Trigonometry

Radian and Degree Measure

The angle demonstrated is in standard position with its vertex at the

origin, its initial side on the positive x-axis, and its terminal side in the
plane. Because the angle is formed by the rotation of the terminal
side about the vertex, it is called an angle of rotation. The measure of
an angle is determined by the amount of rotation from the initial side
to the terminal side

Find the quadrant in which the terminal side of each angle appears.

a. 330° ______________________
1
b. 6
of a complete rotation ______________________

One radian is the measure of a central angle 𝜃 whose sides intercept an arc the same length as the
radius.

The radian measure of a central angle 𝜽 is the ratio where s is the length of the arc intercepted by
the angle and r is the radius.
𝒔
𝜽=
𝒓

𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝟏𝟖𝟎 ° 𝝅
𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = ( ) 𝟏° = ( ) 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎

Convert to radian measure: Convert to degree measure:

a. 45° ____________ 3𝜋
a. 2
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 _________
b. 210° ____________ b. 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 _________

In a given central angle, we get the arc length of the intercepted arc by multiplying by r given the
measure of the central angle.

𝒔 = 𝜽𝒓

Find the arc length (express to the nearest tenth) of the given central angle and radius.

𝜃 = 40° r = 3960 mi s = _________________

Angles of Rotation

Counterclockwise rotation; angle measure is positive

Clockwise rotation; angle measure is negative

Determine the quadrant in which the terminal side of each angle lies.

a. 600° ___________ c. 4.2𝜋 ___________

b. - 35° ___________ 1
d. - 3
𝜋 __________

Angles of rotation in standard position with coinciding terminal sides are coterminal.

Find a coterminal angle measuring between 0° and 360°.

a. - 234° ___________ b. 2351 ___________

Trigonometric Functions

In the diagram, 𝜃 is the measure of an angle in standard position. Let

P(x, y) be a point (not on the origin) on the terminal side of the angle.
Draw a perpendicular from P to the x-axis creating a reference triangle
with hypotenuse r = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 . Then x, y, and r can be used to define
the six ratios called the trigonometric functions.

𝑦 𝑟
sine (sin 𝜃) = cosecant (csc 𝜃) =
𝑟 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
cosine (cos 𝜃) = secant (sec 𝜃) =
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tangent (tan 𝜃) = cotangent (cot 𝜃) =
𝑥 𝑟

𝑦 𝑟 𝟏
Since (sin 𝜃) ⋅ (csc 𝜃) = 𝑟
⋅ 𝑦
= 1, the sine and cosecant are called reciprocal functions. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽

Similarly, the cosine and secant, and the tangent and cotangent are reciprocal functions.

𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽

Determine six trigonometric functions for the angle 𝜃 with the given point (3, 4) on its terminal side.

x = _____ y = _____ r = ______

sin 𝜃 = ______ cos 𝜃 = ______ tan 𝜃 = ______

csc 𝜃 = ______ sec 𝜃 = ______ cot 𝜃 = ______

An angle whose terminal side falls on an axis is a quadrantal angle.

When you know the lengths of the sides of a reference triangle, you can use these alternative definitions.

Trigonometric Ratios

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

cos 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

Evaluate the function. You can use your calculator.

5𝜋 c. cos 75° __________
a. sin 4
___________
b. tan 3.672 __________ d. cos 105° __________
Right Triangle Trigonometry

In a right triangle ABC where side AB is the hypotenuse and the right angle is ∠ACB. Given that side AB = 3
and side BC = 3, determine the following:

a. sin A ___________ c. ∠A (nearest tenth) ___________

b. Side AC ___________ d. ∠B (nearest tenth) ___________
Angles of elevation and depression are measured from the horizontal. From a plane, the angle of
depression of an airport control tower is 21.9°. The angle of elevation of the plane from the airport is
∠PAG. The straight-line distance from the plane to the tower is 8.6 mi. Fin d the height of the plane.

Oblique Triangle Trigonometry

Trigonometry can be applied to oblique triangles, triangles that do not contain right angles.

Triangle Area Using Sines

The area of any triangle equals one-half the product of any two sides times the sine of the included angle.
B

c a

A C
b
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑲= 𝒃𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝑲= 𝒂𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝑲= 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

The Law of Sines

Let ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle with sides measuring a, b, and c opposite the vertices A, B, C, respectively. Then

sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠A = 40°, ∠B = 60°, and b = 100°.

a. Solve the triangle

a = __________ b. Determine the area of the triangle.
c = __________ Area = _________
∠C = ________

The Law of Cosines

Let ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle with sides measuring a, b, and c opposite the vertices A, B, and C, respectively,
then

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 ⋅ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨

𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 ⋅ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑪

The law of cosines can be used to find the measure of unknown angles in a triangle.

