TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER­1.................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1

1.1 URBAN..........................................................................................................1
1.2 WHAT IS URBAN AREA............................................................................1
1.3 URBANIZATION..........................................................................................1
1.4 URBAN SPRAWL.........................................................................................1
1.4.1 Causes of Urban Sprawl.........................................................................2
1.4.2  Effect of Urban Sprawl.........................................................................3
1.4.3 Types of Urban Sprawl..........................................................................3
1.5 THE CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF LAND USE LAND COVER......4
1.5.1 Land Use................................................................................................4
1.5.2 Land Cover.............................................................................................5
1.5.3 Types of Land Use.................................................................................5
1.6 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING....................................................................5
1.6.1 Geographic Information System (GIS)..................................................5
1.6.2 Remote Sensing......................................................................................5
1.6.3 Role and Importance of GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban Sprawl and
Land Use Change Detection...................................................................................6
1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT............................................................................6
1.8 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................6
1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY...............................................................6
1.10 INTRODUCTION TO THE Peshawar..........................................................7
1.10.1 Introduction............................................................................................7
1.10.3 Topography............................................................................................7
1.10.4 Population..............................................................................................7
1.10.5 Climate...................................................................................................8
1.11 URBAN SPRAWL IN PESHAWAR............................................................8
1.12 INTRODUCTION TO study area WARSAK ROAD PESHAWAR..........10
1.12.1 Location................................................................................................10
1.12.2 General Land Use.................................................................................10
1.12.3 Main Villages.......................................................................................10
1.13 Organization of thesis...................................................................................12

2
CHAPTER­2...............................................................................................................13

LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................13

CHAPTER­3...............................................................................................................20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................20

3.1 Georeferencing.............................................................................................20
3.2 Digitizing......................................................................................................20
3.3 Band composition.........................................................................................20
3.4 Pan Sharpning..............................................................................................21
3.5 Subseting......................................................................................................21
3.6 Image Processing.........................................................................................22
3.7 Image Classification.....................................................................................22
3.8 Calculating Difference In Built­Up Area.....................................................23
3.9 Accurracy Assesment...................................................................................23

CHAPTER­4...............................................................................................................24

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS........................................................................24

4.1 Data Analysis And Results..........................................................................24

4.2 Image Classification.....................................................................................24

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................25
 CHAPTER­1 

INTRODUCTION

1.1 URBAN

The word urban refers to the built up area having population 5000 or more then 5000

and includes municipality. [1]

1.2 WHAT IS URBAN AREA

An area having a dense human population and a setup of built environment is called

an urban area. The word urban is generally used in contrast to rural, which is low

populated   and   agriculture   based.   Urban   areas   are   formed   and   further   developed

through the process of urbanization. 

1.3 URBANIZATION

Urbanization   is   The   movement   of   people   from   villages   towards   cities   for   better

lifestyle. It is the increase in population in the urban areas in order to seek facilities

and change social setup. [3]

It is a cyclic procedure through which a state passes from agriculture to an industrial

society. Today urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon. There are three important

aspects of urbanization which are behavior, structure and demography. According to

Trewartha   (1969)  the   urbanization   level   is   designed   by  comparing   the   amount   of

urban population to over­all population exist in urban areas.

1.4 URBAN SPRAWL

The word urbanization could be replaced by another word called urban sprawl. It is

the   population   shift   from   densely   populated   areas   towards   low   density   dwelling

areas   .it  refers   to  the  development  of  rural   lands.  In  other   words, urban   sprawl is

1
defined   as   the   suburban   and   commercial   development   of   less   populated   and

undeveloped areas. It is the random, unrestrained development of those undeveloped

areas which lie at the edge of a city. [4]

In article “The Times” uses the term "urban sprawl" for the first in 1955 as a negative

observation  on the state  of London's  periphery. A remarkable  growth in the city's

urban sprawl started in the 19th century, when workers gathered from the rural area to

work in the new factories that bounced the development. Urban sprawl starts at the

end of urbanization. In the period of urbanization, the city center becomes densely

populated   with   a   rapid   decline   in   settlement   towards   the   periphery.   Due   to   the

commercial development and growing links of public transport people then slowly

migrate to suburbs. [4]

1.4.1 CAUSES OF URBAN SPRAWL

There are different reasons which cause urban sprawl. These are as follows;

 Lower Land Rate

In the outer suburbs of the city the land and house coast is low as compared to the city

center so most of the people settled there.

 Rise in Standard of Living

The standard of living and average family income also increases. This increment in

average family income makes people able to move anywhere in development of their

lifestyle.

 Lower House Tax Rates

In cities the property tax is usually high than that of the outer suburbs. So people will

avoid paying such high taxes and they will prefer to live in the suburbs.

2
 Rise in population Growth

One of the major element that adds to the expansion of city, is rapid increase in the

growth of population. The number of people in a city grow away from the capability

of that city and the societies go out to spread away from the urban center.

 Consumer Preferences

 Those people who belong to the higher class have inclinations towards larger homes

which have more rooms, large terraces and lawns and is full of luxuries. This is also

the cause of urban sprawl because in crowded areas like in main city or urban area

this option is not available that’s why mostly people look for low suburban area where

they can build houses of their own choices.

 Lack of Urban Planning

Traffic congestion, loss of green cover, poor infrastructure and unprecedented growth

forces the people to leave the urban center and go towards the periphery and to some

new areas which lead to urban sprawl. There is lack of planning due to which people

settled where ever they want.

 Improved Infrastructure

Improved infrastructure facilities like new roads, highways, provision of electricity

and other basic facilities ultimately results in city expansion. [5]

1.4.2  EFFECT OF URBAN SPRAWL

 Increased Traffic

Most of the people use their own cars which increase traffic congestion on roads, and

it causes air pollution and more road accidents. 

3
 Environmental Issue

There are certain environmental issues caused due to urban sprawl like loss of wild

life inhabitants, loss of farmland or green spaces.

 Impact on Social Lives

When people move away from the urban center they don’t have neighbors in their

new place of living. This factor leads to the loss of community, which means that

urban sprawl also has impact on their social lives.

 Increase in Public Expenditure

Due to urban sprawl the changes in infrastructure and building actually are paid by

public in form of tax. [5]

1.4.3 TYPES OF URBAN SPRAWL

There are three types of urban sprawl which are as follows;

 Leapfrog development

 Ribbon sprawl

 Low density sprawl

i. Leapfrog Development

Leapfrog development starts when people select to build on low cost property remote

to the city. It is a discontinuous development in the form of patches. It is also called as

scatter development.

ii.       Ribbon Sprawl

When   the   development   starts   along   the   major   communication   network   or

transportation   corridors   then   this   type   of   development   is   called   as   ribbon

development.

