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CBSE 2018 Solved Paper – Physics

1. A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a region of uniform magnetic
field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular path with
higher frequency?
2. Name the electromagnetic radiations used for (a) water purification and (b) eye energy.
3. Draw graphs showing variation of photoelectric current with applied voltage for two
incident radiations of equal frequency and different intensities. Mark the graph for the
radiation of higher intensity.
4. Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy.
Which of the two — the parent or the daughter nucleus — would have higher binding
energy per nucleon?

5. Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services?

6. Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of 1 : 2. They are connected in series
across a battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation in these bulbs.
7. A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel across a battery of emf
200 V and internal resistance 38  as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the
circuit.

(OR)
In a potentiometer arrangement for determining the emf of a cell, the balance point of the
cell in open circuit is 350 cm. When a resistance of 9  is used in the external circuit of the
cell, the balance point shifts to 300 cm. Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
8. (a) Why are infra-red waves often called heat waves ? Explain. (b) What do you understand
by the statement, “Electromagnetic waves transport momentum”?

9. If light of wavelength 412.5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which ones
will show photoelectric emission and why?

Metal Work Function (eV)

Na 1.92

K 2.15

Ca 3.20

Mo 4.17
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10. A carrier wave of peak voltage 15 V is used to transmit a message signal. Find the peak
voltage of the modulating signal in order to have a modulation index of 60%.
11. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side a as shown in
the figure. Find the (a) resultant electric force on a charge Q and (b) potential energy of this
system.

(OR)
(a) Three point charges q, – 4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle
ABC of side l as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the
resultant electric force acting on the charge q.

(b) Find out the amount of the work done to separate the charges at infinite distance. The
amount work done to separate the charges at infinity will be equal to potential energy.

12. (a) Define the term “conductivity” of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit. (b) Using the
concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of a wire
in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence, obtain the relation between current
density and the applied electric field E.

13. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J T–1 is aligned at 60° with a uniform external magnetic field of
0.44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal
to the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final
orientation in case (ii).
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14. (a) An iron ring of relative permeability r has windings of insulated copper wire of n turns
per metre. When the current in the windings is I, find the expression for the magnetic field
in the ring.

(b) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. Identify the type of magnetic
material. Draw the modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a
uniform magnetic field. The susceptibility of this material is between 0 and 1 so it is a
paramagnetic material.
15. (a) Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can be linearly polarised by
reflection from a transparent glass surface.

(b) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass
prism having refractive index 3/2 placed in water of refractive index 4/3 Will this ray suffer
total internal reflection on striking the face AC? Justify your answer.

16. (a) If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young’s experiment is convered
with glass, so that the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of
the maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in the interference pattern.

(b) What kind of fringes do you except to observe if white light is used instead of
monochromatic light ? Central fringe will be white and remaining will be coloured in
VIBGYOR sequence.
17. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive index
1.5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An
optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved along the axis until its
real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the needle from the
lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and repeating the experiment, the
distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive index of the liquid in
terms of x and y.
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18. (a) State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie’s
hypothesis explain the stability of these orbits?
(b) A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n =
4 level. Estimate the frequency of the photon.

19. (a) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding
energy per nucleon (B.E./A) versus the mass number A.

(b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. How long will it take for the activity to
reduce to 3.125%?
20. (a) A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to convert alternating current into direct
current. Draw the labelled circuit diagram she would use and explain how it works. (b)
Give the truth table and circuit symbol for NAND gate.
21. Draw the typical input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration.
Show how these characteristics can be used to determine (a) the input resistance (ri), and (b)
current amplification factor .
22. (a) Give three reasons why modulation of a message signal is necessary for long distance
transmission. (b) Show graphically an audio signal, a carrier wave and an amplitude
modulated wave.
23. (a) The teachers of Geeta’s school took the students on a study trip to a power generating
station, located nearly 200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical
energy is transmitted over such a long distance to their city, in the form of alternating
current (AC) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in the city, the voltage is reduced
to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listened to the teacher
and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage. (a) Name
the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause
for power dissipation in this device. (b) Explain with an example, how power loss is
reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances as an alternating current rather than
a direct current. (c) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta
24. (a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity? A point charge q is at a distance
of 2d directly above the centre of a square of side d, as shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law
to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square.

