6-Beam-Column Members PDF

Beam-Column Members
Chapter H, Chapter C
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
Beam-Column in Steel Frame Buildings
1
Bending and Axial Force
• Most common structural members are subjected to a combination of bending and
axial force.
– EXAMPLE: Columns as a part of steel buildings frame

» Impossible center loads exactly on columns
» Initially crooked
» Wind/ Earthquake
• Difference between tension and flexure and compression flexure are:

Moment in tension members are not as serious as those in compression members:
– Tension tends to reduce lateral deflection while compression increase them

– Increased lateral deflections in turn result in larger moments, while cause larger lateral
deflection and so on.
Member Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension

• Section H1, AISC Specification:
– The interaction equation are given for symmetric shapes subjected simultaneously to
bending and axial tensile forces.
2
Member Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension
Pr
• For ≥ 0.2,
Pc
Pr 8 Mrx M
+ ( + ry ) ≤ 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1a)
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pr
• For < 0.2,
Pc
Pr M Mry
+ ( rx + ) ≤ 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
2Pc Mcx Mcy
– Pr = required axial tensile strength, Pu

– Pc = design axial tensile strength, ΦPn
– Mr= required flexural strength, Mu
– Mc= design flexural strength, ΦbMn
• Example 1 :
• A 50 ksi W12x40 tension member with no holes is subjected to the axial loads PD
=25 K and PL=30 k, as well as the bending moments MDy= 10 ft-k and MLy = 25 ft-k.
Is the member satisfactory if Lb < Lp?
– Use W12 x40 (A=11.7 in2)

– Pr = Pu = (1.2)(25 K) + (1.6)(30K) = 78 K
– Mry = Muy = (1.2)(10 ft-k) + (1.6)(25 ft-k) = 52 ft-k
– Tension members no holes: Pc= Φ Pn = Φt Fy Ag = (0.9)(50 ksi)(11.7 in2)=526.5 K

– Assume Zone 1, Lb < Lp : Mcy= Φb Mpy = 63.0 ft-k (AISC Table 3-4)
– Pr /Pc=78k / 526.5K = 0.148 < 0.2
– Must use AISC Eq.H1-1b

Pr M Mry
+ ( rx + ) ≤ 1.0
2Pc Mcx Mcy
78 52
+ ( 0 + ) = 0.899 ≤ 1.0 OK
2(562.5) 63
3
• Example 2 :
• A 50 ksi W10x30 tension member with no holes, consisting of 50 ksi steel and with
Lb= 12.0 ft, is subjected to the axial service loads PD =30 K and PL=50 k, as well as
the service moments MDx= 20 ft-k and MLx = 40 ft-k. If Cb=1, is the member
satisfactory?
– Use W10 x30 (A=8.84 in2 , ΦbMpx =137ft-k, Lp= 4.84 ft, Lr = 16.1 ft, BF = 4.61).
– Pr = Pu = (1.2)(30 K) + (1.6)(50K) = 116 K
– Mrx = Mux = (1.2)(20 ft-k) + (1.6)(40 ft-k) = 88 ft-k
– Tension members no holes: Pc= Φ Pn = Φt Fy Ag = (0.9)(50 ksi)(8.84 in2)=397.8 K

– Zone 2, Lp < Lb < Lr : ΦbMnx = Cb [ΦbMpx – BF (Lb-Lp) ] < ΦbMpx =
1.0 [137 - 4.61(12-4.84) ] =104.0 ft-k
– Pr /Pc=116k / 397.8K =0.292 > 0.2
– Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx M
+ ( + ry ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
116 8 88
+ ( + 0 ) = 1.044 > 1.0 NG
397.8 9 104.0
• Example 3 :
• A 12-ft W12x96 (50 ksi) is used as a beam-column in a braced frame. It is bent in single curvature with equal
and opposite end moments. Is the member satisfactory if PD =175 K and PL=300 k (compression), and MDx=
60 ft-k and MLx = 60 ft-k. Do not consider moment amplification.
– Use W12 x96 (A=28.2 in2)
Factored load:
– Pn = Pu = (1.2)(175 K) + (1.6)(300K) = 690 K
– Mnx = Mux = (1.2)(60 ft-k) + (1.6)(60 ft-k) = 168 ft-k
Axial Strength : Pc= Φ Pn = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9(50)(28.2)= 1269 k

• For a braced frame, let K= 1.0
– (KL)x= (KL)y=(1.0)(12)=12 ft
• AISC Table 4-1 → Pc= Φ Pn = 1080 K
Beam Strength (Table 3-2: ΦbMpx =551ft-k, Lp=10.9 ft, Lr=46.7 ft, ΦbBF = 5.78 Or table 3-
10):
• Since Lb =12, Lp < Lb < Lr → 10.9 <12< 46.6 → Zone 2
• ΦbMnx = Cb [ΦbMpx – BF (Lb-Lp) ] < ΦbMpx = 1.0 [551 – 5.78(12-10.9) ] =544.6 ft-k
• Pr /Pc=690k / 1080K =0.639 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a

• Section is satisfactory
Pr 8 M Mry 690 8 178.8
+ ( rx + ) ≤ 1.0 ⇒ + ( + 0 ) = 0.931 < 1.0 Ok
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 1080 9 544.6
4
First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members
Subjected to Axial Compression and Bending
• When a beam column is subjected to moment along its unbraced length, it will be displaced
laterally in the plane of bending
– The result will be an increase or secondary moment equal to the axial compression load
times the lateral displacement or eccentricity ⇒ M(Secondary) = P. ∆ (δ)
Column that is braced against sideway Column in unbraced frame
P- δ moments: P- ∆ moments:
secondary moments due secondary moments due
to member deflections to frame deflections
First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members

Subjected to Axial Compression and Bending
– Column that is braced against sideway:

Pnt is the axial compression force determined by a first-order
Mnt is the first-order moment , assuming no lateral translation of the frame
Pnt δ is a second-order moment
Mr is the required moment strength of the member.
Mr = Mnt + Pnt δ
– Column in unbraced frame:

• If a frame is subjected to sideway where the ends of the column can move
laterally with respect to each other.
Pnt is the axial compression force determined by a first-order

