WHY

YOU NEITHER UNDERSTAND RELATIVITY NOR QUANTUM

PHYSICS
The standard model of particle physics in accordance with the theory of
relativity





Jorge Aymerich














First edition: October 2016 (from second Spanish revision).
© Jorge Aymerich.
www.jorgeaymerich.com
All rights reserved.
http://www.safecreative.org/work/1609299303695
ASIN: B01LXQ41AZ






To my family, thanks for his support.
 Index
1. Prologue

2. Introduction

3. The movement

4. Interpretation of motion

5. The gravity

6. The problems of small

7. The big issues

8. The stage of the particles

9. Particle zoo

10. Some answers

11. Epilogue

12. Acknowledgements and contact

13. Schemas index

14. Tables index

 1. Prologue
This book proposes a justification and simplification of the standard model from
the relativity.
This edition is an English translation of the same book in Spanish also on
Amazon since one year ago.
The relativity and the standard model are described as a result of curvatures and
rotations between the measured reference system and the experimenter reference
system, leading to its simplification and comprehension.
The reader should have some knowledge about relativity and the standard model,
at least on an amateur level, because the purpose of this book isn’t to justify the
historical discoveries and their protagonists, but to give a different paradigm of
what is now known.
Although it cannot be easy, it avoids formulas and focuses on the concepts,
seeking to show what hide the forest trees.
It is accessible to anyone curious about what seems to be the deeper architecture
of the universe because it seeks and finds a simple justification of the standard
model.
This paradigm narrate the same known facts but in a different way, proposing
solutions to the most disturbing issues of modern physics, suggests where are the
answers and all this according to more than a hundred years of results of work
and effort of thousands of physicists.
The consequences of this paradigm points to something much more amazing, i.e.
the hyper-determinism, the relativity of the arrow of time, the relativity of the
causality and also the possibility of time travel, all of which opens up more
questions than closes.
The introduction that follows to this prologue describes briefly the classical
mechanics and gravitation according to Newton, the changes that Einstein
introduced and finally the pieces that compose matter from bigger to smallest.
The third chapter is about the motion, it reviews the concepts of mechanics in
order to provide in the following chapters a classic, but perhaps more intuitive,
interpretation of relativistic effects on mass, time and length.
The chapters six and seven list the problems that physics are clearing up today to
understand the universe, its origin, the particles and their interactions.
Chapter eight describes the universe as a five dimensions universe: Three spatial
dimensions x, y, z, an imaginary dimension t and finally a hidden dimension u,
on which the curvatures cause the forces.
Chapter nine explains the first generation of the standard model and the strong,
electromagnetic, weak and gravitational interactions. Next, it explains one
possible interpretation of next two generations of particles, their transformations
and finally advances a justification of matter and dark energy.
Chapters ten and eleven explain again the problems of physics from this new
perspective and next are examined some implications of this new point of view.
The recommendation for an expert reader is to read in diagonal the chapters four
and five on relativity and start in chapter eight with the standard model.

 2. Introduction
The actual physics explain the world through two great theories. One is the
theory of relativity that explains the motion and the gravity and the other is the
quantum theory that describes the basic building blocks of things and their
interactions.
Newton defined the three laws of motion:
The law of inertia says that if no force is applied to a body, then it rests or
maintains in a uniform rectilinear motion.
The law of acceleration says that the acceleration acquired is proportional to the
force applied to a body.
The principle of action and reaction, states that when a force is applied to a body
it returns the same force in the opposite direction.
Newton himself extended his three laws of motion with the law of the universal
gravitation, to explain that apples fall because of a 'mysterious' force without
apparently anybody pushing them down.
He unified in the law of universal gravitation the force that accelerates an apple
downwards and the force that holds Earth and Sun tied, setting that the force
between two bodies separated by a distance r is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
As more mass have two bodies they are stronger attracted to each other and as
more distance there be between them the force is smaller. The force is diluted by
a factor of square of distance because it is distributed like the surface of a
balloon that blows up, in what is called the inverse-square law.
These laws show that the velocity of the bodies is additive. For example, if on a
train that goes a hundred kilometers per hour, Ana throws a ball forward also a
hundred kilometers per hour, Benito, who stays on the platform, sees that the ball
goes at 200 kilometers per hour.
But things got complicated because the light always travels in vacuum at the
same speed for any observer: for Ana, who travels in the train and for Benito on
the platform. Einstein proposed then the special theory of relativity and ten
years later, emulated and surpassed Newton again, with the general theory of
relativity about gravity.
The special relativity notes that light travels in vacuum at the same speed for all
the observers and this speed is the highest speed that can reach any object. The
consequence is that movement slows down time, shorten the length and increase
the mass. At normal speed a body changes imperceptibly but when it approaches
light speed it does it significantly.
The general theory of relativity, to explain gravity, states that matter curves the
space-time, so two masses tend to approach themselves and even the light rays
bend slightly when passing near a large mass.
With these laws, the movement is perfectly predictable, even if the common
sense of Newton’s laws is sacrificed. Bend the space-time to describe that the
light of a lantern inside a train has the same speed for passenger Ana and for
Benito on the platform, it works, but it is hard to assimilate. Converting gravity
in a space-time deformation works, but we ask again, why?
On the other hand, going from the laws governing the very large (stars, solar
system, black holes,...) to the laws of the smallest, we see that matter consists of
small pieces that can be arranged in infinite combinations but only few of them
are fairly stable over time. And it works like a set of Russian dolls, as they form
layers, one inside the other.
If without the gravity force the matter would be dispersed throughout the
universe, there are other forces that group the matter at every level and without
them the universe would be just a cloud of dust of these pieces called elementary
particles.
Starting from the big, in the air there are many gases that interact little. In water
(such as sea or cell medium) coexists molecules that interact more due to the
properties of water. In solids substances interact little. The matter we know is
usually a mixture of substances joined by forces such as gravity, surface tension
or electrostatic forces resulting from the electromagnetic force.
The bricks of the mixtures are the molecules. The molecules are substances
such as pure water (H2O), salt (sodium chloride), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
glucose, methane, or oxygen (O2) which is formed by pairs of identical atoms.
The bricks of molecules are the atoms and the strength that links them is called
'chemical bond'. There are endless combinations of atoms forming molecules,
from the simplest molecule, which is hydrogen (H2) with two atoms, to the most
complicated one, the DNA made up of millions of atoms. The chemical bond is a
different manifestation of the same electromagnetic force.
Atoms are formed by nuclei neutralized with electrons by the same
electromagnetic force, this time in a more genuine version. The nuclei are
thousands of times heavier than electrons and determine the properties of each
atom.
There are hundreds of combinations of nuclei and electrons, organized in the
periodic table that are called elements, when the number of protons is equal to
the number of neutrons (except the hydrogen), and isotope when the number of
neutrons change. The simplest element is the hydrogen atom, which consists of a
single nucleus (a proton exceptionally without neutron as we shall see) and an
electron. The last elements, such as Lawrencium, are in general heavy and
unstable.
Electrons have no more components, but the nucleus is again compound.
The nuclei are protons and neutrons bound together by a force called weak
nuclear force.
Neutrons are heavier and more unstable than protons. A neutron can be
decomposed into a proton, an electron and an elusive particle called
antineutrino. The beta disintegration of radioactivity is this transformation that
occurs spontaneously.
The anti-neutrino has no more parts, but not the proton or the neutron.
Protons and neutrons are each formed by three quarks bound together by a force
called strong nuclear force. So far there are only two quarks, called Up and
Down, forming two trios: 'uud' for the proton and 'udd' for the neutron.
In Beta decay of neutron a Down quark (heavier) becomes Up (lighter).
Quarks are the ultimate constituents of matter, so much so they are never
detached. We could say that the quarks appear to be quasi-particles.
In summary, we have only four basic pieces: the Up quark, the Down quark, the
electron and the anti-neutrino. The two quarks build two trios called proton and
neutron that build the nuclei that with electrons form the atoms that bind in
molecules that mix and form all the matter we see.

 Schema 1 Matter

Collaterally, a Down quark 'decays' into an Up quark plus an electron and a

small difference which is called antineutrino, although in reality it seems that a
neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino.

Schema 2 Beta disintegration (quarks)

We have mentioned more than four forces but we are going to group them into
only three. First, electrostatic forces, chemical bond between atoms forming
molecules and the attraction between electrons and atomic nuclei, all of them,
are the result of the electromagnetic force. The second one is the weak nuclear
force between protons and neutrons and finally the strong nuclear force between
quarks inside protons and neutrons.
The electromagnetic force charges some particles in two ways. Particles with
the same charge repel themselves and the ones with opposite charges attract. The
particles with electromagnetic charge are joined in a thousand ways to form
atoms and molecules with the least possible charge (neutral, zero-sum).
The strong force charges the particles in three different ways. The particles with
this charge (color charge is called), such as quarks, are joined together to form
protons and neutrons without charge (zero sum, white).
In recap, we have three forces and four particles that build the world. If we add
the force of gravity we should finish the facts.

Schema 3 Standard Model interactions

Physicists speak about many more particles, but although they do not know how,
those particles are transformations or new combinations of those we have seen
before.
For instance:
We will see that the antiparticles are the same particles seen literally backwards
in time. These are not new particles, but the same seen in another way.
We have what is called the flavor of the three generations of particles. The first
is composed by the four particles that we have already seen, but there are two
more generations, formed by a pair of heavier quarks, one heavier electron and
its neutrino. Every particle in each generation has its own name.
We can see a schema of the particles names of the three generations:

Schema 4 Standard Model Particles

The next two generations should have some connection with the particles of the
first but it is not clear neither in what way nor if there are more generations.
The forces can be interpreted as a transmission, through new particles, of the
energy from one particle to another. For the strong force we have the gluon
(from glue), for the electromagnetic energy the photon (light) and the supposed
graviton for gravity. They are grouped as bosons. For the weak force there are
three more particles that shall be described later.
And so on there are many more particles. All of them exist a very short period of
time except these bosons. Otherwise there are particles such as quarks that never
have been found alone. The proton, the electron and the antineutrino are stable
particles, in the case of the neutron less stable, as it remains 15 minutes (its half-
life).
This soup of particles and forces are extremely well defined, but it has a lack of
common sense. It is required a vision, that places each piece into its natural
place, and allow to deduce the properties of some particles from the other ones.
This is the theory of everything, unified theory that would be near to be
discovered... but resists.
Next, there are several keys that should allow us to advance in this research of a
unified theory.
To reach this theory, it is necessary to imagine that we observe, measure, and
live in a 3D projection of a larger real world, in the same way as a two-
dimensional film recreates a world of three. Next, there is a way in this direction
without using complex formulas, with simple schemes, because, although the
universe is hidden, it should not be difficult to understand.
All this framework of particles, like relativity, is anchored on a single support:
the light and its particle, the photon. The photon is a particle that cannot remain
at rest, its rest mass is incalculable, and for all the observers this particle is
always moving at 300,000 kilometers per second. Or, conversely, all the
observers turn away from light at this speed, as if the light were the only
universal immobile being. This idea links the relativity with the quantum physics
and it should approach us to the theory of everything.
Another key is the following one: to say that a neutron turns into a proton, an
electron and an antineutrino

It's the same as saying that a proton is transformed into a neutron plus a neutrino
plus a positron, with the arrow of time backwards!

When the proton becomes a neutron, then we are seeing the same reaction
reversed in time, because the freed electron is an anti-electron captured and the
released antineutrino is a neutrino captured by the neutron.
So we must be prepared to recognize that the arrow of time of an event does not
have to match the arrow of time of the observer, so causality does not have to be
and this can give us surprises... apparently far from the common sense.
The arrow of time is associated with the second law of thermodynamics and the
statistic. The measurable apparent universe, presupposes that the arrow of the
time of the observer is parallel to the arrow of the time of the event. Relativity
breaks slightly this assumption, showing unexpected rotations of the respective
reference systems, but in quantum physics, the observer time and the event time
have a lack of correspondence and therefore causality is a coincidence. That
does not mean that the world is chaos, but the universe hides us some cards or
we are not able to perceive them. In the same way that we are unable to perceive
radio waves and this has no importance.
In addition, the first law of thermodynamics, which says that the mass-energy
before and after an event are equal, this is true independently from the arrow of
time. But the entropy before and after an event, in which the amount of mass-
energy is comparable to the Planck constant can be strictly equal in all the
arrows of time.
We must understand the implications of that any act of measure establishes a
relationship between the event and the observer and therefore an event can be
measured in different ways by different observers or vice versa, the same event
can lead to seemingly independent observations, even contradictory, when being
narrations of the same or equivalent events.
The theory of relativity about the motion points out in this direction and allows
two observers measure an event differently and predicts their measurements.
Through quantum physics the same event can be described in different ways and
his behavior can be predicted statistically when they are the same.
We will explore these possibilities in order to discover what the 'real' universe
can be, from what the measurable universe shows us.
 3. The movement
To explain the movement and get an image of the universe in which we are we
need to know the theory of relativity.
To know how relativity describes the universe through a geometric model gives
us an accurate and an abstract representation of it.
The same that will occur with particle physics, the general impression is that it is
a non-intuitive theory which violates common sense because it describes the
world in a way that it's difficult us to recognize. My intention is that this is not
so, and the main objective of this section is to understand what the theory says
and how to interpret it, even perhaps can be necessary to force some people's
conception on it.
Einstein devised a mathematical model that describes the characteristics of
movements between the bodies. This model is valid not only for objects and
speeds in which we usually move, but also for objects moving at speeds close to
that of light (three hundred thousand kilometers per second). For the latter, the
classical theory of Newton studied in school does not predict correctly the
values measured in the experiments. Nobody noticed this while these rates were
not available to experimenters’ devices.
Newton describes a world with three dimensions: right-left, front-back, up-
down, plus the arrow of time. He says that if a body does not receive any force,
it remains at rest or moving at constant speed in a straight line, until a force is
applied to it. He calls mass to the ratio between the force to be applied to a body
and the acceleration obtained. He also describes the force that attracts the bodies,
the gravity. All this, let us to know where it will be a body within a time, or
where the Earth will be within three months in relation to the sun. What's great is
that he equated the force pulling the apple that falls with the force attracting
Moon to Earth.
For Newton, when a body with a mass that we match with the measure of his
weight and that we see resting (stationary) or moving at a an uniform speed, if
we see after a time t that moves at a different speed v, then the acceleration has
been the change of speed by unity of time (d means difference):
a = dv / dt
The force needed to accelerate it is proportional to the mass and to the
acceleration achieved.
F = m · a
Einstein allows us to predict it when the speed of the body is large. Because in
these cases, the law of Newton does not conform to the actual measurements,
because the bodies become heavier and this was not expected and there is no
explanation for Newton.
What is the difference? It seems that no object can move faster than light and the
experimentation demonstrates it. We can push a body and accelerate to 10, 20,
1000, 100,000 kilometers per hour, but as we get closer to 300,000 kilometers
per second, the body becomes increasingly heavy and costs more to accelerate.
The linear relationship that describes Newton: the acceleration obtained is equal
to the force applied divided by the mass of the body, it turns to draw a curve.
When the body is approaching the speed of light, to increase the speed
(acceleration), the force to be applied should approximate as much as possible to
infinity, because the apparent mass of the body it also approaches infinity.
This limit of speed can be expressed in two ways: as a strong law or a weak law:
strong law says that nobody can move faster than the speed of light (because
someone should exercise an infinite force to push) while the weak law says that
no observer can push or see a body faster than light.
For Einstein, the speed of light is a limit, so a body that is at rest or goes at
uniform speed, with an inertial mass (resistance to acceleration) equal the
measure of his weight, if we see after a short time t that the body moves at a
different speed v, then the force done to accelerate it depends on the initial
velocity. For example, to push it from being at rest to 1/3 of speed of light needs
less force than to move it from 1/3 to 2/3 of light speed. And at last the speed of
light (2/3 to 3/3) there is no way to reach it. As the mass of a body is the
resistance to change his motion, then we say that this is because the mass of the
body grows in this factor of Lorentz