4
iii. Low Density Sprawl

 the usage of land to make towns along with the boundaries of prevailing city center

areas is known as low density sprawl. This type of sprawl includes buildings and all

the basic amenities like water, drain, roads, parks and electricity etc. [6] 

1.5 THE CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF LAND USE LAND 

COVER

Mostly the information system mixes the concept of land use and land cover but these

are two different terminologies that have been separated historically. The term land

cover describes natural and semi natural vegetation where as the agriculture and urban

areas are described in terms of land use.

1.5.1 LAND USE

Land use is the human use of land. Land use includes the controlling and adaptation

of   natural   environment   or   unpopulated   region   into   built   environment   such   as

settlements and semi­natural habitats such as fields, grasslands, and artificial forests.

[7]

Land use refers to the assessment of land according to various natural characteristics

and the way how man has put the land for utilization.  But land cover gives a detailed

account of cultivated area of the land. The decision makers and planners need Land

use and land cover data for the land resources management.  [8] 

The humans or land managers use certain land management strategies on the land

cover to utilize it which then shows social activities such as industries, agriculture

fields, housing zones, logging, grazing, mining and several others. [9] 

5
1.5.2 LAND COVER

Land cover is described as the bio­physical cover notice on the ground’s surface. It

comprises natural and artificial features along with soil, barren lands and inland water

surfaces. [10] 

Land cover is the pragmatic bio physical or physical account of the earth’s surface.it

is   defined   by   the   features   of  earth’s   surface   picturing   a   map   vegetal   distribution,

water, ice cover and desert. Land cover also includes the immediate surfaces such as

flora and fauna, soil, landscape, surface and inland water. Structures such as mine

exposures and dwellings made by human activities can also be included in land cover.

 [12] 

1.5.3 TYPES OF LAND USE

 Recreational 

 Transport

 Residential

 Commercial

 Agriculture [13]

1.6 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

1.6.1 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

GIS is a computer built software which is aimed to record, save, operate, examine,

cope and present spatial or topographical data. [14]

1.6.2 REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing refers to the branch of science which derives information of an object

without any physical contact. [15]

6
1.6.3 ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN 

URBAN SPRAWL AND LAND USE CHANGE DSTECTION

GIS and remote sensing plays main role in detecting  land use changes  and urban

sprawl. The data of different seasons can get through remote sensing and then by

visual interpretation the changes in land can be indicated clearly. Whereas GIS is

important to examine the land use/cover and in this way we can see that how city

expanded and in which direction it is growing. 

It is very difficult to address the changes in complex urban system by using a model

based approach on single. Therefore, on research of urban sprawl GIS is used as an

ideal tool because of its ability to handle several type of geographical data. A GIS

based integrated approach in the South Carolina was used to model and predict urban

growth in term of land use change to meet the challenges of studying urban sprawl.

[16] 

1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Why urban land uses changes from agricultural to Built up areas and why the land use

changing forces are active in haphazard development of unplanned areas? What are

the major driving forces that are active in these areas? And how we can mitigate the

urban sprawl? 

1.8 OBJECTIVES

The project examines the remote sensing and GIS use in mapping of urban sprawl and

land use/land cover, change detection of Peshawar city, from 1995­2015 to detect

changes that has been taken place in time period.

 To examine the existing pattern of land use.

 To predict the future pattern of the land use.

 To recognize urban expansion and detect change in built up area.

7
 To investigate the change in agriculture land in the study area.

1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Contribution to Knowledge (Academic Contribution): Real data for the different land

use patterns will be produced which will encourage researchers to use these land use

maps in different research study and will guide planners to use the sustainable land

use pattern while designing any planned scheme/project.

Statement   of   Significance   (Practical   Contribution):  Knowing   the   effect   of   urban

sprawl   on   land   use   pattern   will   help   planners,   engineers,   and   construction   firms

involved   in   planning   industry.   They   will   use   this   data   in   the   advanced   planning

techniques in planning and plotting of the unplanned land/areas that in return will

protect community from high land prices. This will protect the green environment

from degradation  because of the unplanned  growth of cities.  Which  will save the

precious species of flora and fauna from diminishing sustainable land use patterns will

be created.

1.10 INTRODUCTION TO THE PESHAWAR

1.10.1 Introduction

Peshawar is the Provincial Capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is also the largest city

in   Province.   The   district   enjoys   great   historical,   military,   economic   and   political

importance.

1.10.2 Location and Area

  Location   wise   the   latitudinal   extent   of   Peshawar   is   33 o  44/  to   34o  15/  north   and

longitudinal extent is 71o 22/ to 71o 42/  east. The district is spread over 1,257 sq.km

area. The Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) adjoining Peshawar, to west

of Peshawar district is the Khyber Agency, Mohmand Agency lies to its North, to the

south of the district is Frontier Region (Semi­Tribal regions) Kohat. Charsadda and

8
Nowshera are located to its North and North­East respectively, and the Afghan border

is almost 40 km to the west. [17]

1.10.3 Topography

The area of Peshawar district is fertile. The fine alluvial deposits comprise central part

of the district. The soil of the cultivated area is rich in nutrients and it is light and

porous soil. [17] 

1.10.4 Population

The total population of Peshawar is 2.019 million (Male. 1,061,000, Female. 958,000)

according to 1998 census report. [17]

1.10.5 Climate

According   to   Koppen’s   climatic   classification   Peshawar   shows   hot   summers   with

semi­arid climate and experiences mild winter. The duration of winter season is from

November to late March, and summer starts from May and ends in September. The

mean maximum temperature of district in summer is over 40c and the mean minimum

temperature is 25c.The mean maximum temperature in winter is 18.35c and the mean

minimum temperature is 4c. The highest winter rainfall recorded in February 2007 is

236 millimeters (9.3 inches). While in summer July 2010 the highest rainfall recorded

is 402 millimeters (15.8 inches). [18]

1.11 URBAN SPRAWL IN PESHAWAR

As the population increases, the pressure on land and resources also increases. Land is

one of the most important resource, and the dynamic use of land is one of the major

driving force of the global environmental changes. For sustainable development one

of the potential threat is urban sprawl. In Peshawar the expansion starts in 1960 along

the major road radiating out of the city and cantonment. The utilization of natural

resources has been increased as a result of urban expansion, and it has remarkably

9
changed the land use land cover patterns. In Peshawar the development pattern of

urban   sprawl   is   same   as   in   the   other   major   cities   of   Pakistan,   where   ribbon

development   is   common   on   the   road   sides   while   leapfrog   development   along   the

fringes of city. [19]

10
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PESHAWAR

Figure No.01

11
1.12 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA WARSAK ROAD 

PESHAWAR

1.12.1 Location

One of the major artery in the northern part of Peshawar which runs from Peshawar

cantonment/   Khyber   road   to   Warsak   dam.   It   cross   Kabul   River   and   connects

Shabqadar to Peshawar. (Total road length, and study area cover) 

1.12.2 General Land Use

In general, it covers the residential as well as commercial land uses, especially we can

call it the land use of education because most of the land is occupied by educational

institutions. Formally it was an agricultural land use covering rural settings. By the

end   of   80’s   one   of   the   private   education   institution   initiated   the   current   trend   of

converting prime agriculture land to educational/ commercial land use. The people

started   move   toward  the   Warsak  road   area   which   functionally   converted   sporadic

development to ribbon development. 

