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JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE
ANDHERI / BORIVALI / DADAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE
1. SOLID STATE
Solid State
Q1. Define solid
Ans. A solid is defined as that form of matter which possesses rigidity and hence possesses a definite shape
and a definite volume.
Q2. Give classification

Ans. Solids are of two types:
(a) Crystalline
(b) Amorphous
(a) Crystalline : A solid is said to be crystalline if its various constituents are arranged in a defined geometric
pattern in three dimensional space so that there is short range as well as long order of the constituent particles.
(b) Amorphous : A solid is said to be amorphous if there is no regular arrangement of its constituents
particles or at the most, there is only a short range order of its constituents particles.
Q3. Distinguish between crystalline solid and amorphous solid.

Ans. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
1) Constituent particles are arranged in a regular 1) Constituent particles are not arranged in regular fashion
fashion containing short as well as long order. there may be at the most some short range order only.
2) They have definite geometric shapes 2) They have irregular shapes
3) They have sharp melting points 3) They melt over a range of temperature
4) They are anisotropic 4) They are isotropic
5) They have definite heats of fusion 5) They do not have definite heats of fusion.
6) They undergo a clean cleavage 6) They undergo an irregular cut.
7) They are true solids 7) They are pseudo solids or super cooled liquids
Example: All solid elements and compounds Examples : Rubber, glass, pitch, fused silica, plastics,
exist in this form. polymers of high molecular mass, etc.
Definition: A crystalline solid is a homogeneous

solid in which the constituent particles, atoms,
ions or molecules are arranged in a definite
repeating pattern.
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Q4. Classification of Crystalline solids :

Ans. Based upon the nature of the constituent particles and the binding forces present between them, they are
further classified into for four categories:
a) Ionic solids b) Molecular solids c) Covalent solids d) Metallic solids
Q5. Explain Ionic solids:

Ans.
 The constituent particles are positive and negative ions arranged in 3 d space.
 There ions are held together by strong coulombic or electrostatic forces of attraction.
 Because of strong electrostatic forces of attraction and repulsion have high melting and boiling points.
 They are electrical insulators in solid state but in aqueous solution or molten state, they are good
conductors of electricity
 They are soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in non-polar solvents.
 The ions are closely packed and hence these solids are hard and brittle.
Q6. What are Molecular solids :

Ans. The constituent particles are molecules
Molecular Solids
Non-polar solids Polar solids Hydrogen-bonded

Molecular solids
Non-Polar :
 The constituent particles are either atoms like those of noble gases or non-polar molecules like
H 2 , Cl2 , I 2 , etc.
 The forces operating are weak dispersion forces or London forces.
 These are generally soft because of weak intermolecular forces between them.
 They have low Melting and Boiling points.
 Due to weak intermolecular forces, they are gaseous or liquids at room temperature.
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Polar :
 The constituent particles are polar molecules like HCl , SO2 , etc.
 The forces holding them are dipole-dipole forces of attraction (a type of Vander Waal’s)
 They are soft. They are non-conductors of electricity.
 Their M.P. / B.P. are comparatively higher than the non-polar molecular solids.
 As Their M.P./ B.P. are not so high, they exist in liquids or gases at R.T. and ordinary pressure.
Hydrogen-bonded Molecular solids.

 Constituent particles are molecules which contain H-atom linked to a highly electro-ve atom small in
size such as F, O, N, etc.
 Forces are strong H-bonds.
 They exist as volatile liquids or soft solids.
 They are non-conductors of electricity.
 The M.P. / B. P. are comparatively higher amongst the molecular solids.
Q7. Explain Covalent or Network solids.

Ans.
 Constituents particles are non-metal atoms linked to the adjacent atoms by covalent bonds forming giant
molecules
 These solids are very hard and brittle because of strong and directional bonds.
 They have extremely high MP and BP
 They are insulators
 Exception : Graphite
Q8. Explain Metallic solids.