(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance ‘d’ from the centre of the square and the
side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected.
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(OR)
(a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field  E  due to a straight

uniformly charged infinite line of charge density  C/m.

(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of
charge.

25. (a) State the principle of an AC generators and explain its working with the help of a
labelled diagram. Obtain the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of
cross-sectional area, rotating with a constant angular speed  in a magnetic field B ,
directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to east with a velocity of 900 km/hour.
Calculate the potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of
20 m. The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field is 5 × 10–4 T and the angle of
dip is 30°.

26. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real,
inverted and magnified image of the object.

(a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real,
inverted and magnified image of the object.

(b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification.

(OR)
(a) Define a wavefront. Using Huygens’ principle, verify the laws of reflection at a plane
surface.
(b) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original
width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band? Explain.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright
spot is seen at the centre of the obstacle. Explain why.
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SOLUTIONS OF CBSE 2018 Solved Paper – Physics

1. Solution

The magnetic force acts as centripetal force.

mv 2 qBr
qvB  or v 
r m
Time taken to complete one cycle is
2 r 2 r 2 m
t  
v qBr / m qB
1
The number of cycles per second  . Now,
t
qB
f 
2 m
As charge q, magnetic field B are the same for both proton and electron, we get
1
f 
m
Frequency is inversely proportional to mass of particle electron will have more frequency
than proton.

2. Solution

(a)In a water purifier, ultraviolet radiation is used for germicidal action.

(b)In eye surgery called LASIK surgery, Laser (light wave amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation). The radiation used can be UV, visible or infrared. Actually,
ultraviolet radiation is used.
3. Solution

Figure shows the variation of photoelectric current (I) with potential (V) for different
intensities of light ( I3  I 2  I3 ) . As the intensity of light increases, the number of photons
emitted per second is more. One photon produces one photoelectron. As the number of
photons increases, photoelectrons per second is also more (photoelectric current is more).
From the equation
1
hv  mv 2  eVS
2
we get that as frequency of light is the same, stopping potential VS is independent of
intensity of light.
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4. Solution

Let Z X A be lighter nucleus.

A
4Z X A  ZY  Energy
Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus

In fusion, lighter nuclei combine to attain stability by forming bigger nucleus. Daughter
nucleus has more 
B.E. 
.
 A 

Binding energy per nucleon 

B.E. 
 of daughter nucleus is more in fusion.
 A 
5.

Solution

For propagation of short waves, we use sky wave propagation.

6. Solution

The total resistances of two bulbs P and Q is given by

R + 2R = 3R
Let the emf be ε. Now, the current is given by
emf
I
Resistance
 E 
I  
 3R 
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In series circuit, the current in each bulb is the same.

Now, using P  EI  ( IR)I  I 2 R , we get
P1 I 2R 1
 2  or P2  2 P1
P2 I (2R) 2
Power dissipated in bulb Q is twice that in bulb P.

7. Solution

Let I be the current in circuit.

Using Kirchhoff’s law in mesh abcd, we have

10  200  38I or 38I  190
190
That is, I 5 A
38

(OR)

Solution
Given: l1 = 350 cm; l2 = 300 cm; s = 9 Ω.
Using the equation
l  l 
r   1 2 S
 l2 
we get
 350  300  50
r  9   9  1.5 
 300  300
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8. Solution

(a)The frequencies of infrared waves lie between visible light and radio waves. They are
able to vibrate the atoms and molecules of the body. The vibration increases the internal
energy and temperature of the body. They are produced by hot bodies and molecules.
Water molecules in all bodies, CO2 and NH3 absorb infrared radiations. Infrared rays
produced greenhouse effect. Infrared radiation is used in detection of Earth satellites and
remote control of household gadgets.

(b)An electromagnetic wave is produced due to accelerated charge. The changing electric
field produces magnetic field and changing magnetic field produces electric field. The
amount of energy transported by EM wave per unit area per second is called Poynting
vector.
EB
S
0

The direction of energy is perpendicular or to both E as well as B .

S
EM waves also transport momentum. The momentum is given by p  . It is momentum
C
SA
crossing a unit area in one second. For area A, the momentum transported is .
C
dp 1
F  (SA)
dt C

9. Solution
Given:   412.5n  m  412.5  104 m .
hc 6.626  1034  3  108 19.878
E    1017
 412.5  10 9
412.5
4.8  1019
E  0.048  1017 J  4.8  1019 J  eV
1.6  1019
E  3.0 eV.
As energy of incident photon is greater than the work functions of sodium (Na) and
potassium (K), photoelectric emission is possible for Na and K.
10. Solution

We have AC 15V;   60%  0.6.

Am
Using   , we get 0.6  Am  Am  9 V
AC 15

11. Solution

(a) Given: AB  BC  CD  DA  a
AC  a 2
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Force exerted by the charge q at B on Q at A:

1 Qq
F1   , along BA
4 0 a2
Force exerted on Q at A by charge q at B:
1 Qq
F2   , along DA
4 0 a 2
The resultant force is
F   F12  F22 As F1  F2  F1 (say)

F   F12  F22  F1 2

1 2Qq
F   , along CA
4 0 a2
Force exerted by Q at C on Q at A:
1 QQ 1 Q2
F3    , along CA
4 0 (a 2)2 4 0 2a 2
The total force is
F  F   F3

1  2Qq Q 2 
F   2
4 0  a2 2a 
Q  Q
  2q  2 
4 0 a 2  
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Q  2 2q  Q 
F  
4 0 a 
2
2 
which is making an angle of 45° with direction of F1 or F2.
(b) The potential energy of the system is
1  2Qq 2QQ 2Qq 
U  
4 0  a a 2 a 

Q  2Q 
U 2q   2q 
4 0 a  2 
2Q  Q 2Q  2 2q  Q 
U  2q     
4 0 a  2  4 0 a  2 
(OR)
Solution
(i) Force exerted on charge q at A by charge –4q at B.
1 q(4q) 1 4q 2
F1     , along AB
4 0 e2 4 0 e2
Force exerted on charge q at A by charge 2q at C.
1 q(2q)
F2   , along CA
4 0 e2
1 2q 2
F2   , along CA
4 0 e2
Angle between F1 and F2 is

60  60 120

F  ( F  F22  2 F1 F2 cos120)1/ 2
1
2

1/ 2
1 q2  2  1  
F  2  4  22  2  4  2   
4 0 e   2 
2
1 q
F  2 16  4  8
1/ 2

4 0 e
1 q2 1 2 3 q2
F     
1/ 2
12
4 0 e2 4 0 e2
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Let the resultant force F make an angle  with F1.
 1  q 2 3
  2  2 
F2 sin120   4 0  e 2 
tan   
F1  F2 cos120  1  4q 2   1  q 2  1  
   2      2  2  
 4 0  e   4 0  e  2 

3 3 1
tan    
4 1 3 3
Here,   30 . The resultant force makes an angle of 30° with force F1 or 90° with force F2.
(ii) P.E. of the system:

U  U1  U 2  U 3
1  q(4q) (4q)(2q) 2q  q 
U  
4 0  e e e 
1  4q 2 8q 2 2q 2 
U    
4 0  e e e 
1  10q 2 
U   
4 0  e 

12. Solution

(i) Conductivity (σ): It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity (𝜌)

1
Conductivity 
Resistivity
1


Its units are ohm–1 m–1 or mho∙m–1.
(ii) Consider a section of conductor AB, having length l and number density n.

Area of cross-section = a
Length of conductor = l
Volume of conductor = al
Number of electrons per unit volume = n
Total number of electrons = nal
Charge on electron = e
Total charge q = ne; that is, q = nale
Current is
q nale
I   navd e
t t
where drift velocity is
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l
Vd 
t
Now, I  navd e

I
or Vd  (1)
nae
Under the action of electric field E, the force on the electron is
F  eE
Acceleration of election is
F eE
a 
m
If 𝜏 is average relaxation time, then using v  u  at , we get
eE
Vd  0  
m
eE
Vd   (2)
m
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
I eET
 (3)
nae m
V
where E 
e
I e V 
   
nae m  e 
V me

I nae2
ml a m
R or  
nae2 e ne 
m 
  as R   
ne2  a
1 ne2
 
 m
ne2

m
Conductivity of a material depends upon the following:
i. Number density (n)
ii. Average relaxation time (  )
From Eq. (3), we get

I ne2 E    ne
  E
a  m m
 I
J E  as current density J
 a
J
or E 

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13. Solution

Given: M = 6 J T–1; B = 0.44 T; 1 = 60°.