1.12.3 Main Villages

The main villages on the Warsak road include Kababyan, Babu Ghari, Darmnagi, Pir

Bala, Chaghar Matti and Kaneza etc.

1.12.4 Total Population of the Four Selected Union Council 1998­2016

The four selected union council names are Mathra, Dag, Hassan Garhi no.2, Tehkal

Payan 1. The below tables show male female population and the total population,

literacy ratio of these union councils in 1998.

12
Table. 1.1 Showing the population and literacy ratio data 1998 census report 

S.No NAME OF UNION Population Literacy

COUNCIL Ratio (%)

Both Male Female

Sexes
1 HASSAN GARHI NO.II
UC 18641 10091 8550 50.6
2 TEHKAL PAYAN-I UC 18550 9847 8703 53.6
3 DAG UC 23210 12235 10975 27.5
4 MATHRA UC 28958 15035 13923 28.5

                           Source: District Census Report 1998

Graph 1.1

13
Table 1.2 Shows the Projected Population of the Study Area

S.NO                                              Projected population 2016

1 Union Councils Male Female Total population

2 HASSAN GARHI NO.II 18482 16048 4989

UC

3 TEHKAL PAYAN-I UC 18940 16335 348183

4 DAG UC 22965 20600 43564

5 MATHRA UC 28220 26133 54353

Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Graph: 1.2

14
1.12.5 Education attainment of the Study Area According to 1998 Census 

Table 1.3

S.No NAME OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

UNION PRIMARY BUT MATRIC & ABOVE

COUNCIL BELOW MATRIC

Male Female Male Female
1 HASSAN GARHI
NO.II UC 1724 810 2149 635
2 TEHKAL PAYAN-
I UC 2015 966 2151 815
3 DAG UC 1725 368 1079 121
4 MATHRA UC 1993 471 1390 177

15
 

Fig. 2 Location Map of the study Area

16
 Fig. 3 study Area Extracted from Landsat5  (Year 1995) True Color Composite

1.13 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

The research work comprises of 5 chapters, mentioned under:

Chapter 1: This chapter is about the brief introduction of my research topic and study

area.

Chapter 2:  In this chapter I have discussed briefly about the related literature. By

studying various published generals downloaded from internet. Some of the literature

is obtained from different libraries where the subject related matter was studied from

books, published unpublished thesis, magazines and official published materials

Chapter 3: This chapter comprises detailed research methodology starting from data

acquisition,   data   processing   and   analysis   and   ends   on   data   tabulation   and   result

formation.

17
Chapter 4: Data analysis and results, this chapter contain the analyze data in the form

of maps, tables and diagrams.

Chapter 5: Findings and conclusion  

18
 CHAPTER­2 

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature on urban sprawl and land use is bigger than the scope of this chapter.

Application of remote sensing and GIS in the study of urban sprawl and land use

change detection is also extensive in terms of variation. This chapter is consisting of

all those aspects of urbanization which are covered in the present study. The literature

on urban sprawl and land use change has been reviewed in this chapter.

In current development condition where increasing population and migration to avail

better chances for living is the root cause of urban expansion. To comprehend the

process of sprawl GIS and remote sensing based study is carried out. Landsat MSS,

TM   and   ETM   Plus   satellite   images   were   used   to   study   the   phenomena   of   city

expansion   for   the   years1972,   1990   and   2000   respectively.   The   development   and

transformation of land around the city for different purpose is mainly influenced by

the road network. The urbanization takes place both in radial direction as well as in

radial direction along a well­established city or along the main road. This isolated

development along main road or adjacent to the city and in rural area is normally

mentioned   as   sprawl.   The   uneven   growth   of   urban   areas,   extreme   leapfrog

development   and   the   observed   inadequacies   all   are   often   explained   by   the   term

sprawl. There are several factors due to which a landowner is motivated to convert the

land, it is very important to understand these factors and the decisions taken by an

individual for land use, sprawl is a collective result of all these decisions. Increase in

population,   economy,   closeness   to   resources   and   basic   amenities   are   some   of   the

causes of urban sprawl. [20]

To mitigate the social and environmental outcomes in response to unplanned urban

expansion and increasing population Landsat data from 1990­2009 were used, which

was   classified   by   means   of   a   combination   of   supervised   and   unsupervised

19
classification methods and on the basis of this classification Shannon’s Entropy was

used to determine sprawl in the city. The Shannon’s entropy values indicate that the

city is scattering towards the peripheries of the city. To mitigate and reduce these

consequences  and  sustainable   growth  of  the  city  in  future  there  should  be  proper

planning. The planners and management authorities have to make future plan for the

city so that the unplanned city expansion can be controlled.  [21]

The rapid growth of population from the last three decades is the main cause of city

expansion. To measure city sprawl and analyze land use change in the study area.

Cellular Automata­ Markov model was used to analyse and simulate the geographical

and   temporal   changes   in   land   use.   Analytic   hierarchy   process   and   Multi   criteria

evaluation approach were used to produce maps for five different classes of land use

i.e urban Continuous patches, urban discontinuous patches, rural patches, agriculture

land  and  range  lands.  Understanding   the  urban  patterns,  dynamic   procedures,  and

their connections is an essential target in the urban research motivation with a wide

accord among researchers, asset administrators, and organizers. Future improvement

and administration  of urban territory require point by point data about continuous

procedures   and   patterns   Remote   sensing   has   created   analysis   of   the   spatial

heterogeneity of urban environment and always has been a source of reliable data for

urban studies. Nowadays, various models are employed to simulate and predict the

physical   development   of   cities   based   on   the   identification   and   prioritization   of

effective factors of the urban development. Modelling is becoming an important tool

in the context of conflicts between urbanization and landscape sustainability.  [22]

Several problems arise in response to urban sprawl such as decrease of agriculture

land and increase in road traffic. To measure such geographic phenomena, the study

attempt   to   make   an   integrated   gravity­   spatial   entropy   model   which   was   used   to

demarcate distance and spatial dispersion impact on the distribution of population. It

was concluded that this model is a beneficial tool to detect the spatial and temporal

20
differences of urban sprawl. Urban sprawl started in the mid of twentieth century and

one of the main cause is the formation of new residential sectors in scattered form far

away from the metropolitan area. As the city expands to meet the social needs of the

people   it   damages   the   agricultural   land,   and   the   traffic   congestion   increases.   The

quality of life degraded due to the rapid urbanization.   [23]

The   changes   in   land   use   have   significant   impact   on   the   natural   and   human

environment. The land use classification was done through GIS and remote sensing

techniques, Markove cellular automata model was used to show the magnitude, rate

and dynamics of land use changes in spatial context. Multi temporal datasets were

used which were classified by using GIS software, land use change modeller (LCM)

and Markovian processes were used to analyze the pattern and trend of change. Map

of the future land use was generated in IDRISI software on the bases of past trend of

land use changes. Urban sprawl is considered a problem for many developing regions.