Ans.
 Crystalline solids formed by atoms of the same metallic element.
 They constitute a sea of electrons.
 The force of attraction between positively charged metallic ion and negatively charged sea of
delocalized electrons is called metallic bond.
 Bonds are stronger than ionic and covalent metallic bonds are tougher.
 Helps to acquire any shape.
 Form layers which can slide on another layer.
 Malleable and ductile.
 Exhibit luster of grey or silver colour except gold-yellow luster copper-reddish luster.
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Q9. What is space Lattice what are the types of space lattices?
Ans. Space lattice is a regular repeating arrangement of points in space. There are two types of lattices
a) Two dimensional : A two dimensional lattice is a regular arrangement of points in the plane of paper
4 points are suitably chosen to obtain the unit cell.
i) Centred Unit : The unit cell having an interior points is called centred unit cell.
ii) Primitive : The unit cell that does not contain any interior point is called primitive unit cell.
b) Three-dimensional : A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystal in a three
dimensional space is called crystal lattice.
Q10. What is unit cell.
Ans. The smallest three dimensional portion of a complete space lattice which when repeated oner and again
in different directions produces the complete space lattice is called the unit cell.
d) Metallic solids :
 Constituent particles are positively charged metal ions and free electrons because they have low
ionization energy and can lose their valence electrons to leave behind +ve ions.
 These ions are produced from metal atoms because they have low ionization energy and can loose their
valence electrons to leave behind +ve ions.
 Forces are metallic bond.
 They possesses high electrical and thermal conductivity.
 They possess lustre and colour in some cases.
 They are malleable and ductile.
 They possess high M. P. / B. P.
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Unit Cell :
A unit cell is the smallest repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. Any unit cells of same substance
when repeated in space in all directions a crystalline solid is formed.
Any point at the intersection of lines is called a lattice point.
The collection of all the points in crystal having similar environment is called space lattice.
French mathematician, Bravais proved that latter points can be arranged in maximum of fourteen types.
The arrangement is called Bravais lattices.
There are in all seven systems of crystal lattices which further constitute of 14 Bravais lattices.
Seven systems of crystal lattices with their Bravais lattices are as below :
Q11. Explain seven types of unit cell.

Ans.
1) Cubic Lattice :
All sides equal (a = b = c)
All angles of 900 (      900 )
Cubic
Edge length = a = b = c a = b = c a = b = c
Angle =       900       900       900
Example : Polonium Fe, Rb, Na, Ti, W, V, Zn Cu, Al, Ni, Au, Ag, Ct
2) Tetragonal :
Two sides are equal and third with diff-length

abc
      900
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Tetragonal
Edge length = a  b  c abc

Angle =       900       900
Ex. = SnO2 TiO2 , CaSO4
3) Orthorhombic :
Three sides are different (a  b  c)
Three angles are equal       900
Orthorhombic
Edge length a  b  c abc abc abc

Angle       900       900       900       900
Ex. Rhombic Sulphur KNO3 BaSO4 MgSO4 , 7 H 2 O
4) Monoclinic :
All sides are of diff. length ( a  b  c )
2 angles = 900 and third is not 900
i. e. ( ,   900 ) and (  900 )
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Monoclinic
Edge length = a  b  c abc

0 0
Angle     90 ,   90     900 ,   900
Ex. = Monoclinic sulphur Na2 , SO4 ,10 H 2 O
5) Triclinic :
All sides different ( a  b  c )
All three angles different and not 900 .
(      900 )
Triclinic lattice
Edge length = abc
Angles = (      900 )
Ex. = K 2 Cr2 O7 , H 3 BO3
6) Hexagonal :
2 sides are equal (a  b  c)