(a) (i) Using the relation for work done in original orientation 1 to find orientation 2:
W   MB(cos 2  cos )
W  6  0.44(cos90  cos 60)
1
W  2.64 0  
2
 1
W  2.64      1.32 J
2
(ii) W  MB [cos2  cos1 ] (2  180)
W  6  0.44 [cos180  cos 60]
 1  
W  2.64  1    2.64    
 2  
W  3.96 J
(b) Using   M  B
  MB sin 
  6  0.44  sin180
  2.64  0  0
 0

14. Solution

Consider a ring of material having relative permittivity r of mean radius a. An insulated

copper wire is wound over the ring having current I.
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From Ampere’s circuital rule:

 B dl   NI0

where N is total number of turns. The angle between B and dl is zero. B dl

 B  dl cos 0   NI0

B  dl   NI 0

 dl  2 a
B  2 a 0 NI
N
B  0
2 a
B  0 nI
N
where n  is the number of turns per unit length. 0 is the permittivity of free space
2 a
B  r 0 nI
B   nI
where  is the absolute permittivity of material of ring.

(b) We know that susceptibility X m is ratio of intensity of magnetization (I) to the

magnetizing field.
I
Xm 
H

As X m is positive, I and H will be in the same direction, that is, the direction of
magnetization is same as that of applied field. From
r  1 X  1 0.9853
we get
r  1.9853
The relative magnetic permeability is slightly greater than 1. So, the material is
paramagnetic.

(i)
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(ii)

(iii)
Figure shows applied magnetic field H directed towards right. A paramagnetic rod AB is
placed is the region of magnetic field. The rod gets slightly magnetized with South Pole at
A and North Pole at B. The magnetic lines of force are from N to S outside the rod and S to
N inside the rod. In region (a) and (b), the lines of force due to applied field and acquired
magnetism reinforce each other. In region (c) and (d), the two lines of force cancel each
other. Figure (iii) shows net lines of force through specimen is increased. Lines of force
prefer to pass through specimen AB than through air.

15. Solution

(a) Polarisation by reflection: Brewster should that light can be polarised by reflection. A
beam of unpolarised light OA is incident on a reflecting surface PQRS, having refractive
index μ. At point A, it is partly reflected along AB and partly refracted along AC. The
reflected beam is completely polarised if angle of incidence is equal to polarising angle ip.
In such a situation, the reflected and refracted beans are perpendicular to each other.
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From Snell’s law:

sin ip

Now, sin r
ip  90  r  180 or ip  r  90

r  (90  i p )
Therefore,
sin ip sin ip
 or 
Now, sin(90  ip ) cos ip

tan ip      tan ip

Tangent of polarising angle is equal to the refractive index.

(b) Incident ray of light PQ on face AB has i = 0; therefore, r = 0. The ray goes undeviated
A  60 as the prism is equilateral.
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In AQR :
A  60; Q  90. Therefore, R  30 or QRN = 60

For refraction at face AC, angle of incidence is 60°. If r is angle of refraction in water, then
from Snell’s law. Also for total internal reflection to take place.
sin C 4/3

sin 90 3 / 2
sin C 4 2 8
   or sin C  0.8888
1 3 3 9
 C  62.73
So, the angle of incidence in glass 60° is less than critical angle. Therefore, the total internal
reflection cannot take place.

16. Solution

We know that
I max (a1  a 2
 I a2
I min (a1  a2 2

I max ( I1 
2


I min ( I1  2

I1
In this case, I 2  . Therefore,
2
2
 I1
 I1 
2

I max
2
I min  I1
 I1 
 2

I  1
I1  1
2 I1 1   
I max
 2  2
I min I  1
I1  1
2 I1 1   
2  2
1.5  1.4142

1.5  1.4142
I max 2.9142
 49.7
I min 0.05858

(b) If we use white light instead of monochromatic light, the path difference between the
various colours at centre of screen is zero. So, there will be intensity maxima at centre of
screen for all the colours. As a result, the combination of all colours is white. So at the
centre of screen, there is write fringe. As we move away from centre, for maxima at a point
x  n , where  is wave length of light. Depending upon value of x, there will be maxima
for different colours. So, the central white fringe will be surrounded by few colour fringes.
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19

17. Solution
In Figure (i), focal length of convex lens is given by
1 1 1  2
 (   1)     (1.5  1)  
f1  R R  R
1 1

f1 R
where R is radius of curvature of each face of convex lens.

