Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

5 ENERGY EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION

5.1 Eulerian Approach & Control Volume

In order to develop the equations that describe a flow, it is assumed that

fluids are subject to certain fundamental laws of physics. The pertinent
laws are:

1. Conservation of mass;
2. Conservation of energy;
3. Conservation of momentum.

These principles were initially developed for the case of a solid body and
the application of these laws to a solid body is relatively straightforward
since the body will be of measurable size and mass. However, it is not for
a flowing fluid.

To describe the displacement, velocity and acceleration of a fluid, control

volume approach (Eulerian approach) is commonly used.

A control volume is a purely imaginary region within a body of flowing

fluid. The region is usually at a fixed location and of fixed size. Inside the
region, all of the dynamic forces cancel each other. Attention may
therefore be focused on the forces acting externally on the control volume.
The control volume may be of any shape. Therefore, a shape may be
selected which is most convenient for any particular application.

5.2 Continuity Equation

The principle of conservation of mass can be applied to a flowing fluid.

Considering any fixed region in the flow constituting a control volume,

Mass of fluid Mass of fluid Increase of mass of

entering per = leaving per + fluid in the control
unit time unit time volume per unit time

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

mass of fluid mass of fluid

entering Control Volume leaving

Continuity of Flow

For steady flow, the mass of fluid in the control volume remains constant
and the relation reduces to

Mass of fluid entering = Mass of fluid leaving

per unit time per unit time

Apply this principle to steady flow in a streamtube as shown below,

2
1 Area = dA 2
Velocity = V 2
Area = dA 1 Pressure = p 2
Velocity =V 1
Pressure = p 1

Continuous flow through a streamtube

If there is no flow being evacuated from the stream tube except at the
outlet section 2, then
Q = ρV1A1 = ρV2A2
∴ Q = V1A1 = V2A2

where V1, V2 are the mean velocities at sections 1 and 2 respectively.

The continuity equation for liquids many be generally expressed in the

form

Q = V*A = constant

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

where V and A are velocity of flow and the cross-sectional area normal to
the flow respectively at any section of the liquid stream.

The continuity equation can also be applied to determine the relation

between the flows into and out of a junction. For steady condition,

Total inflow to junction = total outflow from junction

A2
V2
Q2

A1
V1
Q1
A3
V3
Q3

ρ1Q1 = ρ2Q2 + ρ3Q3

For an incompressible flow, ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ3, then

Q1 = Q 2 + Q3

or A1 V 1 = A2 V2 + A3 V3

In general, if we consider flow towards the junction as positive and flow

away for the junction as negative, then for steady flow at any junction the
algebraic sum of all the mass flows must be zero:

Σ ρQ =0

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Worked example:

Water flows through a pipe AB of diameter d1 = 50 mm, which is in series

with a pipe BC of diameter d2 = 75 mm in which the mean velocity V2 = 2
m/s. At C the pipe forks and one branch CD is of diameter d3 such that the
mean velocity V3 is 1.5 m/s. The other branch CE is of diameter d4 = 30
mm and conditions are such that the discharges Q2 from BC divides so that
Q4 = ½ Q3. Calculate the values of Q1, V1, Q2, Q3, d3, Q4 and V4.

V3= 1.5 m/s

D
A B C
Q 3=2Q 4
d 1=50 mm d 2=75 mm
V2 =2 m/s E
d4 =30 mm

Answer

Since pipes AB and BC are in series and water is incompressible, the

volume flow rate will be the same in each pipe, Q1 = Q2. But

Q2 = A2 * V2 = (π/4)*d22*V2
Q1 = Q2
= (π/4)*(0.075)2*2
= 8.836*10-3 m3/s

Q1
V1 = Q1/A1 =
(π / 4) * d1
2

8.836 * 10 −3
=
(π / 4) * 0.05 2
= 4.5 m/s

Considering pipes BC, CD and DE, the discharge from BC must be equal
to the sum of the discharges through CE and CE. Therefore