2 angles are equal (    900 ), (  120 0 )
Hexagonal lattice
Edge length : (a  b  c)
Angle : (    900 ) and   1200
Ex. ZnO, BeO, CoS, SnS.
7) Rhombohedral :
All sides equal in length (a = b = c)
2 axial angles = 900 and third is not 900 .
i.e. (    600 ) and (  900 ) Rhombohedral lattice
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Edge length : (a = b = c)
Angle :     600 ,   900
Ex. : Calcite, NaNO3 , FeCO3
Q12. Find the number of atoms per unit cell in the following crystal.
(1) Simple Cubic Unit cell
(2) Body centered cubic
(3) Face centered cubic
Ans.
(1) Simple Cubic Unit cell :
There are eight particles at 8 corners
Every particle at the corner is shared by eight neighboring cells. Hence each unit cell contains only 1 8 th
particle is present at each corner.
1
 Total no. of particles present in one simple = 81
8
Unit cell
(2) Body Centred Cubic :

Like simple cubic unit cell, at every corner of cube there are 1 8 th of sphere as there are eight corners.
In addition to this, there is one sphere at the centre of the cube.
1
 Total no. of particles in the body centred cubic = 81
8
Unit cell = 2 sphere
Co-ordination no. is 8
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(3) Face centered cubic cells :

As usual there are 8 spheres at 8 corners. In addition there is only one sphere at the centre of each face.
1
The no of atoms situated at eight corners of unit cell of fcc type = 81
8
The spheres at the centres of each face of unit cell are shared between two faces. Hence 1 sphere is
2
present at the face of each unit cell and there are total 6 face of a cube.
1
 Total spheres present in fcc =  6  3
2
 Total no. of spheres present in fcc unit cell = 3 + 1 = 4
Co-ordination no. : Co-ordination no. is the number of particles surrounding a single particle in the crystal
lattice.
 More the C. N., more tightly are particles packed
 C.N measures the hardness of the crystal
Q13.Explain Packing of solids.

Ans.
1) SCC : Occupied space is 52.4%
Unoccupied space = 47.6% (void)
2) BCC : Occupied = 68%
Unoccupied = 32 % (void)
3) FCC : Occupied = 74%

Unoccupied = 26%
Less the void space  ,  more efficient is the packing criteria.
i)1 st stage : Consists of linear packing in one row. (one dimension)

ii) 2 nd stage : Consist of repetition of one-linear after another linear arrangement (a planar 2-d)
iii) 3rd stage : A planar arrangement of the particles extended to 3-d arrangement by placing planar layers one
over another.
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Q14. Explain the packing in one dimensional structure.

Ans.
 Each sphere in a row has two neighboring spheres on either sides except the spheres at the two ends.
 C.N. is 2
 One dimensional arrangement
Q15. Explain the close pacing in two dimensional structure.

Ans. Multiple rows of one dimensional linear struct are placed one over other forming 2d-planar crystal
structure.
AAAA Type (Square close packing) ABAB Type (Hexagonal close packing)
* different 1-d rows are placed one over other * The crests of one row are in contact with the troughs
of other row.
* different rows spheres align vertically * The different row spheres do not-align vertically.
* If first row is A, then all rows are A type. Hence, * If first row is A, second is B, they are place one
the structure is AAAA type. above other forming a structure of type ABAB.
* It is also called square close packing * By joining centres of atoms and surrounding one
atom, they form a regular hexagon hence is also called
hexagonal close packing.
* C.N. = 4 * C. N. = 6
* The holes present between the two adjustment rows * The holes present between 2 adj. row is triangular.
is of square shaped.
* Each sphere is surrounded by 4 square larger holes. * Each sphere is surrounded by 3 triangular small
holes. The apices are alternately pointing upward and
downward.
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Q16. Explain three dimensional packing