(i)
(ii)
Focal length of planoconcave liquid lens of refractive index (  ) is
1 1 1
 (   1)  
2 R 
1 1 1
Using  , we get
f f1 f
1 1  1
  (   1)   (1)
x R  R

In Figure (ii), there is only convex lens, whose focal length is given by
1 1 1  2 1
 (1.5  1)    0.5  
y R R  R R
1
 or y R (2)
y R
From Eq. (1), we get
1 1 (1   )
  (Putting y  R)
X R R
1 1 1  1 (2  )
  or 
X y y x y
y
 2   or    2 
 x
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18. Solution
(a) Bohr’s Postulates

(i). The whole mass of an atom is concentrated in a small core called nucleus around
which electrons revolve.
(ii). An electron cannot revolve in an orbit of its choice. It can revolve only in
permitted orbits.

(iii). Permitted orbits are those for which angular momentum of electron is integral

multiple of .
2
 h 
mvr  n  
 2 
where n is an integer and h is called Planck’s constant having value
6.626  1034 J S.

(iv) If an electron revolves in permitted orbit, it does not radiate any energy. Such
orbits are called stationary or non-radiating orbits.

(v). If an electron jumps from a higher orbit to lower orbit, energy is given out is the
form of electromagnetic radiation.
n2  n1  hv
where  n1 and  n2 denote energies of n1 and n2 level.
According to de Broglie electron revolves in an orbit in the form of a wave. If r is
radius of orbit and there are n waves in it.
2 r  n
From de Broglie hypothesis,
h

mv
Therefore,
nh  h 
2 r  or mvr  n  
mv  2 
Thus, de Broglie hypothesis validates Bohr’s third postulate.
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(b) We know that

hf   n2   n
13.64 13.64 
hf     
4 2
12 
 1 13.64  15
hf  13.64 1  
 16 16
204.6
hv  eV or hv 12.7875 eV
16
hf  12.7876  1.6  1019 J  20.46  10 19
J
19
20.46  10
f  34
 3.0878  1015 Hz
6.626  10
 3.1 1015 Hz

19. Solution
Binding energy per nucleon is the average energy required to separate a nucleon from
B.E. 
nucleus. Figure shows the variation of  with mass number.
A 

From the graph we see the following:

BE
(i) Lighter nuclei have very small value of . A deuteron suffers photodisintegration.
A

(ii) 
B.E.  56
 has maximum value for iron Fe with value 8.89 MeV.
 A 
(iii) For mass numbers (30  A  170) the graph is nearly straight, meaning high value of
 B.E.  238 B.E.
  . For U , is 7.6 MeV.
 A  A
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22
(iv) Both lighter and heavier nuclei have lower value of 
B.E. 
.
 A 

(v) A very heavy nucleus A = 240 having 

B.E. 
 of 7.6 when breaks into two pieces of
 A 
120 mass number, nuclear force between nucleons increases and fission will
increase 
B.E. 
 along with release of energy.
 A 
(vi) In lighter nuclei ( A  10) fusion causes increase in mass number. Energy is released
along with increase in 
B.E. 
 of daughter nucleus.
 A 
(b) We know that number of nuclei left behind after half-life is halved;
N 1
 
N0  2 
In n half-lives number left behind will be
n
N 1 N 3.125 1
  Given:  
N0  2  N0 100 32
n 5 n
1 1 1 1
  or     
32  2  2 2
Now, n = 5; The number of half-life is 5.
Total time will be t  5TH  5 10  50 years

20. Solution
Full wave rectifier: The P-sections of diodes D1 and D2 are connected to ends A and B of
secondary coil of step down transformer. The AC input to be rectified is connected across
primary coil. Then sections are joined to a common point D. The secondary coil is tapped at
the centre C. A load resistance across which output is taken is connected between points C
and D.
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23

During positive half of cycle end A is positive while end B is negative. D1 being forward
biased operates, while D2 being reverse biased does not operate conventional current in RL
is from D to C.
During negative half of input cycle, D1 is reverse biased, and does not operate. As D2 is
forward biased, it will operate current in RL is again from D to C. It may be the turn of D1
or D2 to operate, current in RL is downwards i.e., unidirectional. As the output DC is
pulsating. It can be smoothened by using a filter circuit which removes ripples.