Q2 = Q3 + Q4
And since

Q4 = ½ Q3

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

⇒ Q2 = 1.5 Q3

Hence Q3 = Q2 / 1.5
= 8.836*10-3/1.5
= 5.891*10-3 m3/s

& Q4 = ½ Q3
= 2.945*10-3 m3/s

Also, since Q3 = (π/4)*d32*v3

4Q 3
Hence d3 =
πV3
4 * 5.891 * 10 −3
=
π * 1. 5
= 0.071 m

Q4
V4 =
(π / 4) * d 4
2

2.945 * 10 −3
=
(π / 4) * 0.032
= 4.17 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

5.3 Bernoulli’s Equation

Figure below shows a small streamtube element of cylindrical section with

uniform cross-sectional area. The fluid accelerates in the direction of the
flow. Taking this to be a control volume at an instant in the time,

ds
p'

(p+dp).A

z p.A mg

α
p'

Forces acting on the element in the s direction include:

(i) Pressure forces expressed as:

upstream end p.∆A
∂p
downstream end -(p + ∆s)∆A
∂s
(pressure may vary with respect to space, s and time, t, therefore the
partial derivative is used).

(ii) Gravity force ∆W.sinα where ∆W = γ.∆s.∆A

∆z ∂z
(iii) sinα = , then as ∆s approaches zero, then sinα =
∆s ∂s

By applying Newton’s second law in the s direction, the following

equation is reached.

ΣFs = M*as

where M = mass of the cylindrical element (ρ.∆s.∆A)

as = acceleration in the s direction

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Therefore, we arrive at the following equation by substituting the above

expression into the above equation.
∂
− ( p + γz) = ρ.a s - Euler’s equation
∂s

By rewriting the acceleration term in a general form as follows:

dVs
as =
dt
∂Vs ∂Vs ds
= +
∂t ∂s dt

∂Vs
For steady flow, =0
∂t
∂Vs
Then a s = Vs
∂s

By substituting the above expression into Euler’s equation we obtain the

following

∂ ∂V
− (p + γz) = ρ.v s s
∂s ∂s

Assuming the density of the fluid remains unchanged,

∂p ∂z ρ ∂
+γ +
2
(Vs ) = 0
∂s ∂s 2 ∂s

By integrating the above equation with respect to s we have,

ρ
p + γz + Vs2 = constant
2

p V2
or +z+ = constant
γ 2g

The subscript s is usually omitted and v is used to represent the velocity in

the direction of fluid flow.

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

The term p/γ - pressure head

z - potential head (elevation head)
V2/2g - velocity head

The constant at the right hand side of the equation is the total head (total
energy per unit weight) of the flow field. The equation is applicable when
the flow is steady, non-viscous, and incompressible with the constant
density. Under these conditions the total head at any point along a
streamline of the flow field is the same.

Bernoulli’s equation is an expression of the principle of conservation of

energy.

In most applications, Bernoulli’s equation is applied at two points in the

flow field with z1 and z2 are referred to the same datum.

2 2
p1 V p V
+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z 2 + 2
γ 2g γ 2g

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Worked examples:

1. Determine the velocity of the water flowing at point 1 and 2 of the

pipe shown below, with the following data. Neglect all losses in
heads.
p1 = 120 kPa, p2 = 200 kPa, d1 = 0.4 m and d2 = 0.6 m

1 2

Answer

Apply Continuity equation to point 1 and 2

V1A1 = V2A2
π(0.4) 2 2 π(0.6) 2 2
Since A1 = m, A2 = m
4 4
(0.6) 2
∴ V1 = V2 *
(0.4) 2
= 2.25 V2

Apply Bernoulli’s equation along the central streamline to points 1

and 2
2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

p1 = 120 kPa, p2 = 200 kPa

V1 = 2.25 V2
& z1 = z2 (same level)

2
120 ( 2.25V2 ) 2 200 V2
Hence + = +
9.81 2 * 9.81 9.81 2 * 9.81
⇒ V2 = 6.3 m/s

and V1 = 2.25 v2
= 14.2 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

2. For a 50 mm diameter siphon drawing oil (S.G. = 0.82) from the oil
reservoir as shown below, the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.5
m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m. Find the discharge of oil
from the siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.