Ans. There forms two types of depressions formed at the end of fixing B layer over A layer. The octahedral
voids and the tetrahedral voids. Hence, the third layer can be fitted into the second layer in two ways:
Placing the spheres of the third layer into the Placing the spheres of the third layer into octahedral
tetrahedral voids. voids.
This is called ad Hexagonal closed packed structure. This is called as Cubic close packed structure.
Overall arrangement becomes ABAB type of Overall arrangement becomes ABCABC type of
arrangement arrangement.
Each sphere has 6 neighboring spheres + 3 spheres in the upper layer + 3 spheres in the lower layer.
The C.N. is 12 the packing cannot be made more efficient.
Void : Empty spaces between the two atoms is called void.
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Q17. Explain tetrahedral void and octahedral void

Or
Distinguish between tetrahedral void and octahedral void
Ans.
Tetrahedral Void Octahedral Void
Terahedral Void
Octahedral Voidl
Radius of a tetrahedral void is 0.225 R Radius of an octahedral void is 0.414 R.
This void is much smaller than the size of the spheres The void is smaller than the size of spheres in packing
in the packing. but the size of void is larger than the tetrahedral void.
Each tetrahedral void is surrounded by 4 spheres.

Hence C.N. is 4 Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres.
Hence C.N. is 6
In hcp or ccp packing, each sphere is in contact with 3
spheres above it and 3 spheres below it, thus forming An octahedral void is a combination of the two voids
tetrahedral void above and one tetrahedral void below. of the two layers.
Q18. Calculate the packing efficiency and void space for the following crystal structure.
(1) Face centered cubic
(2) Simple cubic
(3) Body centered cubic
Ans.
(1) Face-Centered Cubic
Consider  ABC of a side face centred cubic unit cell. The hypotenuse AB = b = 4r
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b 2  a 2  a 2
= 2a 2
= 16r 2 (b  4r )
Hence, a = 8 r
Volume of a unit cell = a 3 = 8 8 r 3
1 1
F.C.C. contains atoms at 8 corners and atoms at 6 faces.
8 2
1 1
 Total atoms in a fcc unit cell = 8 6 = 1 + 3 4 = 4 atoms
8 2
Actual volume occupied by a cube of fcc = No. of atoms  vol. of one atom
4 16
= 4   r3 =  r3
3 3
16  16 
Hence the vol. unoccupied = 8 8r 3   r 3 = 8 8    r 3 = 5.87 r 3
3  3 
16 3 1
 Packing efficiency = r   100 = 74.0%
3 8 8 r3
Empty space = 26%
(2) Simple Cubic cell
It the radius is r and a is side length which consist of two equal spheres, than a = 2r and volume = a 3 = 8
r3
th
Each corner of unit cell is shared by 8 unit cells, Each corner of unit cell is containing 1 of the atom.
8
There are 8 corners of S.C.C.
1
 Total no. of atoms (spheres) = 81
8
4 3
Volume of the sphere = r Volume of a cube = a 3  8 r 3
3
4 3
r
3 
Packing fraction = = = 0.524  % occupied = 52.4 %
8r3 6
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(3) Body-centered cubic structure : Such a unit cell consists of one atom at the centre of body and
th
1
atom at 8 corners of cube.
8
AB is the diagonal of length ‘b’.
AD is the diagonal of length ‘c’.

In right angle  ABC,
b2  a 2  a 2
 2a 2
Similarly in right angled  ABD,
c 2  a 2  b2
 a 2  2a 2
 3a 2
Hence c 2  3a 2 or c  3a
But c = 4r
c  3a  4r
4r
a 
3
64r 3
Total vol. of cube = a 3 
3 3
1
Each cell of bcc contains and atoms 8 corners of unit cell containing 8   1 atom and one atom at the
8
centre of body.
4 3
 volume occupied by the atoms = 2  r
3
8 3
= r
3
64 r 3
If volume of unit cell is completely occupied, then its 100% .
3 3
8 3 8 3 3 3
But it is just r  Actual volume occupied by 2 atoms = r   100
3 3 64 r 3
= 68.04%
 The empty space = 32%
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Q19. What is radius.

