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Copyright 2017 Internal Medicine Review. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 3, Issue 4
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
Copyright 2017 Internal Medicine Review. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 3, Issue 4
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
analysis of topiramate RCTs, the 50% rescue medication in 42.5% and no effect in
responder rate was 45.3%, but 50% of 45.5% (28). In an open study of 16 patients,
patients had drug-related side effects and 1 the Cefaly® device was effective and well-
out of 4 patients abandoned treatment tolerated as rescue therapy for migraine
because of intolerable adverse effects (25). attack symptoms present since at least 72
As a consequence of the PREMICE trial, in hours; it reduced the migraine headache on
March 2014 Cefaly® was the first medical average by 46%, and 56% of patients
device approved by the FDA for the declared they would like to use the device
prevention of migraine. Its beneficial again (29). In another open study, Chou et
preventive effect in low- frequency migraine al. (30) treated 30 patients during an attack
was also suggested by a small open study in in the hospital for 1 hour, which resulted on
24 drug- naive migraineurs (26) and a average in a 57% decrease of headache
prospective registry involving 2,313 patients intensity. The sham-controlled trial with a
showed that eTNS is a well tolerated and similar protocol is about to be completed
safe therapy with mild adverse events (see table 1). We recently published the
reported by only 4.3% of patients (27). results of an Internet survey on migraine
Although in clinical practice many attack treatment with the Cefaly® in 463
patients report using Cefaly® during regular users using a structured
migraine attacks with a beneficial effect on questionnaire: 88.6% of them reported using
headache and disability, only limited the device in 71.8% of their attacks; the use
evidence is available for its efficiency in of the device allowed a reduction of acute
acute migraine treatment published in medication intake in 42.6% of attacks (31).
abstracts. In a pilot trial of 10 episodic The precise mode of action of pericranial
migraine patients who treated 3 successive neurostimulation methods in migraine
attacks with the device, total relief without remains to be determined. Recent
rescue medication was obtained in 12% of neuroimaging studies, however, may shed
attacks at 30 minutes, incomplete relief with light on possible relevant mechanisms.
MIGRAINE PREVENTION
Number
Study protocol Outcome References
of patients
-1.3 reduction in monthly Gérardy et al.
Open-pilot 10 episodic MO
attack frequency Cephalalgia 2009
3 months patients
5/10 patients satisfied (abstract) (28)
Multicenter, double-
67 episodic MO ≥ 50% responder rate Schoenen et al.
blind, randomized,
patients (34 verum, Verum: 38.1% Neurology 2013
sham-controlled
33 sham) Sham: 12.1% (24)
3 months
20 drug-naïve Russo et al.
Open ≥ 50% responder rate:
episodic MO J Head Pain 2015
2 months 81%
patients (26)
Copyright 2017 Internal Medicine Review. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 3, Issue 4
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
Table 1: Synopsis of published and on-going clinical studies of external trigeminal nerve
stimulation with the Cefaly® device in migraine. MO: migraine without aura. Italics: on-going
trials.
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
induced a long- lasting depression of nBR Unlike Aymanns et al.’s study (41),
amplitude and homotopic pain ratings in eTNS with Cefaly® uses high frequency
normal subjects, which was thought to be stimulation. Nonetheless, in the
due to long term depression of 2nd order abovementioned pilot study (28), we tested
nociceptors in the spinal trigeminal nucleus the effect of one 20-min session of
(41). In an accompanying editorial, Cruccu stimulation with the device (60Hz, 16mA)
and Truini (42) suggest that low frequency- on amplitude and habituation of the nBR in
high intensity acupuncture-like electrical 10 migraineurs. Immediately after the
stimulation could be a great opportunity in stimulation, there was a mild, but significant
pain therapy, because it might attenuate the decrease of nBR amplitude and a more
long-term potentiation of dorsal horn pronounced decrease of habituation (Fig. 1)
nociceptive synapses that contribute to
hyperalgesia and allodynia.
Figure 1: nBR changes after one 20- min session with the Cefaly® (60Hz, 16mA) (set-up and an
illustrative recording on the left). Upper right: histogram of changes in area under the curve
(AUC-average of 5 rectified responses) immediately after and 1h after the eTNS session. Lower
right: histogram of change in AUC over 3 successive blocks of 5 averaged responses before and
after eTNS.
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
Figure 2: Contact heat-evoked potential (CHEP) recorded over the scalp after heat stimulation at
the front or at the wrist in 15 migraine without aura patients. Upper panel: illustrative recording
of 5 averaged responses in one patient. Lower panels: amplitude of the 1st block of 5 responses
before and immediately after one 20- min session of eTNS (left: heat stimulation of the front;
right: heat stimulation at the wrist.