Poor and unplanned expansion of a city results the unrestrained growth of the city. It

always   mentions   to   the   development   of   urban   areas   initiated   by   uncontrolled,

uncoordinated and unintended growth. The policy makers and the planning authorities

visualize such unmanageable growth that resulted in sprawl, so the decision makers

and planning authorities should make certain strategies to control city expansion. [24]

Temporal urban development and land use change in the city were analysed by using

topographical map and IKONOS satellite imagery. Digital data base was created for

urban growth and it was noticed that a tremendous increase in built up area has been

occurred. Arable land, orchards and water bodies had converted into built up urban

land. To identify and monitor land cover changes with different scales, the remote

sensing techniques has been used. In recent times, to evaluate the land cover changes

more effectively than remote sensing alone, a combination of Geographic information

system,   Global   positioning   system   and   remote   sensing   has   been   used.   The

combination of these three are beneficial as a data source for the study and modeling

21
of land use/land cover changes, growth of the metropolitan area and for the mapping

of urban areas. [25]

The chronological and geographical patterns of land use alternates and identify the
technique of urbanization for the major metropolitan areas, to investigate such Spatio-
temporal change in Jordan city from 1987-2005 multi temporal remotely sensed data
was used. The output land use/ land cover maps confirmed that city growth has been
related with the loss of vegetation cover and concrete sprawl. The city growth became
specially attributed to the high fee, big range of immigrants from neighbouring
international locations and other socio-financial adjustments. These outcomes can
offer town planners and decision makers with facts approximately the beyond and
present day spatial dynamics of land cover exchange and strictly urban expansion
closer to a success management for higher planning and environmental tracking. [26]

The   study   focuses   on   the   quantitative   approach   of   land   use   change   studies   in

Malegaon District, focusing on the changes in city agglomeration, population, land

use  and land   cowl;   and its  correlation  with  the  population  growth,  migration   and

urbanization   led   problems   associated   with   water   and   environmental   degradation.

Digital picture processing of satellite photos has been used as a chief device and the

morphological boom became based at the analysis of satellite picture series (three

different dates, with time intervals among them). images have been pre processed

(atmospheric and geometric corrections) and classified according to the major land

use like city, agriculture, woodland and water.  The gift study found out an boom in

settlement by way of 78% from 1989 to 2006 and an boom by 26% from 2006 to

2008,   in   conjunction   with   the   growth   in   population,   migration   from   rural   areas

because   of   the   competitively   priced   increase   and   technological   benefits   related   to

urbanization. [27]

Cities   in   developing   countries   are   expanding   in   an   improper   order.   In   developed

countries the GIS and cellular automata (CA) are favourable tools for the modelling

of the urban dynamics. The growth of informal settlements was highlighted here using

different sensing tools in an expended area of an un planned city. [28]

22
An attempt was made by the authors to study the implications of urban sprawl on the

land­use   and   land­cover   pattern   of   a   typical   rural   region,   located   in   the   State   of

Karnataka, India. Rancher the un­planned city quickly emerged as a city with the

typical promises of an urban image. The GIS and remote sensing based assessment of

the study area reveals that the city is still juvenile and there is some chance to save it

from the adverse impact of urbanization, popularly described as sprawl. [29]

Major   global   environmental   issue   is   the   land   use/cover   change   and   to   assess   the

impact of these changes on environment a combined use of satellite remote sensing,

geographic   information   system   (GIS)   and   markov   chains   stochastic   modelling

techniques were used to analyse these land use changes. The results indicate that there

has a rapid urban growth and loss in forest land, and that the land use/cover change

has   not   stabilized.   The   use   of   remote   sensing   and   GIS   with   the   combination   of

Markov   modelling   can   be   an   effective   approach   to   analyse   the   spatial­temporal

changes in the land use/cover. And there is a considerable increase in the urban and

agriculture land uses. [30]

The land use/cover changes at very fast rate because of the drastic growth in urban

population. The application of remote sensing and GIS were used to investigate the

changes   in   land   use/cover.   IRS   satellite   images   from   1989­2010   were   taken   in

account,  convolution  spatial  enhancement  method with kernel (7*7) edge enhance

function were applied to enhance these images and then supervised classification has

been done through GIS to classify urban land use land cover changes. [31]

Urban sprawl has been studied along with the spatial and demographic consequences

in the study area. To assess the quality of urban life some basic urban facilities were

selected   as   indicators.   Google   earth   images   from   2004­2011   were   used   and   GIS

techniques   were   adopted   to   detect   urban   sprawl   and   changes   in   the   built   up,

agriculture land and open spaces. [32]

23
Rapid urban and population growth is the cause of many problems like environmental

degradation,   crime,   unemployment,   homelessness,   traffic   congestion,   to   deal   with

these   problems   there   is   need   of   an   efficient   land   use   planning   and   management

system. To overcome the phenomena of sprawl urban planner need detailed maps for

proper   planning   and   management.   Satellite   imageries   were   used  to   make   updated

detailed maps of the study area. Different GIS and Remote sensing techniques were

used for mapping and extracting all the necessary information of land use and land

cover changes in temporal context. Spot Panchromatic and Multi­Spectral imagery of

1992 and  2002 were  used  for the classification  to  detect  the  land use land  cover

changes in the study area. The topographic maps were used for geometric correction

and ERMapper software was used for data rectification and classification techniques.

