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Henri Boffin1
Linda Schmidtobreick1
Gaitee Hussain1
Jean-Philippe Berger1
1
ESO
Boffin et al. 2014). In the second case, 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
the object complexity precludes simple
Relative intensity
modelling. If an object is well resolved
2014 Beauty Contest Median Images
(e.g., about 10 mas or more) it is then
possible to acquire many measurements 20 VY CMa 1.61 μm Median Image VY CMa 1.67 μm Median Image VY CMa 1.73 μm Median Image
in the (u,v)-plane in order to carry out
image reconstruction. Fabien Baron intro- 10
duced the art of aperture synthesis and
presented some magic tips and tricks 0
for imaging stellar surfaces with interfer-
ometry, introducing the SQUEEZE and –10
SIMTOI software. Clearly still an active
Milliarcseconds
Figure 4. Large-scale magnetic field maps obtained field maps have been used to test magnetospheric
using Zeeman Doppler imaging are key inputs for accretion scenarios (Romanova et al., 2011). b) In
numerical simulations of their coronae and extended main sequence stars they can be used to model stel-
environments. a) In pre-main sequence stars that are lar winds, and the conditions in interplanetary envi-
still accreting from their circumstellar discs, m
agnetic ronments (from Alvarado-Gomez et al., in prep.).
resolution of 0.03 AU, or 0.2 mas, which looked at the cores of planetary nebulae, ets in time series of high-resolution
clearly points to a whole new facility. while on another scale, Jonathan Stern spectra could be used to recover details
used the same technique to spatially of the system’s spin–orbit alignment
While interferometry provides direct resolve the kinematics of 0.1 mas wide through the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect.
information with milliarcsecond resolution, quasar broad-line regions. Measuring these spin–orbit alignments
Klaus Pontoppidan presented spectro- is important for understanding the origins
astrometry, an inexpensive method Luca Pasquini presented a new method, of the system. In rapidly rotating stars,
for measuring spatial properties of line- tachoastrometry, which aims at doing similar studies are important for exo-
emitting gas far beyond the diffraction astrometry with radial velocities, and is planet validation and for breaking degen-
limit, and particularly powerful in deter- particularly adapted for double-lined eracy between v sin i and spin–orbit
mining the position angles and sizes of spectroscopic binaries, leading to a pre- misalignment for low impact parameters.
rotating and jet-like compact objects on cision of better than two mas. Tilted and retrograde orbits have been
scales as small as 0.1 mas. The rather recovered for a number of systems, point-
simple idea is to measure the centroid on ing to a number of different migration
a spectrum as a function of wavelength, Microarcsecond resolution pathways. Studies of time series of near-
giving two-dimensional information. The infrared spectra have been employed to
technique has been applied to a wide The last set of techniques, allowing detect the transmission spectra of exo-
range of astronomical objects, from astronomers to reach microarcsecond planets themselves, enabling the masses
protoplanetary discs, binary stars, discs spatial resolutions, are known together of both the planet and star to be com-
around massive stars to AGN. Although as astrotomography, and consist of puted. The recent detection of the dayside
it can be carried out with most spectro- indirect imaging techniques from obser- spectrum of the hot Jupiters, τ Boo b,
graphs, AO-fed high dispersion echelle vations of projections, that are obtained 51 Peg b and HD 189733b show that
spectrographs allow much higher spatial through eclipses, Doppler shifts, and/or non-transiting planetary atmospheres can
resolution to be reached and this is why time delays (Boffin et al., 2001). These be detected; with β Pic b found to spin
instruments such as the CRyogenic high- techniques have been used to probe the significantly faster than any planet in the
resolution InfraRedEchelle Spectrogrph orbits of exoplanets, map the surfaces Solar System. These are key pathfinder
(CRIRES) or NIRSPEC with AO are ideal of a variety of stars and the structure of studies for the ELT.
for this technique. Miwa Goto described accretion discs in binary systems.
spectro-astrometry with CRIRES at the Stellar surface-imaging techniques,
VLT to study the anomalies in discs Andrew Cameron showed how the dis- Doppler imaging, Zeeman Doppler imag-
around stars, Mónica Blanco Cárdenas tinctive signature from transiting exoplan- ing and Roche tomography exploit the
information in time series of intensity and phenomena, including pulsations, and and future instrumentation. Suzanne
polarised spectra to reconstruct detailed can be applied to CVs. Jan Cechura Ramsay presented the current and future
maps of stellar photospheres. In the described how hydrodynamic simula- ESO instruments that may be used for
brightest, most rapidly rotating systems, tions can be used to construct synthetic high angular resolution, and the list is
these maps can achieve a latitudinal Doppler tomograms of the high-mass quite long: MATISSE, GRAVITY, the future
spatial resolution close to two degrees. X-ray binary, Cyg X-2, in both hard and AO Facility, ERIS, as well as many instru-
Oleg Kochukhov, Julien Morin and Chris soft states. These can be directly com- ments to come with the E-ELT. Ulli Kaeufl
Watson reviewed the application of inver- pared with observations and aid the presented the recent VISIR upgrade (see
sion techniques to reconstruct surface conversion of tomograms, which are in Käufl et al., p. 15).