2m dia = 50 mm
1

oil
5m
3

Answer

Apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & 3.

2 2
p1 V1 p V
+ + z1 = 3 + 3 + z 3 + loss1-3
γ 2g γ 2g

p1 = p3 = 0 (patm = 0)
V1 = 0
(Assume the oil vessel is very large, the rate of the oil level drop is
negligible)
z3 = 0, z1 = 5 m
loss1-3 = loss1-2 + loss2-3
= 1.5 + 2.4 m
= 3.9 m

∴ 0 + 0 + 5 = 0 + V32/(2*9.81) + 0 + 3.9
V3 = 4.646 m/s

Q = A 3 * V3
= [π(0.05)2/4]*4.646
= 0.00912 m3/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Again, apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & 2

2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + loss1-2
γ 2g γ 2g

z2 = 7 m
V2 = V3 (same pipe diameter)
= 4.646 m
loss1-2 = 1.5 m

∴ 0 + 0 + 5 = p2/γ + (4.646)2/(2*9.81) + 7 + 1.5

p2/γ = - 4.6 m
p2 = - 4.6 * 9.81 * 0.82 kPa
= - 36.9 kPa

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

5.4 Flow Measurement

The three parameters most often involved in flow measurement are

pressure, velocity and discharge of flow. The relationships between these
parameters have already been defined through the Continuity and
Bernoulli’s equation. In this section, the principles and applications of
common flow measurement devices are discussed.

5.4.1 Stagnation Tube and Pitot Tube

When an L shaped tube is placed in a flow field, it can be used to measure

the velocity of flow.

z flow
vA,pA vB,pB
A B

(a) (b)

Since the flow is brought to a standstill at the front end of the tube, this
simple device is called a stagnation tube (fig. a). The velocity of flow
measured by the stagnation tube is expressed as

V = 2gh - Torricelli’s formula

where V = velocity of flow

h = the level of fluid in the tube above the free surface.

This expression can be derived by applying Bernoulli’s equation to the

stagnation point and any other point upstream of it. For simplicity, choose
a point (point A) at the same level as the stagnation point (point B, i.e. the
velocity of fluid flow at this point is zero).

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

From Bernoulli’s equation,

2 2
p A VA p V
+ + zA = B + B + zB
γ 2g γ 2g

Since zA = zB, and VB = 0 (stagnation point), therefore

2
VA p p
= B- A
2g γ γ

which can be applied to flow in closed or open conduits.

Since also pA = γz and pB = γ(z + h), then

VA = 2gh ,

where VA = the velocity of flow which is measured by the stagnation

tube

Since the application of the stagnation tube is limited by the pressure of the
flow, pitot tubes are often used in pressure pipes.

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Worked examples:

1. Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in figure below. For
the given 0.2 m difference in manometer level, determine the flow rate
when the diameter of the small pipe, D is 0.05m.

0.2 m
h1
h2
water
0.1 m D
(1) Q (2)

Answer

Again, apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & 2

2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

V1 = 0 (stagnation point)
z1 = z2 = 0 (same level)
2
p1 p 2 V2
∴ +0+0= + +0
γ γ 2g
(p − p 2 )
V 2 = 2g 1
γ

but p1 = γh1 and p2 = γh2

∴ p1 – p2 = γ(h1 – h2)
= 0.2 γ

0. 2 γ
Thus V2 = 2g * = 2g * 0.2 m/s
γ
= 1.98 m/s

Q = A2 * V2
= [π(0.05)2/4]*1.98
= 3.888*10-3 m3/s
= 3.888 L/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

2. Water is siphoned from a tank as shown below. Determine the flow

rate and the pressure at point A, a stagnation point.