where c is the speed of light. This factor is greater than the unity because the
denominator is smaller than one, and when it approaches the speed of light, the
denominator gets close to zero so the result becomes nearly infinite.
Physicists understand this limit as a real limit and express it as follows: 'No body
can move equal or faster than the speed of light'. Notwithstanding this, it really
tells us is that ' We cannot measure nor push a body faster than the speed of light
'. Do not confuse the description of the underlying reality with reality itself.
Although the physical remains in the measure and we go a little further.
Also, for the observer, there are more alterations than the mass of the object.
When it runs closer to the speed of light then he also sees that the length in the
direction of the motion becomes shorter in this factor (less than unity):

That the length becomes shorter, means that the observer see and measure the
body smaller in the direction of movement but not that it become smaller
(relative to himself, he looks the same).
The observer also sees that the time passes slower, and he express it in two ways:
First, the time of a moving object is contracted in this factor (less than unity):

This contraction of time expresses the difference between the elapsed time for a
twin who stays on Earth and the other one that travels through space and comes
back again. For the traveling twin has spent less time, and is younger.
Second, the time a moving object is enlarged for this factor, inverse of the
previous one and greater than unity:

Then, time dilation expresses that if the twins have a clock, during the time that
a ¿? terrestrial twin clock goes tick-tock, he sees that the other clock only goes
tick. He sees that the clock of the traveler twin delays.
We are seeing the same phenomenon. The terrestrial twin measures the time the
traveling twin has lived in space. If the terrestrial observer measures one second
while the traveling twin is going to the speed of light, then for the observer the
time of the traveller has not passed according to the first formulation, and
according to the second his clock is stopped, it takes infinite time to finish
clock’s tick-tock.
The question to be asked is whether the fact that the terrestrial observer cannot
see the traveler clock to go tick, it means that the traveler clock does not really
go tock.
That a particle in an accelerator to nearly the speed of light takes more time to
disintegrate than when it is in rest, it means that the 'real' disintegration time has
changed due to the speed or are we seeing the particle in slow motion?
 4. Interpretation of motion
To understand what the formulas of relativity hide, we will use an example: a toy
train on its tracks. Forget friction and gravity because tracks are greased, they are
flat and straight. We observe that we can push it and then it accelerates until a
constant speed, if we push more then it goes faster. Otherwise if we do not push
it remains at the same speed. If the train is heavy we must to push more than if it
is lighter, but according to Newton, to go from 100 to 200 kilometers per hour,
we should apply the same force during the same time than to move from 1000 to
1100 kilometers per hour.
Now we accelerate the train to different fractions of the speed of light and write
the value we get of the mass of the body (or we calculate the above formula, it is
the same). The result is that when the body goes at half the speed of light (1/2 c)
its mass is 1,155 times the initial mass. When its speed is root of three divided
by two (0.866) times the speed of light, its mass is twice what it was when was
still:
Table 1 Relativistic mass increase

If we measure this body, we see that its size is reduced 'in the direction of
motion' in the same way, in the same proportion, and it seems that things go
slower as well:

Table 2 Time and length relativistic variation
The third column is the inverse (1/x) of the second.
But this reminds us the trigonometric ratios learned at school. Look at the
following table showing curious ratios:
Table 3 Trigonometric values

The table shows the values obtained by applying the trigonometric functions
corresponding to the angles given in degrees. The values match with increasing
mass, variation of distance and time that occurs when a body goes a fraction of
the speed of light.
You do not need us to rescue books from school trigonometry to interpret it and
understand what happens. Returning to the train,
We are at the station and the train is stopped. We become a point from where
born three coordinate axes and also we are in a moment of time. This is called a
reference system to measure the things we see. Indicating the distance to the
right, forward, up and the time (x, y, z, t), we can locate any place at any time,
which is called an event. This reference system is our particular universe in the
real world (not worth to discuss now if there is a real universe). The train also
has its own universe in the real universe. To say that both are motionless is the
same that to say that his reference system and our reference system are aligned,
including their time arrow and our arrow.

Schema 5 Aligned reference systems

Before continuing, it is necessary to explain how the fourth variable is

interpreted: the time. For the first three dimensions I guess we don’t need
explanation, but the time, how do we interpret it? This is surely the point where
relativity becomes difficult to imagine. Our mind is not used to think in terms of
four dimensions, one imaginary, but there is no problem if we take out one of the
three spatial dimensions and left our universe with only two dimensions plus
time. Think that we can move on the ground and the time is pointing up. From
that, we can establish the following equivalence. Every second that passes, we
move on the time axis (vertical) 300,000 kilometers. Our train and we are next to
each other, and as time passes, we move both on the time axis. When I said
earlier that our reference systems are aligned, I was saying that the time axis of
the train and our time axis run parallel upward and therefore the distance
between both remains constant. We are at rest. The time vertically passes
through us every second we perceive c Km
 Schema 6 Unaligned reference systems

We will push the train to half the speed of light. Now the train continues having
its reference system and we have ours, but his reference system has been rotated
30 degrees relative to our and this affects his own time and space in relation to
our. Now the train continues moving along the time axis 300,000 km every
second and we too, but his time and our time are no longer aligned, that is, to
push the train has served to twist or bend his reference system 30 degrees but not
to change its 'speed' in the 'real' universe of a second is c Km on the time axis.
The consequences of this rotation are easy to explain. First, the train departs
from us in space. Second, take a pencil and turn it. The image that we have of it,
goes from having the length that we see when it is vertical to be a point when it
is directly facing the view. The same goes for our train: by rotating, we see it
shorter (although it really is not). This apparent reduction in distance can be
calculated using the formula of Lorentz or applying trigonometry. Our train is
the same as before, but we see it shorter. From the train, they see us equally
shorter.
Third, the time on the train appears (at constant speed) or is (in acceleration)
slower. This simply means that we perceive that things happen slower, because
every second that happens to us we can see less of it on the train. If both have a
clock, we see that the clock on the train is slower than we would expect.
Finally, the fourth result is that as our reference systems are not aligned, when I
push the train from my space-time, I'm doing it with an angle and therefore I
have to do more force to get the same speed. So, to understand it clearly, when
we are at rest and we push the train, then we apply force directly from behind on
the tracks, but now that it goes fast, our tracks and its tracks are not going in the
same direction and when we push, we are at side, so part of the effort is wasted
trying to get out of the way and part of the effort really pushes.

Schema 7 Push in motion

One way to understand this is to take it to the limit. When our train is going at
the speed of light, we have that our reference system and its reference system,
both are perpendicular. So its time and space (the tracks) are perpendicular to
ours. How we perceive this? The train has zero length, time has stopped in a
moment endless and if we try to push it, we're doing perpendicular to the track,
however the train only can move along the track.
To center the ideas, and repeating what above: every point in the universe travels
300,000 km every second on the time axis. When a body applies a force on
another, simply rotate his frame of reference so that both continue moving the
same, but in different directions. The effect is that the space distance changes.
The weak expression of special relativity says that the fact that we cannot see a
body faster than the speed of light does not mean that a body cannot exceed this
speed. An example: be a train inside the train which we call meta-train. We can
convince a friend to take the meta-train and then we accelerate the train to
200,000 km per second, and then he can speed his meta-train 200,000 km inside
the train. Now meta-train moves in a universe to 400,000 km per second, but we
cannot measure it. Does this mean that it goes or not at this speed? Really all
three: us, train and meta-train keep moving c km every second throughout our
time axis every second, but our axes of time and space do not match.
Take a less mental case. The particle accelerator at CERN in Geneva accelerates
the particles in the ring to almost speed of light in both directions. If we
accelerate two beams of protons to nearly the speed of light in opposite
directions, for example, and finally we make them cross but not collide, then for
us both beams are close to the speed of light, and when they leave after crossing,
they go faster than the speed of light...., however, the protons of the two beams
see themselves with its space-time deformed so that they do not exceed the
speed of light... or just they are in different universes and do not see. Although
we estimate a geometric velocity between particles greater than c, no one
observes a faster than light body.
 4.1 The Lorentz transformations
The special theory of relativity of Einstein describes two deformations of space-
time to maintain the constancy of the speed of light.
In the baseline scenario, two observers, Anna and Benito, at rest, observe
themselves: they synchronize their watches and match their measures and their
masses. Once this is done:
In the first scenario, Anna and Benito, are moving with uniform rectilinear
motion and they are observed between them. This scenario is symmetric by
definition and therefore the mass increase, decreasing of length in the direction
of movement and slowing of time are mutual.
In the second scenario, Ana, who is at rest or moves with uniform motion,
pushes or observes that Benito changes his speed. In this case, Benito curves its
trajectory in space time and his clock runs slower so that he becomes younger.
The mass and length are deformed but they recover when coming back.
We will interpret the theory of relativity as a rotation.
We define the constant c = 300,000 km.
First Postulate: A body moves invariably c km per second along its particular
temporal dimension.
Second postulate: The temporal dimensions of two bodies at rest are parallel.
Third postulate: The motion between two bodies is the result of the rotation of its
temporal dimensions on the spatial dimensions.
Result of these postulates we have, for example, that:
Be a body moving at half the speed of light in relation to an observer, for one
second, from a common coordinate origin.
Initially the body and the observer are in the origin of the reference system.
After a second time of the observer, the distance between both is ½ c.
Applying the third assumption, if there has been a shift is because there has been
a rotation that has transformed time of the body into distance.
Denote this displacement on a t-x plane.
 Schema 8 Relativistic rotation of moving object reference system

From central coordinate we mark a circumference of c km. Any body that at t =

0 is on the center coordinates after a second will be in this circle.
The observer, as he has not moved in space (we consider static), his coordinates
are x = 0, t = c.
The object has moved, so within a second coordinates are:
x = 1/2 c by the statement.
1/2 is the sine of 30 degrees, which is the angle between the two reference
systems.
Time is the cosine of 30 degrees t = 0.866 c.
Move at half the speed of light is equivalent to a 30 degree rotation of the
reference frame of the moving object relative to the observer reference system.
The observer perceives a time projection of the object 0.866 smaller, a length in
the direction of motion reduced by 0.866, and mass increased by a factor of 1 /
0.866 = 1.155.
These are the Lorentz transformations.
One way to better understand the Lorentz transformations is to take them to the
limit. Consider how an experimenter measures an object moving at the speed of
light.
The object has moved for one second from the beginning. Its new coordinates
are:
x = c by the statement.
The angle between the reference system of the observer and the object is 90
degrees. The respective arrows of time are perpendicular!
The projection of the length of the object in the direction of movement on the
observer space is zero, a point (l = 0).
The observer only sees a static projection of the object, an instant (t = 0).
The experimenter cannot accelerate the object because both spaces are
orthogonal. The mass is infinite.
Suppose an experimenter is behind a train on a track. The experimenter pushes
and accelerates the train in the direction of the track. But as the train accelerates,
the railway rotates relative to the path of the experimenter. The result is that the
experimenter just is pushing from the train side, or what is the same, the train
mass increases with speed. In the limit, the speed of light, the tracks are
perpendicular and the experimenter cannot accelerate the train.

Schema 9 rotation effect of reference systems by movement

The increase of mass with velocity is not the result of a transformation of the
moving object but the expression of increased difficulty to speed it by observer.
Similarly, altering the length and time are the result of the rotation of space-time
reference system, which imposes a limit to what an experimenter can measure,
but does not define any limit to the 'reality' but measurement.
 5. The gravity
Ten years after publishing the special relativity, Einstein proposed a geometric
explanation to the law of gravity. He proposed that is equivalent to be the subject
of the force of gravity pulling us down than to be within an elevator ascending
more rapidly (accelerated). Within the lift if I throw forward a coin it draws a
parable to the ground as if it were on Earth.
The interpretation we have done before about speed, shows that the reference
systems of the two objects are not aligned. Result of this, is that we need to do
more strength to accelerate and clocks are slower.
When push a body, what we do is to rotate his space-time relative to our
reference system, so that the 300,000 km that covers the body and also the
observer 'pusher' every second, they are not aligned.
Thus, we can interpret that the acceleration is a rotation of the reference system
of the object relative to the observer and equivalently gravity is a curvature of
space-time.
The Earth warps space-time, curving it slightly, making the time of the objects
converge slightly, trying to approach themselves.