[33]

Most   of   the   developing   countries   of   the   world   are   facing   the   problem   of   urban

expansion as compared to the developed countries, like in Pakistan most of the cities

have   expanded   very   rapidly   over   last   three   decades.   Some   of   the   factors   i.e

employment opportunities, health and educational facilities contribute in the urban

growth and increase in population changes the urban pattern and morphology of even

the small cities like Gojra. According to 1998 census report the city urban population

was 117,892 with average growth rate of 3.29. In 2008 it was about 157,764 and

200,000   was   estimated   in   2015.   This   drastic   increase   in   population   and   urban

development   create   several   issues   of   land   use   like   irregular   settlement,   loss   of

agriculture   land   and   increasing   land   values   etc   to   the   dwellers   and   managing

authorities. Transportation accessibility and connectivity were considered as the most

important factors for urbanization in the study area. To identify and evaluate the urban

growth patterns and morphology of the study area Geographic information system and

demographic data were used. The use of geographic techniques helped to explore the

growth directions and land use management by formulating a land use management

plan of study area.  [34]

24
Urban   sprawl   has   negative   impact   on   natural   resources,   economic   health   and

community character. A combined approach of remote sensing and GIS were used to

analyse  three  urban growth types’ i.e  infilling  growth,  outlying  growth  and edge­

expansion growth in the study area. The result shows that initially urban area expands

as outlying growth which was then followed by infilling growth and then by edge

expansion   growth.   The   urban   pattern   become   more   aggregated   and   compact   with

increase of infilling growth. For this study cloud free Landsat images were acquired,

these   images   were   then   rectified   to   the   universal   transvers   Mercator   zone   49N

coordinate system and WGS­84 datum.  [35]

A comparative study of urban sprawl in Montreal and Quebec in Canada and Zurich

in Switzerland from 1951­2011 has been done by using metrics of urban permeation

and weighted urban proliferation to measure urban sprawl. In Canada, urbanization is

the second most important human activity causing habitat loss, which in turn is the

most   prevalent   threat   to   endangered   species   in   this   country   The   effects   of   urban

sprawl   are   cumulative,   i.e.,   they   result   from   the   combination   of   all   development

projects, and most are irreversible in human time spans. Therefore, effective efforts

are needed to better apprehend, measure, and control sprawl. This comparative study

can help the land use planners to control urban sprawl and its negative effects by

applying certain land use regulation rules and plans [36]

Rapid urbanization results in air and water pollution, water distribution and sewerage

treatment   problems,   loss   of   agriculture   land,   traffic   congestion   etc.   The   accurate

information of current land use practices is required by the policy makers and urban

planners   and   for   this   purpose   satellite   imageries   were   used   from   2007­2014.   The

images were extracted using Elshayal smart open source software, which were then

mosaicked and clipped using GIS software and finally land use maps were prepared

having four land use classes i.e agriculture, built up, open land and water bodies. The

25
percentage of these four land use classes were 60.69 open spaces, 31.21 built up, 7.83

vegetation cover and 0.26 water bodies respectively. [37]

Land use land cover changes has a negative impact on climate, atmosphere and on the

global sea level and due to these changes in the atmosphere, in the climate and in sea

level   is  a  major   subject   of research   now.  To  understand  the  relationship   between

human and nature and the negative impact of land change there is a need to study the

temporal changes of the earth. The study of these temporal changes on earth leads to

the   better   decision   making   and   management.   The   use   of   remote   sensing   and

geographic information system are effective tools to identify and measure the land use

and land cover changes. GIS and remote sensing were used to detect land use/ land

cover changes in the study area and for this purpose multispectral Landsat satellite

images   from   the   year   1998­2013   were   used.   Supervised   classification   maximum

likelihood algorithm was applied to detect the changes in land use and these changes

lead to severe threat to watershed resources. There is a need of proper water shed

management plans and conservation policies. [38]

The residential development on large scale to meet the needs of population, spread

outwards from the urban periphery which causes urban sprawl and the characteristics

of land use changes. The construction of housing society on a large scale effect the

land use, the land use changes from villages to urban areas. Population is the major

cause of city expansion in the developing countries, as the population increases the

demand of the basic facilities like health facility, housing, infrastructure, institutional

buildings, commercial etc also increases. The city size continues to widening and as a

result rural areas converted into urban areas. To analyse all these changes GIS is used

as a decision making tool in the study area. [39]

The measurement of sprawl is identified by using land use segregation index through

remote sensing and GIS approach. IKONOS satellite imageries and Spot­5 with 1 and

2.5 meter resolution were used. Urban sprawl which has become an issue for many

26
rapidly developing areas refers to the uncontrolled growth of an urban area resulting

from  poorly  or totally   unplanned  urbanization.  Urban  sprawl  always   refers  to  the

outgrowth   of   urban   areas   caused   by   uncontrolled,   uncoordinated   and   unplanned

growth. The inability to visualize such growth during planning, policies and decision

making process has resulted in sprawl that is both unsustainable and inefficient. The

rapid urbanization have impact of wildlife habitat, watershed land, farm land and open

spaces cause many unforeseen consequences including loss of prime farmland, loss of

natural   resources,   increased   environmental   pollution,   traffic   congestion   and   many

other   physical,   social   and   economy   effect   There   have   been   a   lot   of   debates   on

measuring urban sprawl for more than 20 years shows that meaningful and reliable

measures of urban sprawl are still lacked. Based on variety of definitions of urban

sprawl   has   been   derived   in   describing   sprawl   and   as   a   specific   form   of   urban

development   with   low   density,   disperse,   auto­dependent,   environmentally   and

socially­impacting characteristic it seems there is no general agreement about what

defines urban sprawl.  [40]

 Urban sprawl received growing attention in the international planning debate during

1990’s. Sprawl is multidimensional phenomena and can be measure with the help of

multi indicator approach using GIS­based tools.  There are three indicators i.e density,

pattern and surface with reference to these indicators urban sprawl dimension can be

measure and maps were made for entire Germany region. The assessment of urban

sprawl and certain sprawl types were discussed. [41]

However, sprawl is an unsustainable form of development due to its many harmful

environmental, economic and social effects. Soil sealing, increasing scarcity of land

for renewable energy and food production, increase in greenhouse gas emissions and

water pollution, loss of habitats and valuable ecosystem services, lower infrastructure

and   public   transportation   efficiency,   long   com­muting   times,   and   reduced   civic

involvement in the society are widespread consequences of urban sprawl.  Land use

27
change   is   one   of   the   most   important   human   and   nature   induced   environmental

changes. To detect these changes GIS and remote sensing applications were used.