NAND gate: In a NAND gate, output of AND gate is fed as input of NOT gate.
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A B AB AB
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
----AND----------NOT-------

A B y
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
NAND
NAND gate is universal. We can get OR, AND, NOT from combination of NAND gates.

21.
Solution

Common-emitter characteristics of an n-p-n transistor: In common-emitter

configuration, emitter is common to emitter as well as collector region. The input is
between emitter and base, while output is between emitter and collector. Figure shows the
circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor in common emitter mode.
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25
Input characteristics: The variation of base current IB with base emitter voltage VBE,
keeping the collector emitter voltage constant. The collector-emitter voltage is kept large
such that transistor is in active state and it is reverse biased. We know that
VCE  VCB +VBE

For silicon transistor, VBE is between 0.6 V to 0.7 V so, VCE is much larger than 0.7 V. On
changing value of VCE, the currents are identical.
Input resistance (ri) is defined as the ratio of change in base emitter voltage (VBE ) to the
resulting change in base current (I B ) , keeping the collector emitter voltage VCE constant
 V 
ri   BE 
 I B VCE
Its value lies between few hundred to few thousand ohms.

Output Characteristics: We study the variation of collector current IC with variation of

collector–emitter voltage, keeping the base current constant. As IB increases, IC also
increases. Initially, the increase in IC is large and after wards IC becomes nearly constant.
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Current amplification factor (β): It is defined as the ratio of change in collector current
(I c ) to the charge in base current (I b ) keeping the collector-emitter voltage VCE fixed.
 I c 
  
ac  I b V CE

Graph between Ic and Ib is a straight line. The slope of straight line gives us the current gain
(β)

22. Solution

(a) Necessity for modulation:


1. For the transmission of signal, size of antenna is   , where λ is wavelength of
4  
radiation. For an audio signal of frequency 20 kHz.
C 3  108
   15000 m or 15 km. The size of antenna will by 3.75 km. It is difficult to
V 20,000
erect such an antenna.
2. Power radiated P by an antenna is inversely pre-proportional to square of wavelength.
1
P
2
As wavelength for audio signals is large, the power radiated will be small.
3. There can be mixing up of signals from different transmitters. It is like many people
talking simultaneously at a point or many transmitters transmitting information
simultaneously. There is no simple way to distinguish between the signals.
Amplitude Modulation
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23. Solution

(a) The device, which is used to convert large current at low voltage into low current at high
voltage and vice versa, is “transformer”.
In transformer there are so many types of losses. One such loss is copper losses. Both
primary and secondary coils are made up of copper, through which current passes all the
time. From H = I2R, the electrical energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy. The
coil is kept cold by circulating oil around them and core is designed in such a monomer
that air passes through most of area of coil. The surface area is increased.
(b) If the voltage is stepped up from 220 V to 33,000 V, the current will decrease by
33000 I
 1500 times I 2  1 .
220 1500
2

The power loss will be p  I R  

2 1 
 times less
 1500 
That is, 4.4 107 times less.
(c) (i) Teachers took students for a tour of generating station so that they should know
various methods in which electricity is produced and how can be overcome energy
losses. Energy saved is energy produced. In long distance transmission, losses are
inevitable. Only solution is to minimize the distance them.
(ii) Students including Geeta were curious to know the exact cause. They were polite,
hard working and wanted to remove their doubts, which could be best removed by
actually visiting the site. They could get knowledge of cheap and clean energy.

24. Solution

(a) Electric flux (ϕ): It is defined as the total number of electric lines of force passing
through a certain are consider a uniform electric field E is directed upwards in the plane of
plane. A sheet of area A is placed in the region of electric field. The angle between electric
field and area vector A is θ. The number of electric lines of force through the sheet is given
by
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28

  E A
  EAcos 

where 𝜃 is the angle between E and A . The units of ϕ will be N m2 c1 . It is purely a number
and is a scalar quantity.
The sheet can be considered to be a side of cube each side d. The cubical Gaussian surface
encloses a charge q. From Gauss’s theorem:
1
 E ds   0
q

q q
The total flux through all the sides is and through one side it will be   .
0 6 0