Mlt is the first-order moment , due to lateral loads
Pnt ∆ is a second-order moment, due to sideway
Mr is the required moment strength of the member
Mr = Mlt + Pnt ∆
Pnt δ or Pnt∆ cause additional lateral deflection, which will in turn cause
a larger column moment, which will cause a larger lateral
deflection and so on until equilibrium is reached.
5
Mr?
• The required total flexural strength of a member must at least equal the sum
of the first-order and second-order moments.
– Several methods are available for determining this required strength:
• Complex nonlinear analysis
• Computer software like ANSYS, ABAQUS, OPENSEES, DRAN2D
• Second-order analysis
– Amplifying the first-order elastic analysis
• Three methods are presented in the AISC Specification.
• Direct analysis method (DM) Chapter C

• Effective length method (ELM) Appendix 7
• First-order Analysis method Appendix 7
Direct Analysis Method (DM)

• This method applicable to all types of structure
• Does not distinguish between building structural systems (braced frames, moment frames, shear walls)
• There is no need to calculate the effective length factor, K (K=1).
• Second-order analysis (C2.1(2), page 16-21)

• Approximation technique of utilizing an amplified first-order analysis using
magnification factors, B1 and B2, that is specified in Appendix 8.
• Stiffness reduction (C2.3, page 16-24)

• The DM uses a reduced flexural and axial stiffness to account for the influence of
inelasticity and uncertainty in strength and stiffness on second-order effects.
– EA* ⇒ 0.8EA
– EI* ⇒ 0.8ττb EI
» τb = 1.0 → when: α Pr /Py ≤ o.5
» τb = 4(α Pr /Py ) [1- (α Pr /Py )] → when: α Pr /Py > o.5
Where α =1 (LRFD)
Pr= required axial compressive strength, kips
Py= axial yield strength, kips
6
Direct Analysis Method (DM)
• Notional Loads (C2.2b-AISC Specification):
– Notional load is to be applied as a lateral loads to a model of the structure to account for geometric
imperfection (initial out-of-plumbness of columns)
» Ni= 0.002αYi
» Ni =Notional load applied at level i (kips)

» α =1 (LRFD)
» Yi =gravity load applied at level i from load combinations
– The notional load shall be additive to other lateral loads and shall be applied in all load combinations.
Effective Length Method (ELM)

• This method is applicable where the ratio of maximum second-order drift to maximum
first-order drift in all stories is equal to or less than 1.5
∆Second-order
– B2 = ≤ 1.5
∆First-order
• Second-order analysis: (C2.1(2), page 16-21)

– Approximation technique of utilizing an amplified first-order analysis using
magnification factors, B1 and B2, that is specified in Appendix 8.
• There is no need for applying stiffness reduction
• Notional loads need only be applied in gravity-load cases
• The K factor must be determined from the alignment charts

• It is permitted to use a K=1 in the design of all braced system if
∆Second-order
– B2 = ≤ 1.1
∆First-order
7
Approximate Second-Order Analysis
• Calculate the internal load effects that accounts for both P-δ and P-∆ effects:
– P-δ effects: the effects of loads acting on the deflected shape of a member between joints
– P-∆ effects: the effects of loads acting on the displaced location of joints in a structure
• We make two first-order elastic analyses:
– First analysis where the frame is assumed to be braced (can not sway) , Mnt.
• Multiple by a magnification factor B1 to account for the P-δ effect
– Second analysis, allowing the frame to sway, Mlt .

• Multiple by a magnification factor B2 to account for the P- ∆ effect
Mr = B1 Mnt+ B2 Mlt (AISC Equation A-8-1, page16.1-237)
Pr = Pnt+ B2 Plt (AISC Equation A-8-2, page16.1-237)
Approximate Second-Order Analysis

• The required second-order flexure strength, Mr, and axial strength, Pr, of all
members shall be determined as follows:
Mr = B1 Mnt+ B2 Mlt (AISC Equation A-8-1, page16.1-237)
Pr = Pnt+ B2 Plt (AISC Equation A-8-2, page16.1-237)
• B1 accounts for P-δ effects over the member length

• B2 accounts for P-∆ effects over the height of structures
• Mlt= first-order moment due to lateral translation of the structure only

• Mnt= first-order moment with the structure restrained against lateral translation
• Mr= required second-order flexural strength
• Plt= first-order axial force due to lateral translation of the structure only
• Pnt= first-order axial force with the structure restrained against lateral translation
• Pr= required second-order axial strength
8
Multiplier B1 for P-δ Effects (braced or unbraced frame)
CM
B1 = ≥1
1- α pr/pe1
• α = 1 (LRFD)
• Cm= Coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame determined as follows:
– For beam-columns not subjected to transverse loading
• Cm= 0.6 -0.4(M1/M2)
– M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller moment to the larger moment at the ends of the unbraced
length in the plane of bending
– The ratio is negative if the moments cause the member to bend in single curvature and
positive if they bend the members in reverse curvature
– For beam-columns subjected to transverse loading: Cm= 1 or Table C-A-8.1 (16.1-525)
Multiplier B1 for P-δ Effects (in braced or unbraced frame)

Table C-A-8.1 (16.1-525)
CM
B1 = ≥1
1- α pr/pe1
• Pr is the required axial strength of the member

• Pe1 is the member Euler buckling strength
calculated on the basis of zero sideways
π2 EI
Pe1 =
(K1L)2
K is the effective length factor in the plane of bending ,
determined based on the assumption of no lateral
translation, set equal to 1, unless analysis justifies a
smaller value.
EI is 0.8ττb EI direct analysis is used or EI when the

effective method is used
9
Example Modification or Cm factors (Cm= 0.6 -0.4(M1/M2))
Multiplier B2 for P- ∆ Effects (unbraced frame)

1
B2 = ≥1
1- α pstory /pe story
• α=1
• Pstory= total vertical load supported by the story
• Pe story= elastic critical buckling strength for the story in the direction of translation,
determined by sideways bucking analysis
– Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H)

• RM =1- 0.15 (Pmf / Pstory)
– Pmf = total vertical load in columns in the story that are part of moment frame (0 for braced
frame system)
• L= height of story
• ∆H = first-order interstory drift due to lateral loads computed using stiffness required for the
analysis method used
• H= story shear produced by the lateral loads used to compute ∆H
10
Beam-Column in Braced Frames (B2 =0)
The same interaction equations are used as tensile situation
Pr
• For ≥ 0.2,
Pc
Pr 8 Mrx M
+ ( + ry ) ≤ 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1a)
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pr
• For < 0.2,
Pc
Pr M Mry
+ ( rx + ) ≤ 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
2Pc Mcx Mcy
– Pr = required axial compressive strength, Pu

– Pc = design axial compressive strength, ΦPn
– Mr= required flexural strength, Mu
– Mc= design flexural strength, ΦbMn
• Example 3 : (ELM)
• A 12-ft W12x96 (50 ksi) is used as a beam-column in a braced frame. It is bent in single
curvature with equal and opposite end moments and is not subjected to intermediate transverse
loads. Is the member satisfactory if PD =175 K and PL=300 k, and first-order MDx= 60 ft-k and
MLx = 60 ft-k.
– Use W12 x96 (A=28.2 in2, Ix = 833 in4, ΦbMpx =551ft-k, Lp= 10.9 ft, Lr = 46.7 ft, BF = 5.78).
– Pnt = Pu = (1.2)(175 K) + (1.6)(300K) = 690 K
– Mntx = Mux = (1.2)(60 ft-k) + (1.6)(60 ft-k) = 168 ft-k
– Multiplier B2 for P- ∆ Effects

• Pr= Pnt + B2 Plt =690 +0 =690 K (B2 is not required, since braced frame)
– Multiplier B1 for P-δ

δ Effects
• CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-168/168)= 1
π2 EIx
• Pe1x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(833)]/(1x12x12) 2= 11498 k
(K1Lx)2
CM
• B1x = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(690)/(11498)) ]= 1.064
1- α pr/pe1
• Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.064)(168)= 178.8 ft –k
11
Column Strength:
• For a braced frame, let K= 1.0
– (KL)x= (KL)y=(1.0)(12)=12 ft
• Pc= Φ Pn = 1080 K (AISC Table 4-1)
Beam Effect:
Pr 8 Mrx Mry
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
690 8 178.8
+ ( + 0 ) = 0.931 < 1.0 Ok
1080 9 544.6
Revised Form of the AISC Equation H1-1a/b

• AISC, page 6-3/4 for W-shapes with Fy= 50 ksi provide appropriate interaction equations:
– When pPr ≥ 0.2:
• pPr + bxMrx + byMry ≤ 1.0
– When pPr < 0.2:
• ½ pPr + 9/8 (bxMrx + by Mry) ≤ 1.0
– Values p, bx,by are presented in Table 6-1 and they are defined in page 6-3
» P is based on the larger of (KL)y and equivalent (KL)y= (KL)x/(rx/ry)

» bx is based on the unbraced length Lb
» A single value of by applies for any W shape member because unbrace length is not a
factor in weak-axis bending
12
• Example 4 : (Repeat Example 3, using Table 6-1)) (ELM)
MLx = 60 ft-k.
– Pnt = Pu = (1.2)(175 K) + (1.6)(300K) = 690 K

• Pr= Pnt + B2 Plt =690 +0 =690 K (braced frame)

δ Effects
• CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-168/168)= 1
π2 EIx
• Pe1x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(833)]/(1x12x12) 2= 11498 k
(K1Lx)2
Or Table 4-1, page 4-19: for W12x96: Pex (KL)2/104 = 23800
KL= 12 ft → Pex = (23800)(104) / (1.0x12x12) 2 = 11478 k
CM
• B1x = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(690)/(11498)) ]= 1.064
1- α pr/pe1
• Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.064)(168)= 178.8 ft
CEE 451 Design of –k
Metal Structures
From AISC Table 6-1, page 6-79 for a W 12x96 with KL =12 and Lb=12 ft:
• P= 0.924x 10-3
• bx= 1.63x 10-3
• by= 3.51x 10-3 (from bottom of table)
– Then with the modified equation:
• p Pr = (0.924x 10-3)(690k ) =0.637 > 0.2

• (0.924x 10-3)(690k ) + (1.63x 10-3)(178.8k-ft ) + (3.51x 10-3)(0 )= 0.929 ≤ 1.0
• Slightly easier way to find Pe is using the bottom value of Table 4-1 :
π2 EIx
Pe1x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(833)]/(1x12x12) 2= 11498 k
(K1Lx)2
Or
Table 4-1, page 4-19: for W12x96: Pex (KL)2/104 = 23800
KL= 12 ft → Pex = (23800)(104) / (1.0x12x12) 2 = 11478 k
13
• Example 5 : (DM of Example 3)
MLx = 60 ft-k.
– Pnt = Pu = (1.2)(175 K) + (1.6)(300K) = 690 K

δ Effects
• CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-168/168)= 1
• Determine τb: α Pr /Py = 1.0(690k)/(28.2 in2)(50ksi) =0.49 < 0.5 → τb= 1
π2 0.8τbEI*x
• Pe1x = (K1Lx)2 = [ (π2)(0.8)(1) (29e3)(833)]/(1x12x12) 2= 9198 k
CM
• B1x = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(690)/(9198)) ]= 1.081
1- α pr/pe1
• Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.081)(168)= 181.6 ft –k
Column strength:
• For Direct Analysis method, K= 1.0
– (KL)x= (KL)y=(1.0)(12)=12 ft
• Pc= Φ Pn = 1080 K ( AISC Table 4-1)
Beam effect:
Pr 8 Mrx Mry
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
690 8 181.6
+ ( + 0 ) = 0.935 < 1.0 OK
1080 9 544.6
14
• Example 6 : (ELM)
curvature with equal and opposite end moments. Its ends are rotationally restrained, and is not
subjected to intermediate transverse loads. Is the member satisfactory if PD =70 K and PL=100
k, and first-order moments MDx= 60 ft-k and MLx = 80 ft-k, MDy= 40 ft-k and MLy = 60 ft-k ?
• Use W14 x120 (A=35.3 in2, Ix = 1380 in4, Iy = 495 in4 , Zx = 212 in3, Zy = 102 in3 , Lp= 13.2 ft, Lr
= 51.9 ft, BF = 7.65 k).
– Pnt = Pu = (1.2)(70 K) + (1.6)(100K) = 244 K