The rate of conversion of land from rural to urban is very fast because of the rapid

increase in Population, to investigate the changes in the land use some remote sensing

techniques were employed. Some socio­economic factors also affect the land use in

an area. [42]

To assess the urban expansion and land use changes from 1986­2009. Landsat TM

1986, ETM 2002 and IKONOS 2009 images were used. The land consumption was

analyzed   using   the   computed   land   consumption   rate   (LCR)   and   land   absorption

coefficient (LAC) from 1986­2009. Remote sensing and GIS are providing new tools

for advanced ecosystem management. In mapping and studying the environmental

changes, infrastructure managing, managing natural resources, earth features the data

from satellite were started to use over the past two decades. At the undeveloped land

or   rural   land   when   the   constructions   of   residential   and   commercial   buildings   get

started or the spreading of city to its suburbs is known as urban sprawl. Mostly people

attracted toward those areas where they get better opportunities of life and they have

easy access to the basic facilities like health, education etc as a result of which city

expansion occur. [43]

According to the UN Projection in 2006 there were about 50% of whole population of

the world living in the urban area and in 2020 it would be almost 60%. Most of the

growth   occurs   in   the   developing   countries.   The   abiotic   environment   and   living

organisms of the cities both were influenced by urbanization, it play a major role in

changing land use pattern.  Urban sprawl and land use change from 1956­2012 have

been detected using aerial photos and satellite imageries. The result shows that there

is change in urban area from 403.77 to 4959.59 hectares between 1956­2012. In last

six   decades   the   population   has   increased   more   than   30   times.   The   major   part   of

population   growth   is   related   to   migration   from   other   parts   of   the   country.   To

28
investigate and analyse the urban growth and land use changes in the study area GIS

and RS techniques were used. [44]

Rapid urban development is a global phenomenon. Like many other human­induced

land   use   and   land   cover   changes,   urbanization   portrayal   and   signifies,   better

socioeconomic,  political,  demographic  and environmental  conditions, characterized

by   an   exceptional   attention   of   human   population   into   cities   and   urban   areas.

Throughout the world large number of people migrating from rural to urban areas at a

very   fast   rate,   especially   in   developing   countries   like   Pakistan.   Health,   academic

facilities, industrial growth along with socio­economic conditions which are offered

by cities and urban centres are some reasons due to which people migrate. There are

many issues arising in response to the haphazard growth of the city for city planners,

managers  and for the  inhabitants,  like  unplanned  residential  area,  agriculture  land

loses, civic environment degradation and other related issues. GIS and RS techniques

were used to identify the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl.  To assess

urban sprawl in the study area from 1980­2010 Landsat images were used. The total

built up area in 1980 was 102 sq.km which increased up to 213 sq.km in 2010. The

use of RS and GIS play a vital role in studying, monitoring and mapping of urban

sprawl. [45]

Investigate the change in land cover satellite images were used. Supervised and object

based   classification   have   been   done   in   GIS   which   gives   the   more   accurate   result

which can be used for urban and environmental planning. [46]

Land   use   land   cover   (LULC)   effect   climate,   pattern   of   natural   hazard   and   socio­

economic dynamic on global as well as local level. These changes were detected with

the help of GIS and remote sensing. Maximum likelihood classification technique is

applied to the Landsat images from 1976­2000 where as the ground truth data was

obtain from aerial images 1973­2002. Most of the changes occurred in coastal area

and low sloppy areas. [47]

29
To study the land use changes and urban expansion Landsat TM and ETM+ were

classified   into   different   land   use   classes   and   changes   in   these   classes   have   been

analyzed  from 1973­2009.  Urban growth, particularly  the movement  of residential

and commercial land to rural areas at the periphery of metropolitan areas, has long

been considered a sign of regional economic vitality. But, its benefits are increasingly

balanced against ecosystem impacts, including degradation of air and water quality

and loss of farmland and forests, and socioeconomic effects of economic disparities,

social fragmentation and infrastructure costs. Geographical information systems (GIS)

and   remote   sensing   are   well­established   information   Technologies,   whose

applications in land and natural resources management are widely recognized. Current

technologies   such   as   geographical   information   systems   (GIS)   and   remote   sensing

provide   a   cost   effective   and   accurate   alternative   to   understanding   the   landscape

dynamics. Digital change detection techniques based on multi­temporal and multi­

spectral   remotely   sensed   data   have   demonstrated   a   great   potential   as   a   means   to

understanding landscape dynamics to detect, identify, map, and monitor differences in

land use and land cover patterns over time, irrespective of the causal factors. Recent

improvements   in   satellite   image   quality   and   availability   have   made   it   possible   to

perform image analysis at much larger scale than in the past. Satellite imagery has

been well utilized in the natural science communities for measuring qualitative and

quantitative   terrestrial  land­cover   changes.  Landsat   data   are  most  widely  used  for

studying the Land use and Land cover changes.  [48]

Multi­spectral scanner (MSS), thematic map (TM), enhanced thematic mapper plus

(ETM+) images were used. It was examined that about 47 sq.km built up area has

been expanded. The surface change detection is performed using Google Earth newly

provided historical imagery options. Panamarathupatti Lake and its adjacent area land

use map is derived from Google Earth imagery. In addition, surface elevation profile

in different directions of lake, bathymetric mapping with bottom topographic profile,

lake   surface   area   and   lake   water   volume   has   also   been   calculated   using   remote

30
sensing and GIS techniques. The city’s population is expected to increase to 16.5 lakh

by 2021.With ever increasing population and unprecedented growth of urban area the

city’s landscape is undergoing unwanted changes.  [49]

Urbanisation  is  local  as  well  as  global  issue.  The increase  in urban  population  is

directly related to the urban expansion or city growth. Census report, tehsil municipal

administration (TMA) and from Punjab development statistics the data of population

and spatial change have been derived. The urban area is extended from 4,308.40 acres

in 1974 to 7,373.9 acres 2010. The rapid population growth evolved the problem of

un­controlled urbanization in many cities of Punjab and now being un­controlled for

managing authorities as it has witnessed in Pakistan’s second largest city Lahore. In

reality,   the   problem   of   rapid   and   un­controlled   urban   growth   and   its   inevitable

consequences   on   the   city   and   regional   landscape,   especially   in   the   developing

countries have been a serious concern for scholars in urban and regional affairs as

well as city managers. In Pakistani cities, exponential urban growth is most striking

demographic change that had occurred during last few decades. The urban population

of Pakistan almost has become double from the time of independence. This happened

mainly   due   to   the   increasing   pressure   on   farmland   which   has   created   high   un­

employment in rural areas population, and provision of infrastructure facilities in the

urban areas that has lead to the urbanization. [50]

Multi temporal remotely sensed data is from1987­2005 is used to detect the changes

in land use/land cover and urban sprawl. The final result shows an increase in built up

area and main causes were high growth rate, some socio­economic factors and large

number of immigrants. Census records depict that in Pakistan the increasing rate of

urban   population   have   risen   from   17.7%   in   1951   to   32.5%   in   1998.   The   urban

population that was only 6 million in 1951 climbed up to 43 million in 1998 [12­14].