0.04 m diameter

3m
2
A
water
Answer

Apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & 2

2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

p1 = p2 = 0 (patm)
V1 = 0
z1 = 3m, z2 = 0

∴ 0 + 0 + 3 = 0 + V22/(2*9.81) + 0
V2 = 2 * 9.81 * 3 m/s
= 7.67 m/s

Hence Q = A2 * V 2
= [π(0.04)2/4]*7.67 m3/s
= 9.64 * 10-3 m3/s

Again, apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & A

2 2
p1 V1 p A VA
+ + z1 = + + zA
γ 2g γ 2g

VA = 0 & zA = 0

0 + 0 + 3 = pA/γ + 0 + 0
or pA = γ* 3
= 9.81 * 3 kPa
= 29.43 kPa

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

5.4.2 Orifice

An orifice is a geometric opening in the side of a wall and tank, through

which fluid can flow. A circular sharp edged orifice at the side of a water
tank is shown.

vA H

B
vB

Orifice area, A

The volume rate of flow discharged through an orifice will depend upon
the head of the fluid above the level of the orifice and it can therefore be
used as a means of flow measurement.

Applying Bernoulli’s equation to A and B, assuming that there is no loss of

energy,
2 2
p A VA p B VB
+ + zA = + + zB
γ 2g γ 2g

Putting zA - zB = H, VA = 0, VB = V and pA = pB,

velocity of jet, V = 2gH

Theoretically, if A is the cross-sectional area of the orifice,

Discharge, Q = Area * Velocity

= A 2gH

In practice, the actual discharge is considerably less than the theoretical

discharge and is modified by introducing a coefficient of discharge, Cd, so
that

Actual discharge, Qactual = Cd * Qtheoretical

= CdA 2gH

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

There are two reasons for this phenomenon. First, the velocity of the jet is
less than that the theoretical velocity because there is a loss of energy
between A and B:

Actual velocity at B = Cv * V
= Cv 2gH

where Cv = coefficient of velocity

≈ 0.97

Second, the paths of the particles of the fluid converge on the orifice and
the area of the issuing jet at B is less than the area of the orifice A at C. In
the plane of the orifice, the particles have a component of velocity towards
the centre and the pressure at C is greater than atmospheric pressure. The
streamlines will converge at a short distance downstream of the orifice and
the minimum flow area is called the vena contracta. This is smaller than
the cross-sectional area of the orifice.

vena contracta

C v B vB

Contraction of issuing jet

The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta to that of the
orifice is called the coefficient of contraction, Cc.

Actual area of the jet at B = CcA

∴ Actual Discharge = Actual area at B * Actual velocity at B

= CcA * Cv 2gH
= Cc * Cv A 2gH

Hence Cd = Cc * C v

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Evaluation of the actual velocity from the displacement of the jet

vena
contracta
centre line
of jet

For horizontal motion,

S = x, u = V, and a=0

Hence x =V*t

where V = actual velocity at vena contracta

For vertical motion,

u = 0, a=g
1
y = g * t2
2

By eliminating t,

V = gx 2
2y

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Worked examples:

1. Oil of specific gravity 0.82 discharges from an open tank through an

orifice of diameter 14 mm. The coefficient of velocity is 0.88 and the
coefficient of contraction is 0.62. The centre of the orifice is at a
depth of 0.9m from the surface of the oil. Determine the diameter of
the vena contracta and the discharge of oil through the orifice.

Answer

0.9m orifice hole

dia = 14mm

A = π * (14/1000)2/4 = 1.54 * 10-4 m2

Since Cc = Ac/A
0.62 = Ac / 1.54 * 10-4
hence Ac = 0.955 * 10-4 m2
or dc = 0.01102 m = 11.02 mm

Theoretical velocity, V = 2gh

= 2 * 9.81 * 0.9 = 4.0202 m/s

Theoretical discharge, Q = V*A

= 4.02 * 1.54 * 10-4 = 6.47 * 10-4 m3/s

Coefficient of discharge, Cd = Cv * Cc
= 0.88 * 0.62 = 0.546

Actual discharge = Cd * Theoretical discharge

= 0.546 * 6.47 * 10-4
= 3.53 * 10-4 m3/s
= 0.353 L/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

