International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 116 No. 19 2017, 557-563

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

MULTIPURPOSE PORTABLE PNEUMATIC MACHINE

1
Thirumavalavan .S , 2Aman Kumar
1
Asst Professor, UG Student, 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering,
2

Bharath University, BIHER, Chennai-73.

1
Thirumavalavan.mech@bharathuniv.ac.in

Abstract: This thesis deals with design, development 1. Introduction

and fabrication of “MULTIPURPOSE PORTABLE
PNEUMATIC MACHINE”. This machine is designed They are as follows:-Grinding, Drilling, Losing and
for the purpose of MULTIPLE OPERATION i.e. tightening of nut and bolt, Cutting, Screw driving. This
Drilling, Cutting, Grinding, Self Tapping, Screw Driving, device is mainly operated by compressed air. It consists
Loosing and Tightening of Nut and Bolt. This machine of the following main parts:
performs multipurpose operation at same time with • Air compressor with cylinder
required speed and this compressor machine is automatic • Pneumatic gun
which is controlled and operate by Motor which is run • Grinding wheel
with the help of current. This modal of • Drilling tool
“MULTIPURPOSE PORTABLE PNEUMATIC • Air pipe
MACHINE” may be used in Industries and domestic • Wrench for nut and bolt tightening
operation which can perform many mechanical
• Cutting tool
operations like. Drilling, cutting, grinding, self-tapping,
• Screw driving tool
on a thin material as well as wooden model or body.
First, we got the knowledge regarding our project work
2. Literature Survey
with the help of our teachers and internet. We discussed
about this project work with our guiding teacher, what we
2.1 Pneumatics
are going to fabricate and finally we got the idea. After
that we list out the components to be required for this
The word ‘pneuma’ comes from Greek and means
fabrication work. First we enquired in the market that,
breather wind. The word pneumatics is the study of air
what the components already available in market are.
movement and its phenomena is derived from the word
And finally, we got the idea what components we need to
pneuma.Today pneumatics is mainly understood to mean
buy and unavailable components we need to made and
s the application of air as a working medium inindustry
how we have to fabricate our desired device. We brought
especially in driving and controlling of machines and
the air compressor of required pressure and cylinder
equipment. Pneumatics has been considered to be used to
volume. Also, brought a pneumatic gun with chuck
carry out simple mechanical tasks. But, in today’s world
which runs in the pressure produced by the compressor.
it is playing an important role by becoming one of the
We made shaft of grinding tool by fixed 8 mm dia bolt
major sources for automation, and the recent
having 2 nuts in the grinding wheel along with 2 washers.
developments in this field has made it a useful
Then we hammer work so that in can fit the chuck in the
technology in the field of complex automated application.
gun. Finally, we got our required tool. The same
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed
procedure we applied for cutting tool also.[1] We cut the
air which must be available insufficient quantity and at a
screw driver which we brought already. Then we did
pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When the
some hammer work on it. And finally, we got our
pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time,
required tool.
however it will indeed be necessary to deal with the
section of compressed air supply. The key part of any
Keywords: pneumatic grinding Machine, drilling and
pneumatic machine is supply of compressed air is by
cutting, screw driving Operation [5]
means reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a
machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and
delivers the air at a high pressure. Compressor capacity is
the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered. And