– Mnty = Muy = (1.2)(40 ft-k) + (1.6)(60 ft-k) = 144 ft-k
– Multiplier B1 for P-δδ Effects
– X-Direction
CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-200/200)= 1

π2 EIx
Pe1x= 2 2
(K1Lx)2 =[(π ) (29e3)(1380)]/(1x12x14) = 13995 k
CM
B1x = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(244)/(13995))]= 1.018
1- α pr/pe1
Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.018)(200)= 203.6 ft –k
• Y-Direction
CMy= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-144/144)= 1
π2 EIy
Pe1y= 2 2
(K1Ly)2 =[(π ) (29e3)(495)]/(1x12x14) = 5020 k
CM
B1y = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(244)/(5020))]= 1.051
1- α pr/pe1
Mry = B1y Mnty= (1.051)(144)= 151.3 ft –k
From AISC Table 6-1, for a W 14x120 with KL =14 and Lb=14 ft:
• P= 0.730x 10-3
• bx= 1.13x 10-3
• p Pr = (0.730x 10-3)(244k ) =0.178 < 0.2
• ½ pPr + 9/8 (bxMrx + by Mry) ≤ 1.0
• ½ (0.730x10-3)(244k)+ 9/8(1.13x10-3)(203.6k-ft)+9/8(2.32x 10-3)(151.3k-ft)=0.743 ≤ 1.0
• Section is satisfactory (over designed)

15
• Example 7 : (DM of Example 6)
curvature with equal and opposite end moments. Its ends are rotationally restrained, and is not
subjected to intermediate transverse loads. Is the member satisfactory if PD =70 K and PL=100
k, and first-order moments MDx= 60 ft-k and MLx = 80 ft-k, MDy= 40 ft-k and MLy = 60 ft-k ?
• Use W14 x120 (A=35.3 in2, Ix = 1380 in4, Iy = 495 in4 , Zx = 212 in3, Zy = 102 in3 , Lp= 13.2 ft, Lr
= 51.9 ft, BF = 7.65 k).
– Pnt = Pu = (1.2)(70 K) + (1.6)(100K) = 244 K
– Mnty = Muy = (1.2)(40 ft-k) + (1.6)(60 ft-k) = 144 ft-k

δ Effects
– X-Direction Determine τb: α Pr /Py =
1.0(244k)/(35.3in2)(50ksi) =0.138 < 0.5 → τb= 1
CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-200/200)= 1

2
Pe1x=π 0.8τbEI*= [(π2)(1)(0.8) (29e3)(1380)]/(1x12x14) 2= 11196 k
(K1Lx)2
CM
B1x = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(244)/(11196))]= 1.022
1- α pr/pe1
Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.022)(200)= 204.5 ft –k
• Y-Direction
CMy= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(-144/144)= 1
π2 0.8τbEIy
Pe1y= =[(π2) (1)(0.8)(29e3)(495)]/(1x12x14) 2= 4016 k
(K1Ly)2
CM
B1y = =1/ [ 1- ((1)(244)/(4016))]= 1.065
1- α pr/pe1
Mry = B1y Mnty= (1.065)(144)= 153.3 ft –k
• P= 0.730x 10-3
• bx= 1.13x 10-3
• p Pr = (0.730x 10-3)(244k ) =0.178 < 0.2
• ½ pPr + 9/8 (bxMrx + by Mry) ≤ 1.0
• ½ (0.730x10-3)(244k)+ 9/8(1.13x10-3)(204.5k-ft)+9/8(2.32x 10-3)(153.3k-ft)=0.749 ≤ 1.0
• Section is satisfactory (over designed)

16
Beam-Column in Unbraced Frames
We make two first-order elastic analyses:
– First analysis where the frame is assumed to be braced (can not sway) , Mnt.
• Multiple by a magnification factor B1 to account for the P-δ
δ effect Mr = B1 Mnt+ B2 Mlt
– Second analysis, allowing the frame to sway, Mlt . Pr = Pnt+ B2 Plt
• Multiple by a magnification factor B2 to account for the P- ∆ effect
Unsymmetrical placement of this load

there will be small amount of sideways
Mnt: The frame assumed to be braced by a

horizontal support and corresponding reaction
called an artificial joint restraint (AJR).
Mlt: To compute sideway moment, AJR is applied to

the frame.
Mlt is negligible
Beam-Column in Unbraced Frames(B1)

CM
• Finding B1 (Braced Frame) B1 = <1
1- α pr/pe1
– Cm
• For beam-columns not subjected to transverse loading
– Cm= 0.6 -0.4(M1/M2)
» M1<M2
» The ratio is negative if single curvature and positive if reverse curvature
• For beam-columns subjected to transverse loading: Cm= 1 or Table C-A-8.1 ( 16.1-525)
π2 0.8τbEI*
– Pe1 =
(KL)2
• Recommended K=1 for actual unbraced frame
– DM: In the analysis, reduced stiffness EI* is replace with 0.8ττb EI
» When: α Pr /Py ≤ o.5 → τb = 1.0
» When: α Pr /Py > o.5 → τb = 4(α Pr /Py ) [1- (α Pr /Py ) ]
17
Beam-Column in Unbraced Frame (B2)
1 1
• Finding B2 B2 = =
1- α pstory /pe story 1- ∑pu / ∑ pe2
– α=1
– ∑pu = Pstory = the total factored compression load to be carried by all columns of frame within one story
– ∑ Pe2 = Pe story= the total Euler load
» For ELM: K from table (unbraced Frame)
π2 0.8τbEI*
Pe2 = or
(KL)2
• Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H)