2. If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, determine the
flow rate from the tank as shown below. (Neglect all losses)

1
orifice dia oil
2m
= 50 mm 2 S.G.=0.81
0.7m
water
3

Answer

Apply Bernoulli’s equation between to 2 & 3

2 2
p 2 V2 p 3 V3
+ + z2 = + + z3
γ 2g γ 2g

p2 = p1 + γoilh = 2γoil (p1 = patm = 0)

p3 = 0 (patm)
V2 =0
z2 = 0.7 m & z3 =0

Thus γoh/γw + 0 + 0.7 = 0 + V32/(2g) + 0

2γ
V3 = 2g * ( oil + 0.7) m/s
γw
Since S.G.oil = γoil /γw = 0.81
∴ V3 = 2g * (2 * 0.81 + 0.7) m/s
= 6.747 m/s

Q = A3 * V3
= [π(0.05)2/4]*6.747 m3/s
= 0.0132 m3/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

5.4.3 Venturi Meter

The venturi meter is the most commonly used device for flow
measurement and is designed with a streamlined throat which can,

1. reduce the overall head loss, and

2. reduce the normal mechanical wear of the device. The discharge
equation for a venturi meter is the same as for an orifice meter, except
that the flow coefficient value of a venturi meter is generally higher than
that of an orifice meter and a flow nozzle. This follows since the
coefficient of contraction of a venturi meter is unity.

converging throat
cone
entry diverging section

1 2

Applying Bernoulli’s equation with p1 = ρgh1, p2 = ρgh2 and z1 = z2, and

also by continuity equation, V1A1 = V2A2

2g ( h 1 − h 2 )
V1 =
A1 2
( ) −1
A2

Hence discharge Q = A1V1

A1
= 2g ( h 1 − h 2 )
A1 2
( ) −1
A2

Actual discharge = CdQ

C d A1
= 2g ( h 1 − h 2 )
A1 2
( ) −1
A2

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Worked examples:

1. The flow of kerosene is measure using a venturi meter. The diameter

of the pipe and the throat are 50 mm and 25 mm respectively. A
differential manometer shows a deflection, h’ of 55 mm of mercury.
The coefficient of discharge is 0.96. Determine the flow rate of
kerosene. Take the S.G. of kerosene as 0.82.

Answer

1 2

y
ρ h'
A B

ρm

Area of cross-section of the pipe, A1 = π * 0.052/4 = 0.00196 m2

Area of cross-section of the throat, A2 = π * 0.0252/4 = 0.00049 m2

A1 0.00196
By continuity equation, V2 = ( )*V1 =( )*V1 = 4 V1
A2 0.00049
By Bernoulli’s equation, z1 = z2
p1 = p2 + h’*(γm - γk)
S .G.m
(p1 - p2)/ γk = h’*( - 1)
S .G.k
13.6
= 0.055*( -1) m = 0.857 m
0.82
2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
2
V1 (4V1 ) 2
0.857 + =
2g 2g
V1 = 1.059 m/s
or V2 = 4*1.059 = 4.235 m/s

Qactual = 0.96 * 4.235 * 0.00049 = 0.00199 m3/s = 1.99 L/s

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

2. The water supply to a gas water heater contracts from 10 mm in

diameter at 1 to 7 mm in diameter at 2 (figure below). If the pipe is
horizontal, calculate the difference in pressure between 1 and 2 when
the velocity of the water at 1 is 4.5 m/s. The pressure difference
operates the gas control through connections which are taken to
horizontal cylinder in which a piston of 20 mm diameter moves.
Ignoring friction and the area of the piston connecting rod, what is the
force on the piston?