Schema 10 Time Curvature

The fact that two reference space-time of two objects are not aligned by gravity
causes them to attract each other, they collide for the simple fact of being
together. Take two stars in the middle of space, quiet. The curve of space-time
generated by the mass of the two spheres, makes, as time passes through the two
spheres, approach until they meet. For each sphere, the other time is slower.
Without gravity two nearby stars in space at rest between them would move on
the time axis c km per second in parallel directions. Gravity bends their
reference systems, their arrows of time, becoming a part of their time in space
and this makes them try to approximate.
To visualize this better, consider extreme cases such as black holes. On Earth we
can throw a coin forward and draws a parabola toward the ground. If we throw
stronger enough, it will end up circling the Earth, because the Earth is round and
then it never just dropped. If there were no friction and everything were perfect,
the coin would spin forever. If we throw it stronger enough, it ends just marching
into space. The speed needed to escape, called escape speed, it depends on the
force of gravity that depends on the mass of Earth and coin.
Now if the earth get fat until make it a growing star, in the end, we can get a
black hole, so heavy that the escape velocity is the speed of light or greater, that
we have said that apparently cannot be overcome. So even light cannot get out of
the black hole. It looks that way, and this is called black hole, the object. It
seems to be so and all that is around it falls just inside, including light.
How should we interpret this effect? The mass curves space-time so that objects
that are close to a black hole are in a universe in which time is not parallel to our
own (the observers who watch the hole and the object that falls). As the object
falls, its space-time turns, until finally, on the horizon of events (the surface from
which even light cannot escape) we have a real space region in which time is
perpendicular to our time.
Then, a clock near a black hole, makes the ticking slowly, more slowly as it falls
and when it crosses the event horizon, it leave us a still image last forever more.
For us, time of the object has stopped. For the object, we do not know. The black
hole is a limit with no return, but inside the hole can be a whole universe
perpendicular relative to ours. Perpendicular means independent. Causality is
independent of our cause-effect because the arrow of time is perpendicular to our
arrow of time.
In short, each object has its reference system of space-time that in 'normal'
conditions coincides with nearby objects. For each object time passes 300,000
kilometers every time it passes a second. The movement is a rotation while
generating displacement in space. Gravity is a curvature which becomes slightly
converging axes temporary objects.
 6. The problems of small
Mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the effect of forces on the motion
of bodies. For regular objects it behaves as we have seen, but for the particles it
is different and yet much more complex and less obvious.
Mechanics on usual objects has common sense and responds to reasonable
formulas. Forces and its consequences are what we would expect even when we
approach the speed of light, considering that each body is a reference system that
always travels 300,000 kilometers a second when it flows, and movement is the
effect of a rotation that converts this time in displacement, in space.
Gravity exists without seeing anyone pushing the bodies, which shows the first
force of nature. Basically, if the movement between the bodies is a turn, gravity
is a curvature of space-time caused by the property 'mass' of matter. This
curvature makes the lines of time of near bodies, instead of being parallel,
converge in the future and it is measured as the force of gravitational attraction.
Space and time can be exchanged according to relativistic mechanics and time
flows throw each body at the same 'speed'. This explanation works and it make
sense, common sense, but opens up more questions than it closes.
But to study and analyze the effect of forces on the particles that make up matter,
relativity is true but hardly explains anything. New forces appear which we
know their behavior but they are as arbitrary as gravity to Newton. To
distinguish them, we talk about Newtonian mechanics, relativistic mechanics
and quantum mechanics.
The situation is that we have a correct description of nature, correct because the
predictions it makes are met and lot of the technology we enjoy is based on it. It
works. But it is a theory that has holes as gruyere that not only leaves
unexplained facts, but also suggests that it is artificial. It seems that the theory
has been forced to adapt to the facts but there must be a simpler that plug the
holes. It seems we handle what is called a theory ad hoc and need a new, fresh
and better theory: a new paradigm.
Quantum physics provides a set of arbitrary fundamental particles, which are
subjected to a complex and arbitrary laws and are also subject to new complex
and arbitrary forces. Even worse, sometimes contradictory because they break
with the logic (there are things that are and are not, others who are two things at
once, for example).
Against this backdrop, there is a practical proposal: Shut up and calculate!
Einstein expressed his deep dissatisfaction with the phrase 'God does not play
dice'.
To get in position, the best is to develop an inventory of the problems that
particle physics have. It may be that there are not all that are nor are all that there
must be, but this will give us a vision of the problems that have our current
understanding of the universe.
First we look at the problems of the small and then of the big. Let's start with
small.
 6.1 The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg
We cannot know exactly together the position and the motion of a particle,
because of more accurately we measure one major mistake we get the other. The
constant of Planck defines this limit and also is the basic unit of mass-energy.
Call it the finest grain of all that we can measure. Therefore, in terms of the
fundamental constituents of all, we only have a blurry image that we cannot
improve and therefore it is impossible to predict exactly what will happen in the
future with a correct model, because the starting parameters are fuzzy, so the
results also. The world has emerged timid.
This does not go against common sense, but sets the resolution to which we can
measure the universe. To measure more accurately perhaps we should go
outside. It seems the pixel size of the digital displays.
 6.2 Superposition and collapse. Schrödinger's cat
It seems that the properties of a particle are not only blurred but are undefined
when not observed. They take value when are measured, but not before. An
experiment already finished, which could result in an event 'A' or 'no A', is in a
state of overlapping (A and not-A at the same time) until someone measure the
result, and collapses in A or not A. For example Schrödinger’s cat is alive and
dead at the same time until we check out and then collapses into one of the two
states.
This shows that measure it takes two, but that it must be necessary to measure
the reality to collapse it, is at least 'weird'.
 6.3 The double-slit experiment
Light or particles passing through a barrier with two slits, pass through both slits
at once and burn the back screen as a wave (drawing an interference pattern of
peaks and troughs in intensity as the waves throwing a stone into the water) until
we measure if they pass through one and them and then behave as particles,
burning the screen otherwise because it passes through a slit or the other but not
for both at once as before.
If we do not measure, the particle passes through both slits and is a wave, but
when we detect only passes through one of the two and is a particle. As with the
cat, looking oblige the particle to collapse in one of the two slits.
 6.4 The wave - particle duality
The same object behaves as a particle or a wave depending on the experiment,
but both are contradictory behavior. Why, when we do not look at the world
behaves in a way and when not it looks something else entirely?
 6.5 The non-determinism and causality
One consequence of the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality is that
the universe becomes non-deterministic, that is, from a cause is not possible to
infer an effect, but the cause is a wave of probability and effect anything that is
not expressly prohibited. Thus the overlay appears.
 6.6 The decoherence
A nice detail of wave-particle duality is that despite all the objects experience it,
and therefore people could also behave as waves, the reality is that as we
increase the size of the objects, quantum physics changes to classical physics
which is called decoherence. Let's say that increasing the size of the objects its
probability wave gets reduced, so is less wave and more particle.
 6.7 The particle entanglement
Another consequence is that if an experiment already finished issued two
particles traveling through space in opposite directions, we know that one is A
and the other not-A, but not which is which, they are overlapped
and intertwined so that if we measure one of them which collapses in A we know
without measure the other collapses at the same moment in not-A, but how
knows to collapse? Furthermore, it is instantaneous.
This can be interpreted as any information travels faster than light between the
particles, because before collapsing are overlapped (A and non-A at a time).
The description is that there is a single 'state' described by a probability formula
that can cover the distance we want and when it collapse it does instantly
everywhere.
If we know that two different coins populate an empty bucket aside 100 Km. If I
see one, instantly know the value of the other, no information is transmitted
between them.
 6.8 The vacuum energy
The empty space in addition to being fuzzy is a scenario in which particles
appear and disappear constantly, with a probability that is proportional to its
mass-energy. Heavier particles appear less and are shorter than the light. This is
the quantum fluctuations.
Worse, pairs of particles of zero-sum may appear and disappear or remain to
stay. On the edge of a black hole, one can become trapped and the other escapes,
so it seems that black holes can emit radiation.
 6.9 Anything goes
Todo Everything that is not prohibited is allowed, i.e. when an experiment as a
collision of particles occurs, anything can happen because of from nothing
particles appear and disappear, so anything goes as long as the sum is zero. Say
parameters or initial properties are the same as the final, they are maintained, but
carried by different particles. So the reality is on the properties and particles,
what we see, are only its appearance.
 6.10 The tunnel effect
A particle may disappear at one side of a wall and appear on the other side
without passing through, because the sum is zero.
 6.11 The equation E = mc 2
Mass and energy are the same. It seems like it should not be on this list, but the
verification that two so different things are the same should at least get our
attention that there is anything in the understanding of nature that we miss. We
are saying that two totally different things to the observer are the same.
We should be surprised that mass and energy are equivalent, like the duality of
particle and wave depending on the experiment being performed.
 6.12 The particle zoo
There is a theoretical model, to which the discovered particles and some
theoretical particles fit and is remarkably accurate, predictive, it works, but it is
awkward in the sense that describes too many pieces, with arbitrary properties.
For example the masses of the particles are arbitrary.
 6.13 The three generations of particles
The particles are arranged in three successive generations, the first is what
constitutes the usual world: protons, neutrons and electrons and elusive neutrino.
But there are a second and a third generation that are identified in the laboratory,
but no one knows what they are.
 6.14 No unified theory. The standard model
This theoretical model fits all the small particles and three fundamental forces,
the strong, weak and electromagnetic, but leaves out the gravity and to fit the
latter seems compelling to force the model.
 6.15 The renormalization
One of the most serious problems for physicists is that many divisions by zero
calculations give infinite which arise as a consequence of that 'anything goes
except as prohibited'.
A procedure, renormalization, trying to avoid reducing the damage caused by all
events that can happen unlikely applies. But it's an arrangement that works, but
is not 'elegant'.
 6.16 The parameters of the standard model
If the standard model had an interpretation, it should be defined by few
parameters, such as:
The number of dimensions in the universe should be justified
thermodynamically.
Its curves: the ratio of the intensity of the basic interactions.
The speed of light that marks the pass of time.
The Planck constant that defines the grain of the universe.
The permittivity of light in a vacuum.
From these data we should be able to establish how the dimensions vibrate,
which of these vibrations acquire entity to be named, how stability is gaining fit
and how they become grouped and create everything.
But in the standard model masses of particles seem arbitrary. The model depends
on more than twenty independent arbitrary parameters. Apart from the above, we
have the mass of all particles (mass ratio) plus the four parameters governing
what is called leptons oscillation over four for oscillation quark.
 6.17 Latest indivisible parts
While everyone agrees that the particles of the standard model are not divisible
and really are the building blocks of the universe, everyone agrees
simultaneously (because it happens and how it happens is perfectly described) in
that neutrinos, electrons, quark of three generations 'oscillate' or 'decay', i.e.
transform between them and also break. The most trivial case is beta
disintegration where quark Down becomes into an Up one more an electron and
a neutrino.
 7. The big issues
After this list of problems with the very small, we look at the problems of the
very large.
 7.1 The theory is not unified. General relativity
I said before. Gravity is the force that was first described and after Einstein was
treated as a curvature of space-time but does not fit with the rest.
 7.2 The speed of light
Okay, the speed of light is a limit. Nothing can go faster. But why this speed and
no other, and why this limit. Does it change over time? There is a (short) range
of parameters adjusted very finely allowing the world. Any small change would
break an odd balance. These parameters may be justified between them but for
now are arbitrary.
 7.3 The problem of time
Regardless of relativity considers the time simply a coordinate more, together
with the position, necessary to describe an event, the fact is that the pass of time
is a perception that no one knows what it is. Why we know the past and do not
know the future and what the present is.
 7.4 Concurrency and relativity
One consequence of relativity is that for different observers, two events can
happen one before, after or concurrently to the other. So the historical succession
depends on the observer. This, however, does not break causality, in the sense
that for each event there is an absolute future, an absolute past, and an area that
depends on the observer.
 7.5 The speed of expansion of the universe
First it was thought that the universe was stable and flat. It was later determined
that it was expanding from a Big Bang and all objects are separated from each
other, the more distant, faster. As the points on the surface of a balloon that is
being inflated.
It was considered that the gravity that attracts bodies, slowed this process and
may even come a time, if gravity were strong enough, so that all should return to
group objects gravitationally into a Big Crunch.
But today we know that the universe is expanding ever faster, and we do not
know why. If we expect that an explosion lose strength as it expands and the
mass disperses, and we expected from the Big Bang to expand more slowly, it
does not. It seems that 'someone' is pumping power so that increasingly expands
faster.
 7.6 Dark energy
One explanation is that the universe has 'dark', unknown, undetected energy that
accelerates the expansion of the universe.
The amount of dark energy must be enormous in relation to the known energy.
 7.7 The dark matter
But if you add up all the mass of the universe 'visible', it is that the gravitational
effects and other measurements indicate that there must be more dark matter to
justify.
The conclusion is that the objects of the universe are 75% dark energy, 21% dark
matter and only 4% what we know. A big question, because it means that the
universe hidden us almost everything that exists.
The impression you get joining the list is of unease and dissatisfaction. The
feeling that since the early twentieth century there has been progress on a
paradigm that has been adjusted to reality, which is excellent for its predictability
but that it fails everywhere from the point of view of formal elegance.
The output is to apply known formulas and do not try to interpret them beyond
the model.
" A particle can appear out of nowhere, be in two places at the same time,
behave as a wave or corpuscle depending on how you look at it, through walls,
ghostly share connections (in the words of Einstein himself) despite being
separated, and many other apparent extravagances "says Sonia Fernández-
Vidal in Breakfast with particles. "Against this, calculate and keep quiet. Do
not interpret the formulas. "
The defensive position on all this is to deny the existence of an absolute universe
beyond what we can measure. Skip this line leads to contradictions, so let's not.
If we cross, we are philosophizing, what is not science. Or we are mulling
mathematically, as the theories of the great unification proposed, proposing
unverifiable models of the world, extraordinarily sophisticated.
After seeing that we are not dealing with a trivial problem, but the physics of the
very large and the very small are at an impasse, we will unravel some elements
that can bring clarity and anticipate answers to all these problems.