brightness maps, inhomogeneities in velocity space, into spatial coordinates.
chemical elements and the large-scale The workshop was purposely limited to
magnetic fields on stars in systems Raymundo Baptista reviewed how the the optical and infrared domain, but of
including: brown dwarfs; G–M-type main detailed structure in accretion discs can course high angular resolution astronomy
sequence and pre-main sequence stars; be probed using eclipse mapping tech- can also be done in other wavelength
Ap and Bp stars; B-type HgMn stars; and niques including the white dwarf, mass ranges, and the recent, amazing images
late-type stars in cataclysmic variable donor, disc and outflowing gas. He also coming from ALMA (Atacama Large
binaries (CVs) and X-ray binaries (exam- demonstrated how the time evolution of Millimeter/submillimeter Array) are a per-
ples in Figure 4). These maps probe discs can be used to follow changes fect demonstration. If the workshop has
fundamental processes including surface during outburst events and changes in shown how much progress is evident on
differential rotation, timescales of flux disc viscosity during flickering (using light many fronts, it has also highlighted how
emergence and diffusion processes, and curves of HT Cas spanning two years). very bright the future is!
in CVs may explain the properties and Stephen Potter showed how photo-
timescales of accretion outbursts. polarisation light curves could be inverted
to create images of accretion shocks Acknowledgements
Julian Alvarado Gomez presented a and detail in the structure near the white It is a pleasure to thank the other members of the
robust criterion to prevent over/under- dwarf photosphere in magnetic CVs. Scientific Organising Committee who helped to
fitting in maps obtained with D oppler Genetic optimisation is found to be effec- set up a very nice scientific programme for a very
imaging techniques. He demonstrated tive in finding robust fits to the Stokes stimulating meeting: Keith Horne, Danny Steeghs,
Klaus Strassmeier and Claus Tappert. Thanks go as
how the large-scale magnetic fields parameters. The models used for these well to the members of the Local Organising Com-
reconstructed for cool stars can be used reconstructions employ realistic stratifica- mittee who made for a very smooth and enjoyable
to model the extended environments tions of the accretion column structure workshop: Julian Alvarado Gómez, Stella Chasiotis-
and mass loss properties using three- based on radiation hydrdodynamic simu- Klingner, Gergely Csépány and Jason Grunhut.
S pecial thanks should also go to Keith Horne for
dimensional magnetohydrodynamic mod- lations. The latest results of tomographic presenting the summary talk of the workshop and to
els that have been developed for the Sun. studies of polars, covering consecutive Stella Chasiotis-Klingner for her efficient help in all
Colin Hill reported the first measurement half-orbits for two systems and revealing the practical aspects of the organisation.
of differential rotation at the surface of the variability in the structure of the mag-
the K4-type secondary of the CV, AE Aqr netic accretion flow in V834 Cen and References
in contrast to predictions of tidal locking HU Aqr, were presented by Enrico Kotze.
causing solid-body rotation. The time- Baron, F. et al. 2012, SPIE, 8445, 84451E
scales of the variability of activity implied Misty Bentz introduced the technique Boffin, H. M. J., Steeghs, D. & Cuypers, J. 2001,
Astrotomography, Indirect Imaging Methods in
by the measured differential rotation rates of AGN reverberation mapping (or echo Observational Astronomy, LNP Series 573,
may contribute to the observed mass- mapping), where time delays between Springer
transfer variations in the CV. signals in the continuum and in various Boffin, H. M. J. et al. 2014, The Messenger, 156, 35
broad lines are transformed into spatial Eisenhauer, F. et al. 2011, The Messenger, 143, 16
Lopez, B. et al. 2014, The Messenger, 157, 5
Tom Marsh introduced the technique information on the broad-line region Merkle, F. et al. 1989, The Messenger, 58, 1
of Doppler tomography, reviewing how (BLR). This allows the measurement of Milli, J. et al. 2014, arXiv:1407.2539
structure within accretion discs and flows the mass of the black hole and, together Monnier, J. D. et al. 2014, Proc. SPIE, 9146, 91461Q
can be recovered from well-sampled with velocity delays of the lines, also Rengaswamy, S. et al. 2014, The Messenger, 155, 12
Romanova, M. M. et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 915
spectroscopic time series. Results were gives a detailed picture of the BLR itself. Schaefer, G. H. et al. 2014, Nature, 515, 234
shown for a range of accreting s ystems, As shown by Suvendu Rakshit, com
showing how different diagnostics can bining the angular sizes of the interfero-
allow more detail to be reconstructed. metric measurements with the rever Links
A xel Schwope showed how Doppler beration maps yields geometric distances 1
orkshop programme: http://www.eso.org/sci/
W
tomography can be applied to polars to the AGNs, which is necessary for the meetings/2014/hires2014/program.html
(cataclysmic binary stars) to map the calibration of black-hole masses as well 2
Workshop presentations available:
detail of magnetic accretion spots as for general cosmology. http://bit.ly/1y4WR4W
on white dwarfs. Petr Hadrava showed
how Fourier disentangling of the spectra As is most fitting for an ESO workshop,
of binaries can be used to study various the final session was devoted to current