(b) On doubling each side, the shaded square of each side 2d, can be assumed to be the side
of a cube of each side 2d. The charge enclosed in cubical Gaussian surface will be source of
q
flux of . The cube has six sides. The electric flux through each side will be one sixth of
0
total flux.
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Flux through the square is

1 q q
 
6 0 6 0
There is no change in the electric flux.
(OR)
Solution
(a) Consider an infinitely long thin wire having linear charge density (  ). As wise is
infinite the electric field at P, is same everywhere, irrespective of the position of P. For
length l of wire, charge
q  e (1)
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Point P is at distance r from the wire. Consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface around the
wire. Electric flux through the Gaussian surface is given by

 E  ds   Eds cos 0 (since E ds AB)

 E  ds  ds  2 r  l
 E  2 rl (2)
From Gauss theorem:
q
 E ds   0

q l
E  2 rl  
0 0

E (3)
2 0 r

 ds
In vector form: E   nˆ , where nˆ  , a unit vector in the direct of d s . If λ is positive,
2 0 r ds
E is radially outwards and if λ is negative, E is directed radially inwards.
(b) we know that

E
2 0 r

1
or E
r
Electric intensity at a point is inversely proportional to distance from wire, so graph will be
rectangular hyperbola.
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(c) The work done in moving charge q by infinitesimal small distance dr :

dW
dV 
q
or dW  q  dV ; dV    dr
dV  E  dr cos 0

dV
where E   or dV   E dr ; dW  qEdr
dr

where E 
2 0 r

q
Therefore, dW    dr (1)
2 0 r

The total work done in moving charge q from r1 to r2 can be obtained by integrating Eq. (1)
between the limits r = r1 to r = r2.
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q
r2

W   dw    dr
r1
2 0 r
q 2 1 
r


r
W  dr   log e r r2
2 0 r1 r 2 1

q
W
2 0
 loge r2 log r 

q r 
W log  2 
2 0 r

25. (a) AC Generator

An AC generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Working:

d
(i) At t = 0: The coil is vertical. Flux through coil is maximum e    0 . Induced emf is
dt
zero side AB moves downwards while side CD is moving upwards.

T
(ii) At t = : The coil becomes horizontal with side AB moving downward and CD
4
moving upwards. Force on charges in arm AB, [F  q(v  B)] is downwards, while in arm
CD, charges move upwards. In external circuit current is upwards.
2T
(iii) At t = : The coil is again vertical, with side CD at top moving downwards and AB
4
moves upwards. Flux through coil is maximum. Induced emf is zero.
3T
(iv) At t = : The coil again becomes horizontal side AB moving upwards has current
4
upwards, while side CD moving downwards has current downwards. Current in external
circuit is downwards.
4T
(v) At t = : The coil is vertical with side AB moving downwards while side CD moves
4
up. Induced emf is zero.
Theory: When coil of area A turns by angle θ, the magnetic flux through coil is
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  NB A
  NBA cos 

  NBAcos t (i)

Induced emf is
d
e
dt
d
e   [ NBA cos t ]
dt
e   NBA( sin t )  

e  BAN sin t (2)

e0  BAN if sin t  1

Therefore, e  e0 sin t (3)

The induced emf is sinusoidal.

(b) The velocity of aeroplane is

5
900 km h 1  900  250 ms
18
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Now, l  20 m; BH  5 104 T ;   30 . The wing of aeroplane will cut the vertical lines of
BV
force. Using tan   , we get
BH

B  BH tan 
V

Induced emf is
e  BV lv

 B tan  lv
H

e  5  104 tan 30  20  250

25, 000  104

3
2.5 2.5
e   1.44 V
3 1.732

(OR)
Solution
  
(a) It is given that V  V0 sin t and I  I 0 sin  t   . The emf lags behind current by .
 2 2
Therefore, it is a capacitor.

(i)

(ii)
1
The reactance of the capacitor is given by X  , where   2 f . Therefore,
C c
1
X 
C 2 fc
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Here, f is measured in hertz; C is measured in farads X C is measured in ohms.

(b) Graphs are shown in Figure (i) and (ii).

(c) We know that reactance of a capacitor is given.
1 1
XC  or X C 
2 fc f

At f  0 ; X   . A capacitor acts as a blockade in DC circuits. At f  ; X C  0 . As

C

reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, the graph between reactance XC and

frequency f is a rectangular hyperbola.