 8. The stage of the particles
We will delve into the underworld of the smallest, and we will make somewhat
unorthodox. To begin, we will establish a geometric model of the universe,
which naturally lead us to recognize the basic interactions: the strong nuclear
force, electromagnetic and gravity with which we will describe the properties of
a first particle, the quark, the electron and neutrino, from which the rest are built
and finally discover another interaction, the weak force. The aim is draw, nor
that be in impressionist mode, forest whose trees are particles and interactions.
First we postulate that the real universe is a bit different from what we know.
The universe we measure is a four-dimensional projection of a real five
dimensions universe. A new dimension we call u by unseen or hidden, therefore
an event is defined by five values ​​(x, y, z, t, u), of which we can know only four.
The three spatial directions x, y, z are equivalent and interchangeable and we
refer to them generically with s letter for space. The t dimension is imaginary
and has a positive direction and a negative direction intrinsically different, and
because of it follows that the other dimensions distinguish between curvatures to
the future or the past and acquire clockwise direction or counterclockwise in
relation to it. Put in another way: Right-Left for x, Front to Back for y, and up-
down for z, later-earlier (to call them somehow) for u, are initially equivalent.
Past and Future for t are different. Then when you are looking back, left and
right are reversed in relation to looking ahead and also turn in the direction of
clockwise or backward and bend toward the future or the past as well.
Unlike the 'real' universe, the measurable universe is particular to each observer.
A measurement is the result of an observation made from a reference system or
'subject' to another reference system or the 'object'.
The reference systems subject (s, t, u) and object (s', t ', u') are aligned in the
classic experiments.
They are slightly rotated when moving together at not relativistic speeds.
Times are perpendicular at the speed of light or at the boundary of a black hole.
Reference systems in experiments with particles are any, i.e. the dimensions are
interchangeable and are embedded.
Predictions are blind to the fifth dimension u, except at instant of measurement
of a particle, the shock, at which the reference system of the observer is aligned
with the one of the particle, collapsing it.
Next, let see several considerations.
The objects we call matter are those particles whose time is aligned with, or
projects with, the time of the observer and both directions coincide: that is the
past and the future of both are the same.
The objects we call antiparticles and antimatter are the same but with time in
the opposite direction than the observer.
The moving objects we can see, have the time axis t rotated and thus the viewer
perceives only a projection of the real object.
To display the difficulty of this stage, suppose we look at the traffic on a
highway, identifying each car brand, color, speed, size… while we are going
through it. The observer is not still at a traffic light, but must do so, no longer in
a dual sense way, but in a car on a track car crash. It is funny. All measurements
are made by difference and although the track is absolute, measurements are
relative, by difference and impossible to sharpen accurately because when we try
to be accurate, then observer and object collide, altering the value measured.
In this universe the time axis marks a flow from before to after for each
reference system, like a river. As we are talking about the proper time, we will
call flux in honor of the movie ‘Back to the future’.
Viewed another way, from the standpoint of a divine builder there can be created
possible worlds 'potential' beginning with a universe of a point (zero
dimensions), adding dimensions, until our 5D. Another possibility is to think that
the number of dimensions in the universe is infinite but that condenses in only
five. The rest abound. Then we will see that this number has a thermodynamic
justification, because it is the universe that maximizes their volume to a radius
(in the section on the matter and dark energy).
If the universe was only formed by the three spatial dimensions, nothing would
happen in him. By adding time and the unseen dimensions, is created the flow in
which elementary objects are arranged and thrive. It is the condensation of flux.
The roughness that are produced continuously randomly in flux, are objects that
can be points or lines or planes or 3D volumes, etc. They are continuous
fluctuations that are created in the flux of all possible forms, all unstable but a
few. Here occurs a case of quantization. From a universe consisting of a soup of
all possible fluctuations, we turn into a discrete system, with bricks allowed and
eliminate the other options. This process of discretization creates a series of
particles permitted, which fit together and are stable in the flux to be the bricks
form which matter-energy building and leave the other options as curiosities.
This we can call condensation flux particles in the universe.
Defined the universe in this way, we will develop an inventory of the forces and
then the particles.
 8.1 The dimensions and the forces of the universe
If there were none of the four forces, the universe would be a static object. The
four interactions make 'closer' or 'reject' the particles between them. There are
four fundamental forces.
The gravitational interaction bends the dimension of time converging paths of
the particles in the future, which is perceived as an attractive force. It's a very
smooth, hard difficult to measure accurately. If we hang two balls and try to
measure how they approach, on earth or in space both, the effect is minimal.
However, for objects the size of Earth, the Moon and the stars, determines its
evolution and translational motions, and because of gravity crushes them until
one of the other forces balance it... or not and become a neutron star or at last a
black hole.
With the weak nuclear force passes the same, and what is worse, with the
distance soon it disappears. If gravity 'diffuse' effect following the law of the
square of the distance (as the points of the surface of a balloon expands), the
weak force, however, it acts only on particles that practically merge. We should
intuit as the effect of friction done by the pass of time on objects. The particles in
the universe are arranged so experience the least resistance to the vibrations of
time.
The strong force is so strong that somehow 'does not exist'. If there are electrons
with their negative charge, and protons positively charged, however, there are no
free quarks Red, Green or Blue because they are always grouped in neutral
objects without color. The color is a conceptual schema that works to explain the
pairs, trios of quarks observed but no one has been seen separated. In this text,
the strong force is the result of the curvature of each of the three spatial
dimensions relative to the temporal dimension.
The electromagnetic force is the one that gives more play at our temperature.
Also follows the law of the square of the distance, it is strong enough to stick
electrons to the nucleus and weak enough for photons to break these links at
temperatures on Earth. The electromagnetic force is responsible of the chemical,
and light. In this text, the electromagnetic force is the result of the curvature of a
hidden dimension u (unseen) in relation to the temporal dimension.
Besides these, there are other forces that determine the pairing of complementary
particle properties as the spins.
 8.2 Bosons and fermions
Spin is not a mathematical artifact but reveals a new aspect of the geometric
architecture of the universe.
Historically the concept of spin has been associated with the idea of the spin of a
particle like a peg-top in clockwise or anti-clockwise. It is a mental
representation that has been carried from the solar system.
Some particles have spin and others not. Some also have several spins
simultaneously.
The particles that have no spin, are indifferent to the arrow of time, mean that
their future look like when coincides with ours when they reverse. In addition,
they can to be packaged without problems. They are called bosons because they
follow the rules of the Bose-Einstein statistics.
In this text, bosons are particles that have no projection on the dimension of time
and are therefore identical to their antiparticles.
We will focus only on the fundamental particles knowing that complex particles
are also classified.
We distinguish various types of bosons.
The gluon is the vision as a particle of the strong nuclear force that can be
identified as a discrete vibration unitary of the spatial dimensions x, y, z of the
universe. It lacks of projection on t dimension or mass.
The photon is the vision as a particle of electromagnetic interaction that can
identify a discrete unit vibration of the unseen u dimension, which also lacks
mass.
The graviton, as yet undetected, is the vision as a particle of the gravitational
interaction that perhaps we can identify with the curvature of the dimension of
time.
The intermediate bosons W +, W-and Z0 are carrier particles of the weak
interaction, in the sense that they are the intermediate time a Fermion -which
we’ll see below-, having time dimension, which is rotating on its own dimension
time. Depending on the axis around which the rotation takes place this
intermediate particle has positive, negative or neutral charge. If the rotation is
around the hidden u dimension, then it is neutral boson Z0, whereas if the
rotation is performed around a spatial dimension then can acquire positive or
negative charge W +, W -.
The Higgs boson is the vibration unit of time dimension, expression of the flow
of time, which provides 'friction' to particles having this dimension over time,
causing rotation in the phenomena described as oscillation or decay. It has mass
because it has time dimension, but its antiparticle there would be identical, but it
does not exists.
These particles, which in relation to the arrow of time are flat except the Higgs
boson are called bosons. We will relate the other particles, fermions.
The particles that do have spin, unlike bosons, are particles for which we can
distinguish two states (for each spin, if more than one) and spins tend to pair
opposites. They are called fermions because they follow the rules of the Fermi-
Dirac statistics.
Fermions are packaged so that the spins are opposite and offset. It is not a force
of attraction or repulsion, but yes. Different attract and equals repel. It is said
that two fermions cannot coincide on all properties because they occupy the
same niche in the universe, that is, they meet the Pauli exclusion principle.
Fermions, when we eventually see reverse on time arrow, we see upside down,
with the opposite electrical charge. If our rail cars have the steering wheel on the
left, the oncoming have the steering wheel on the right. Something similar
occurs for each spin.
In this text, fermions are particles having projection on the dimension of time
and are therefore different when his future and observer match (particles) or are
in the opposite direction (antiparticles). This projection is what provides its rest
mass to the fermions.
Finally we should mention that all fermions are Dirac fermions, except the
neutrino, which again is indifferent to the direction of time and classified as
Majorana fermion. The neutrino is indifferent to the direction of time because,
as we shall see, is a one-dimensional particle on the same time axis. Lacking
projection on space s and u, is immune to the arrow of time. One consequence is
that, as we shall see, they oscillate on the three generations, rather than decay
from generation to generation.
We distinguish various types of fermions.
All they are subject to the drag of the weak nuclear force.
Quarks are particles that also feel the other three fundamental forces. They have
three dimensions: one of the three spatial dimensions, the hidden dimension u
and the time t.
The electrons (charged leptons) do not feel the strong nuclear force. They have
only two dimensions: the hidden dimension u and time.
Neutrinos (uncharged leptons) only feel gravity and, as all, the weak nuclear
force. They have only one dimension: time.
Three are the generations of fermions repeating their properties except the mass.
The weak force drags and breaks them to the first-generation fermions.
There are not generations of bosons, but we will probably associate each
generation with the three forces, gravitational, electromagnetic and strong
nuclear.
 8.3 Spins
We will then propose an interpretation of each spin is known.

Schema 11 Charge and Spin

8.3.1 Weak isospin

Imagine quarks as tripods, one of whose arms is arranged on the time axis t,
another on the hidden axis u (unseen) and another on any one of the three spatial
dimensions (color).
Time axis is the only one with a distinguishable past-future orientation. To
facilitate the image we can think that time is the vertical axis and ignore one of
the spatial dimensions so the 3D space turns into a 2D plane. Now we substitute
in the plane one dimension by the axis u (unseen). We now have vertical time,
the left-right axis is the hidden u dimension and the depth axis (front-back) is
one of the three spatial dimensions x, y, x that we designate with the letter s of
space.
Weak isospin of quark indicates whether the tripod is arranged downward or
upward. Say the tripod is a center coordinate that is on a table and the time
branch points up (future) or in the ceiling and the branch is pointing to the past.
This is the difference between Up and Down quarks type.
Quarks decay by rotation, through any dimension, accompanied by the weak
force of time flow from Down to Up position. To facilitate image, figure down
flow of time creating friction (Higgs). Down type quarks collect time while
rotating to Up offer less resistance to (forms a wedge) the flow of time.
8.3.2 Isospin
Quark isospin responds to curvature of spatial dimension (color) on paper, right
or left, which are distinguishable only by the arrow of time: if right hand thumb
points up, hand fingers show a curvature, and if points down, the other.
Unlike the weak isospin, the universe has not preference but is comfortable
joining quarks that compensate both curvatures leaving s dimension straight.
8.3.3 Spin
Finally we have the curvature on u axis (unseen), which is also on the previous
table that behaves exactly like the color isospin.
Only comment that electrons, as they have an arm on u dimension, also have
their spin exactly the same but they are not subject to previous two, neither weak
isospin nor isospin.
 8.4 Strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force
Next it is proposed that the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force
are also the manifestation of the curvature of space and the hidden dimension to
finally describe the uud proton.
We have interpreted spin and isospin as flat curvature of the four dimensions that
are not time (x, y, z, u).
We now interpret the curvature of hills and valleys of these four dimensions,
folds which are perpendicular to spin curvature, pro or against the arrow of time:
curves folding the plane of our table up or down, with peaks and hollows in
relation to the vertical arrow of time.
The strong nuclear force is the result of the curvature of each of the three spatial
dimensions in relation to the dimension of time, perpendicular to the curve of
isospin of the previous section.
Electromagnetic force is a consequence of the curvature of the fifth dimension
(unseen) in relation to the dimension of time, also perpendicular to spin.
Again:
Imagine quarks as tripods, one of whose arms is arranged on the time axis t,
another on the hidden axis u (unseen) and another on any one of the three spatial
dimensions (color).
The mountains and valleys of each of the three spatial dimensions are not neutral
as the spin, but as just happened to us with the weak isospin, the time provides a
difference between the valleys and mountains. The valleys we call the colors and
the quarks are accommodated inside but the mountains would be anti-colors in
which quarks accommodate traveling back in time.
The three spatial dimensions vibrate 'vertically' and quarks are placed in forming
several provisions: Couples quark-antiquark locked on one axis and, other option
more usual is to join three quarks, one on each spatial axis, adding or subtracting
the other branches so that also get in a stable manner.



 Schema 12 Quarks uud of proton

If a quark is free and perfectly aligned to the three dimensions s, u, t, its electric
charge would be a positive or negative unity, but grouped with two others to
meet the three spatial dimensions rotated slightly projecting 1/3 or 2/3 on the u
axis and the same upside down on the t axis.
Down quark owns half charge (opposite) and twice the mass (also opposite) the
quark Up.
The three quarks are placed locked to form a stable uud pro

ton
covering the three spatial dimensions: x, y, z, more t more u.
Finally, hills and valleys of dimension u (unseen) create in similar manner
positive and negative electric charge of quarks and electrons.
Finally, remember that the time dimension has its own curvature but lacks spin
curvature type, because it is the direction of time which provides strength and
spin to the other dimensions but not to herself.
 8.5 Summary
Particles that are indifferent to time arrow, mean that their future look the same
when coincides with ours or when they reverse, then you can pack several
identical particles. They are called bosons and we say that follow the rules of the
Bose-Einstein statistics.
The bosons are particles that have no projection on the dimension of time and
are therefore identical to their antiparticles. For example, photons can be
packaged in a laser beam without problem. Bosons, if they have mass it is not
because they bend the time dimension but because suffer the Higgs field or flow
of time or weak interaction.
The remaining particles, they change some properties at reverse the arrow of
time. They are particles for which we must distinguish two states for each spin
and two states for each charge therefore matching contraries. They are called
Fermions because follow the rules of the Fermi-Dirac statistics. Two fermions
cannot agree on all properties because then should occupy the same niche in the
universe, that is, they meet the Pauli exclusion principle.
The fermions, for each dimension that is not time, have four states in relation to
the arrow of time, according to the curvature:
For the electrical charge, we have the hidden u dimension that can be folded in
four ways: negatively charged (valley), spin (right), positive charge (mount),
spin (left).
For each color, spatial dimension (x, y, z), we have color, spin, anti-color, spin.
A right particle can coexist with another left one for a dimension, but if not,
interfere. A mountain particle and a valley particle they attract or fit or are
canceled. Two identical particles repel.
There is a special case. All are Dirac fermions, except the neutrino, which again
is indifferent to the direction of time and is classified as Majorana fermion. The
neutrino is indifferent to the direction of time because it is a one-dimensional
particle on the same time axis. Lacking projection on u or space, is immune to
the arrow of time. One consequence is that, oscillate in three generations, rather
than decay from generation to generation.