Ans. Structure of ionic comp. depends upon stoichiometry and size
Bigger cations  cubic/ octahedral
Smaller cations  tetrahedral voids
Geometry depends on C.N.
Radius Ratio : The ratio of the radius of the cation to that of the anion is called radius ratio, i.e.
Radius of the cation ( r )
Radius Ratio =
Radius of the anion (r )
Q20. Explain radius ration rule for ionic compound.

Ans. If the r  / r  ratio is less, then the structure becomes unstable.
If is applicable only to ionic compounds.
This rule is not obeyed if the bonds are covalent.
It is used for predicting structures of many ionic solids.
Radius Ratio Values for all Structures

Sr. Radius Ratio C.N. Structural Structure Type Example
No. Arrangement
1. 0.155 - 0.225 3 Planar triangular  B2 O3
CuCl , CuBr , Cul , BaS , HgS

2. 0.225 - 0.414 4 Tetrahedral Sphalerite, Zn S.
NaCl, NaBr, MgO, MnO, CaO,
3. 0.414 - 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl (Rock salt) CaS
4. 0.732 - 1.000 8 Body-centred cubic Coesium Chloride
Csl, CsBr, TiBr, NH 4 Br
Q21. What is meant by defects in a crystal Structure or solid?

Ans.
A perfect crystal has all constituent particles, atoms and ions arranged in a precise geometric order. The
real crystals are never perfect. They always contain some fault or imperfection in the formation of crystal
lattice. The defects occur due to faster rate of crystallisation. These defects change the original physical and
chemical properties of crystalline solids.
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Defects
Point Defect Line Defect

This defect is due to a fault produced in the This defect is due to irregularity in a complete
Arrangement of a point i.e. constituent particles. Line, a low of lattice points of constituent particles
Vacancy Interstitial Impurity

defect defect defect
1) Vacancy defect (Schottky defect) : If in an ionic crystal of the type A , B  , equal no. of cations and
anions are missing from their lattice sites so that their electrical neutrality is maintained, it is called Schottky
defect.
* Contains a pair of holes (+ ,  )
* Basically vacancy defect.
* Shown by highly ionic compounds with high C. N.
* Density decreases.
A+ B - A+ B - A+
B - B - A+ B -
A+ B - A+ A+
B - A+ B - A+ B -
Sch ottky D e fect
2) Interstitial defect (Frenkel defect) : If an ion is missing from its lattice site and it occupies the interstitial
site, electrical nertrality as well as stoichiometry of the compound are maintained. This defect is called Frenkel
defect.
Cations are smaller in size they dissociate easily. It is also called as dislocation defect.
Shown by compounds having low C.N.
Here none of the ions are missing from the crystal, so density of the solid remains unchanged.
Solids having – these detects conduct electricity to a small extent.
The stability of the crystal decreases.
It results in the increase in dielectric constant of the crystals.
A+ B- A+ B - A+
A+
B- B- A+ B-
A+ B- A+ B- A+
B- A+ B- A+ B-
Frenkel Defect
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3) Impurity defect : This defect occurs when a regular cation of a crystal is replaced by some different
cation. The different. cation sometimes occupy interstitial site.
Impurity Defect
Substitution Impurity Interstitial Impurity

Defect Defect
* If impurity cation is substituted in place of If impurity is present in the interstitial position
regular cation, it is called substitution impurity it is called interstitial impurity defect.
defect. e.g. Brass e.g. Stainless steel
* This defect changes almost all the properties of the crystalline solids.
Q22. Explain Band Theory.

