Lesson 1: Content 2

RESEARCH:
- the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.

TYPES OF RESEARCH::
Quantitative Research -is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena
via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative
research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining
to phenomena.
Qualitative Research - is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data.
This type of research "refers to the meanings, concepts definitions, characteristics,
metaphors, symbols, and description of things" and not to their "counts or measures.
Basic research - This research is conducted largely for the enhancement of knowledge, and
is research which does not have immediate commercial potential. The research which is done
for human welfare, animal welfare and plant kingdom welfare. It is called basic, pure,
fundamental research.
Applied research -is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than
to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. The goal of applied research is to improve the
human condition. It focuses on analysis and solving social and real life problems.
Problem oriented research - Research is done by industry apex body for sorting out
problems faced by all the companies. Eg:- WTO does problem oriented research for
developing countries, in India agriculture and processed food export development authority
(APEDA) conduct regular research for the benefit of agri-industry.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:
- Definition of Research Purpose The research purpose is a statement of "why" the study is
being conducted, or the goal of the study. The goal of a study might be to identify or describe
a concept or to explain or predict a situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type
of study to be conducted.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
1. Empirical - based on observations and experimentation on theories.
2. Logical - Researcch is based on valid procedures and principles
3. Cyclical - Research starts with a problem ends with a problem
4.Analitical - Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering datam whether
historical, descriptivem experimentalm and case study.
5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise judgment
6.Methodical - Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures
7.Replicability - The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
 researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

APPROACHES IN RESEARCH:
Deductive Approach (Deductive Reasoning) - A deductive approach is concerned with
“developing a hypothesis (or hypotheses) based on existing theory, and then designing a
research strategy to test the hypothesis”.
Inductive Approach (Inductive Reasoning) - Inductive approach, also known in inductive
reasoning, starts with the observations and theories are proposed towards the end of the
research process as a result of observations. Inductive research “involves the search for
pattern from observation and the development of explanations – theories – for those
patterns through series of hypothesis.
Abductive reasoning - is referred to as abductive approach is set to address weaknesses
associated with deductive and inductive approaches. Specifically, deductive reasoning is
criticized for the lack of clarity in terms of how to select theory to be tested via formulating
hypotheses. Inductive reasoning, on other hand, criticized because “no amount of empirical
data will necessarily enable theory-building”