 9. Particle zoo
In what follows we describe the particles and interactions following a somewhat
special order.
Start trying gluons, which dominate the behavior of quarks, then the quarks and
their compounds: the proton and the neutron; afterwards electrons, neutrinos and
finally the photon. We started with a boson and close with another.
Again, the particles are classified into two groups: bosons which are the
hollows, distortions or vibrations -including the flow of time- of the universe
dimensions in which accommodate fermions. Fermions are quarks and leptons
(schema 9).
Fermions occupy hollows therefore in the same place do not fit two of them and
tend to be arranged and fitted into stable configurations of minimum energy, i.e.
offsetting charges and spins and 'offering lowest resistance to the pass of time'.
Remember what is:

Schema 13 Fermions

We establish nine postulates on a 5D universe (x, y, z, t, u):

Neutrino is a linear particle on the time axis t.
Electron is a particle bi-dimensional on the plane t-u.
Quark is a particle on a three-dimensional volume s-t-u.
Gravitational force arises from the curvature of t dimension,
extraordinarily smooth and apparently continuous.
Electromagnetic force arises from curvature of u dimension, discrete.
Strong nuclear force arises from curvature of each discrete and equivalent
dimension s (x, y, z).
Mass is proportional to the projection of a particle on t dimension.
Electric charge is proportional to the projection of a particle on u
dimension.
Color charge is proportional to the projection of a particle on s dimension.

Schema 14 Basic Elementary Particles

Schema 15 Interacions
 9.1 Gluons
Universe has three spatial dimensions, we call x, y, z. These three dimensions are
not three straight lines, but slightly vibrate creating mountains and valleys (in
relation to the dimension of time). The valleys are called colors and the
mountains anti-colors.
This name is justified because when they were named, there was took the model
of the three basic colors: Red, Green and Blue (RGB) that together makes white.
These vibrations are compensated forming our first structures, gluons, following
some simple rules.
A mountain and a valley on one of the spatial dimensions x, y, z can be
compensated by creating a circular ring. Or said in another way on one of the
three dimensions a mountain and a valley form a closed loop. These are the
gluons with color and anti-color: red-antired, green-antigreen and blue-antiblue
A mountain and a valley on two dimensions are also valid, for example, red-
antigreen. By contrast, mountain and mountain or valley and valley are not
present.

Schema 16 Gluons

In the classic version:

Gluons are the carrier particles of the strong nuclear force. Gluons are color-
anticolor couples.
In this vision:
Gluons are double curves offset on space dimensions that are cradled themselves
or quarks. But they should not be viewed as static objects but as a permanent
tremor of the three-dimensional space of the five of the universe.
Gluons are identical in relation to the direction of the arrow of time, i.e. are their
own antiparticles.
Gluons could form balls by adding various spatial dimensions.
 9.2 Overlapping gluons
Regardless of whether there may be isolated gluons, experimentally there are
measured only eight combinations of gluons, because measurements cannot
distinguish between certain states. We could say that measurement is made from
a dimension that leaves two curvatures of the other dimensions indistinguishable
from each other, and it is not a solvable problem in the future or mentally, but a
problem inherent to the essence of gluons measurement.
This is an example of one of the most striking consequences of quantum
mechanics: the superposition of states. We will justify why occurs and how far
has implications for gluons.
We talk about superposition of states to refer to particle properties
They can take multiple values, but
Are indistinguishable by experiments or
Only when they are measured collapse in one of them.
Suppose we try to know the colors of a gluon. Gluon is the particle that transmits
strong interaction. We can see it as two curvatures of any of the three spatial
dimensions x, y, z. It is a mountain and a valley of the same or different axis. On
the same dimension is similar to a loop or a vibration of a string. On two
dimensions is a horizontal s (valley-mountain), with the vertical arrow of time.
To link with classic terminology, we call the curvature of each spatial dimension
of the universe with a color name, like Red, Green and Blue to the valleys of the
Vertical, Horizontal and Depth axis and anti-color to the mountains.
We can never know the specific colors of a gluons pair because the act of
measuring is done from a dimension that cannot distinguish between the other
two.
For example, the Red-Antiblue gluon and anti-red-Blue gluon are
indistinguishable seen from Green color (dimension), therefore after
measurement we never know which one we have found.
The two gluons are indistinguishable to the observer 'measurer' (which is another
particle) or / and both are a vibration one of the other.
We know what gluons are, we know how they behave, how they work, but the
universe does not allow us to measure more than in this limited form. This is not
a problem of measurement that can be improved, but is intrinsic to the structure
of universe where 'subject' measures a property of an 'object' both within it.
Overlapping gluons is added to the uncertainty principle in the crusade of the
universe to hidden from scientists.
 9.3 Quarks. Protons and neutrons
Quarks are particles that fit into the hills and valleys that form gluons.
Quarks are three-dimensional objects of the five dimensions of the universe.
Quarks have only three axes: a spatial axis, x, y or z, more u that provides
charge, more t for mass.

Schema 17 Quark

Quarks have a color according to the hollow of space axis where they are and
therefore can be red, green or blue, but actually vibrate on gluons, constantly
changing color.
Quark, as they only have one of the three spatial dimensions, they are quasi-
particles and therefore never observed free. Stable quark combinations are those
having the three spatial dimensions, or in classical terminology, the three colors
forming white, neutral or colorless particles. Moreover they are also combined in
unstable couples on one dimension, in quark anti-quark particles called mesons.
Imagine quarks as tripods, one of whose branches is arranged on the time t axis,
another on the hidden u axis (unseen) and another on any one of the three spatial
dimensions (color).
Time axis is the only one with a past-future orientation distinguishable. To
facilitate the image we should think that time is the vertical axis, we ignore one
of the spatial dimensions so the 3D space turns into a 2D plane. Now we
substitute in the plane one dimension with the axis u (unseen). We now have
vertical time, the left-right axis is the hidden dimension u and the depth axis
(front-back) is one of the three spatial dimensions x, y, x that we designate with
the letter s of space.
The quark is a tripod which is arranged downward or upward. Say the tripod is a
center coordinates on a table and the arm up is time (points to future) or is in the
ceiling and the time arm points to the past. This difference distinguishes between
two types of quarks of the first generation, type Down and Up quarks. The quark
Down is oriented upside than the Up.
The curvature of the spatial dimension, color, is much more intense than the
curvature of the u (unseen) dimension which in turn is much more intense than
the time dimension, therefore the color governs arrangement of quarks when
combined.
Therefore, as the quarks are arranged by the extraordinarily intense curvature of
space s dimension, then time and hidden dimensions are slightly rotated or
curved or perhaps are projected with an angle on these dimensions.
From these considerations, the three quarks that form a neutral particle are
arranged locked, in two possible ways, taking also advantage that hidden
dimension vibrates and also has its hills and valleys.
In the first option, each one of the three quark is on a different color or space
dimension, and as they are strongly curved, extends about 2/3, 2/3 and -1/3
slightly, creating a stable positively charged particle, and they are projected also
onto t creating mass. The third quark stabilizes crimping the combination with
the first two. The set is the proton:
Table 4 Proton
 Schema 18 Proton

The second option is complementary, and is the neutron, which are placed:

Table 5 Neutron
 Schema 19 Neutron

The color indicates the spatial dimension s, in which is accommodated each

quark (x, y, z).
Fraction of u points to the projection that has the hidden dimension of the quark
onto hidden u axis, because of the intensity of the curvature of the space axis.
This projection determines the electromagnetic charge of the quark.
The electromagnetic charge of Up quark is twice the Down quark, but with the
opposite sign, that is, the quark Up is on a hill of u dimension twice the size of
the valley of Down quark. Double but facing backwards, opposite sign.
Finally, the projection on the time axis is at the same angle causing the Down
quark mass being twice that of Up quark, but in this case, perhaps no hills or
valleys rotation because has always the same direction.
So the quarks make two stable particles, the proton and the neutron, made up of
three quarks crimped. Each quark has a different dimension s (x, y, z) so that the
resulting object has three spatial dimensions. Up charge is twice the charge of
Down and Down mass is twice the Up. Up Charge and Down have opposite
directions. It is hoped that the masses of the Up and Down also (i.e., expect the
Down is really an anti-Down).
 9.4 Anti-gluons and anti-quarks
Remember that the colors are valleys on a spatial axis x, y, z and the anti-colors
mountains.
Antiparticles of gluons are themselves because they are couples of mountain
more valley or anti-color more color which is the same that valley more
mountain in relation to time.
Both Up and Down quarks, however, can be rotated around the time axis looking
back and their antiparticles are anti-Up and anti-Down.
 9.5 Hadrons
Clusters of several quarks are called hadrons. Three quark hadrons are baryons:
proton, neutron looking to the future; anti-proton and anti-neutron looking past.
There are also couples of embraced quarks, formed by a quark of a color and an
anti-quark of the opposite anti-color. They are called mesons.
In mesons, quarks are arranged on one of the three spatial axes and subtract the
valley formed by quark color and the Mountain of anti-quark anti-color. Color
results neutral and quark and anti-quark are fit because one is future-oriented and
the other is oriented to the past.
Result is a particle without color, past or future-oriented and with zero, 1 or -1
charge.
For example, a red Up quark plus an anti-red Down anti-quark make a Pi+
meson.
We can play and spatially analyze all couples that we can imagine whenever we
consider that they are arranged on the same spatial axis, subtracting mountain
and valley, locked because one points to the future and the other to the past
(quark and anti-quark) and combined with different charges resulting positive or
negative unity charge or zero.
In short, the hadrons are combinations of quarks, which are projected onto the
time dimension (which provides mass), are projected onto the hidden dimension
u (what gives them charge), and are projected onto one of the spatial dimensions
(what 'force' confinement in two ways: pursuing neutralize that dimension
(mountain-valley) with a quark anti-quark or adding two to complete the three
spatial axes. The latter linker can be performed by orienting the hidden axis u
and t of one quark in opposite direction to the other two.
It is important to note that so far there are only Up quark and gluon. Gluons,
both quarks and their anti-quarks (the first generation until now, but it will be the
same for the other two) are measurements of rotations of these two basic
particles. Also we see that the Down quark can be described as a particle
composed of a quark plus an electron and an antineutrino.
Down quark is an Up quark with the mass and charge exchanged. Up charge is
mass of Down (2) and mass of Up is charge of Down (1).
All hadrons are combinations governed by color (strong interaction), which is
the curvature of spatial dimensions x, y, z, that cause quarks and gluons. It does
not seem clear whether particles bend space or curvature of space is the particle
itself.
Charge of color and anti-color have the same value on all three axes.
We will return to deepen on mesons.
The theory that describes the strong nuclear force is quantum
chromodynamics, which describes confinement of quarks (why cannot be
separated) and asymptotic freedom (when they are together are free)
The name quantum chromodynamics QCD to the theory that describes the strong
nuclear force arises from this idea, 'chrome' color in Greek.
 9.6 Electron
We continue our tour by the particles zoo with the electron. With it, we forget the
strong nuclear force, because the electron is insensitive to it, and enter the world
of electromagnetic force that is intense but fewer and expands in space by
‘normal’ form.
While strong force confines quarks, because they are incomplete, lacking of two
spatial dimensions, electromagnetic force is transmitted through space and
decreases according to the law of the square of the distance, like gravity.
Electromagnetic force has only one "color", one dimension, which is called
positive and negative electric charge that correspond to color and anti- color of
the spatial dimensions. As with colors, nature seeks to neutralize the positive
charge with negative, which is seen as an attraction force between opposite
charges and repulsion between equal charges.
Electromagnetic charge, as color charge, is measured in multiples of a single
value, positive or negative, we call absolute, universal, natural unit of charge. It
is the electron charge.
A new reason quarks are confined, is that although if they would be free then
would have a unitary electromagnetic charge, when join together to form a
hadron then they open or close the three axes angle so they project less than one
unit onto the hidden dimension u because they are coupled to form neutral, +1 or
-1 objects.
Electric charge measurement does not vary with the speed. An electron is
observed with the same charge when still and when moving at speeds
approaching that of light.
Motion of charged particles exchanges electric charge and magnetic charge,
which are perpendicular.
Electrons are two-dimensional elementary particles, which project on u (hidden
dimension) which provides them electric charge and also on time axis which
provides mass. Lacks space projection.

 Schema 20 Electron

Electric charge is the manifestation of the hidden dimension u curvature in

relation to time axis. A particle which is projected onto the hidden dimension u,
it bends this dimension by creating a valley or a mountain in relation to the
dimension of time. One is called negative charge and the other positive charge.
Charged particles seek neutralize both curves.
The electron antiparticle is positron or anti-electron, which is the same but the
time axis reversed. The hidden u axis provides positive electrical charge and
time axis provides mass.
Like quarks live in a universe of gluons, valleys and mountains of the spatial
dimensions, electrons live in a world of valleys and mountains of the hidden u
axis, in permanent tremor of the hidden dimension that also bathes quarks.
Electric charge is immune to relativity because it goes with light at the speed of
light in vacuum.
Hidden u dimension has two types of curves: one of them up and down over
time axis and the other are perpendicular. This latter makes the spin of the
electron. An electron can be of left hand or of right hand as you look fingers
lifting up thumb. Electrons, when are together, they should repel but they match
in a complementary manner: one of left hand with one of right hand, both
pointing to the future and both in valleys of time axis. With this, they
compensate the two curves of u axis. Although this has never been expressed as
an attractive force between the negative electrons, could be seen in this way,
similar to the weak interaction as discussed before.
Curvatures of hidden u dimension, in shape of spin and charge are equivalent
and therefore charge is measured in positive and negative integer values, 1, 2,
3...

Schema 21 Charge and Spin

 9.7 Neutrino
Described quark and electron we will see now a new simple and extraordinarily
elusive particle: the neutrino.
Unlike its predecessors, neutrino is indifferent to color charge and to electric
charge so although it fills all, it matters little because, apart from weak nuclear
force, is only affected by gravity and furthermore has a very small mass.
Neutrinos are one-dimensional particles on time axis, which are the same when
oriented to future or past: their antiparticles are themselves.