Ans. The ability to conduct electricity and its variation with respect to metals, non-metals and semi-
conductors are explained with the band theory.
Assumption:
i) A orbitals combine to form M.O.
ii) Increase in no. of atoms, increases M.O.
iii) Increase in no. of M.O., the energy difference. between adj. orbitals decreases.
iv) Until, finally the energy gap becomes very small, M. Energy levels merge into each other to
form a continuous bond of M.O.- which extends over the entire of the crystal.
v) Each A.O. corresponds to 1 Energy level in the band which contains 2 e  .
vi) The e  in higher energy levels are free.
Hence, conduct electricity.
vii) The interaction between these large no. of
orbitals leads to formation of bonding and
antibonding molecular orbitals.
viii) All M.O. are very close to each other and
cannot be distinguished from one another,
therefore these orbitals are called band.
e.g. Mg  152 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 , 3 p 0
12
Page 17
In metallic crystals, valence band and conduction bands are very close to each other and a very little
energy is required to excite electrons from valence band into the conduction band.
In conduction band, electrons are delocalized and free to move from one end to other metal piece. This
migration makes the metal a good conductor.
In bad conductors, the spacing between valance band and conduction band is very high and energy is
required to promoted e  from valence band to conduction band. Hence they act as insulators.
Q23. What is semi-conductors? Mention the types of semiconductor.

Ans. A substance containing completely filled bond with e  and a completely empty band behaves as a semi-
conductor. If the space between two bands is less, then slight heating promotes the excitation and empty
band gets electrons to conduct electricity.
Silicon (Si) is a semi-conductor
E.C. of Si  1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 2 , 4s 0 ,3d 0 . Outer 4s and 3d orbitals are empty.
14
Electrons can be added to the empty conduction bond by adding impurity like Ar with extra e 
E.C. of Ar  1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s 2 ,3d 10 , 4 p3 .
33
There are 5 extra e  to be added in conduction bond. This method of adding impurity is called doping
method.
Semi-conductors
n-type semi-conductor p-type semi-conductor
n-type semi-conductor p-type semi-conductor

A semi-conductor with impurity having extra negative If boron with E.C. of 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2 p1 (1e  less as
charge due to extra electron of impurity atom is called compared to Si) A and all the sites of B, one e  will
n-type semi-conductor.
be less and there will be a +ve hole. So e  from
neighboring Si atom jumps into one e  hole and this
process is contained till the hole is transferred to the
edge of the crystal lattice and the movement of e 
takes place. This is p-type semi-conductor.
Q24. Explain Magnetic Properties in solid.

Ans. While e  are revolving round the nucleus in various orbits, they are also
spinning about their own axis. A spinning charge generates a magnetic field. Hence
spinning e  act like tiny magnets. Any electron orbital can accommodate 2 e  . If any
orbital contains one e  , it may spin clockwise or anti-clockwise so that the spins are
balanced, then the magnetic prop will not be observed.
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Q25. Explain Digmagnetism, Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.

Ans.
Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism
* Atom or molecule contains all * Atoms or molecules contain * They contain large no. of
electronic orbitals completely more unpaired elect. unpaired electrons.
filled. * More e 
* They have 2 e * Their magnetic moments are not * These substances can be
cancelled. permanently magnetized.
* Their spins are  1 and  1 .
2 2 * This prop. due to presence of
* They spin in opposite direction. unpaired electrons, due to which * Substances, e.g. Fe, Co, Ni, Gd,
* Spins are paired and mag, field subs experience pull in magnetic CrO2 , etc.
will be repelled. field is called paramagnethism.
* Extent of paramagnet depends
* e.g. H 2 O, NaCl , Benzene. upon the no. of unpaired e .
* e.g. O2 , Cu 2  , Fe 3 , Cr 3 .
Q26. Explain Guoy’s Method.