It is projected that urban population in Pakistan will be equal to the rural population

by 2030 when one out of every two persons will live in city and movement of people

31
from rural to urban areas plays a main role not only in the growth of cities but also in

terms of urbanization. Although, this process is continuing from last few decades in

Pakistan but has further accelerated after 1970s when major reforms and development

took   place   in   industrial   and   economic   sectors.   The   mega   city   Karachi   is   the   1st

biggest city of Pakistan and one of the rapidly growing cities of the world. It was

covered by about 8.3 sq. km area in 1946 that increased with its suburbs and spreads

over 3,530 sq. km in 2007, while the population of the Karachi has jumped from 0.43

million   in   1941   to   18   million   in   2007.   The   average   annual   growth   rate   of   the

metropolis had taken place during 1955­2010 at an astonishing rate of 13.35%.  [51]

Environment is very harmfully effected by the anthropogenic activities, land use land

cover has been changed because of the uncontrolled city expansion. Because of the

rapid urbanization vegetative land cover damaged, destroys the nature and pollutes the

water. To investigate, analyse and to understand the impact of urban growth and land

use change on the environment many urban growth models have been developed in

different countries. In this study two models Cellular automata (CA) and SLEUTH

were applied in GIS to predict and simulate the urban growth and land use change.

Both of the models forecast the future urban growth pattern and land use changes

which will be helpful for planning authorities. [52]

As a result of demographic and economic development a city starts to expand, mostly

the development starts along the road sides and towards the inner core of the city this

is like a gravitational force that attracts people towards the city center. There is also

another type of development which is from the city center towards the suburban areas

or rural areas, a process driven by centrifugal forces from the city.  Urban growth is

defined   with   reference   to   sustainability.   The   assessment   of   those   areas   was   done

which were highly vulnerable to spontaneous urban growth in terms of residential

sector, basic infrastructure services, electricity and natural gas. [53]

32
Building on monocentric city model urban sprawl in 282 European cities at three time

periods   (1990,   2000,   2006)   were   studied.   Two   indices   of   urban   sprawl   were

calculated   which   reflect   the   changes   in   artificial   area   and   the   level   of   urban

fragmentation for each city. Hausman Taylor and random regressors were used and it

was concluded that monocentric model are valid in European context for both indices.

[54]

The degradation of rural land scape is started because of the haphazard expansion of

city. Sprawl is one of the major problem in recent urban challenges faced by many

countries. Primarily urban sprawl occurred on agriculture land and semi­agriculture

land which results in the land cover change. The land is utilized for different purpose

i.e mostly for built up area and infrastructure. In this study cartographic data, ArcGIS

software and certain land cover indicators were used in the analysis of land cover

changes due to the urban sprawl. The land cover changes and the urban expansion of

Rome (Italy) during the last 50 years were examined. The land cover changes were

evaluated over 5 years from 1960­2006 by analysing the 12 land cover categories

which were derived from digital land cover maps. [55]

The changes in the demographic and economic factors has influence on the land use

demand in the Elbe River Basin which covers the eastern and northern part of the

Germany   and  a  large  part   of  Czech  Republic.   The  intraregional  and   interregional

migration towards the rural area and suburbs are the causes of increase in built up area

and decrease in agriculture area. The residential demand increases as the population

increases  in that  area and to calculate  these residential  land use demand land use

scanners  and a statistical  analysis  of future  land use demand were applied.  There

should   be   a   strict   land   use   policy   to   overcome   the   problem   of   residential   land

consumption and then the sustainable development goals can be achieved. [56]

Cities are developing in size and inhabitants and this increase in the development is a

common   urban   challenge.   There   are   two   types   of   spatial   urban   growth   patterns

33
through  which  the  development  process   taking  place   in relation  to  existing   urban

areas can be identified. The first type of spatial urban growth pattern is that how the

existing urban growth attracts the people and the urban area further developed it may

be along the road networks in linear direction or may towards the core of the city (city

center) in radial direction. The second one is development observed at the same time

is   the   movement   of   people   from   city   core   towards   the   hinterland   in   isolated   or

leapfrog pattern. The impact on land and the surrounding ecosystems will depend on

how urban development would takes place in response to these trends. South America

is one of the most populous and developed continent in the world. In Latin America

it’s  a big challenge  to investigate  the  city expansion  and the  different  parameters

causing this  expansion. To measure the city expansion and the parameters  of this

expansion certain satellite imageries were used and for this purpose certain GIS tools

were   employed.   Landsat   imageries   from   1990   to   2010   were   used   to   identify   the

changes in the cities from last 20 years. [57]

The rapid rate of urbanization causes conversion of land from agriculture to build up

land.   To   measure   the   temporal   changes   in   landscape   pattern   from   1968­2000   a

combine  method of landscape metrics  and urban gradient metrics  were used. The

percentage of landscape (PLAND), Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI), patch density

(PD) and mean patch size (MPS) are the four metrics and by analysing these metrics it

is found that the land use diversity and land use fragmentation is positively related to

the   degree   of   urbanization.   The   development   of   residential   sector   changes   the

landscape  with respect to spatial  and temporal  perspective.  More than half  of the

world population resides in the cities which highly effect the environment and the

rural land uses is converting into urban land uses. With increase in population and

economic activities the demand in public infrastructure also increases so more land to

be utilized for housing commercial and industrial purposes. [58]

34
35
 CHAPTER­3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This   chapter   comprises   of   the   methods   and   ways   for   the   collection,   data   entry,

analysis and preparation for presenting it in the form of tables, graphs and maps. To

obtain the objectives of the study, following steps were taken in the research methods

as mention below.  

3.1 Data Collection

For   the   land   use   land   cover   study   of   the   Warsak   road   Peshawar   district,   three

imageries   were   acquired   for   the   years   1995,   2005,   2015.   The   1995   image   was

downloaded   from   USGS   (United   State   Geological   Survey)   land   sat   look   viewer

website. While the two images i.e 2005 and 2015 Spot 5 images with a resolution of

2.5 meter have been taken from SUPARCO.

3.2 Data Preparation and Analysis

 Data were processed and analyzed and quantified in ArcGIS 10.1. after classification

data was tabulated and converted to graph and maps. For the presentation of this data

Microsoft word and Microsoft excel are used. The maps obtained after processing are

then studied and analyzed to detect the changes in the land use land cover of the study

area. The methodology obtained for this is shown in the figure: 3.1.  

36
          Data Collection

Landsat­5(1995) Spot­5(2005) Spot­5(2015)

Union   council   map

of Peshawar
AOI (Area of interest)

AOI clip

Creation   of   feature   class,   training   samples

1995, 2005 and 2015
Map of study area Signature file

Maximum likelihood classification
Supervised

classification 
37
Area calculation of land use classes
 Change   detection
 
1995,2005 ,2015
3.2.1 GEOREFERENCING

Topographic   maps   of   the   study   area   were   added   to   Arc   map   for   Digitizing   and

georeferencing. The georeferencing of Warsak Road was carried out by taking four

coordinate points randomly all over Warsak Road shape file. 