Schema 22 Neutrino

Little to say about neutrino apart that is obviously elusive, because we can only
catch them gravitationally by its small mass and we only can detect them on
sporadic clashes with other matter. We shall see that also suffers the weak
interaction.
Electrons and neutrinos are grouped as leptons ignoring the curvature of space
dimensions, colors.
The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Japanese Takaaki
Kajita and Canadian Arthur B. McDonald for demonstrate experimentally that
neutrinos have mass. At the standard model it was not clearly demonstrated. This
has to do with neutrinos oscillation what we will talk later and fits perfectly with
our interpretation.
All these particles, quarks, electrons and neutrinos suffer the effects of the weak
nuclear force and gravity. Both are deeply related to time dimension, its progress
and with mass.
 9.8 Mass
Rest mass of bodies is the measure of a property with two effects that match.
The first effect is gravitational mass that creates a field around bodies that
attracts and, if there are no obstacles, brings them closer and the second effect is
inertial mass which is the resistance of a body at rest to move when pushed.
Apparent mass of a body is the resistance offered to accelerate when pushed. It
is the sum of its rest mass plus the effect of divergence between the reference
system of the body and the reference system of the observer or 'pusher' as a
result of relativity.
The rest mass of a body is proportional to its projection on time axis. Mass is
positive for both, particles and antiparticles.
There is no 'spin' effect on temporal dimension because the other universe
dimensions do not provide differentiation between the two directions of each
dimension x, y, z, u.
Gravity force is due to the curvature caused by mass of a body on time axis,
proportional to the length of its projection on the same axis. We cannot speak of
valleys and mountains on the time axis, where the bodies accommodate, due
time flow. Bodies seek converge but never diverge in their future. The theory of
general relativity describes this effect.
The length of a body in time axis, on which moves its time, generates resistance
to direction change. The greater this length, it offers more resistance. The effect
is similar to what we see if we have a stick in water flow in the direction of flow,
we hold one end and rotate it. The higher the bar is, more curved and more and
more inclined is, it becomes unmanageable. This effect is called Higgs field
caused by Higgs mechanism that is mediated by particles called ' of God'. Higgs
mechanism and time curvature of general relativity are the manifestations of
body rest mass, what is the measure of its resistance to time flow, which is
proportional to the length of t. If the projection of a particle on time axis is a
point, lacks gravitational mass but may be unstable when subjected due to weak
force, such as, this are the case of bosons intermediaries.
Finally, a moving body has its reference system rotated relative to the observer
reference system therefore if push it to speed, it does laterally. This increased
resistance is narrated by special relativity explaining that mass of moving bodies
grows progressively until it becomes infinite at the speed of light when space-
time of pusher and body are perpendicular.
 Schema 23 Rotation over u

This effect is a rotation around the u axis, from dimension t to s, which

transforms time flow into movement on space.
 9.9 Weak interaction
The Higgs mechanism has an extremely important effect in relation to the way
particles are arranged in relation to the time axis.
In the same way that curves in the dimensions of the 5D universe generate forces
that include or accommodate particles in certain ways, time flux establishes a
privileged direction, with a new meaning, that caresses, orient and rotate
particles in a certain way.
Exists this force, which is added to the three determined by dimension
curvatures, weak relative to strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force,
which groups particles into the time flow.
Weak force is recognized on two important phenomena: the stability of atomic
nuclei and Beta disintegration.
The simplest atom nucleus is formed by a proton: the hydrogen. The following is
the stable helium nucleus that has two protons and two neutrons. Here we must
consider that the two protons are rejected by electromagnetic force, so the two
neutrons are needed to offer a lower flow time resistance. We say that weak
nuclear force holds joined protons and neutrons together into the atomic nucleus.
Remember that proton and neutron are similar but arranged upside down. This
favors that fit each proton with each neutron preventing electromagnetic
repulsion between protons. This force works while they be very near, but as soon
as they separate a little, everyone goes on his own.
Because of this, there is not a nucleus having two or more protons without
neutrons. They simply would repel themselves.
The helium nucleus is very stable, and as we add proton-neutron pairs to the
nucleus instability increases simply because of its size. The isotope, nuclei
unbalanced in number of protons and neutrons, tend to break, along what is
called its half-life, through nuclear reactions that emits radioactivity.
While protons, hydrogen nuclei, are stable, free neutrons have fifteen minutes of
half-life, which means that if we have ten, quarter of an hour later we will have
five. The other five will have become or fallen into protons releasing an electron
and an antineutrino.
Thus, neutrons have their stable home paired with protons forming nuclei
balanced. When neutrons are not paired with protons, when they are free, or
when they are in huge atoms, then they are much less stable and change his
flavor to proton.
Beta disintegration converts neutron into proton, equivalent internally to convert
a Down quark in Up. This transformation corresponds to a rotation and also a
break in time flow of a Down quark into Up and thus becomes smaller and
stable.

Schema 24 Beta disintegration

Down quark has three arms projecting on the three dimensions s-t-u, which
rotates to become Up, but in turn breaks so that part of the t arm creates a free
antineutrino and part of the s-u plane creates an electron. All three are more
stable than the original Down quark.
 Schema 25 Rotation around s

This rotation is complicated if done within a couple neutron-proton, but it is

easier when the neutron is free.
It is possible to 'force' the reverse process, i.e. backwards in time, raising a
proton to neutron incorporating a positron and a neutrino to an Up quark making
it the heaviest Down.
In both cases, the motion is fast because the intermediate situation is very
unstable. We can say that the electron and the antineutrino together, a particle
with three arms, at half turn, is the W- boson particle, and the positron with the
neutrino is called boson W+. Both offer great resistance to flux and therefore
have a lot of mass and lasts very little.
In both cases, rotation is performed through the hidden u axis, reversing the
quark charge, therefore boson W particle has charge and mass. But sometimes
the rotation is performed around the hidden u axis, so that the 'intermediate
boson' has mass but no charge axis. In this case, we speak of boson Z0 which is
neutral and is his own antiparticle, i.e., it is irrelevant in relation to time.
The weak interaction not only affects the binding of protons and neutrons and
beta radiation but opens a world of transformations (decays and oscillations)
which we will see again after treating photon and parameters that govern this
game.
 9.10 Mass and energy
The most famous equation in all history is:

E=mc2.
This expression tells that mass and energy are equivalent, which we will express
in stronger form: mass and energy are two perpendicular measurements of the
same object.
We have two possible observations of the same object: In the first case it is
measured as a particle and the second is measured as a wave:
When the observer reference system and the object reference system are fully
aligned, the observer measures the rest mass of the object.
Object reference system rotates relative to observer by speed, until reference
system of observer and object become perpendicular. So our perception of the
object is then energy without mass at light speed. The observer cannot accelerate
a beam of light, so its mass is infinite. Or zero, because it behaves ignoring this
interaction.
From another perspective, the release of energy caused by an atomic explosion
rotates particles we observe as mass and traveling with us in the 5D space
converting them into energy that moves at high speed.
 9.11 Photon and light
With light and its particle, the photon, happens in physics the same that with
water and carbon in chemistry. Its properties surprise us and make us think that
perhaps the universe is an arbitrary assembly that exists and is maintained
through extraordinary coincidences, but really their properties arises naturally
from the underlying mathematics of the universe.
Light is a strange object that travels in vacuum at 300,000 km/s for all observers.
Space and time are distorted so that this strange principle will be fulfilled.
Any object traveling at this speed would have infinite mass, time stopped and
zero length. But the photon is massless and has no rest state.
Light is a wave of nothing. A wave is an oscillation of something that is
transmitted through a medium, such as sound through air or the shock of a stone
on water surface. For a long time scientists searched ‘ether’ over which rides
light, but physicists ended recognizing that there is no ‘ether’. Light is a wave of
nothing.
But if we place an obstacle, for example an electron in an atom, the electron can
absorb the energy that provides light, then is excited, and come back to the
original state releasing the energy again.
The light carries energy, which apparently has not, until it materializes on an
electron. And then becomes 'quantized'.
Light, as it has properties comparable to electrons, we are currently trying to
exploit it, converting electronic technology into photonic technology.
Let's analyze what a photon is from the analysis of the collision of an electron
and a positron.
Antimatter is annihilated when colliding with matter and both become energy. A
collision electron-positron creates two photons perpendicular and in opposite
directions.

Then, if positron is, as we have seen, an electron reversed in time, why do not
think that photon is also an electron or a positron 'seen from the side'?
Explicitly:
The hypothesis is the following: A photon is an electron whose arrow of time is
rotated 90 degrees relative to the arrow of time of the electron and the observer.
It is a 'perpendicular' electron. And the effect of this rotation is that his time is
'our' space.
The collision of an electron and a positron, transforms time dimension of each of
the two electrons to space dimension. The arrow of time of observer is
perpendicular to the arrow of time of the photons of gamma rays arising from the
collision electron-positron.
The classic reading in which four particles are involved, electron, positron and
two photons that reads:
'An electron collides with a positron and two gamma rays are produced '
becomes:
'Two electrons, one with our arrow of time and one with it in opposite direction
(180º) contact and rotate 90 degrees each one turning their time forward and
backward in observer space'.
From the interpretation we have made of the collision electron-positron we have
that one observer sees that an electron and a positron are transformed into two
photons. But electron, positron and photon are the same particle. No
transformation, they are the same. Just change the orientation of elementary
particles relative to the observer. Photons could have mass, dark matter, which is
invisible to the observer.
The photon is an object that has no rest, no rest mass, that for all it moves at the
speed c, for both observers and particles. This fact can be interpreted in reverse:
we say that light is the motionless medium on which all objects are moving away
at the speed c. The light is rest, is the ether, is the reference system for all objects
that move away from it at this speed and this motion is the source of all others,
following bends.
All right. Let's take a step further to understand photon.
Photon is a rotation of electron.
Electron is a two-dimensional object that is projected onto the axes of time
(which provides mass) and the hidden u dimension (which provides electric
charge).
Photon is the result of a double rotation of electron. The first around the electron
u axis that transforms t dimension of time into space x. By doing this turn the
progression of time becomes velocity c m/s.


 Schema 26 Electron to photon first rotation

The second is a rotation around the spatial x dimension, of u dimension towards

a second spatial dimension y. Then particle loses its projection onto the hidden
dimension u, and therefore loses the electric charge.
 Schema 27 Electron to photon second rotation

The effect is that it is now a particle with two spatial dimensions without mass
but carries it and without electric charge but carries it and that moves to the
speed of light.
The electron energy comes from that the electron is accommodated on the soft
curvature of the t axis and on the two more intense curvatures of the dimension u
(mountains and valleys of t for electric charge, mountains and valleys
perpendicular for spin), whereas the photon energy is proportional to the size of
the square shape on the two spatial dimensions.
The antiparticle of the photon is itself, because it has no projection on temporal
dimension.
 9.12 The wave-particle duality
Remember now the problem of the double-slit experiment and the wave-particle
duality. When we do not measure and when we measure, happen different things
and almost contradictory.
Remember that in the double-slit experiment we emit photons, electrons or any
particles on a barrier with two slits and analyze the pattern that remains in a later
screen.
Initially the pattern of a wave is of interference indicating that the object passes
through both slits at once.
But if we try to detect by which slit passes the object, the pattern becomes
particle and passes only by one of them.
The reason for this behavior is that in this last case we force decoherence of the
particle because of for detecting the crossing of the object through one of the
slits, we align the object reference system and the observer, which collapses
object in one of the two slits. Specifically we align the hidden u dimension.
Seen otherwise. Imagine a circle drawn on paper with two discontinuities or
cuts. We shoot objects from the center to the holes. Vertical dimension is our u
dimension. In a normal scenario, the object is allowed to jump over the circle
because it is not strictly aligned with the paper and the vertical. When we try to
measure, we rotate it to detect and thus collapses on one of the two holes and
cannot jump over because particles seen the same as the experimenter. Passes
from probability wave to particle by measurement effect.
Having described the last particle, the photon, let us analyze the relative strength
of forces.
 9.13 The model parameters
We have seen that quarks are particles with three branches, one on one space
dimension, one on time dimension and one on u hidden dimension. We have also
seen that electrons have only two, on time and on u and neutrino only has one on
time dimension. Finally, the photon has two projections on two spatial
dimensions.
Each particle is subject to flow of time (weak nuclear force) what has three
consequences:
First it gives it the opportunity to interact with other particles, looking
approaching or moving it away.
Secondly it provides a discrimination 'future-past' to the t dimension and as a
result the other interactions distinguish between hills and valleys and the rule of
left and right hand.
And caress particles causing be placed and grouped in stable forms.
When all this is measured by an observer must take into account several aspects:
The effect of alignment of u dimension (it collapses) among the object and
the observer
The angle between both reference systems, as affirm relativity, if they are
moving (less than 90 degrees).
The orthogonal rotations of the reference systems (particle changes).
The orthogonal rotations of perception of the reference systems (change of
generation).
The limits imposed by the measurement within the universe: the
uncertainty principle or undecidable overlapping states.
All these phenomena depend on few parameters, which need not be constant
over time and that what matters is the ratio between them rather than its absolute
value.
For example, if parameters that govern the universe, whatever they may be, all
were duplicated, then the relationship between them would be the same and the
effect indistinguishable.
If it were not so, one should be dependent on another, as the volume of the
hypersphere of the universe of radius and the number of dimensions and
therefore could be eliminated.
The parameters that govern this scheme are:
 The speed of light which determines the time flow for all particles and the
ratio between mass and energy.
The curvature of each dimension of the universe, considering that all three
spatial dimensions x, y, x are equivalent and interchangeable. These curves
determine the relationships within the strong, electromagnetic and
gravitational interactions and with the speed of light the weak interaction.
The three curves define three key fields: gravity, electromagnetic field and
the field of color charge. They should be continuous variables, but are
quantized. There is a fundamental unit of mass, electric charge and color
charge, and all objects measure multiples of these units. Also determine the
possible spins of the particles.
The engagement of these particles with these curves. Of all the possible
combinations that would be in a continuous universe, only a few are relevant
and by last come down to one: the neutrino.
Two perpendicular neutrinos make an electron. Three perpendicular neutrinos
make an Up quark. Two quarks (an Up quark plus an electron plus a neutrino)
make a Down quark. Etc.
The remaining particles of the standard model are the combination of these
particles root plus the effect of the interaction with the observer, in the same
way that the velocity or acceleration changes the particles mass.
Planck's constant that defines the grain of the universe.
Resistance or facility that offers space to the pass of each interaction under
the inverse-square law.
An extension of the concept of absolute zero temperature, where all dimensions
stop vibrating and only remains a continuous flow of time on its axis.
 9.14 Coupling constants
One of the basic relationships to study is compare the curvature of each
dimension. To do this we must compare strong nuclear force with
electromagnetic force and gravitational interaction.
Regardless of the measurement units we can establish what is called the
coupling constants between interactions as the relationship between them.
If we value strong interaction as unit, the electromagnetic interaction measures
1/137, the gravity is around 10-39 very small and weak 10 -6.