2.3. Supra-segmental mechanisms patients suffering from episodic migraine
The 1st indication for a central effect without aura before, immediately after one
of the Cefaly® came from a double-blinded, 20-min session and after a 3- month
cross-over, sham-controlled trial in 30 treatment period of daily 20-min sessions of
healthy volunteers that assessed its effects supraorbital eTNS with the Cefaly ® (60Hz,
on psychomotor tests (43). This study found 16mA) (44). Baseline FDG-PET revealed a
that reaction time in a psychomotor significant hypometabolism of orbitofrontal
vigilance task and score on the Fatigue (OFC), rostral anterior cingulate cortices
Visual Numeric Scale were significantly (rACC) and middle temporal lobe, compared
increased after one 20- min session of eTNS to a control group of healthy volunteers.
at 120Hz, while critical flicker fusion There was no significant metabolic change
frequency was decreased, which suggested after one session of eTNS. By contrast, after
that the device had produced a mild, 3 months of daily stimulation, frequency of
transient sedative effect. Whether such an monthly migraine days significantly
effect contributes to the therapeutic benefit decreased in 10 compliant patients who
of Cefaly® is uncertain, the more so that in performed at least 30% of the 90
clinical practice the highest stimulation recommended sessions. An in-built software
frequency used is 100Hz, the protocol that records number of sessions and time of
recommended for attack treatment. use monitored compliance. In these patients
We have recently published the the OFC and rACC hypometabolism was
results of a fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG)-PET significantly reduced after 3 months (Fig. 3).
study that analysed brain metabolism in 14
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
Figure 3: Histogram of changes in monthly migraine attack frequency before and after 1, 2 and 3
months of Cefaly® treatment in 10 out of 14 compliant migraine without aura (MO) patients.
Brain areas with a significantly different glucose uptake overlaid over an MRI anatomical map:
hypometabolic areas in MO before treatment compared to 14 healthy volunteers (HV) (left
panel); areas with increased metabolism after treatment in 10 compliant MO patients (right
panel). In the middle: schematic representation of brain areas belonging to the pain/salience
matrix after May 2009. rACC: rostral anterior cingulate cortex; PFC: medial prefrontal cortex.
pFWE: p corrected for multiple comparisons (family wise error corrected) (modified after 44).
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
Figure 4: Significantly different BOLD-response between MwA patients before eTNS treatment
and HC and between MwA patients before and after eTNS treatment. A) T-map of statistically
significant differences between groups overlaid onto a Talairach transformed Colin-27 T1 high-
resolution anatomical template; B) Bar graphs of percent BOLD signal changes at Talairach
coordinates (x, y, z): right ACC= 12, 35, 7 during noxious trigeminal heat stimulation at 51° C in
MwA patients before and after eTNS treatment and the HC group. C) Scatterplot showing
significant correlations between ACC BOLD response to noxious heat before eTNS (y-axis) and
the modification of the heat- induced ACC BOLD response after eTNS (i.e. the “delta value”) (x-
axis). D) Scatterplot showing significant correlations between modifications of the heat- induced
ACC BOLD response changes after eTNS (x-axis) and post-treatment migraine attack
frequency/month (y-axis) MwA: migraine without aura. HC: healthy controls (modified after
47).
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
activity of OFC and rACC, suggesting a including eTNS, was reported to have also
common underlying mechanism (51). therapeutic effects in tension-type headache
A last piece of experimental (56), fibromyalgia (57), depression (58) and
evidence arguing in favour of a supra- epilepsy (59).
segmental action of eTNS comes from a Regarding the acute effects of eTNS
study by Di Lenola et al. (52). These authors during a migraine attack, the mechanism of
measured in migraine patients between action might be different. The preventive
attacks the effect of one 20- min session with eTNS effect on migraine takes time and
Cefaly® on high frequency oscillations becomes maximal after 3 months in the
(HFO) embedded in somato-sensory evoked PREMICE trial (24), which is compatible
cortical potentials, which reflect thalamo- with slow modulation of central pain control
cortical activity and are decreased in centres. By contrast, the acute analgesic
migraine, indicating thalamo-cortical effect of Cefaly® (30) and its inhibitory
dysrhythmia (53). After eTNS, they found a action on the nociceptive blink reflex during
significant increase in HFO. It remains to be attacks (28) peak at 1h and tend to decrease
determined if there is a relation between this thereafter, suggesting a transient inhibition
finding and the eTNS-induced changes in of trigeminal nociception at the segmental
activity of medial frontal cortex areas. level.
The predominant mode and site of
®
Conclusion Cefaly ’s action could thus differ between
Taken together, the above described its acute effects, possibly exerted
studies suggest that eTNS with the Cefaly® segmentally via somatic afferent-induced
exerts its preventive anti- migraine action blockade of nociceptive trigeminovascular
chiefly at supra-segmental levels, i.a. by afferents, and its preventive effects,
modulating activity of medial frontal cortex probably depending on activation of cortical
areas involved in the control of the affective areas controlling pain and its emotional
and cognitive dimensions of pain. These aspects. Interestingly, the two mechanisms
areas play indeed a paramount role in are intermingled in most Cefaly®-treated
individual levels of central pain modulation migraine patients, as they tend to use it both
in healthy subjects (54) and are for prevention and for attack treatment.
dysfunctioning in chronic migraine (49),
medication overuse headache (55) and Conflict of interest
chronic cluster headache (48). They are Jean Schoenen is a consultant for
modulated both by transcutaneous and Cefaly Technology.
percutaneous pericranial nerve stimulation.
The fact that involvement of medial frontal
cortex areas seems not specific to migraine, Acknowledgement
nor limited to pain, and that eTNS can The author is grateful to A. Russo
change thalamo-cortical circuits, may for preparing figure 4.
explain why pericranial neurostimulation,
Copyright 2017 Internal Medicine Review. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 3, Issue 4
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Internal M edicine Review M igraine treatment with external trigeminal nerve stimulation M arch 2017
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