557
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
the volume expressed is that of the air at intake
conditions The compressibility of the air was first
investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and found that the
product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity
of gas is constant.
This is usually written as:
PV = C (or) = compressed air is by means using reciprocating
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressure
which is about 14.7 Psi. Any gas can be used in
pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a
days.
2.2. Selection of Pneumatics
Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of
manual effort by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an
attractive medium for low cost
mechanizations particularly for sequential(or) repetitive
operations. Many factories and plants already have a
compressed air system, which is capable of providing the
power (or) energy requirements and the control system
(although equally pneumatic control systems may be
economic and can be advantageously applied to other
forms of power).
The main advantage of a pneumatic system is it is
economically cheap and simple in design, also reducing
maintenance costs. It can also have an outstanding
advantage in terms of safety.[16]
2.3 Pneumatic power
Pneumatic systems use pressurised gas to transmit and
control power. Pneumatic systems typically use air as the
fluid medium because air is safe, free and readily
available
The advantages of pneumatics
• Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly
exhausted in to the surrounding environment and hence
the need of special reservoirs and no-leak system designs
are eliminated.
• Pneumatic systems are simple in design and
economical.
• Control of pneumatic systems is easier[8]
The disadvantages
• Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics
due to compressibility of air
• Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to
compressor design limitations (less that 250 psi)
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Special Issue
3. Production of Compressed Air
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed
air, which must be made available in sufficient quantity
and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. [9]
The key part of any pneumatic system for supply of
compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air,
gas at a certain pressure and delivers it at a higher
pressure. Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of
air compressed and delivered. And the volume expressed
is that of the air at intake conditions namely at
atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.
Clean condition of the suction air is one of the
factors, which decides the life of compressor. Warm and
moist suction air will result in increased precipitation of
condense from the compressed air.
3.1 Operations
A) Grinding: It is an abrasive machining process that
uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool.
A wide variety of machines are used for grinding:
• Hand-cranked knife-sharpening stones (grindstones)
• Handheld power tools such as angle grinders and die
grinders
• Various kinds of expensive industrial machine
tools called grinding machines
• Bench grinders often found in residential garages
and basements
Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true
metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as
a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high
negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip that is
analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut"
chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.)
B) Drilling: Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill
bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool,
[10]often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the work
piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge
against the work piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the
hole as it is drilled.
C) Cutting: Cutting is the separation of a physical object,
into two or more portions, through the application of an
acutely directed force.
Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon,
and occurs only when the total stress generated by the
cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the
material of the object being cut. The simplest applicable
equation is stress = force/area: The stress generated by a
cutting implement is directly proportional to the force
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
with which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the
area of contact.
Metal Cutting: Cutting has been at the core of
manufacturing throughout history. For metals many
methods are used and can be grouped by the physical
phenomenon used.
1) Chip forming - sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.
2) Shearing - punching, stamping, scissoring.
3) Abrading - grinding, lapping, polishing; water-jet.
4) Heat - flame cutting, plasma cutting, and laser
cutting.
5) Electrochemical - etching, electrical discharge
machining (EDM)
D) Screw Driving: A screwdriver is a tool, manual or
powered, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A
typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and a
tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. The
shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or
twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated
with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast
between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for
additional 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, metal, or
plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-
section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling
when set down. Some manual screwdrivers have
interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of
the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically.
These often have a hollow handle that contains various
types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratchet action that
allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or
the user's hand.
E) Wrenching: A wrench (or spanner outside of North
America) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical[2]
advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually
rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them
from turning.
4. Fabricated Tools and Components
A) Pneumatic Gun
] pressure reaches its upper limit the air compressor shuts
A pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston or
a diaphragm which develops the motive power. It keeps
the air in the upper portion of the cylinder, allowing air
pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the
valve stem or rotate the valve control element.
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A pneumatic tool, air tool, air-powered
tool or pneumatic-powered tool is a type of power tool,
driven by compressed air, supplied[5] by an air
compressor. Pneumatic tools can also be driven by
compressed carbon dioxide (co2) stored in small cylinders
allowing for portability. Pneumatic tools are safer to run
and maintain than their electric power tool equivalents,
and have a higher power-to-weight ratio, allowing a
smaller, lighter tool to accomplish the same task. General
grade pneumatic tools with short life span are commonly
cheaper and are also called disposable tools in tooling
industries while industrial grade pneumatic tools with
long life span are more expensive. In general, pneumatic
tools are cheaper than the equivalent electric-powered
tools [1]
B) Grinding Tools: Grinding tools are the power tools or
machine tools used for grinding operation. Grinding
wheel is widely used in grinding machines. These wheels
are expendable[3] wheels composing of an abrasive
compound. These grinding wheels are formed out of an
aluminium disc or solid steel by way of attaching the
particles to the exterior surface. In general, this grinding
wheel is normally prepared using the mould of hard-
pressed coarse particles matrix that are allied together to
make a firm circular shape. Based on the planned use of
the wheel, various profiles and cross sections are also
obtainable.[4]
C) Cutting Tools
A cutting tool or cutter is any tool that is used to remove
material from the work piece by means of shear
deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-
point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools are used in
turning,
D) Air Compressor: An air compressor is a device that
converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or
gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in
pressurized air (i.e., compressed air). By one of several
methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into
a storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank
off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until
called into use. The material used for making air
compressor is Mild Steel. It is reciprocating compressor.
The dia. Of compressor is 250mm.The maximum
pressure is up to 8 bars. And the motor capacity is 2 HP.
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
5. Air Compressor and its type & working:
The three basic types of air compressors are
1) reciprocating
2) rotary screw
3) rotary centrifugal
4) These types are further specified by:
5) the number of compression stages
6) cooling method (air, water, oil)
7) drive method (motor, engine, steam, other)
8) lubrication (oil, Oil-Free where Oil Free means no
lubricating oil contacts the compressed air)
9) packaged or custom-built
5.1 Reciprocating Air Compressors
Reciprocating air compressors are positive
displacement machines, meaning that they increase the
pressure of the air by reducing its volume. This means
they are taking in successive volumes of air which is
confined within a closed space and elevating this air to a
higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor
accomplishes this by a piston within a cylinder as the
compressing and displacing element.
Single-stage and two-stage reciprocating compressors
are commercially available.
1) Single-stage compressors are generally used for
pressures in the range of 70 psig to 100 psig.[6]
2) Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher
pressures in the range of 100 psig to 250 psig.[7]
3) Note that
4) 1 HP ~ 4 CFM at 100 psi
And that 1 to 50 HP are typically for reciprocating
units. Compressors 100 hp and above are typically
Rotary Screw or Centrifugal Compressors.[8]
The reciprocating air compressor is single
acting when the compressing is accomplished using only
one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of
the piston is considered double acting.
Load reduction is achieved by unloading individual
cylinders.[9] Typically this is accomplished by throttling
the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air either
within or outside the compressor. Capacity control is
achieved by varying speed in engine-driven units through
fuel flow control.
Reciprocating air compressors are available either
as air-cooled or water-cooled in lubricated and non-
lubricated configurations and provide a wide range of
pressure and capacity selections.[10]
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5.2 Rotary Screw Compressors
Rotary air compressors are positive Displacement
compressors. The most common rotary air compressor is
the single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw air
compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors
within a casing where the rotors compress the air
internally. There are no valves. These units are basically
oil cooled (with air cooled or water cooled oil coolers)
where the oil seals the internal clearances.
The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilizes
specially designed air ends to compress air without oil in
the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil
free rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled
and water cooled and provide the same flexibility as oil
flooded rotaries when oil free air is required.
5.3 Centrifugal Compressor
The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor
which depends on transfer of energy from a rotating
impeller to the air.
Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure
discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by
the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement). In order to
do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at