Table 6 Coupling constants

These ratios vary with distance, because strong nuclear force does not act at very
short distances (because of asymptotic freedom), weak acts only at short
distances and the other two are weakened by the inverse-square law.
The interpretation of these ratios is at the proportion between the curvatures of
the dimensions for the first three and at the speed of light for the last. Suppose
that the first three for a particle with mass, electromagnetic charge and color
charge is the unit value (whether it be the way to define that value, we assume
that it is possible) then it folds with the color charge the space s with intensity 1,
flexes with its electrical charge hidden u dimension with an intensity 137 times
smaller and flexes the time axis with an intensity 10 -39 times lower.
1/137 is what is called the fine structure constant of the universe, which seems
a pretentious name if it were not because it appears in several seemingly
independent sites, but they must have some relation that with this scheme should
be clearer.
For example, 137 is the coupling constant of the interaction between electron
and photon. Considering that the photon is a double rotation of the electron, then
137 is the ratio between the curvature of the u and t axes on x and y.
Therefore the same arm that we say arbitrarily that measures and folds a unit on
the hidden u axis, becomes measuring and folding 1/137 units on the space axis.
It is also the ratio between the electrostatic repulsion force and the gravitational
attraction force between two point particles of Planck mass and elementary
charge (unit values to which we referred earlier). That is, two particles with the
charge of an electron that repel with an intensity of one they also have the Planck
mass and are attracted with a 1/137 intensity times lower. This is again the
relationship between x (space) and t dimension (gravity).
So it seems that the relationship between the three dimensions is precisely 1/137.
Finally, we have a last phenomenon to complicate everything a little more. One
consequence of these inequalities linked to the weak interaction or time flow is
that, in addition to rotating the particles, can also rotate the reference system so
that perceive exchanged curvatures, then we could transform interactions into
each other and measure mass of a particle as electromagnetic charge or color
charge. A seemingly perfect hoax.
This effect is perhaps the one that creates the three generations of particles.
 9.15 The pi meson and the weak interaction
In the classic standard model there are four fundamental particles of matter
(fermions): two quarks, electron and neutrino. To which we must add two
generations more of particles, a total of twelve basic particles that are the
ultimate constituents of matter... but Down quark 'decay' into Up quark plus an
electron and an antineutrino by the weak interaction. Besides these there are
other changes, not only within each generation but also between them. The weak
interaction permanently drags the basic particles, turn them and break them into
pieces that according to the standard model do not have anything to do...
Apart from beta disintegration, we will analyze four cases that will give us a
fairly complete picture of the rules that govern the weak interaction. We will
analyze the pi meson, which will give us a new vision of beta disintegration, and
after we will see neutrino oscillation, electron decay (charged leptons) and
quarks decay.
We have seen that quarks are grouped so that the color charge is canceled and
also electric charge is positive, negative or zero. One possibility other than the
baryons of three quarks is two quarks mesons.
The representation is: a quark and an anti-quark with his branch on the same
spatial dimension of the three possible, compensating color and anti-color, with
the masses on t in opposite directions that can embrace in pairs with or without
charge on the u axis.
The simplest cases are the pi mesons or pions formed by an Up or Down quark
and their antiparticle.
We have four cases:

We can graph ignoring the spatial dimension because it is the same and is
compensated according to the scheme:
 Schema 28 Pi mesons

These couples of particles have a short half-life and decay into other particles.
Mesons electrically charged become, by the weak interaction, a muon and a
muon neutrino (which are the second generation of electron and electron
neutrino):

The first transformation can be visualized as follows:

We have an Up and anti-Down quarks each with three arms.
On the spatial s axis colors are compensated and finally canceled so that the
resulting particles are not hadrons, they ignore spatial dimensions.
On the hidden u axis we have two arms positively charged (2/3 + 1/3) which
sum one.
On the t axis we have two arms: one oriented to future of the size of Up quark
(3) and other oriented to past twice larger (6) of an anti-Down quark.
The result is a muon neutrino on t dimension looking to the future, and an anti-
muon on t and u with mass and positive charge.
This reminds rotation of Down quark into Up releasing a positron and an
electron neutrino (absorbing an electron and an antineutrino) of beta
disintegration but on a larger scale.

Schema 29 Pi + decay

The case of Pi- meson is similar, the colors vanish and a muon antineutrino and a
muon normal (negative as the electron) are created.
But the case of neutral pions is different because when combined a particle and
its antiparticle then colors vanish, charges cancel out, masses are added but are
oriented upside down... so we have several possible outcomes in the form of two
photons (each one a flat with two spatial dimensions with mass transformed into
energy), or two electron-positron pairs (on the t-u axes) that collect the mass and
offset charges or mixed cases.

All these transformations are allowed while all the properties of the particles
entering and leaving are maintained and therefore cannot leave three photons, for
example. What remain invariant are the dimensions of the arms and the sum of
the spins although entering in a quark and exiting in an electron. The weak
interaction accompanies these rotations so that at the end the resulting particles
have the minimum mass, but remain the other properties even on different
particles. That is, color charges, electric charges, spins, etc. They are added and
subtracted and the masses and energies must be in balance. Within these rules
anything goes with different probability.
 9.16 Neutrino oscillations
Now we continue analyzing how weak force also transforms, as already seen, the
particles between generations.
Neutrinos are one-dimensional particles along the time axis and therefore with
very small mass (less than 1/500,000 that of the electron), caressed by the time
flow. This makes them unstable in the sense that rotates randomly in its flow.
This has two consequences:
For the particle, it is indifferent, because oriented as it would be, its unique
dimension is the time t axis and it defines its low mass and resistance to flow.
But for an observer, means that he can measure it aligned with its reference
system, aligned with u dimension or aligned with s axis.
Aligned with t its mass is m, aligned with u its mass is greater and even more
aligned with s. This is the same particle but provides three different projections
called generations, in this case of neutrinos.
We call normal neutrino electronic neutrino, we call muon neutrino to neutrino
on u (already mentioned above) and on s tau neutrino. Neutrinos coming from
the sun, although born electronic they are measured mixed because its speed
through space depends on its mass that is changing and therefore will offset
making at arrival to Earth a soup of the three types.
An observer measures a neutrino with electronic flavor when it seems that time
observer arrow and neutrino are parallel (apart from the possible relativistic
derived from the relative rotation speed between them).
An observer measures a muon neutrino flavor when the arrow of time of the
observer and the neutrino seems perpendicular and particularly neutrino time
axis seems to be on the hidden dimension u of the observer.
Is the same for each spatial dimension in the case of tau neutrino.
This same model can be interpreted as follows:
The observer of an electronic neutrino measures the curvature of the t
dimension like mass.
The observer of a muon neutrino measures the curvature of the u
dimension as mass.
The observer from a tau neutrino measures the curvature of the x, y or z
dimension as mass.
Therefore the three generations of particles do not come from the rotation of
particles, but the rotation of the perception we have of them.
If it were simply the rotation of the particle we would be talking about a change
in particle: A linear neutrino suffering only the gravitational force would become
an ' electrino ' wich only suffer the electromagnetic charge or in a' colorino 'or'
espacino ' subjected only to color charge.
However, what changes in each generation is the perception that the observer has
of the neutrino. Neutrinos of the second and third generation 'cheat' the observer
as projecting as mass what is charge.
The expected proportion of neutrinos should be 1/5, 1/5, 3/5 instead of 1/3 for
each. So:

Flavor Proportion
Electron neutrinos 1/5
Muon neutrinos 1/5
Tau 3/5
neutrinos

This amount is deducted because there are three spatial dimensions in front of a
hidden dimension and the arrow of time.
Although the neutrino mass is unknown, even in the standard model it does not
have mass until the arrival of the Higgs boson, what we can say is that it is likely
to satisfy Koide formula:

In the numerator we have the area of three squares with side the root of each
mass, which we can see as that each mass is a two-dimensional surface.
In the denominator we have the surface of a square whose side is the sum of the
three roots of the masses.
So we compare three squares whose side is the root of the mass with a square
whose side is the sum of the roots:
 Schema 30 Koide ratios

Analyzing the fraction, if the three masses were equal, fraction is 3/9, i.e. 1/3. If
there were only the first particle then fraction would be 3/3, i.e. 1. The actual
value is just the intermediate showing that the mass distribution follows a
coherent hidden rule that distributes the three masses to comply 2/3, exactly
between 1/3 and 3/3. This rule must have thermodynamic sense. Probably this
relationship comes from to project an object on fewer dimensions.
For example, in two dimensions projected on one, say a rectangle (a sheet of
paper in front of us) of 10x5 sides and surface 50.
We can see the whole 10 x 5, or spinning on one side we see the side 10 or
spinning down we see the side 5.
If we are only able to measure lengths by its effect (mass) which is the square of
the length, would use a formula of type:
(100+25) / (10+5)2 = 125/225 = 0,55
If we apply the same approach in three dimensions on one, for a 2x3x7 cuboid:
(4+9+49) / (2+3+7)2 = 62/144 = 0,43
If it is a cube of side 5:
(25+25+25) / (5+5+5) 2 = 75/225 = 1/3
If there is only one dimension, the ratio is 1.
The question is what proportion is projected just in the middle, 2/3?
We have established three generations of neutrinos which oscillate so that
although generated in the laboratory or in the Sun as electron neutrinos, later we
measure the three generations mixed.
This neutrino oscillation happens similarly to electrons and quarks, but more
complex because it affects more axes.
 9.17 The decay into electrons
If instead of neutrinos (uncharged leptons) we look at charged leptons: electron,
muon and tauón, we see that their masses are a series:

El The electron is an elementary particle having a mass of 0.5 and thus is subject
to the gravitational force, has an electric charge (-1) and therefore is subject to
electromagnetic interaction but it has no color charge so it does not feel the
strong interaction.
The muon is like the electron with a mass of 106 and tauon is like the electron
with a mass of 1,777. They are the second and the third generation of the
electron in the standard model. Both the muon and the tauon, are unstable and
'decay' into other particles. That is what we will try to describe literally in what
follows.
Charged leptons are transformed and sometimes break because of the weak
interaction, time flow, in several major processes according to the rotation
matrix PMNS (Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata), which expresses the
probability that a tauon may be transformed into a muon or an electron and a
muon into an electron.

The third generation tauon always breaks releasing a tau neutrino (also third
generation), and also are created other particles with these probabilities:
18% of times are created an electron and an electron antineutrino (I generation).
17% of times are created a muon and a muon antineutrino (II generation).
65% of times are created hadrons (consisting of combinations of quarks and anti-
quarks).
The second generation muon breaks releasing a muon neutrino (in the same
second generation), and also creates an electron and an electron antineutrino.
The particles resulting from these processes are more stable (last longer) and
significantly reduce its mass: the particles of the second and third generation
have a much higher mass and a shorter life. The tauon (1777), for example, has
almost twice the mass of the proton (938).
If we look at the masses, we have that in each of these transformations, a lot of
mass is 'lost' but neutrino mass do not justify this huge decrease in mass. Let us
take stock of the transformation of a muon in an electron:
Particle Mass
Muon 1,777
Muon neutrino <16
Electron antineutrino near zero
Electron 0.5


The mass of the muon (1,777), we subtract the mass of the muon neutrino
delivered, we add electronic antineutrino mass and the result should be 0.5.
Impossible.
 9.18 The Koide formula
Masses of charged leptons (electron, muon and tau) are a strange series of
numbers that satisfies the Koide formula that was verified accurately (even tau
mass was predicted before being detected):

Consider a square of side one, and place within two more squares.
Suppose that both are equal, then they have each side of ½ and occupy half the
surface of the outer square.

Now let grow the square on the left, reducing the square on the right. In the
limit, the square on the left measures the entire surface and the right one is
canceled. The surface of the two squares measures the outer square.

La The surface of the two squares in this progression changes from 1/2 to 1 and
there is an intermediate point where the sum of the area of the two squares is ¾
of the surface of the larger square (between 2/4 and 4/4 we have ¾):

Mathematically, we have that surface of the square of side (a + b) equals to the

surface of the first square plus the surface of the second one plus the surface of
the two rectangles ab which fall outside:

When a = b, then cover ½ square, and when b = 0, cover the entire outer square.
Do the same with three squares within the outer square. Now the sum of their
surfaces ranges from 1/3 (for a = b = c = 1/3) until all external square surface
(for b = 0 and c = 0). Within this progression there is a proportion in which the
surface of the three squares is 2/3 of external square surface.
For four, we would have to go from ¼ (for a = b = c = d = 1/4) to the entire outer
square, and so on.
Now, well:
In the case of two squares, there is an intermediate combination between ½ and 1
that covers ¾ the surface of the outer square.
In the case of three squares, there is an intermediate combination between 1/3
and 1 that covers 2/3 the surface of the outer square.
Well. Koide formula indicates that the ratio between the masses of tauon, muon
and electron is just this last intermediate case:

The sum of the three masses is 1,884 and the square of the sum of square roots
of masses is 2,826. The ratio is very precisely 0.666 (2/3).
Tauon and muon decay and become electrons. Its mass jumps from the larger
square to the medium and smaller.
 9.19 The three generations
In the act of measuring a particle we have two elements: the experimenter
reference system and the reference system of the particle. Then, rotation of a
particle could transform electrical charge, gravitational charge or color charge
between them and it should be perceived as a transformation of the particle.
For example, in the case of neutrino oscillation, we have a linear particle
arranged on the time axis. If this particle turns and become arranged over a
spatial dimension, then it would be transformed into a gluon, but would have lost
his mass.
We must therefore appeal to the postulate of topological perception transformer
(TPT) which introduces a third element, a magnifying glass, placed between the
observed object and the subject that takes the measurement.
Suppose that the three neutrinos are a unique particle characterized by a single
mass. The second and third generation are the result of the deformation created
by the TTP on the measurement of the neutrino mass.
If we recognize that, apart from the weak interaction, we have three interactions
and three generations, so we suggest the following:
One possible interpretation of the decay of particles is to consider that they are
not only a rotation of the particles but also of our perception of them. Thus:
The particles of the second generation are the same as those of the first, but mass
perceived is a transformation of the masses of first generation with the intensity
of the electric charge.
The particles of the third generation are the same as those of the first, but their
mass is perceived as a transformation of the mass of the first with the intensity of
color charge.
The second and third generation leptons charge is the effect of measuring the
mass of the electron (I generation) with the intensity of the electric charge (II
generation) or the intensity of color charge (III generation).
The second and third generations of neutrinos are the effect of measuring the
mass of the electron neutrino (I generation) with the intensity of the electric
charge (II generation) or the intensity of color charge (III generation). Unlike the
family of the electrons and quarks, this rotation is simple and therefore neutrinos
oscillate rather than decay.
This would establish a possible link between the masses of the particles, the
coupling constants between the three forces and the Koide formula.
 9.20 The quarks decay
Quarks also oscillate according to the CKM matrix (Cabibbo-Kobayashi-
Maskawa), expressing the probability that each quark decays into another one of
the previous generation.
As in neutrinos and electrons, we have that the probability of these
transformations is defined by a matrix of all against all, which is summarized
with four parameters.
In this case, remember that we have two quarks, Up and Down, involving a
rotation of each other. The second generation are the Charm and Strange quarks
and third one are Top and Bottom:
Basically there happen two movements. One that we have seen in the
transformation of the quark Down into quark Up in beta disintegration, but also
may be produced a change of generation simultaneously, such as a Strange or
Bottom quark can become Up. What does not happen is a change of generation
without a rotation.