Ans.
Guoy’s Methods is used for determination of the magnetic properties.
It consists of weighing a substance in the magnetic field and out of magnetic field.
Diagnagnetic :- It weight less in magnetic field.
Paramagnetic :- It weight more in magnetic field.
Ferromagnetic :- It weight still more, because the extent of pull is greater.
NUMERICALS
1. Atoms C and D form fcc crystalline structure, atom C is present at the corners of the face centres
of the cube. What is the formula of the compound?
Ans.
Given: Crystal has fcc structure. Atoms C are at 8 corners while atom D are at 6 face centeres of the cubic unit
cell.
1
Sol: At the corner, th of each C atom is present.
8
1
Number of C atom   8  1
8
At each face centre half of each D atom is present.
1
 Number of D atom   6  3
2
Hence the formula is CD3
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2. An element A and B constitute bcc type crystalline structure. Element A occupied body A occupies
body centre position and B is at the corners of cube. What is the formula of the compound? What
are the coordination numbers of A and B?
Ans.
Given: Crystalline structure is bcc type
Atoms A are at corneres
and atom B are at body centre
sol. Atom A present at 8 corners
1
No. of atoms of A in unit cell   8  1
8
Atom B present at body centre
 No of atoms of B in unit cell =1
Hence formula is AB
The coordination number of an atom A at corner is 8
The coordination number of an atom B at body centre is 8
3. Niobium is found to crystallize with bcc structure and found to have density of 8.55g cm3 .
Determine the atomic radius of niobium if its atomic mass is 93?
Ans.
Given: Z  2
M  93
d  8.55 g cm 3
N A  6.023  10 23
r ?
Z M
Sol. d
a3  NA
Z M
a3 
d  NA
2  93

8.55  6.023 1023
186  10 23
 a3 
8.55  6.023
18.6
a3  10 24
8.55  6.023
Taking log on both the side
3log a  log18.6   log 8.55  log 6.023   1024
Page 20
3log a  3.2695   0.9320  0.7798  

3log a  1.5577
1.5577
log a   1024
3
 0.51923  10 8
a  Anti log 0.51923 108
a  3.306 108
3
r  a
4
3
r   3.3 10 8
4
1.73  3.3
r 108
4
  log1.73  log 3.3  log 4  10 8
  0.2380  0.5185  0.6021 108
 0.1544 108
r  Anti log  0.1544  108
r  1.426 108 cm
 142.6 10 8 cm
 142.6pm
4. Silver crystallises in face centred structure. The edge length of unit cell is found to be 408.7 pm.
Calculate density of silver  Ag  108mol 1 
Ans.
Given:
Z4
a  408.7pm
N A  6.023  1023 mol 1
m  108 g mol1
d?
Z m
Sol. d 3
a  NA
Page 21
4 108
d
10 3
 408.7 10   6.023 1023
432
d 3
 408.7   6.023 1023 1030
132
d 3
107
 408.7   6.023
Taking log on both the side.
log d  log 432   3log 408.7  log 6.023  107
log d   2.6355  3  2.6115  0.7798107
log d   2.6355  8.6143107
log d  6.0212  107

d  Anti log 6.0212 107 
d  Anti log 0.0212 10 6
d  1.050 10 6 10 7
d  10.5 g / cm3
5. Unit cell of iron crystal has edge length of 288 pm and density of 7.86 g cm3 . Determine the type of
crystal lattice (Fe = 56).
Ans.
Given:
a  288pm  288 1010 cm
d  7.86gcm3
N A  6.023 1023 mol
M  56gmol1
Z M
Sol. d
NA  a 3
d  NA  a 3
Z
M
3
7.86  6.023 1023   288 1010 
Z
56
Page 22
log Z   log 7.86  log 6.023  3log 288  log 56   10 7

log Z   0.8954  0.7798  3  2.4594  1.7482  107
log Z   0.8954  0.7798  7.3782  1.7482  107
log Z   9.0534  1.7482   107
Z  Anti log  7.3052  10 7
Z  2.019 107  10 7
Z  2.019  2
6. An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10 g cm-3 with unit cell edge length of
100 pm. Calculate number of atoms present in 1 g of crystal.
Ans.
Given: Z  4
d  10 gcm 3
a  100pm  100 1010 cm
N A  6.023 1023 mol
M ?
Z M
Sol. d
NA  a 3
d  NA  a 3
M
Z
10  6.023 1023  100 10 10 3 

