Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N
Using the wavelet transform a signal I ([ ) is
decomposed with a family of real orthogonal bases
% ([ ) obtained through the translation and dilation
( )
PQ
−P −P
of the mother wavelet %P Q ([) = % [ − Q , where
N M =
where the coefficients F M + Q and G M + Q at scale j+1 are
related to the coefficients F M Q at scale j via
c) F M +Q = ∑F M N K (N − Q )
and
Fig.4. Applied defect extraction algorithm: N
∑F J (N − Q ) ,
a)A gray-level image with vertical error b)The same image
with extracted defect region. c) A labeled image G M +Q = M N where ≤ M ≤ - and the
N
4. CLASSIFICATION OF FABRIC
x1 neural
coefficients FQ are given.
Wavelet
x2 classifier Using a similar approach a recursive function
Transform, synthesis algorithm can be derived based on the
x3
i1,j1
Feature
c1 wavelet coefficients G M Q , ≤ M ≤ - and F - Q ,
∑F (N − Q) + ∑ G M +
xi X c
J (N − Q ) .
Extraction
F M N =
ci
M + N K
f(i,j) & N
Formation of xm-
ck Q Q
Pattern xm-
i2,j2 Vectors defect In this specific application the 16-tap Daubechies
xm wavelet is used.
In order to decompose an image I ([ \ ) a scaling
Extracted region classes
with possible defect
classification procedure is performed (Fig. 5). The the two-dimensional wavelets, at each stage, an image
I ([ \ ) is decomposed into four quarter-size images
software installed on the DSP board can be easily
divided into three parts:
In the first part, a one-stage wavelet transform [7] is I
(P Q ) =
I ([ M ) 3 ([ − P \ − Q ) ,
mother wavelet be constructed as operator for statistical texture features extraction based
on the Gray Level Difference Method GLDM [7, 8]
then ;N = Λ I N L M. The coordinates [N [N [NP of the 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed approach to defect detection was tested
vector ;N can be some of the following texture features: on the experimental platform. The results are
1J − summarized in Table 2.
Contrast: &21 = ∑ L S L / , Parameter Value
L = Number of defects 8
1J − Classification accuracy
Angular Second Moment: $60 = ∑ > SL / @ , with present of noise 85%
L = Classification accuracy
1J − without noise 94%
Mean value: 0($1 = ∑ L SL / , Max. inspection speed 120m/min
L = Width of testing fabric 1m
where SL / is the estimated probability function Space inspection resolution 1mm2
P = L Q = M Table 2. Results obtained using experimental platform
∑ ∑ J / P Q = L ,
SL / = associated with the The results obtained in testing procedures indicate
$ P =L Q = M
that a reliable automatic visual inspection system for
possible values / = (∆P ∆Q ) where A is a
moving web textiles can be created. The accuracy of
the classification cannot be 100% at the required speed
normalization factor which is associated with δ, and if simple, commercial hardware components are used.
J / P Q = I (P Q − I (P + ∆P Q + ∆Q )) . On the other hand, the number of defects must be
reduced to the reasonable number; otherwise a complex
In the experiments performed in this paper the
values / = () and / = () are used. For these defects
and slow expert system for classification of defects
must be incorporated in the final system. In this case
the features CON, ASM, MEAN as well as the the major problems are hardware support and
rectangular area that contains the defect region are economical justification.
computed in the four sub-images that are produced with 6. CONCLUSIONS
the wavelet transform. The problem of replacing the off-line destructive
4.3. The Artificial Neural Network inspection of textile fabrics by an automated visual
The above features are computed and, together with the system is a very difficult and still not fully solved
dimension of fabric area are capable of classifying the problem. It is not easy to create the necessary image
errors in the eight classes F ( ≤ L ≤ ) that areL
analysis and pattern recognition methods to quickly and
presented in Table 1. The network is trained off-line accurately locate, identify, and determine the classes of
prior the fabric detection procedure, using the the defects in the fabric. In this paper a real-time pilot
mentioned experimental platform. Several areas with system for defect detection and classification has been
and without errors are scanned from the moving fabric proposed and demonstrated. The results obtained using
and the appropriate parameters are extracted after the proposed methods indicate that a reliable visual
performing the wavelet transform and by using the inspection system for industrial requirements can be
GLDM method. These parameters, together with the created. The use of the wavelet transform as a mean for
size of the scanned fabric area, consist the input to the decomposing the original image to sub-images of
neural network. They are divided into eight classes different spatial frequencies improves the classification
(Table 1) depending on the type of fault they contained results.
Error Number Error Type 7. REFERENCES
[1] T. S. Newman and A. K. Jain, “A survey of automated
1 No Error visual inspection”, Comput. Vis. Image Understanding 61,
2 Black Vertical Error pp. 321-262, 1995.
[2] D. Brzakovic and N. Vujovic, “Designing a defect
3 White Vertical Error classification systems: a case study”, Pattern Recognition,
4 Wrinkle Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 1401-1419, 1996.
[3] K. Srinivasan, P. H. Dastor, P. Radhakrishnaihan and S.
5 Black Horizontal Error Jayaraman, “FDAS: A Knowledge-based Framework for
6 White Horizontal Error Analysis of Defects in Woven textile Structures”, J. Text.
Inst., No. 3. Pp. 431-447, 1992.
7 Black Spot [4] B. Batchelor, P. F. Whelan, “Selected Papers on
8 White Spot Industrial Machine Vision Systems”, SPIE Milestone Series,
Vol. 97. , pp. 109-122. , 129-167.
Table 1. Classes of fabric defects [5] R. M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, I. Deinstein, “Textural
The training is performed in a Pentium 133 MHz Features for Image Classification”, IEEE Transactions on
PC in less than 2 minutes. Fifty samples from each one Systems, Man and cybernetics, vol. SMC-3, No. 6. November
of the eight categories are used. The adaptive gradient 1973, 610-621.
learning rule, using back-propagated gradient [6] R. W. Conners, C. A. Harlow, “ A theoretical
information for guiding an iterative line search Comparison of texture Algorithms”, IEEE Transaction on
algorithm, is used in the network's learning procedure. PAMI, Vol. No. 3. May 1980, 204-222.
The data are treated as noisy. A comprehensive data [7] R. Jain, R. Kasturi, B.G. Schunk, “Machine Vision”,
transformation, variable selection and network search is McGraw-Hill, 1995.
[8] O.Rioul, P.Duhamel “Fast Algorithms for Discrete and
performed. The performance of the network model is Continuous Wavelet Transforms”, IEEE Trans. on
evaluated by using the average classification rate, i.e. Information Theory, Vol. 38, No. 2, March 1992.
the average of the class dependent fractions of correct [9] T. Chang, C. C. J. Kuo, "Texture Analysis and
classifications over all fault categories. A small neural Classification with Tree-Structured Wavelet Transform,"
network with 5 hidden units is created, relative entropy IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 429-441,
equal to 0, 214 and accuracy (20%) equal to 0, 49. October 1993.