Schema 31 Quarks decay

Transitions always involve a rotation from Down position to Up position, i.e. a

Bottom quark does not change to Strange or Down keeping the charge. The
charge passes from -1/3 to 2/3 in all cases.
Like beta disintegration releases an electron and an electron neutrino, these
transitions also release a pair of leptons of his generation: muon and muon
neutrino for the second and tau and tau neutrino for the third generation.
François Goffinet proposes that the masses of the quarks also obey the equation
Koide.
 9.21 Dark matter and dark energy
That there is an imaginary hidden dimension apart from time, and that the
universe of the observer is not aligned to the universe of the particle and that the
light is the manifestation of the rhythm of time and the ability to move, all this
give the opportunity to happen some things that at first seem strange.
An extra dimension that exists but we do not see, lets a right hand turn into a left
hand. On paper we cannot turn the letter P so that the loop is at the top left of the
vertical stick. For this we must turn the loop on the stick over the paper until
drops left. The fifth dimension allows these movements that would otherwise be
magical or prohibited.
It also allows an object to behave sometimes like a wave or a particle depending
on the experiment. A particle behaves like a wave because we do not know their
real orientation in the imaginary plane. This hidden but real information causes
the particles to show us as a probability wave. On the contrary, when we contact
the particle to know where it is and where it moves, his (s-t-u) reference system
aligns with the (s-t-u) observer, and this revelation collapses the probability
wave into a point particle, with the error of Planck constant.
When projecting particles in the double-slit experiment without looking where
the particle passes, it behaves like a wave because the fifth dimension allows
them pass through the fifth dimension of the two holes without collapse.
However, observing through which slit passes, we align for a moment the (s-t-u)
of the particle with the (s-t-u) of the observer, forcing the particle to decide the
hole through which passes. The observation collapses the wave into a particle.
The fact that the observable universe does not match the actual but it is a
projection, also justifies the amount of energy and dark matter in the universe. It
seems that the known mass is 4% of what must exist in the universe. We need
21% of dark matter and 75% of dark energy.
Say we are only able to observe the matter and energy in the scope that allows
the rotation caused by the speed of light. In an environment of decoherence with
our lineup. That the speed of light is a limit to what can be observed is because it
turns objects until put them in a universe perpendicular to our, but this does not
mean that they do not exist, but we cannot see or see them as something
different.
The photons (which have no rest mass and electromagnetic charge) are electrons
(with mass and charge) for other observers. Therefore, we can measure the
matter (electrons) as energy (photons) and vice versa.
Of 100% of the particles of the five-dimensional universe, only 4% have an
alignment compatible with our measurable universe. It is the nearest universe.
The remaining 21% of the matter is dark matter in which fails the dimension t,
and 75% is dark energy that fails u and t at the same time.
That said, since 2012 there is this link Yul Goncalves:
http://materiayenergiaoscura.blogspot.com.es/
With a geometric mathematical justification of the amount of matter and dark
energy. It also justifies the choice of five dimensions based on a thermodynamic
approach: a space of five dimensions provides maximum volume to the radio
unit hypersphere. Say that five-dimensional hypersphere is the hypersphere
which the same radius (unitary) gives more volume. The cheapest. With more or
less dimensions is no longer the case. Extraordinary.
To the effect of the projection of the universe on other with fewer dimensions is
added the effect that dark matter is matter in a universe with a reference system
perpendicular to ours.
The search for dark matter seems a problem of cosmologists, because its
existence is deduced by observing the behavior of distant objects in space. For
this reason, it is a problem addressed to astronomy, cosmology, the Big Bang and
the distant galaxies.
But that is a mistake. One of the common and healthy assumptions of
cosmologists is that the universe is homogeneous. Must be the same here as in a
distant galaxy, at least in terms of physical laws. Maybe some other time.
To think that there is such dark matter in a distant galaxy and in the Milky Way
there is not, is at least suspect. Our galaxy should not be special in relation to the
farthest.
From the interpretation we have done in an earlier chapter of the collision
electron-positron, we have that one observer sees how an electron and a positron
are transformed into two photons. But the electron, positron and photon are the
same particle. No transformation, are the same. Just change the orientation of the
elementary particles relative to the observer.
Then we can draw the following corollary: there are three 'independent'
observers for which the same object is an electron or a positron or a photon at
the speed of light.
Therefore, any observer is blind to much of the universe's mass and much of the
energy because the measurable physical universe is a partial projection of a
larger real universe.
In other words, there is at least one observer for which the light with which we
read this text is matter, and to this observer its future and its causality are
independent (orthogonal, perpendicular) of ours and this observer is right here.
Rather than being, perhaps it happens.
In the classical world the arrow of time is unique, but in the 'usual' relativistic
universe the observers time arrows and the events are 'fairly' aligned, but a
distant observer from another galaxy can 'misinterpret' observations of our
galaxy because his arrow of time is not aligned to our and may even be
perpendicular (e.g. from a black hole).
Therefore the problem of matter and dark energy is a matter of perspective: of
observer. They are here, but their arrangement is orthogonal to our universe.
Instead of parallel universes, from now we talk about intersecting universes.
The difficulty with this proposal of dark matter and energy is that it creates a
problem much larger than the problem it seeks to solve. If matter, antimatter and
dark matter are exactly the same but with time arrows rotated, that is, if the time
arrow is specific to each object in the universe, then causality, at least at the level
of particles, does not exists. And this is really surprising.
 9.22 Summary
Each particle has an orientation that we call privileged relative to the observer,
which is the direction in which it is easier to find and measure it, that is the
orientation in which the particle is accompanying the observer and when the
space dimensions (x, y, z), hidden (u) and time (t) of both are aligned, when
there is not motion between them, when we say that they are at rest.
The nearest and classical universe we know, immersed in the limit of the speed
of light, basically fulfills this premise and it is called the decoherent universe,
however in natural or artificial experiments with particles, this assumption is not
true, whatever may be their consequences.
The particles which are created by collisions in accelerators or that are measured
coming from the sun and, in general, the particles we measure do not need to
have aligned their dimensions (x, y, z, t, u) with the dimensions of measuring
apparatus.
The movement is a rotation around the u axis of the t dimension over s,
transforming the time flow into movement in the space.

Schema 32 Rotation around u

We can think that in the same way, it is possible that the dimension hidden u
rotate around the space on the time axis. The effect is of relocation, in the sense
that the body becomes far, heavier and unwieldy relative to the observer but
there is not movement.

Schema 33 Rotation around t

There is finally a third rotation around the space s which transforms the time axis
in motion on the u hidden dimension. In this case there is movement on the
hidden dimension u.
 Schema 34 Rotation around s

One consequence is that, as we have seen, the same particle can show opposite
properties such as electron and positron as if their universe is aligned with ours
or not. But they are not different particles.
Thus a neutrino, linear over t, may be seen in line with our universe and is
detected as an electron neutrino. However, it can be measured when rotated over
the hidden variable u, in which case it is a muon neutrino and can be measured
rotated over a spatial dimension, in which case it is the extremely heavy tau
neutrino particle.
With the electron, a two-dimensional surface, it happen the same, so that their
properties change because their universe is not aligned with the observer. This is
the muon and the tau.
Finally the same goes for the quark.
In all cases these are large mass and short-lived particles because his and
observer universes are perpendicular and curvatures are confused.
But particles are the same and the only change is the relationship with the
experimenter.
At the end we have a five dimensional universe projected on four with five
bends, three of them equal, the constant time flow and a particle: the neutrino.
10. Some answers
The uncertainty principle is true in two senses: Lack of measurement
accuracy and invisibility of a hidden dimension which collapses when
measuring.
Overlay and collapse. Schrödinger's cat. Collapses the hidden dimension.
The double-slit experiment. The hidden dimension allows the waves,
when no one is looking, pass through the two slits and when someone
looks then it collapses and forces the particle to decide.
The wave-particle duality. The same
The non-determinism and causality. True from within the universe. You
have to 'come out' to determine the future.
The decoherence comes from aligning the arrow of time of classical
phenomena.
The interlacement of particles does not transmit information faster than
light but known the orientation of the hidden dimension of a particle is
known the other.
The energy of the vacuum is a direct result of an 'extended' temperature or
of weak interaction energy resulting from time flow resulting from the
speed of light that can be a universal constant or a variable parameter.
The tunnel effect results again of the existence of a hidden dimension.
The equation E = mc 2 tells the double rotation of the reference system of
a particle relative to the observer.
The particles zoo is reduced to neutrino plus gluon, the photon and the
Higgs boson. The rest are rotations and aggregations.
The three generations of particles are no longer rotations of the particle
but its reference system.
The no unified theory: gravity is consistent with other interactions.
Renormalization is necessary if we know that infinites are generated by
rotations whenever perpendicularity occurs.
The parameters of the standard model emanating from the speed of light,
Planck's constant, and curvature, but the masses will be justified between
them.
The latest indivisible parts: are the neutrino.
The unified theory should include the measurable world is incomplete.
The speed of light is probably one of the parameters that govern everyone
else.
The twin paradox. The only difference between the quiet twin and the
traveler is acceleration. The dynamic twin doubles the s-t-u and it keeps
him young while the static twin suffers accelerations and therefore his
time goes inexorable.
The problem of time is delimited by flow but it creates problems of
causality and determinism to quantum scale.
Among simultaneity and relativity there is no problem.
The rhythm of expansion of the universe depends on time flow and the
constancy of the speed of light.
The dark energy exists even doubly perpendicular to our measurable
universe.
Dark matter exists but perpendicular to our measurable universe.
 11. Epilogue
The universe is a slice of time of four dimensions, three spatial and one hidden
curved which together determine the gaps in which fermions are placed.
The weak interaction is the effect of time on this space.
All fermions are reduced to electron neutrino. Two perpendicular neutrinos
constitute an electron neutrino. Three are an Up quark. Two Up quarks are a
Down quark.
The other three fundamental interactions correspond to the vibration of space
(gluons), the hidden dimension (photons) and time (mass). The ratios between
them are the coupling constants that determine the masses of three generations of
particles.
The particles of the second generation are the same of the first with mass
multiplied or transformed by electric charge.
The particles of the third generation are the particles of the first or second with
mass transformed or multiplied by the color charge.
Antimatter is the matter with time direction backwards.
There is only one constant, permanent and common to all objects movement
which is the pass of time c km per second.
The direction of time is specific to each object generating relative displacement
between them.
The objects traveling together align their reference systems sharing causality and
statistical thermodynamics.
Forces cause interactions which are rotations of objects to fit the curves of the
universe and travel together in time.
All this is an overwhelming view of the universe that forces us to reinterpret
from zero until its final consequences: a daunting challenge.
It remains to do everything. This development of the architecture of the world
points to the solution but it is a top-down approach. It sets a paradigm that must
be developed in detail, and adjusted until it responds to everything we know
mathematically.
It remains to understand Koide formula, the evolution of the forces in the time,
issues such as why the photon described as a plane in space does not suffer the
curvature of the strong force, why the electric charge is discrete and color is
discrete, why antimatter has positive mass (attractive) and much more...


 12. Acknowledgements and contact
Thanks for the time you've spent reading this book.
If quantum mechanics is your specialty, I hope I've sparked your curiosity and if
instead you're an amateur I hope have clarified it to you without having deceived
you.
If you want to follow my work you can subscribe to my personal website and
Spanish blog www.jorgeaymerich.com and you can also contact me by filling
out the form in it. I promise answer and I thank you in advance for your support,
reviews, comments and any suggestion.
 13. Schemas index
Schema 1 Matter
Schema 2 Beta disintegration (quarks)
Schema 3 Standard Model interactions
Schema 4 Standard Model Particles
Schema 5 Aligned reference systems
Schema 6 Unaligned reference systems
Schema 7 Push in motion
Schema 8 Relativistic rotation of moving object reference system
Schema 9 rotation effect of reference systems by movement
Schema 10 Time Curvature
Schema 11 Charge and Spin
Schema 12 Quarks uud of proton
Schema 13 Fermions
Schema 14 Basic Elementary Particles
Schema 15 Interacions
Schema 16 Gluons
Schema 17 Quark
Schema 18 Proton
Schema 19 Neutron
Schema 20 Electron
Schema 21 Charge and Spin
Schema 22 Neutrino
Schema 23 Rotation over u
Schema 24 Beta disintegration
Schema 25 Rotation around s
Schema 26 Electron to photon first rotation
Schema 27 Electron to photon second rotation
Schema 28 Pi mesons
Schema 29 Pi + decay
Schema 30 Koide ratios
Schema 31 Quarks decay
Schema 32 Rotation around u
Schema 33 Rotation around t
Schema 34 Rotation around s
 14. Tables index
Table 1 Relativistic mass increase
Table 2 Time and length relativistic variation
Table 3 Trigonometric values
Table 4 Proton
Table 5 Neutron
Table 6 Coupling constants





END