higher speeds than the other types of compressors. These
types of compressors are also designed for higher
capacity because flow through the compressor is
continuous.
6. Working of Compressor
The power was routed around the work space by
mechanical means. While the belts and shafts may be
gone, many shops still use a mechanical system to move
power around the shop. It's based on the energy stored in
air that's under pressure, and the heart of the system is the
air compressor.[14]
You'll find air compressors used in a wide range of
situations—from corner gas stations to major
manufacturing plants. And, more and more, air
compressors are finding their way into home workshops,
basements and garages. Models sized to handle every job,
from inflating pool toys to powering tools such as nail
guns, sanders, drills, impact wrenches, staplers and spray
guns are now available through local home centres, tool
dealers and mail-order catalogs.[15]
The big advantage of air power is that each tool
doesn't need its own bulky motor. Instead, a single motor
on the compressor converts the electrical energy into
kinetic energy. This makes for light, compact, easy-to-
handle tools that run quietly and have fewer parts that
wear out.[16]
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
A). Screw Driving Tools
A screw driver is a tool, manual or powered, for turning
(driving or removing) screws. a typical simple
screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and [17]a tip that
the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. the shaft is
usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting.
the tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark
tip coating for improved visual contrast between [18]tip
and screw—or ridged or treated for additional 'grip'.
handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic[1] and
usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to
improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set
down. Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable
tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are
held in mechanically or magnetically. [19]
B) Drilling Tools: A drill is a tool fitted with
a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment,
usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in
various materials or fastening various materials together
with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by
a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed
against the target material. The tip,[20] and sometimes
edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the
target material. this may be slicing off thin shavings
(twist drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil
drilling), crushing and removing pieces of the work piece
(sds masonry drill), countersinking, counter boring, or
other operations.[21] Drills are commonly used
in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-
yourself projects. Specially designed drills are also used
in medicine, space missions and other applications. Drills
are available with a wide variety of performance
characteristics, such as power and capacity. [22]
C) Air Hoses: Air hoses are used in underwater
diving, such as scuba diving, to [23]carry air from the
surface or from air tanks or diving pumps to the diver. air
hoses are therefore a necessary part of standard diving
dress and any type of surface supplied diving equipment.
They are an essential part of scuba diving equipment,
used to deliver pressurised air from the first stage of
a diving regulator to the other components.[24] air hoses
are used between locomotives and railroad cars for
their brakes, and are also used between
those tractors and semi-trailers which use air brakes.
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Special Issue
D) Nut -Bolt &Opening Wrench
Nut Bolt
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are
almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to
fasten two or more parts together[26]. The two partners
are kept together by a combination of their
threads' friction, a slight stretching of the bolt,
and compression of the parts to be held together. [27]
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an
external male thread. Bolts are thus closely related to,
and often confused with, screws [27]
Opening Wrench
A wrench (or spanner outside of North America) is a tool
used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners,
such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning
E) Allen Key and Allen Key Sucker: A hex key, Allen
key or Allen wrench is a tool of hexagonal cross-section
used to drive bolts and screws that have a hexagonal
socket in the head (internal-wrenching hexagon
drive).The Allen name is a registered trademark,
originated by the Allen Manufacturing
Company of Hartford, [25] Connecticut circa 1910
F) Self Drilling Screw & Key: A self-tapping screw is a
screw that can tap its own hole as it is driven into the
material. For hard substrates [28], such as metal or hard
plastics, the self-tapping ability is often created by
cutting a gap in the continuity of the thread on the screw,
generating a flute and cutting edge like those on a
tap.[29] Thus, whereas a regular machine screw cannot
tap its own hole in a metal substrate, a self-tapping one
can (within reasonable limits of substrate hardness and
depth). [30]
For softer substrates, such as wood or soft plastics,
the self-tapping ability can come simply from a tip that
tapers to a gimlet point (in which no flute is needed).
Like the tip of a nail or gimlet, such a point forms the
hole by displacement of the surrounding material rather
than any chip-forming drilling/cutting/evacuating action.
7. Conclusion
After completing this mini project on “MULTIPURPOSE
PNEUMATIC PORTABLE MACHINE “we are much
happy and would like to thank our professors , guide and
the lecture of the concerned department who have guide
us. While making this project we have been able to
learn lot and understand the various aspects of
“MULTIPURPOSE PNEUMATIC PORTABLE
MACHINE” we can use our knowledge, which we get
during our study.
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
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