– RM =1- 0.15 (Pmf / Pstory)
» Pmf = total vertical load in columns in the story that are part of moment frame
» All braced frame system (No moment Frame in the story) Pmf = 0 RM = 1
» All Moment Frame System Pmf = Pstory RM = 0.85
– L= height of story
– ∆H = first-order interstory drift due to lateral loads computed using stiffness required for the
analysis method used
– H= story shear produced by the lateral loads used to compute ∆H
• Example 8 :
• A W 10 x39 of Fy= 50 ksi steel , is used for a 14 ft long beam-column in an unbraced frame
about the x-x axis but is braced about y-y axis. Based on a first-order analysis using the
requirements of the Direct Analysis Method, the member supports the following factored loads:
Pnt =130 K and Plt=25 k, Mntx= 45 ft-k and Mltx = 15 ft-k. Cmx was determined to be 0.85. Pstory is
1604 k and the ratio of Pmf/Pstory is 0.333. H, the story shear is equal to 33.4 k and the drift
index (∆H/L) is 0.0025, using the LRFD procedure, is the member satisfactory?
• Solution a) Direct Method:
– W 10x39 (A=11.5 in2, Ix = 209 in4, Cmx= 0.85, α=1)

– Determine τb:
• Pr=Pnt+Plt = 130k+25K=155k
• αPr/Py = 1(155k) / (11.5 in2)(50ksi)=0.27 < 0.5 → τb =1
– Finding B1 :
π2 0.8τbEI*x
Pe1x = = [ (π2)(0.8)(1) (29e3)(209)]/(1x12x14) 2= 1696 k
(K1Lx)2
CM
B1x = =0.85/ [ 1- ((1)(155)/(1696))]= 0.94 <1 → B1x =1
1- α pr/pe1x
18
• Finding B2:
• Pstory = 1604, Pmf/Pstory = 0.333, H=33.4 k, (∆H/L) = 0.0025, α=1
• RM =1- 0.15 (Pmf / Pstory) =1- 0.15(0.333) =0.95
• Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H) = 0.95( 33.4/0.0025) =12692 k
•
1 1
B2X = = = 1.15
1- α pstory /pe story 1- (1604)(12692)
• Finding second-order demands
Mrx = B1x Mntx+ B2x Mltx= (1.0)(45 ft-k)+1.15(15 ft-k)= 62.3 ft –k
Prx = Pntx+ B2x Pltx= 130+1.15(25)= 158.8 kips
• Column strength:
• For DM, k=1 → (kL)x = (kL)Y = 1(14)= 14 ft → Pc= Φ Pn = 306 k
• Beam effect: For W 10x39, ΦbMpx =176 ft-k, Lp=6.99 ft, Lr= 24.2 ft, BF= 3.78 k, cb=1
Pr /Pc=158.8k / 306K =0.52 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx Mry 158.8 8 62.3

+ ( + )→ + ( + 0 )= 0.889< 1.0 OK
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 306 9 149.5
• From Table 6-1 for KL=14 ft and Lb= 14ft: P= 3.27x10-3,bx= 5.96x10-3
• pPr + bxMrx ≤ 1.0→(3.27x10-3)(158.8k ) + (5.96x10-3)(62.3k-ft ) =0.891 ≤ 1.0
• Solution b) Effective Length Method:

– The drift index (∆H/L) is reduced to 0.002 due to the increased member stiffness.
– Kx was determined to be 1.2 and Ky is equal 1.0
• Finding B1 :
Pr=Pnt+Plt = 130k+25K=155k
π2 EI*x
Pe1x = = [ (π2)(29e3)(209)]/(1x12x14) 2= 2120 k
(K1Lx)2
CM
B1x = =0.85/ [ 1- ((1)(155)/(2120))]= 0.92 <1 → B1x =1
1- α pr/pe1x
• Finding B2 :
Pstory = 1604, Pmf/Pstory = 0.333, H=33.4 k, (∆H/L) = 0.002, α=1
RM =1- 0.15 (Pmf / Pstory) =1- 0.15(0.333) =0.95
Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H) = 0.95( 33.4/0.002) =15865 k
1 1
B2X = = = 1.11
1- α pstory /pe story 1- (1604)(15865)
• Finding second-order demands
Mrx = B1x Mntx+ B2x Mltx= (1.0)(45 ft-k)+1.11(15 ft-k)= 61.7 ft –k
Prx = Pntx+ B2x Pltx= 130+1.11(25)= 157.8 kips
19
• Column strength:
• For Effective Length Method, kx=1.2 and ky=1
– (kL)x = 1.2(14) = 16.8 → (kL)x /(rx/ry)= 16.8/2.16=7.78 ft
– (kL)Y = 1(14)= 14 ft → control → Pc= Φ Pn = 306 k
• Beam effect: For W 10x39, ΦbMpx =176 ft-k, Lp=6.99 ft, Lr= 24.2 ft, BF= 3.78 k, cb=1
Pr /Pc=157.8k / 306K =0.52 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx Mry 157.8 8 61.7

+ ( + )→ + ( + 0 ) = 0.883< 1.0 OK
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 306 9 149.5
Additional Check:
• From Table 6-1 for KL=14 ft and Lb= 14ft: P= 3.27x10-3,bx= 5.96x10-3
• pPr + bxMrx ≤ 1.0→(3.27x10-3)(158.8k ) + (5.96x10-3)(62.3k-ft ) =0.891 ≤ 1.0
• Example 9 :
• Investigate the acceptability of W14x145 columns in a single-bay multistory unbraced frame,
part of which is shown in figure. The axial compression P is the total load acting on the bottom
story columns and the wind load H is the total horizontal service wind load acting on the entire
multi-story frame. The steel is A992. Use AISC LRFD method and the Effective Length Method.
In y-direction the column is considered pinned at the top and the bottom.
• a) compute factored loads.
• 1. Gravity load:
Pu = (1.2)(230) + (1.6)(92) = 423 K
wu = (1.2)(0.5) + (1.6)(1.5) = 3 K/ft PD= 230 k PD= 230 k
PL= 92 k PL= 92 k
Minimum notional load is to be applied only with the
gravity-only load combination to account for Geometric wD= 0.5 k/ft
Imperfection (ELM). wL = 1.5 k/ft
1.4I
• Ni= 0.002α αYi H= 78 k
– (α =1 (LRFD), Yi =gravity load applied
at level i from load combinations) 13’
I I
Ni = Hu = 0.002*(2*(423)+3* 28) =1.9 K A
28’
20
1. Gravity load: 2. Gravity load + Wind (Load combo based LRFD 13th edition)
Pu = (1.2)(230) + (1.6)(92) = 423 K Pu = (1.2)(230) + (1.0)(92) = 368 K
wu = (1.2)(0.5) + (1.6)(1.5) = 3 K/ft wu = (1.2)(0.5) + (1.0)(1.5) = 2.1 K/ft
Hu = 0.002(2*423+3*28)=1.9 K Hu = 1.6(78)=124.8 k
• b) First-order elastic structural analysis.
• The factored gravity load plus the resulting notional/wind/earthquake load is divided into two separate
first-order elastic analyses under factor loads;
– a non-sway analysis under gravity loads only.
– a sway analysis under lateral load(notional/wind/earthquake) only.
423 k 423 k 423 k 423 k

