices) that operate with a redundant flash memory for life time data acquisition and storage, in
line with a proven bus technology for industrial applications.
The new MS 3000 provides a very reliable solution thanks to consistent project management and continuous
improvement. Multilingual documentation and interfaces are part of the constant quality process.
Type tested acc. to DIN/EN 55011, EN/IEC 61000, EN/IEC 60068,

EN/IEC 61010
■■ Electromagnetic disturbance tests
■■ Temperature and climate tests
■■ Electromagnetic immunity tests
■■ Safety tests
■■ KEMA IEC 61850 Certificate
238
Reference projects
239
Reference Project
With multiple reference

India
sites in different GETCO (India), Jambua AIS Substation
countries, Alstom Grid 245 kV COSI-CT based on optical sensor technology
has been involved in (Faraday effect), connected to the merging unit
the development of the and interfaced digitally with Alstom Grid distance
various components of protection by IEC 61850-9-2 process bus.
the digital substation
for many years. We
have gained precious
experience in our IEC
61850 pilot projects
that puts us in a strong
position to meet the
demands of utilities
for instantaneous
operability and
backward compatibility
of multi-vendor
equipment.
240
Reference Projects
Reference Project

FRANCE
sites in different RTE (France), Saumade - 245 kV GIS
countries, Alstom Grid substation with hybrid sensors, MU
has been involved in and distance protection
the development of the DIT based on Rogowski coils and capacitors,
various components of connected to the merging unit and interfacing
the digital substation digitally with distance protection relays provided by
for many years. We Alstom Grid and a third party.
for instantaneous
operability and
of multi-vendor
equipment.
241
Reference Project

RUSSia
sites in different
Federal Grid Company of Unified
countries, Alstom Grid Energy System (Russia), Nadezhda
has been involved in - 110 kV double-bus and 220 kV
the development of the breaker and a half substation
various components of Supply of process bus protection relays and bay
the digital substation controllers, digital control systems, CCS panels,
for many years. We merging units and engineering.
for instantaneous
operability and
of multi-vendor
equipment.
242
Reference Projects
Reference Project
The cables are over

20km in length, and the
DENMARK
operational demands are Energinet, Denmark – Digital Current
such that autoreclosing Measurement and Protection
is required for faults on One current application is on Energinet’s
the overhead lines, but transmission system, in a differential protection
not for faults within application. The protected circuits are hybrid lines,
the underground cable consisting of 400kV lines, and cabled portions laid
sections. The differential sub-sea.
protection is thus used
for fast and precise
detection of faults
within the cables. The
undersea cables run
from stations on the
Jutland mainland, on to
Funen island and then
onwards to Zealand.
The equipment supply

includes 72 optical CT
units, 24 merging units
and 24 line differential instrument transformers was due to their low
relays which subscribe mass and slimline construction. In the Energinet
to the sampled values in substations, the optical CTs are mounted on the same
a process bus protection support structures as the cable bushings themselves.
scheme. The principal A single structure and foundation per phase carries
reason for selecting to the larger mass of the cable, plus the optical CT
use non-conventional support on a cantilever frame.
243
Grid-Sector-L4-DS_Sales_Handbook-2910-2013_05-EN © ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given
or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is
subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
www.alstom.com
Tel: +44 (0) 1785 250 070
ALSTOM Grid Worldwide Contact Centre
www.alstom.com/grid/contactcentre

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AGILE DIGITAL

Overview of digital substation COSI-CT F3........................................... 105

After more than 15 years of advanced research and

Fibre optic link

D DS Agile switches E DS Agile A300 F Remote access and

I DS Agile Operator Interface (OI)

J DS Agile A400 WACU / SACU

K MiCOM protection and other

Optimise your operational costs

■■ Optimise maintenance, repair and retrofit of equipment with minimal outages

Complete and adaptable solutions

according to how critical your asset and substation is to the network.

Alstom Grid’s digital

Optimised operation of assets

Reduced maintenance costs

■■ reduced real-estate needs

■■ copper cabling is cut by up to 80% through the use of optical fibre

allowing for reduced operational costs

Easier renovation and extension of

Standardisation and interoperability

Improved communication capabilities

IEC 61850: the key

The protection and control level

The primary equipment process level

Figure 1 Generic overview of a digital substation

The architecture of Alstom

Phasor data Wide area control

1. The process level

2. The protection and control level

Key components are: the protection relays, bay controllers,

3. The station control area

Digital instrument transformers

Alstom Grid COSI (COmpact Sensor Intelligence) solutions:

COSI-CT-F3 COSI-RECT COSI-CEVT

The facts Customer benefits

real-time optical measurement. coupled with protection

multi-layer printed circuit board. Four quadrants of the ferroresonance or

level voltage measurement, which can be accurately ■■ Outstanding seismic

Digital protection relays

Device Principal Application

■■ Accurate measurement capabilities – as accurate as the incoming -9-2 data itself

■■ Station bus communication redundancy available:

Control and Monitoring

Substation/grid control room

oscillations and anticipate incidents. outages and repair

operator control rooms, allowing a real-time data exchange maintenance costs

C264 bay controller DS Agile switches

Online condition monitoring

Device Principal applications

Expertise and consulting services

Digital retrofitting of substations

“I am not sure Regarding reliability and system architecture:

“What about Electronic components obsolescence is a point of interest for

components?” Solutions are designed incorporating the necessary ‘functional

“What are the In 2013, Alstom has installed a base of:

references?” or ■■ Protection : over 400 000 digital relays

■■ Monitoring : more than 1300 GIS bays

A quick visual guide to answering questions and

Permanent health + User-friendly HMI Functional Numerous references,

Easy to implement Alstom provides training Functional sustainability

■■ Fully eco-designed products

■■ First class spring-mechanisms

■■ Connectivity for Smart Grids with integration of automation and

Monitoring and control