1 2

Answer

For Continuity of flow,

V1A1 = V2A2
π(0.1) 2 2 π(0.07) 2 2
Since A1 = m, A2 = m
4 4
V1 = 4.5 m/s
(0.1) 2
∴ V2 = 4.5 * m/s
(0.07) 2
= 9.18 m/s

Apply Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 & 2

2 2
p1 V1 p 2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

z1 = z2 (same level)
V1 = 4.5 m/s
V2 = 9.18 m/s

p1 4.52 p2 9.182
hence + +0= + +0
γ 2 * 9.81 γ 2 * 9.81

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

p1 − p 2 9.182 − 4.52
=
γ 2 * 9.81
= 3.267 m of water

p1 – p2 = 3.267 * 9.81 kPa

= 32.045 kPa

π(0.02) 2 2
Area of piston, Ap = m
4
= 0.000314 m2

Force on piston = (p1 – p2)*Ap

= 32.045 * 0.000314 kN
= 0.01 kN

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

3. Air flows through the device shown below. If the flow rate is large
enough, the pressure within the construction will be low enough to
draw the water up into the tube. Determine the flow rate, Q and the
pressure needed at section 1 to draw the water into section 2. Neglect
compressibility and viscous effects.

dia = 25 mm
1 air 3
2
0.3m
dia = 50 mm dia = 50 mm
free jet
water

Answer

For Continuity of flow,

V2A2 = V3A3
(d 3 ) 2
∴ V2 = V3 *
(d 2 ) 2
(50) 2
= V3 *
(25) 2
= 4V3

Apply Bernoulli’s equation between to 2 & 3

2 2
p 2 V2 p 3 V3
+ + z2 = + + z3
γ 2g γ 2g

p3 =0
z2 = z3 (same level)
p2 = -γwh
p2 γ
=- w h
γ γ
9.81 * 1000
=- * 0.3 m
12
= - 245.25 m

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Thus - 245.25 + (4V3)2/(2g) + 0 = 0 + V32/(2g) + 0

(42 – 1) V32 = 245.25 * 2 * 9.81
V3 = 17.91 m/s

Q = A3*V3
= π(0.05)2/4*17.91 m3/s
= 0.0351 m3/s

Also apply Bernoulli’s equation between to 1 & 3

2 2
p1 V1 p 3 V3
+ + z1 = + + z3
γ 2g γ 2g

V1 = V3 (same diameter)
z1 = z3 (same level)

therefore p1 = p3
=0 (Patm)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Class Exercise 5.1:

Water flows down the ramp in the channel as shown below. The channel
width decreases from 4.5 m at section 1 to 2.5 m at section 2. For the
conditions shown, determine the flow rate.
1

Q 2
2m

0.5m 1m
width = 4.5 m
width = 2.5 m
(14.12 m3/s)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Class Exercise 5.2:

The water in a tank is 1.8 m deep and over the surface is air at pressure 70
kPa (gauge). Find the flow rate from an orifice of 50 mm in the bottom of
the tank if the Cd = 0.6
pressure
70 kPa
1
water
1.8 m

orifice dia = 50 mm 2
(0.0156 m3/s)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Class Exercise 5.3:

A horizontal venturi tube, 280 mm diameter at the entrance and 140 mm

diameter at the throat, has a discharge coefficient of 0.97. A U-tube
manometer filled with mercury is connected between the entrance and the
throat to measure the water flow between them. Calculate the flowrate
when the difference in the mercury level is 50 mm. (0.0542 m3/s)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 – Energy Equation

Tutorial: Energy Equation

1. Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the building shown below
with a maximum velocity of 6.5 m/s. For steady inviscid flow, determine the
maximum water velocity from the basement faucet and from the faucet on the
second floor. Assume only two taps will be opened at each time and each
floor is 4 m tall.

1.5m

2.5m
v=6.5m/s 1.5m
1.0m
inlet
4m 1.5m

2. For the water shooting out of the pipe and nozzle under the conditions shown
in figure below, find the height, h about the nozzle to which the water jet will
shoot. Assume negligible head loss.

h
nozzle
dia=0.1m

1.1m
A point A
dia=0.2m
PA=55kPa
water

3 Oil (S.G = 0.86) flows through the system as shown in figure below. A
manometer is used to measure the flowrate of the oil. By neglecting any
losses, determine the flowrate of the oil.
2
A=0.012m

oil

1.5m

0.25m

A=0.030m2
Q
SG=2.5

P.5-30