 
M
4
6.023 1000000  1030  1023 10
M
4
6.023 10 10 1030 1023
6
M
4
6.023
M 101
4
M  1.55 g mol 1
1 gram atom = 1 mole of element = 1.5 gram
 1.5 gram element contains 6.022 1023 atoms

6.023  1023

 1 gram element will contain 1.5
 4  10 23 atoms
Page 23
BOARD THEORY QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between crystalline solids and amorphous solids. (March 2013)
2. What are Schottky and Frenkel defects? (Oct 2013)
3. Describe triclinic crystal lattice with the help of a diagram. (Oct 2014)
4. Explain impurity defect in stainless steel with diagram. (March 2015)
5. What is the hybridization of carbon atom in diamond and graphite?
0.1 mole of Buckminster fullerene contains how many kg of carbon?(At. Mass C=12) (Oct 2015)
6.What is ferromagnetism? Iron (Z=26) is ferromagnetic. Explain. (March 2016)
Page 24

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JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE

ANDHERI / BORIVALI / DADAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE

Q1. Define solid

Q2. Give classification

Q3. Distinguish between crystalline solid and amorphous solid.

2) They have definite geometric shapes 2) They have irregular shapes

4) They are anisotropic 4) They are isotropic

6) They undergo a clean cleavage 6) They undergo an irregular cut.

Definition: A crystalline solid is a homogeneous

Q4. Classification of Crystalline solids :

Q5. Explain Ionic solids:

Q6. What are Molecular solids :

Non-polar solids Polar solids Hydrogen-bonded

Hydrogen-bonded Molecular solids.

Q7. Explain Covalent or Network solids.

Q8. Explain Metallic solids.

Q10. What is unit cell.

Q11. Explain seven types of unit cell.

Two sides are equal and third with diff-length

Edge length = a  b  c abc

Edge length a  b  c abc abc abc

Ex. Rhombic Sulphur KNO3 BaSO4 MgSO4 , 7 H 2 O

Edge length = a  b  c abc

2 sides are equal (a  b  c)

There are eight particles at 8 corners

(2) Body Centred Cubic :

(3) Face centered cubic cells :

Q13.Explain Packing of solids.

3) FCC : Occupied = 74%

i)1 st stage : Consists of linear packing in one row. (one dimension)

Q14. Explain the packing in one dimensional structure.

Q15. Explain the close pacing in two dimensional structure.

Q16. Explain three dimensional packing

Q17. Explain tetrahedral void and octahedral void

Radius of a tetrahedral void is 0.225 R Radius of an octahedral void is 0.414 R.

Each tetrahedral void is surrounded by 4 spheres.

(2) Simple Cubic cell

AB is the diagonal of length ‘b’.

AD is the diagonal of length ‘c’.

Q19. What is radius.

Q20. Explain radius ration rule for ionic compound.

Radius Ratio Values for all Structures

1. 0.155 - 0.225 3 Planar triangular  B2 O3

CuCl , CuBr , Cul , BaS , HgS

Q21. What is meant by defects in a crystal Structure or solid?

Point Defect Line Defect

Vacancy Interstitial Impurity

Sch ottky D e fect

Substitution Impurity Interstitial Impurity

Q22. Explain Band Theory.

Q23. What is semi-conductors? Mention the types of semiconductor.

n-type semi-conductor p-type semi-conductor

n-type semi-conductor p-type semi-conductor

Q24. Explain Magnetic Properties in solid.

Q25. Explain Digmagnetism, Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.

Q26. Explain Guoy’s Method.

3log a  3.2695   0.9320  0.7798  

log Z   log 7.86  log 6.023  3log 288  log 56   10 7

10  6.023 1023  100 10 10 3 

 1.5 gram element contains 6.022 1023 atoms

BOARD THEORY QUESTIONS

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