1.

To show an atomic formula (either a predicate letter followed by a term or a sentence letter), assume
the negation for an indirect derivation.

2. To show a negation, ~φ, assume its immediate component, φ, for an indirect derivation (or instead
use DN to show a double negation).

3. To show a conditional, φ → ψ, assume the antecedent φ for a conditional derivation, then follow the
appropriate strategy for showing the consequent ψ (or instead use T2, T18, or BC if possible).

4. To show a conjunction, φ ∧ ψ, first show each of the two conjuncts, φ and ψ, then use Adj.

5. To show a biconditional, φ ↔ ψ, first show each of the two conditionals, φ → ψ and ψ → φ, then use
CB (or instead use T84 or T85 if possible).

6. To show a disjunction, φ ∨ ψ, first show the corresponding conditional, ~φ → ψ, then use CDJ (or
instead use Add if possible).

7. To show a universal generalization, /\αφα, if possible first show the matrix φα for universal
derivation; otherwise assume the negation, ~/\αφα, for indirect derivation, then apply QN, then EI to a
new variable β to obtain ~φβ.

8. To show an existential generalization, \/αφα, assume the negation, ~\/αφα, for indirect derivation,
then apply QN to obtain /\α~φα (or instead use EG if possible).

9. Perform any EI, MP, MT, or MTP steps immediately. By contrast, use the other inference rules only
whenever doing so facilitates the derivation.

10. When the negation of a conditional appears on an antecedent line, use T21, T22, or T40.

11. When the negation of a conjunction appears on an antecedent line, use T65 (i.e., DM).

12. When the negation of a disjunction appears on an antecedent line, use T66 (i.e., DM).
13. When the negation of a biconditional appears on an antecedent line, use T90.

14. When the negation of a generalization appears on an antecedent line, use QN.

15. When a disjunction appears on an antecedent line but no application of MTP is forthcoming,
construct a SC derivation.

16. When all else fails, enter a judiciously chosen ‘Show’-line.