(d) Here, AC source generates voltage.

V  V0 sin t (1)

when connected across a pure capacitor. The current is given by

 
I  I 0 sin  t   (2)
 2

(i)

(ii)

Figure (ii) shows the phasor diagram for circuit [Fig. (i)]. Current I leads emf V by . We
2
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36

see that current reaches the peak value earlier by one-fourth of period. Both current (I)
phasor and voltage (V) phasor rotate counter clockwise.
26.
Solution
(a) Concave mirror: Real and magnified Image. When object is at a distance lying
between f and 2f [f < x < 2f], image formed will be real, inverted and magnified.

(b) AB is an object placed on the principal axis of mirror. A ray of light passing through C
is undeviated and retraces its path after reflection from mirror. Another ray parallel to
principal axis, will pass through focus after reflection. The two rays meet at A after
recreation where image AB is formed.
Here, S APB and APB are similar.
AB PB
 (1)
AB PB
Also, S DNF and ABF are similar.
AB FB
 (2)
DN NF

Here, NF  PF ; As N is close to P: DN = AB; FB  (PB  PF )

(i) All distance are measured from pole P.
(ii) Distances covered in the direction of incident light are taken to be positive while
distances against incident light are taken to be negative.
From Eq. (2), we get
AB ( PB  PB)
 (3)
AB PF
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From Eqs. (1) and (3), we get

PB ( PB  PF )
 (4)
PB PF
Now, PB  u; PB  v; PF   f . Therefore,

v v  ( f ) v v  f
 or 
u f u f

v f v
 or  vf  uf  uv
u f
uv  uf  vf

Dividing each side by uvf, we get

uv uf vf 1 1 1
  or  
uvf uvf uvf f u v

(c) A reflecting type telescope is preferred over refracting type telescope, as

(i) In a lens, image formed is coloured, as lens cannot bring all the colours to same
focus. In a mirror, there is no chromatic aberration (colour defect)
(ii) A paraboloid mirror is free from spherical aberration. A large lens cannot bring
paraxial and marginal rays to same focus. In large sized mirror used as objective,
brightness and resolving power will increase.
(OR)
Solution
(a) Wave front: It is focus of all the points in same phase.
Consider a point source of light in space. Light from source will cover a distance ct in all
directions. Taking sources as centre and ct as radius we draw a sphere. All points on sphere
will be in same phase (position and direction of motion). All points joined together form
spherical. The wavefront can be plane, spherical or cylindrical.
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normal to the wave front. While ray 1 touches surface at a, ray 3 continues to travel with
velocity and reaches D. Ray 1 would have also covered a distance CD. To know the
position of ray 1, taking A as centre and CD as radius drawn as arc. From point D, draw
tangent to this or C meeting at F. Join DF, From A and C draw perpendiculars to DF,
meeting it as F and E. DEF is reflected wave front, time taken by ray 2 to reach E via G
BG GE
t 
C C
Now, we have
GE
EDG  sin r or GE  GD sin r
GD
Therefore,
AG sin i GD sin r
t 
C C
Also,
GD  ( AD  AG )
 sin i sin r  AD sin r
t  AG   
 C C  C

For DEF to be reflected wave front, time does not depend upon value of AG; therefore,
 sin i sin r 
AG   0
 C C 
sin i sin r
  0 or sin i  sin r
C C
i  r

Laws of reflection:

Consider a plane wave front ABC in incident on reflecting surface MM . Rays 1, 2 and 3 are

(i) Incident ray, normal, reflected ray lie in same plane.

(ii) Angle of incident is equal to angle of reflection
(b) (i) In diffraction due to single slit, width of central fringe is given by
2D
 (1)
d
Distance of screen from source D remaining unchanged,  being same. If the width of
slit is doubled, the new width of central fringe will be
2 D
  (2)
2d
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1
  
2
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Width of central fringe will be halved.

I a
I 2  (2a) 2

I 2 ua 2
 2 or I  4 I1
I1 a 2

Intensity will increase four times.

(c) Light from distance source bends round the edges of circular object and reaches P.
Path difference: x  AP  BP
x=0
As distance covered by all waves from edges of circular object to point P is same. There is
maxima a point P, which appears illuminated.

(ii) We know that intensity  (amplitude)2