3.2.2 DIGITIZING

After georeferencing the shape file was digitized to obtain Warsak Road boundary.
Roads and river were digitized from topographic map. In Arc map then feature class
was created after which roads and water bodies were digitized from all Warsak Road.
By digitizing the data is then converted in to vector format.

3.2.3 IMAGE PROCESSING 

Different bands were combined to get color composite image i.e 321 bands. The area

of interest (study area) was extracted from the acquired images by using extract by

mask tool. After the extraction of study area supervised classification was done for

each   image,   signature   file   was   created   for   each   of   the   extracted   image   and   then

maximum   likelihood   tool   was   run   on   the   classified   image   and   final   maps   were

prepared for 1995, 2005 and 2015.

38
3.2.4 IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

The supervised classification method was used to classify the images. The first tier in

the process of supervised classification is to identify samples for different types of

land cover and land uses in the image. The second step is used to trace the delegated

training samples for identification of each land cover type in the image. The task of

supervised classification was performed using the classification toolbar of Arc Map

10.1 and satellite Landsat image of 1995, Spot five image of 2005 and 2015 were

classified   into   four   major   land   use   classes   built­up,   water   bodies,   vegetation   and

barren land.

3.2.    Supervised classification

 Steps

39
40
41
42
43
3.5 CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS

  Change   detection   analysis   defines   and   quantifies   changes   among   the   identical

sections at different times. The imageries which were classified of the following years

1995, 2005 and 2015 then used to evaluate the extent of different land cover and

detect the modifications that are taking place in the whole time period of data. This

study is useful to detect several changes that has been occurred in different land use

categories, for example increase in urban area or decline in the agriculture area and so

on. The total change in built up area from 1995 to 2015 were calculated by image

analysis tool. 1995 and 2015 classified images were added to Arc Map and these

classified   images   were   selected   in   image   analysis   window   after   which   there   is

difference tool in image analysis which was applied to give total change in built up

area from 1995 to 2015. 

3.6      Land Use and Land Cover (LU/LC)

Human activities  have intensely altered land cover and there is no doubt that the

responsible of all these changes are the human actions towards the land. From the past

several years District Peshawar also experiencing changes in land use. As land is one

44
of the essential resource, so all the production whether it is forestry related, farming or

animal would be determined according to the land efficiency. The soil, water and

plant covers the whole land to meet up the public need for foodstuff, energy and other

necessities  of living. To understand the impact of human activities on the natural

resources base over time, observing the earth from space is important. When there is

rapid change in land use because of different activities performed by the human and

these changes are unrecorded and undocumented so to observe these changes and the

land   utilization   satellite   images   were   used.   The   classified   imageries   provide   all

essential information to understand the land use and land cover of the study area.

3.9 ACCURRACY ASSESMENT

When analysis will complete then i will write this step 

45
 CHAPTER­4

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

In this chapter the results derived from the methodology chapter were analyzed and

conclusions were made from these results. The results are in the form of maps, graphs

and tables. In data analysis images has been classified of the years i.e. 1995, 2005 and

2015. Land use land cover changes from 1995 to 2015 has been identified of the study

area.

46
Fig. 4.1

47
Fig.4.2

48
                                                             Fig.4.3

49
                                                              Fig. 4.4

50
Fig 4.5

51
Fig. 4.6

52
                                                                    Fig.4.7

53
                                                                           Fig. 4.8

54
                                                                 Fig.4.9

55
Table no. 4.1 Land use Land cover of Study Area 2005

S.no Class name Area_ m2 Area_ km2

1 Vegetation 26820012 27

2 Build-up 7111419 7

3 Barren land 8296006 9

4 Water 2136619 2

Table 4.1

Graph 4.1 Land Use Land Cover of Study Area 2015

                                                               Graph 4.1

The table and graph 4.1. of the study area shows that there is a high class of
vegetation land cover, 27 km2 area is under the vegetation cover. where as the built up
area is 7 km2 i.e. 15.5% land is used for different purposes like residential,
commercial, education and health facilities etc. the water bodies and barren land area
is 2 km2 and 9 Km2 respectively.

56
Table no. 4.2 Land use Land cover of Study Area 2015

S.no Class name Area_ m2 Area_ km2

1 Vegetation 21026331 21

2 Build-up 16219152 16

3 Barren land 3581613 4

4 Water 1788957 2

Table 4.2

Graph 4.2 Land use Land cover of Study Area 2015

Graph 4.2

The above graph and table shows the four different land use classes of the study area
of 2015. According to this graph and table the area of vegetation cover is 21 km 2, the
land under the cover of build-up area is 16 km 2 where as the barren land/open spaces
covers 4 km2 area. The water bodies remain unchanged i.e. 2 km2.

57
Table no. 4.3 Land use Land cover change detection (2005­2015)

S.no Land use/ Land 11th April 2005 12th Feb 2015 Change Area
cover categories (2005-2015)
Area Area Area Area Area Area (%)
km2 (%) km2 (%) km2
1 Vegetative cover 27 60% 20 44.4% -7 -25.92%

2 Build-up area 7 15.5% 19 42.2% 12 171.4%

3 Barren land/ open 9 20% 4 8.88% -5 -55.55%

area
4 Water bodies 2 4.44% 2 4.44% 0 0%

Total 45 100% 45 100% 0 0

Table 4.3

Graph 4.3 Land use Land Cover Changes of Study Area 2005-2015

Graph 4.3

58
The above table and graph shows the comparative study of land use land cover change
of the study area from 2005-2015. There is a slight change in vegetation build-up and
barren land/open space where as the water bodies remain unchanged. As it is clear
from the graph that the blue color shows the land use classes of 2005 year and the
orange color shows land use classes of 2015 year. In 2005 the total area under the
vegetation cover was 27 km2 and in 2015 it was 20 km 2 which means that there is
decrease in the vegetation cover. The land was used for some other purpose that’s why
vegetation cover decreases, the change was -25.92%. the build-up area in 2005 was 7
km2 i.e. 15.5% out of the total area which is 45 km2 while in 2015 it increases up to
42.2%. The area covered by open spaces/barren land in 2005 was 9 km 2 which
decreases in 2015 and it was then 4 km 2 the percentage of barren land/open spaces in
2005 was 20% where as in 2015 decreases up to 8.88% which shows that -5 km 2 area
decrease has been occurred. The other land use class is water bodies and in this class
there is no change analyzed it remain the same in 2015. The area under the cover of
water bodies is 2 km2.

59
 REFERENCES

1. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/urban.html. 30.11.2016

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area. 30.11.2016

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization. 30.11.2016

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl. 1.12.2016

5. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-urban-

sprawl.php. 1.12.2016

6. http://chesapeake.towson.edu.lanscape/urbansprawl/. 1.12.2016

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