TWO FACES OF JOHN GRAY© 2000 by John Gray All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher. First published in the United Kingdom by Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2000 Published in the United States by The New Press, New York, 2000 Distributed by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Gray, John, 1948- Two faces of liberalism / John Gray. pcm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56584-589-7 (he.) 1. Liberalism, [Title JC574.G73 2000 320.51—de21 00-037238 The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commercial publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry. The New Press operates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in innovative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable. The New Press, 450 West 41* Street, 6" floor, New York, NY 10036 www.thenewpress.com Set in 11/13 pt. Berling Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Contents Acknowledgements 1 Liberal Toleration 2 Plural Values 3 Rival Freedoms 4 Modus Vivendi Notes Index 34 69 105 140 155Acknowledgements A good many debts have been incurred writing this short book. Conversations over many years with Isaiah Berlin and Michael Oakeshott helped shape some of the ideas that it contains. Conversations with Joseph Raz and Raymond Plant have also been formative. A seminar led by Yehuda Elkana and Wolf Lepenies during a visit to the Wissenshaftskolleg in Berlin enabled me to for- mulate my thoughts more clearly on a number of questions. John Burrow, Geoffrey Smith and Charles Spinosa gave valu- able comments on an early draft. Exchanges with Steve Erikson, Henry Hardy and Jonathan Riley were also helpful. In all these cases, all the usual caveats apply. My greatest debt is to Mieko, to whom I dedicate this book. JOHN Gray