3k/ft 3k/ft
1.9k
1.9k 4
A 57
= +
Gravity + notional 29 Nonsway part 8.5 Sway part
368 k 368k 368 k 368 k 0.3 0.3
2.1 k/ft 2.1 k/ft
124.8 k 258
124.8k 40
A = +
21 554
Gravity + wind Nonsway part Sway part
18.5 18.5
• GRAVITY LOAD + NOTIONAL

• c) Column strength:
– Verify that local buckling will not occur: (no c)
• b/t f= (15.5/2)/ 1.09 = 7.11 <0.56 √E/Fy = 0.56 √29000/50 = 13.49
• h/tw = (d-2K)/tw =(14.8-2(1.69))/ 0.68 = 16.79 <1.49 √E/Fy = 1.49 √29e3/50 = 35.3
– Effective length: I
• Kx: 2
13 = 4 GBot = 1(fixed base) → Kx = 1.57
GTop =
1.4I
28
• Ky: In y- direction column considered pinned at top and bottom, ky=1
KL (1.57) (12X13)in KL (1) (12X13)in

( ) = = 38.7 ( ) = = 39.2
r x 6.33in r y 3.98in
• ΦcFcr = 40.2 ksi ( AISC Table 4-22)
• ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = 40.2(42.7) = 1720 kips
• d) Beam effect:
• Lb= 13, W14x145: Lp= 14.1, Lr= 61.7 (Table 3-2) → Zone 1 and section is compact
(no f)
– Mn= Mp= Fy Zx = 50(260)/12 = 1080 ft-kips → ΦbMn = 0.9(1083) = 975 ft-kips
21
• e) Moment magnification-nonsway magnifier B1 :
CM
B1x =
1- α pr/pe1
• Kx ≤ 1.0 since the structures is actually an unbraced one, it is recommended

using Kx =1. KL (1.0) (12X13)in
– Axis of bending ( r ) x = 6.33in
= 24.6
• CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(29/57)= 0.4
π2 EIx
• Pe1x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(1710)]/(1x12x13) 2= 20111.5 k
(K1Lx)2
• Pu= 423 +14(3)= 465 k

CM
• B1x = = 0.4/ [ 1- ((1)(465)/(20111.5)) ]= 0.409 <1
1- α pr/pe1
• B1x Mntx= (1.0)(57)= 57 ft –k
• f) Moment magnification-sway magnifier B2 :

1 1
B2 = =
1- α pstory /pe story 1- ∑pu / ∑ pe
– ∑pu the total factored compression load to be carried by all columns of frame within
one story ( in this case two columns) is ∑pu = 2(423) + 28(3) = 930 k
– The Euler load Pe2x using axis of bending x for unbraced frame is Kx = 1.57.
π2 EIx
Pe2x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(1710)]/(1.57x12x13) 2= 8160 k
(K1Lx)2
since two identical columns resist sway, ∑ pe2 = 2x 8160 =16320 k.

1
B2 = = 1/(1-930/16320) =1.06 < 1.5, use of this method is permitted
1- ∑pu / ∑ pe
• B2x Mltx= (1.06)(8.5)= 9.01 ft –k
Mrx = B1x Mntx+ B2x Mltx= (1.0)(57)+1.06(8.5)= 66 ft –k ????????

Prx = Pntx+ B2x Pltx= (1.0)(465)+1.06(0.3)= 466 kips
Pr /Pc=(466) k / 1720K =0.27 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx Mry 466 8 66

+ ( + )→ + ( ) = 0.33 < 1.0 Ok
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 1720 9 975
22
• GRAVITY LOAD + WIND
• c) Column strength:
– Verify that local buckling will not occur: (no c)
• b/t f= (15.5/2)/ 1.09 = 7.11 <0.56 √E/Fy = 0.56 √29000/50 = 13.49
• h/tw = (d-2K)/tw =(14.8-2(1.69))/ 0.68 = 16.79 <1.49 √E/Fy = 1.49 √29e3/50 = 35.3
– Effective length: I
2
• Kx: 13 = 4 GBot = 1(fixed base) → Kx = 1.57
GTop =
1.4I
28
• Ky: In y- direction column considered pinned at top and bottom, ky=1
KL (1.57) (12X13)in KL (1) (12X13)in

( ) = = 38.7 ( ) = = 39.2
r x 6.33in r y 3.98in
• ΦcFcr = 40.2 ksi ( AISC Table 4-22)

• ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = 40.2(42.7) = 1720 kips
• d) Beam effect:
• Lb= 13, W14x145: Lp= 14.1, Lr= 61.7 (Table 3-2) → Zone 1 and section is compact
(no f)
– Mn= Mp= Fy Zx = 50(260)/12 = 1080 ft-kips → ΦbMn = 0.9(1083) = 975 ft-kips
• e) Moment magnification-nonsway magnifier B1 :
CM
B1x =
1- α pr/pe1
• Kx ≤ 1.0 since the structures is actually an unbraced one, it is recommended using Kx =1.
KL (1.0) (12X13)in
– Axis of bending ( ) = = 24.6
r x 6.33in
• CMx= 0.6-0.4(M1/M2) =0.6-0.4(21/40)= 0.39
π2 EIx
• Pe1x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(1710)]/(1x12x13) 2= 20111.5 k
(K1Lx)2
• Pu= 368 +14(2.1)= 398 k
CM
• B1x = = 0.39/ [ 1- ((1)(398)/(20111.5)) ]= 0.397 <1
1- α pr/pe1
• B1x Mntx= (1.0)(40)= 40 ft –k
23
• f) Moment magnification-sway magnifier B2 :
1 1
B2 = =
1- α pstory /pe story 1- ∑pu / ∑ pe
– ∑pu the total factored compression load to be carried by all columns of frame within
one story (in this case two columns) is ∑pu = 2(368) + 28(2.1) = 795 k
– The Euler load Pe2x using axis of bending x for unbraced frame is Kx = 1.57.
π2 EIx
Pe2x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(1710)]/(1.57x12x13) 2= 8160 k
(K1Lx)2
since two identical columns resist sway, ∑ pe2 = 2x 8160 =16320 k.????
1
B2 = = 1/(1-795/16320) =1.05 < 1.5, use of this method is permitted
1- ∑pu / ∑ pe
• B2x Mltx= (1.05)(554)= 581.7 ft –k
• g) Finding second-order demands

Mrx = B1x Mntx+ B2x Mltx= (1.0)(40)+1.05(554)= 622 ft –k
Prx = Pntx+ B2x Pltx= (1.0)(398)+1.05(18.5)= 417 kips
Pr /Pc=(417) k / 1720K =0.22 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx Mry 417 8 622
+ ( + )→ + ( ) = 0.81 < 1.0 Ok
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 1720 9 975
Second method for finding Pe2x

1st method
π2 EIx
Pe2x = = [ (π2) (29e3)(1710)]/(1.57x12x13) 2= 8160 k
(K1Lx)2
– ∑ pe2 = 2x 8160 =16320 k.
2nd method
– Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H)
• RM =1- 0.15 (Pmf / Pstory)
– Pmf = total vertical load in columns in the story that are part of moment
frame (0 for braced frame system)
– 1.0 for braced frames and 0.85-0.9 for moment frames
• L= height of story=13(12)= 156 in
• ∆H = first-order interstory drift due to lateral loads computed using stiffness
required for the analysis method used= 1.13 in( result of elastic frame
analysis)
• H= story shear produced by the lateral loads used to compute ∆H =125 kips
Pe story= 0.85 (125(156) / 1.13) =14668 k
24
Design of Beam –Column- Braced or Unbraced
• Trial-and-error process: Hope the first selection is good!!!????
• Equivalent Axial Load (Effective Axial load) Method:
– Pueq= Pu + Muxm + 2Muym
• Example 10 :
• Select a trial W section for the following case: Fy =50 ksi, (kL)x =(kL)Y=12, Pnt =690 k and Mntx
=168 ft-k(Braced Frame)(the same value in Example 3).
– Assume B1 = 1 and B2 not required

– Pr= Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt = 690 + 0= 690 k
– Mrx = Mux = B1 Mntx + B2 Mltx = 1(168) +0 = 168 ft-k
• Form table and using Fy =50 ksi and (kL)x =(kL)Y=12 → m= 1.8
• Pueq= 690+ 168(1.8) + 0 = 992.4 k
• 1st trial section: W 12 x 96 (ΦcPn = 1080 k) (AISC Table 4-1)
• Example 11 :
• Select a trial W section for the following case: Fy =50 ksi, → (kL)x =(kL)Y=10, Pnt =175 k ,Plt
=175 k, Mntx =102 ft-k, Mltx =68 ft-k, Mnty =84 ft-k, Mlty =56 ft-k(Unbraced Frame)
• Assume B1 ,2,x,y= 1
– Pr= Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt = 175 + 1(115)= 290 k
– Mrx = Mux = B1 Mntx + B2 Mltx = 1(102) + 1(68) = 170 ft-k
– Mry = Muy = B1 Mnty + B2 Mlty = 1(84) + 1(56) = 140 ft-k
• Pueq= Pu + Muxm + 2Muym
• Form table and using Fy =50 ksi and (kL)x =(kL)Y=10 → m= 1.9
• Pueq= 290+ 170(1.9) + 140(1.9)(2) = 1145 k →W14x99,W 12x106,W 10 X112
25
• Example 12 : Beam-Column Design in Braced Frames (ELM)
• Select the lightest W12 section for the following case: Fy =50 ksi, (kL)x =(kL)Y=12, Pnt =250 k,
Mntx =180 ft-k, Mnty =70 ft-k. Cb=1, and Cmx=Cmy=0.85.
– Assume B1x = B1y = 1 and B2 not required

– Pr= Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt = 250 + 0= 250 k
– Mrx = Mux = B1 Mntx + B2 Mltx = 1(180) +0 = 180 ft-k
– Mry = Muy = B1 Mnty + B2 Mlty = 1(70) +0 = 70 ft-k
• Form table and using Fy =50 ksi and (kL)x =(kL)Y=12 and W12→ m= 1.6
• Pueq= 250+ 180(1.6) + 70(1.6)(2) = 762 k
• 1st trial section: W 12 x 72

• (ΦcPn = 806 k > 762 k) (AISC Table 4-1)
• P= 1.24x 10-3 bx= 2.23x 10-3 by= 4.82x 10-3
• p Pr = (1.24x 10-3)(250k ) =0.31 > 0.2
• (1.24x 10-3)(250k ) + (2.23x 10-3)(180k-ft ) + (4.82x 10-3)(70)= 1.049 ≤ 1.0 NG
• 2nd trial section: W 12 x 79

From AISC Table 6-1 for a W 12x79 with KL =12 and Lb=12 ft:
• P= 1.13x 10-3 bx= 2.02x 10-3 by= 4.37x 10-3
• p Pr = (1.13x 10-3)(250k ) =0.28 > 0.2
• (1.13x 10-3)(250k ) + (2.02x 10-3)(180k-ft ) + (4.37x 10-3)(70)= 0.952 ≤ 1.0 OK
• Check B1x = B1y = 1

π2 EI*x
Pe1x = = [ (π2)(29e3)(662)]/(1x12x12) 2= 9138 k
(K1L) x2
CMx
B1x = =0.85/ [ 1- ((1)(250)/(9138))]= 0.87 <1 → B1x =1, OK
1- α pr/pe1x
π2 EI*y
Pe1y = = [ (π2)(29e3)(216)]/(1x12x12) 2= 2981 k
(K1L) y2
CMy
B1y = =0.85/ [ 1- ((1)(250)/(2981))]= 0.93 <1 → B1x =1, OK
1- α pr/pe1y
• With B1x = B1y = 1, section is sufficient based on previous check
26
• Additional check:
• For W 12x79, ΦbMpx =446 ft-k, ΦbMpy =204ft-k, Lp=10.8 ft, Lr= 39.9 ft, BF= 5.67, cb=1
• ΦbMnx = Cb [ΦbMpx – BF (Lb-Lp) ] < ΦbMpx = 1.0 [446 – 5.67(12-10.8)] =439.2 ft-k
• ΦbMny= ΦbMpy =204ft-k
Pr /Pc=250k / 887K =0.28 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx M 250 8 180 70

+ ( + ry ) → + ( + )= 0.95< 1.0 OK
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 887 9 439.2 204
USE W12 x 79
• Example 13 : Beam-Column Design in Unbraced Frames (ELM)

• Select the lightest W12 section for an unbraced frame and the following case: Fy =50 ksi,
Lx=LY=12 ft, kx =1.72, ky= 1.0, Pstory =2400 k, Pe story =5000k
Pnt = 340 k
– Assume B1x = 1 Plt = 120 k Mntx= 120 ft-k Mltx= 140 ft-k
1 1
– B2X = = = 1.05
1- α pstory /pe story 1- (2400)(5000)
12 ft
– Pr= Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt = 340+1.05(120) = 466 k

– Mrx = Mux = B1 Mntx + B2 Mltx = 1(120) +1.05(140)
= 267 ft-k
• Form table and using Fy =50 ksi
and (kL)x =(kL)Y=12 and W12→
Pnt = 340 k Mntx= 60 ft-k Mltx= 140 ft-k
m= 1.6 Plt = 120 k
• Pueq= 466+ 267(1.6) = 894 k

• 1st trial section: W 12 x 87 by (kL)y =12
• Check ΦcPn
27
• Check ΦcPn :
– (kL)y =12
– Equivalent (kL)y =(kL)x /(rx/ry)=(1.72)(12) / 1.75 = 11.79 ft
» (kL)y =12 controls so ΦcPn = 981 k
• P= 1.02x 10-3 bx= 1.82x 10-3
• p Pr = (1.02x 10-3)(466k ) =0.47 > 0.2
• (1.02x 10-3)(466k ) + (1.82x 10-3)(267k-ft ) =0.961 ≤ 1.0 NG
• Check B1x = 1
• Cm=0.6 -0.4(M1/M2) = 0.6-0.4(+60/120) = 0.4
π2 EI*x
Pe1x = = [ (π2)(29e3)(740)]/(1x12x12) 2= 10214 k
(K1L) x2
CMx
B1x = =0.4/ [ 1- ((1)(466)/(10214))]= 0.42 <1 → B1x =1, OK
1- α pr/pe1x
• With B1x = 1, section is sufficient based on previous check
• Additional check:
• For W 12x87, ΦbMpx =495 ft-k, Lp=10.8 ft, Lr= 43.1 ft, BF= 5.73, cb=1
• ΦbMnx = Cb [ΦbMpx – BF (Lb-Lp) ] < ΦbMpx = 1.0 [495 – 5.73(12-10.8)] =488.1 ft-k
Pr /Pc=466k / 981K =0.47 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a
Pr 8 Mrx M 466 8 267

+ ( + ry ) → + ( + ) = 0.961< 1.0 OK
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy 981 9 488.1 0
USE W12 x 87
28

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Beam-Column Members

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Beam-Column in Steel Frame Buildings

– EXAMPLE: Columns as a part of steel buildings frame

• Difference between tension and flexure and compression flexure are:

– Tension tends to reduce lateral deflection while compression increase them

Member Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Pr = required axial tensile strength, Pu

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Use W12 x40 (A=11.7 in2)

– Tension members no holes: Pc= Φ Pn = Φt Fy Ag = (0.9)(50 ksi)(11.7 in2)=526.5 K

– Must use AISC Eq.H1-1b

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Tension members no holes: Pc= Φ Pn = Φt Fy Ag = (0.9)(50 ksi)(8.84 in2)=397.8 K

– Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a

Axial Strength : Pc= Φ Pn = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9(50)(28.2)= 1269 k

• Pr /Pc=690k / 1080K =0.639 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a

Column that is braced against sideway Column in unbraced frame

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members

– Column that is braced against sideway:

– Column in unbraced frame:

Pnt is the axial compression force determined by a first-order

• Three methods are presented in the AISC Specification.

• Direct analysis method (DM) Chapter C

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Direct Analysis Method (DM)

• There is no need to calculate the effective length factor, K (K=1).

• Second-order analysis (C2.1(2), page 16-21)

• Stiffness reduction (C2.3, page 16-24)

» Ni =Notional load applied at level i (kips)

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Effective Length Method (ELM)

• Second-order analysis: (C2.1(2), page 16-21)

• There is no need for applying stiffness reduction

• Notional loads need only be applied in gravity-load cases

• The K factor must be determined from the alignment charts

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

• We make two first-order elastic analyses:

– Second analysis, allowing the frame to sway, Mlt .

Mr = B1 Mnt+ B2 Mlt (AISC Equation A-8-1, page16.1-237)

Pr = Pnt+ B2 Plt (AISC Equation A-8-2, page16.1-237)

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Approximate Second-Order Analysis

Mr = B1 Mnt+ B2 Mlt (AISC Equation A-8-1, page16.1-237)

Pr = Pnt+ B2 Plt (AISC Equation A-8-2, page16.1-237)

• B1 accounts for P-δ effects over the member length

• Mlt= first-order moment due to lateral translation of the structure only

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Multiplier B1 for P-δ Effects (in braced or unbraced frame)

• Pr is the required axial strength of the member

EI is 0.8ττb EI direct analysis is used or EI when the

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Multiplier B2 for P- ∆ Effects (unbraced frame)

– Pe story= RM (HL/ ∆H)

• H= story shear produced by the lateral loads used to compute ∆H

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Pr = required axial compressive strength, Pu

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Multiplier B2 for P- ∆ Effects

– Multiplier B1 for P-δ

• Mrx = B1x Mntx= (1.064)(168)= 178.8 ft –k

Pr /Pc=158.8k / 306K =0.52 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a

Pr /Pc=157.8k / 306K =0.52 > 0.2 → Must use AISC Eq.H1-1a

Ni = Hu = 0.002(2(423)+3* 28) =1.9 K A