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, a = 6, b = 7, and c = 8. Determine the measures of the angles of the triangle.

a. ∠A = ________ b. ∠B = ________ c. ∠ C = ________

Triangle Area Using Heron’s Formula
𝟏
𝑨 = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄), where 𝒔 = 𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)

One of the principal tasks of surveyors is determining areas of plots of land. Having laid out baseline AB =
114.6 m, a surveyor, measured the angle of point C from A and B at 49.7° and 56.1°, respectively.
Determine̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , and the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.

a. AC = __________ b. BC = __________ c. Area = __________

Trigonometric Identities and Equations

The Reciprocal Identities

1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 csc 𝜃 = 1
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = 1
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 1
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃

The Ratio Identities

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

The Cofunction Identities

sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝜃) cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 (90° − 𝜃)

tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 (90° − 𝜃) cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 (90° − 𝜃)

csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 (90° − 𝜃) sec 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 (90° − 𝜃)

The Pythagorean Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

The Negative Angle Identities

sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 csc(−𝜃) = − csc 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃

Simplify using the fundamental identities Prove each identity

a. cos (90° − 𝛽) cot 𝛽 _____ a. sin2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 1 _____

b. (1 + sin 𝜃)(1 − sin 𝜃) _____ b. sec 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 tan 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 _____
c. tan(−𝛼) cos(−𝛼) _____
 Probability

The probability of an event P(E) is the ratio of the number of outcomes in the event, n(E), to the number
of outcomes in the event, n(E), to the number of outcomes in the sample space, n(S).

𝒏(𝑬) ← 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑷(𝑬) =
𝒏(𝑺) ← 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

Probability is a number from 0 through 1 inclusive that expresses the likelihood that an event can occur.
In a finite sample space,

𝑃(𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦) = 0 𝑃(𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦) = 1

Complementary events have probabilities whose sum is 1.

𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐸) = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐸) = 1 – 𝑃(𝐸)

The likelihood that an event will occur is sometimes expressed as odds. Odds is a ratio obtained from the
probability the event will occur to the probability the event will not occur.

Six children from a Cub Scout den are to be arranged in a line to form a color guard that carries the
Philippine flag to the pack meeting. Each of the 6 hopes to be one to carry the flag.

a. What is the probability that Andy, one of the 6, will carry the flag?
b. What is the probability that Andy will not carry the flag?
c. What are the odds that Andy will not carry the flag?

The intersection of sets A and B, symbolized 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩, contains the elements that belong to both sets.

𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩) =
𝒏(𝑺)

The union of the sets A and B, symbolized 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩, contains the elements that belong to either set or both
sets.

𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) =
𝒏(𝑺)

Probability with multiple events is called a compound probability.

Compound Probability

For two events A and B in a sample space

𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) – 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

In a class of 20 crafters, there are 6 woodworkers and 4 ceramicists. The instructor must select
participants for an exhibition.

a. If 3 crafters are to be chosen from the class at random, what is the probability that 2 woodworkers
and 1 ceramicist will be chosen?

Sanji, one of the woodworkers, is also a ceramicist, and Lou and Anna, two of the ceramicists, are also
woodworkers. If one crafter is chosen from the class at random, what is the probability that the crafter wil
be,

b. A woodworker and a ceramicist c. A woodworker or a ceramicist

Events that cannot occur together are called mutually exclusive. (Intersection is 0)

Mutually Exclusive Events

For two events A and B that are mutually exclusive

𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 + 𝑩)

I one roll of a dice, what is the probability of getting an even number or the number 5?

When the first event has no effect on the probability of occurrence of the second event, the two are called
independent events.

Independent Events

A and B are independent events if and only if

𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) ⋅ 𝑷(𝑩)

When the first of two events does have an effect on the second, the two are called dependent events.

Dependent Events

If A and B are dependent events, then the probability of both occurring is

𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) ⋅ 𝑷(𝑩 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑨)

a. Julia draws a single card at random from a standard deck, and then draws a second card. She
identifies the card, returns it to the deck, and then draws a second card. What is the probability
that both cards are red?
b. Suppose, after drawing the first card, Julia does not return the card to the deck, and then draws a
second card. What is the probability that both cards are red?

Conditional Probability

The probability of an event B given event A equals the probability of event A and event B divided by the
probability of event A

𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩)
𝑷(𝑩|𝑨) =
𝑷(𝑨)

70% of your friends like Chocolate, and 35%like Chocolate and like Strawberry. What percent of those who
like Chocolate also like Strawberry? _________
 Calculus

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of the relation is the set of first coordinates of the ordered
pairs. The range of the relation is the set of second coordinates of the ordered pairs. A function is a
relation in which each element in the domain is paired with one and only one element in the range.

The composite of function denoted by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) is defined by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

Find and simplify (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) __________ Find and simplify (𝑓 ∘ 𝑝)(𝑥) __________

The Calculus is invented in the decades before 1700 independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz, described by John von Neumann as “the first achievement of modern mathematics, and the
greatest technical advance in exact thinking”.

Calculus is Mathematics of change, and the primary tool for studying change is called Differentiation.

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the following can be used for the independent and dependent variables then the various
notations for the derivative must be adjusted accordingly.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑦′ [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The derivatives of power functions obey a simple rule about exponents:

𝒅 𝒄
(𝒙 ) = 𝒄𝒙𝒄−𝟏
𝒅𝒙

Differentiate the following:

1. 𝑦 = −4 1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4
3
2. 𝑦 = √2 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 + 7
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 7

The antiderivative of f(x) is denoted F(x) and it is the function whose derivative is f(x), that function
𝑑(𝐹(𝑥)
satisfies 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥). The antiderivative is:

1
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛+1

What are the antiderivatives of the following?

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 9
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 9 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 8

Limits: the value that an expression inexorably approaches, possibly from below, possibly from above,
possibly oscillating around it, tending always closer but possibly never actually reaching it.

What are the limits of the following?

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8; 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 5 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6; 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 8

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 9; 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 6 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 + 4; 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7; 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2