ERT 216

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Sem 2/ 2011-2012
Prepared by;
Miss Mismisuraya Meor Ahmad
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis
HEAT TRANSFER
(3) RADIATION
 Radiation
Radiation  Energy transfer through a space by
electromagnetic radiation.

There are many types of electromagnetic radiation. But

we just discuss the electromagnetic radiation that is
propagated as a result of a temp. difference.

Thermal Radiation
(electromagnetic radiation emitted
by a body as a result of its temp.)
 Physical Mechanism
All type of radiation were propagated at the speed of light (C), 3 x 108 m/s

This speed of light is

equal to the product of wavelength (ʎ) & frequency (v) of the radiation

Unit wavelength (ʎ)  can be in cm, angstroms (1A = 10 cm) or micrometers (1μm = 10 m)

Diagram shown a portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum

Thermal radiation lies in the

range from 0.1 to 100 μm,
while visible-light portion of
the spectrum is very narrow
(0.35 to 0.75 μm)
 Physical Mechanism
Black Body Radiation

Black body absorbs all radiation incident upon it.

Called black body radiation because materials appear black to the

eye. They appear black because they do not reflect any radiation.

“STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW”

Eb : The emissive power of a blackbody (unit  watt)

σ : Stefan-Boltzmann constant
T : Absolute Temp.
 Total Radiation over all wavelength

Total Radiation, Eb = Eb (0 - ∞) =  between zero & infinity wavelength

(over all the wavelength)
Radiation emitted between wavelength zero to ʎ1

Radiation emitted between wavelength ʎ1 to ʎ2

Radiation emitted between wavelength ʎ2 to ∞

Radiation energy emitted between
wavelength ʎ1 & ʎ2  Eb (ʎ1-ʎ2)
Would be calculated
using:
Where 

so that,

get from Figure 8.6 or Table 8.1.

Value of  and Used ʎT relation
 Figure 8.6:
Fraction of blackbody radiation in wavelength interval
 Incident radiation heat transfer (qin)

Incident radiation (qin) can be calculated between

two wavelengths ʎ1 & ʎ2 :

qin = Area x Eb (ʎ1-ʎ2)

 Radiation Properties
When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of the
radiation if reflected, part is absorbed and part is transmitted,
as shown above.
1) Reflection radiation (qrefl.)  reflectivity, ρ = qrefl /qin
2) Absorbed radiation (qabs.)  absorptivity, α = qabs./qin
3) Transmitted radiation (qtrans.)  transmissivity, ‫ = ז‬qtrans./qin

Most solid bodies do not transmit thermal radiation, so that

transmissivity may be take as zero (‫=ז‬0)
 Radiation Properties
Incident radiation heat transfer (qin)
Example  on glass plate
Can break down in to the following radiation classification:

Therefore:
qrefl. = qin x ρ
qabs.= qin x α
qtrans.= qin x ‫ז‬

So that, Total incident radiation 

where 

Kirchhoff’s Identity (emissivities = absorption)  discussed the total

properties of the particular material over all wavelengths
 Example 8.1
(Transmission & absorption in glass plate)

A glass plate 30 cm square is used to view radiation

from a furnace. The transmissivity of the glass is 0.5
from 0.2 to 3.5 μm. The emissivity may be assumed
to be 0.3 up to 3.5 μm and 0.9 above that. The
transmissivity of the glass is zero except in the range
from 0.2 to 3.5 μm. Assuming that the furnace is a
blackbody at 2000 °C, calculate the energy absorbed
in the glass and the energy transmitted.
Solution
 Radiation Shape Factor (F12)
In order to calculate the net radiant exchange (q rad) between
2 surface  it is necessary to find shape factor (F12) from
provided graphs. Then q rad can be calculate using equation:

F12: Fraction of energy leaving surface 1 that reaches surface 2

&
So that,
 Value of F12
Parallel Rectangles
F12 obtained from the value of
ratio (X/D)

Parallel Disks
F12 obtained from the value of
ratio (d/X)

Perpendicular Rectangles
F12 obtained from the value of
ratio (Z/X)
 Example 8.2
(Heat Transfer between Black Surfaces)

Two parallel black plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced

0.5 m apart. One plate is maintained at 1000 °C and
the orther at 500 °C. What is the net radiant heat
exchange between the two plates?
Solution
Heat Exchange between Non Black Bodies
The calculation of radiation heat transfer:
Black Surface/ Bodies is relatively easy because  all the
radiant energy which strikes a surface is absorbed. The main
problem to determine geometric shape factor (F12), but once
this is accomplished, the calculation heat exchange is very
simple using

Non Black Body more complex because  for all the energy
striking a surface will not be absorbed (part will be reflected
back to another heat transfer surface & part may be reflected
out of the system entirely). The radiant energy can be also
reflected back and forth between the heat transfer surfaces
several times.
 Heat Exchange between Non Black Bodies

So, the net radiation heat exchange between two non black
bodies/surfaces:

where  &

Emissivity, ϵ  relates the radiation on the ‘gray surface’

The Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
Convection 
Radiation heat transfer problems are often very closely associated with
convection problems, and the total heat transfer by both convection &
radiation is often the objective of an analysis , it is worthwhile to put both
processes on a common basic by defining a radiation heat transfer
coefficient, hr as:

Radiation 

The total heat transfer (sum of the convection & radiation):

The Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient

In many instances the convection heat transfer

coefficient is not strongly dependent on temp.
However, this is not so with the radiation heat
transfer coefficient. The value of hr can be
calculated from: