9th Science Workbook PDF

4
IX CBSE Physics – Motion
Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.
1. Introduction
a. Concept of Rest and Motion
Question 1.A person travelling with you in a bus is at rest. Do you agree with the statement?
Motion is one of the most important topics in physics. You can say that physics or natural
enquiry essentially began with „motion‟. We see a lot of objects around us that are
moving. For instance, we see cars running on roads, birds flying etc. While other objects
like buildings appear to be at rest. But the same buildings seem to be in motion if viewed
from a moving car.
Don't forget that even if you appear to be standing still, the Earth is moving around the
Sun, and the Sun is moving around our galaxy. The galaxy itself is speeding around at
great speeds, even at speed greater than speed of light.
Question 2. Let‟s say a thief is running on a train with 12 km/h. The police car is moving with 80
km/h. If speed of the train is 60 km/h then what is the speed of thief w.r.t police car?
Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

5
Did You Know?

Aristotle noted that objects given an initial push along the ground
(or on a tabletop) always slow down and stop. Consequently,
Aristotle argued, the natural state of an object is to be at rest.
Galileo, the first true experimentalist, re-examined horizontal
motion in the 1600’s and found it was not true!
So when do we say that a body is moving? Does it have to do anything with the observer?
Or is it an absolute term?
b. Frame of Reference
Motion is a relative term. There is nothing as „absolute motion‟. We inherently assume

that we are at rest and we try to measure motion relative to us. An object is said to be at
rest with respect to another object if it does not change its position with respect to the
other object. If it changes its position, then it is said to be in motion.
Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and we

measure the change in position of the body relative to that frame.
Figure 1: Frame of Reference
For example, suppose a person A is standing on a cart, which is moving with constant
velocity, and he throws a ball vertically upwards. Now we analyze the motion of ball. If
the cart itself is our reference frame, the motion of ball is straight line as observed by A.
But if our reference frame is attached to ground, the motion of the ball is somewhat
curved as seen by observer B.
Now that we know what a reference frame is and how to determine whether an object is
moving or not, let us quantify this motion.

6

2. Distance and Displacement
Motion is basically change in position of a body with time. This change in position can be
measured using:
 Distance
 Displacement
Suppose a person wants to go from point A to point B. There can be different ways to do so.
He can take the path ACB or ADB or AEB.
Figure 2: Distance and Displacement
The lengths of paths ACB, ADB or AEB are the actual length of path that the person has to
cover. This is represented by distance. Distance is the length of actual path traversed by a
body. It is a scalar quantity having only magnitude, and no direction.
On the other hand, to reach at point B by covering the least distance, he must take the path
ADB. Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final positions. It is a
vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction.
Did You Know?

An instrument called odometer measures the distance travelled by vehicles.
About 15 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius mounted a large
wheel of known circumference in a small frame; when it was pushed along
the ground by hand it automatically dropped a pebble into a container at
each revolution, giving a measure of the distance traveled. It was, in effect,
the first odometer.

7
Question 3. A car is moving in a circular path of radius 2 m. Calculate both the distance and the
magnitude of the displacement of the car after i) one complete revolution ii) one-half revolution iii)
one-fourth revolution. What can you conclude about the relationship between distance and
displacement?
3. Time, Average Speed and Velocity
For a moving body, apart from distance and displacement, it is also important to know how
fast the body is moving. This introduces the concept of speed and velocity.
a. Speed, Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed
Speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time.
When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to have a uniform
speed; else it has a non-uniform or variable speed.
Speed is a scalar quantity. To specify the speed of an object, we require only its
magnitude. Its SI unit is m/s.
Now we are going to learn how instantaneous speed differs from average speed!
When a cop pulls you over for speeding, it‟s because of your instantaneous speed, or
speed at which you were driving at that particular instant. This is different from
your average speed, which takes into account how long it took you to complete your
journey and the distance you traveled. In the course of entire journey you might have
over-sped, sometimes you might have halted. However, measuring average speed
assumes that you travelled at the same speed for the entire trip.

8
Question 4. I went to a shop with a constant speed of 30 m/s and came back with 20 m/s. What is my
average speed of travel?
Did You Know?

On Saturn, wind speeds can reach as high as 1609 km/h, which is just
about as fast as a speeding bullet. The highest wind speed ever recorded
on Earth during a hurricane was in 1996, during Tropical Cyclone
Cynthia when gusts reached 408 km/h.
b. Velocity
Sometimes speed is not sufficient to describe motion of a body. The rate of motion will
be more complete if it also involves the direction of motion. For this, we define a new
term called “velocity”. Velocity is basically the speed of a body moving in a definite
direction.
Velocity can be defined as displacement per unit time. It is a vector quantity having both
magnitude as well as direction.
Just as in case of speed, here also we have average and instantaneous velocity.
For a body whose velocity is changing at a uniform rate, the average velocity is given by
the arithmetic mean of initial velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.

9
 Misconception: The average velocity is given by arithmetic mean of

initial and final velocities.
 Clarification: The average velocity is given by arithmetic mean of initial
and final velocities only when it is changing at a constant rate or
the acceleration is constant.
Question 5. Under what conditions would the speed of a body be equal to the magnitude of velocity?
Question 6. A train takes 2 hrs to reach station B from station A and 3 hrs. to return back to A.
Stations A and B are separated by a distance of 400 km. What is the average speed and velocity of the
train?
4. Acceleration
If a body is in non-uniform motion, its velocity does not remain constant. Acceleration is the
rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is a vector quantity.

10

This is the average acceleration over a period of time . Its unit is m/s2.It is quite possible that
the instantaneous acceleration will be different at different points of time. If the velocity
increases with time, the body is said to be accelerated. Else it is said to be decelerated (or
retarded). Deceleration is also known as negative acceleration.
 Misconception: Acceleration always occurs in the same direction, as an

object is moving.
 Clarification: Acceleration need not be in the same direction as
motion. It can be at any angle to the velocity.
Did You Know?

The thrill of roller coasters is not due to their speed, but rather
due to their accelerations and to the feelings of weightlessness
and weightiness that they produce. Roller coasters are all about
acceleration; that's what that make them thrilling!
Question 7. Two cars, LaFerrari and McLaren P1 are having a competition for highest speed.
Laferrari can accelerate with 20 m/s2 till 5 seconds and McLaren with 17 m/s2 up to 6 seconds. Who
wins?
When a body falls freely under gravity, the acceleration produced in the body is called the
acceleration due to gravity ( ). The average value of near earth‟s surface is 9.8 m/s2 or 10
m/s2 and it always act towards center of earth.

11
Question 8. A car is moving with a velocity of 40 m/s. The brakes are applied to retard it at a rate of 2
m/s2. What will be its velocity after 5 s of applying the brakes?
Did You Know?
The value of acceleration due to gravity is not constant. It varies

with depth as well as altitude. Even on earth’s surface, it is more at
the poles compared to the equator.
5. Motion Visualized
Till now we have described motion mathematically. But this mathematical representation does not
help us visualize the motion; hence we switch to the graphical approach, which uses the
coordinate system to represent the motion.
Independent variable (time) is measured on the x-axis while the dependent variable
(displacement, velocity, acceleration etc.) is measured on the y-axis. Basically it shows the
variation of dependent quantity with independent quantity.
Figure 3: Graphical Representation of a Quantity

12
Question 9. What do you mean by slope of a graph? What is its physical significance?
a. Displacement-Time Graph
The slope of the displacement-time graph gives the velocity of the object.
i) Body at Rest
Figure 4: Body at Rest
Question 10.How will the displacement time graph of two bodies – one having greater velocity and
the other having lesser velocity look like?

13
ii) Body moving with non-uniform velocity
Instantaneous velocity at A = tan θ
Figure 5: Body moving with positive acceleration
Question 11. Make velocity-time and displacement-time graph of a car which was initially moving
with 40 m/s and has been applied brakes which gives it a retardation of 5 m/s2.
b. Velocity-Time Graph
The slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration of the object.
i) Uniform Velocity

14
Figure 6: Uniform Velocity
(ii) Uniform Acceleration
Figure 7: Uniform Acceleration
The area under the velocity-time graph gives the displacement during that time.
Figure 8: Area under Velocity-Time Graph

15
Question 12.The following graph shows the velocity-time graph of a body. Plot the corresponding
displacement-time and acceleration-time graphs. Also find the net displacement and net distance
travelled by the body.

16
6. The Equations of Motion
For bodies moving with a constant acceleration, the motion is guided by the following three
equations:
Figure 9: Body with Uniform Acceleration
First equation of motion:
Second equation of motion:
Third equation of motion:
Motion can either be 1-D (in a straight line), 2-D (in a plane) or 3-D (if it moves in space).
 Misconception: If an object has zero velocity, its acceleration is also zero.

 Clarification: Not necessarily. Think about a ball at the top of its motion when
thrown upwards.
It is very important to note that the equations of motions can only be used when acceleration is
constant.
Question 13.A balloon starts from the ground and moves vertically upwards with an acceleration of 2
m/s2. After 5s, a stone is released from the balloon. Find the time taken by the stone to reach the
ground.

17
7. Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion can be described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant
speed. As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction. At all instances, the
object is moving tangent to the circle.
Figure 10: Uniform Circular Motion
 Misconception: The velocity of a body is constant in uniform circular motion.

 Clarification: The speed of a body is constant in uniform circular motion; not
the velocity.
Question 14.A constant force is required on the body for it to do circular motion. Justify the
statement.
Did You Know?
The acceleration of a body in uniform circular motion is called

centripetal acceleration. Centripetal simply means “center
seeking”! It is always directed towards the center and is directly
proportional to square of velocity.

18
Question 15.A cyclist goes around a circular track once every 2 minutes. If radius of the circular track
is 110 m, calculate the speed of cyclist. What is his average velocity?
Question 16.A flood relief jet flying at 2 km height and moving at a speed of 200 m/s drops a food
packet. A car is 1 km in front of the jet. If it starts from rest, with what constant acceleration car
should it be driven so as to catch the food packet? Take „g‟ as 10 m/s2.

20
Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.
1. A body covers some distance along a curved path. Can it have a zero average velocity?
2. A body covered a distance of „x‟ meters along a semicircular path. Calculate the magnitude of
displacement of the body and the ratio of the distance covered to the displacement?
3. A boy runs for 10 minutes at a uniform speed of 18 km/h. At what speed should he run for the
next 20 minutes so that the average speed becomes 12 km/h?
4. How does average velocity differ from instantaneous velocity? Explain with a velocity time
graph.
5. David goes from his home to school at a uniform speed of m/s and returns back at m/s. If
the distance between his home and school is meter, find his average speed and average
velocity.
6. Brakes are applied to a car so as to produce a retardation of 5 m/s2. If the car takes 1.5 s to
stop after applying the brakes, calculate the distance travelled by it?
7. A person walks along the sides of a square field each side is 200 m long. What can be the
maximum and minimum displacement of the person?
8. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities and
respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of .
9. Which of the two bodies (A and B) has
A) Greater velocity
B) Greater acceleration
10. A body starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration of 5 m/s2 for 5 s and then it
moves with a constant velocity for 4 s. Later it slows down and comes to rest in 5 s. Draw the
velocity graph for the motion of the body. Also calculate its net displacement.
11. The velocity-time graph of a body is shown below.

21
How can we calculate its average velocity? Can we use the formula to calculate the
average velocity?
12. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 50 m completes one revolution in 4 minutes.
What is his
A) Average speed
B) Average velocity
in one full revolution?
13. A ball is dropped from a building of height metres. Calculate the distance travelled by it in
second.
14. Differentiate between
A) Distance and displacement
B) Speed and velocity
15. What can you say about the speed, velocity and acceleration of a body undergoing uniform
circular motion?
16. Which of the following quantities can be obtained from a velocity-time graph?
I. Velocity
II. Displacement
III. Acceleration
A) I and II C) I and III
B) II and III D) I, II and III
17. In which of the following cases will the displacement be equal to distance?
A) Earth revolving around sun
B) Pendulum moving to and fro
C) Car moving in a straight line
D) None of these
18. If the displacement of a body is directly proportional to square of time, the object moves with
A) Uniform velocity C) Increasing acceleration
B) Uniform acceleration D) Decreasing acceleration
19. The maximum height to which a body will rise if thrown with an initial velocity is
A) C)
B) D)
20. Slope of an acceleration-time graph gives us
A) Velocity C) Jerk
B) Displacement D) None of these
H.O.T.S.
1. We drive a distance of 1 km at 16 km/h. Then we drive an additional distance of 1 km at 32
km/h. What is our average speed?
2. How high (in meters) can a human throw a ball if he can throw it with initial velocity 90
mph?
(1 mile = 1,609 m). Take „g‟as 9.8 m/s2
3. A speedboat increases its speed uniformly from 20 m/s to 30 m/s in a distance of 200m. Find
(a) the magnitude of its acceleration and

22

(b) the time it takes the boat to travel that distance.
4. An astronaut jumps from an airplane. After he has fallen 20 m, his parachute opens. Now he
falls with a retardation of 2 m/s2 and reaches the earth with a velocity of 4.0 m/s. What was
the initial height of the airplane? Take „g‟ as 10 m/s2.
5. Albert is riding his scooter with a velocity of 90 km/h when he sees an old woman crossing
the road 30 m away. He immediately steps hard on the brake to get the maximum deceleration
of 10 m/s2. How far will he go before stopping, before he hit the old woman?
SOLUTION
1. Yes
2. Distance travelled = π r = x
Displacement =2r = 2 x/ π
Ratio: π r / 2 r = π / 2
3. Total time taken = 10 + 20 = 30 minutes = 0.5 hr
Average speed = 12 km/h
Total distance = speed x time = 6 km
First part distance = 18 x 10/60 = 3 km
Hence, he has to cover next 3 km in 20 minutes i.e 9 km /hr.
5. Time taken to go there, t1 = d/u
Time taken to come back, t2 = d/v
Total distance travelled, x = 2d
6. Brakes are applied to a car so as to produce a retardation of 5 m/s2. If the car takes 1.5 s to
stop after applying the brakes, calculate the distance travelled by it?
Final velocity, v = u + at => 0 = u – 5x1.5 => u = 7.5 m/s
Displacement, s = u . t + (0.5) . a . t. t
= 7.5 x 1.5 - 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
= 2.5 x 1.5 ( 3 – 1.5)
= 9.375 m
7. Maximum displacement = diagonal = 200√2
Minimum displacement = same position = 0
12.
13. The distance travelled by it in sec =

Distance travelled in „n‟ seconds – Distance travelled in (n-1)
seconds
=
15. Speed is constant but velocity changes every instant as it has constant acceleration.
16. D 18. B
17. C 19. C

23

20. C
H.O.T.S.
1. 64 / 3 m/s or, 21.33 m/s

2. 82.55 m
3. a) 5/4 or 1.25 m/s2 b) 8 s
4. 116 m
5. 31.25 m. Woman gets hit.

25
IX CBSE Physics – Force and Laws of Motion
proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1.When you slap someone, thinking physics wise, you shouldn‟t feel sorry. Can you think
why?
a. Concept of Force
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to the frame of
reference; else it is said to be at rest. We already have learnt about the equations, which
guide the motion of anybody moving with constant acceleration. But what exactly causes
this motion? Do all motions require a cause? How can you bring a change in the state of
motion? In this chapter, we are going to learn about the laws that govern this motion. The
applications of these laws of motion are truly limitless.
For years “rest” was thought to be the natural state of motion. Aristotle put forward this
concept that all bodies have a tendency to come to rest eventually and a force is required
to keep the body moving. However, later this theory was proved wrong.
In the most basic terms force can be defined as a push or a pull on an object. Whenever
there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects.
When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force.
Force is a vector quantity, having both magnitude as well as direction. Its SI unit is
Newton (N). When a number of forces act on a body, there comes the concept of resultant
force, which can either be balanced or unbalanced.
b. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero, forces are said to be balanced. If the
resultant doesn‟t sum up to zero, forces are said to be unbalanced.
It is important to note that as force is a vector quantity, it must be added vectorially to

find the resultant force.

26
Figure 1: Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Newton put forward three laws of motion, which define the motion of bodies.
2. First Law of Motion
a. Galileo’s Experiment
Galileo was the first person to conclude that even when the force applied to set a body in
motion is withdrawn, it will remain in motion provided no other restraining force acts on
it. Newton's first law of motion relies on Galileo's thoughts about motion according to
which a force is not needed to keep an object in motion.
Figure 2: Galileo’s Experiment
Question 2.A ball when slid on a horizontal surface eventually comes to a stop, even though
seemingly no force is acting on it. Doesn‟t this contradict Galileo‟s statement?
Newton formulated this concept in form of Newton‟s first law of motion.

27

st
b. 1 Law of Motion
According to Newton's First Law of motion, an object will remain at rest or in uniform
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a net unbalanced external force.
Figure 3: Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
The property of a body by virtue of which it resists a change in its state of motion is
known as inertia. It is an inherent property of each body. All objects have this tendency -
they have inertia. But not all objects have the same magnitude of this tendency! Mass is
the quantity that determines the inertia of a body. A more massive object has a greater
tendency to resist change in its state of motion and hence greater inertia.
Newton‟s 1st law is also known as the Law of Inertia.
 Misconception: If an object is at rest, no forces are acting on the

object.
 Clarification: If an object is at rest, forces might be acting on it, but
their net result is zero i.e. they are balanced forces.
Question 3. A water tanker filled to its half of maximum capacity moving with some velocity applies
brake suddenly. What would happen to the water level? Why?

28
Did You Know?

Newton’s laws of motion are also valid for liquids and
gases. And that is why dizziness occurs after getting out of
the elevator, as blood in the body keeps moving down even
after the elevator stops.
Question 4.Why is it so that when a bus suddenly starts moving, the passengers tend to fall backward
and when it stops suddenly, the passengers tend to lean forward?
Question 5. If an elephant was chasing you, its enormous mass would be most threatening. But if you
moved in a zigzag path, its big mass would become your advantage. Why?

29
Many other day-to-day phenomena can be explained using the concept of inertia and
Newton‟s first law of motion:
 On shaking a tree, the fruits fall down.
 On striking a pile of coins in a game of carom, only the bottom most coin moves
while the rest of the pile remains intact.
 An athlete often runs before taking a long jump
 When a person jumps out of a moving train, he falls down
 In order to remove dust from a carpet and clean it, it is beaten with a stick.
Now let‟s discuss what the second law of motion is and how it provides a quantitative
measure of the net force acting on a body.
3. Second Law of Motion
a. Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is one of the quantities that measure the motion of a body. It is defined
as the product of an object‟s mass, m, and its velocity, v and is denoted by the letter⃗⃗⃗⃗.
⃗⃗ ⃗
Momentum is a vector quantity. A body‟s momentum is always in the same direction as
its velocity. The SI unit of momentum is kg-m/s.
b. Change of momentum and 2nd Law
nd
Figure 4: Graphical Representation of Newton’s 2 Law of Motion
According to Newton‟s 2nd law of motion, the net external force applied on a body is
equal to the rate of change of its momentum.
⃗⃗
⃗
But
⃗⃗ ⃗

30

If is constant,
⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗
But we know that, ⃗
Hence,
⃗
 Misconception: As per 2nd law of motion,

 Clarification: This is valid only when mass is constant. However,
the force is always equal to rate of change of momentum,
irrespective of whether mass is constant or not.
Question 6.While catching a ball, the cricketer withdraws his hands. Does this reduce the change of
momentum of the ball? How is it advantageous?
Question 7.A car of mass 1200 kg moving at a speed of 36 km/h was bought to rest in 20m by the
applying brakes. What is the magnitude of constant braking force acting on the car?

31
 Misconception: The motion of a body is always in the direction of

net external force applied to the object.
 Clarification: It’s not the motion, but the change in momentum
that is always in the direction of net external force applied to a body.
Question 8.How do airbags reduce damage to the passengers during an accident?
Question 9.In a football match, a goal attempt by Messi is stopped by Neuer in 0.2 s. If mass of the
football is 400 g and the net force applied by Neuer was 120 N, what was the speed by which Messi
hit the ball?
4. Conservation of Momentum
Before we learn about conservation of momentum, it is important to understand what a

system is and once we define a system, what internal and external forces are.
A system is a portion of the universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside of the system is
known as the surrounding.

32

Suppose we have three bodies A, B and C. If we choose A and B as our system, any force that
these bodies exert on each other is an internal force. While any force exerted on the system by
C or any other body outside the system is an external force.
Figure 5: Concept of System
We know that,
If ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ , i.e. the momentum remains conserved.

According to law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of a system remains
conserved if no external forces act on it.
 Misconception: During conservation of momentum, we need to take

algebraic sum of momenta.
 Clarification: Since momentum is a vector quantity, we need to take
vector sum of momenta to calculate the net momenta.
For an isolated system of two bodies,
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Figure 6: Conservation of Momentum during Collision of Two Bodies A and B

33

Question 10.Two bullets of mass 250 g, travelling in opposite directions with a speed of 500 m/s and
250 m/s collide with a stationary block of mass 12 kg. If the bullets stick to the block and all of them
move together, find the final velocity of the system. Assume surfaces to be frictionless.
 Misconception: During collision, total energy is conserved before and

after collision.
 Clarification: During collision, the total momentum remains
conserved, if no external forces are acting. Energy remains conserved
only in some special cases (elastic collisions).
Question 10. A 40 g bullet was fired from a gun of mass 2 kg. If speed of the bullet is 500 m/s, find
the recoil speed of the gun?
Did You Know?

In an explosion, an internal impulse acts in order to propel the parts
of a system into a variety of directions. After the explosion, the
vector sum of momenta of individual parts of the system equals the
momentum before explosion. Explosion is similar to reverse of
collision!

34

5. Third Law of Motion
a. Action, Reaction and 3rd Law
The third law of motion explains how a force acts on an object. It states that, to every
action there exists an equal and opposite reaction. And these forces act on two different
bodies.
In the interaction of two bodies and ,
⃗ ⃗
Figure 7: Interaction between Two Bodies A and B
Question 11.Do action and reaction forces act simultaneously? Why do they not cancel each other?
Question 12.Can you walk on a frictionless surface? Why / Why not?

35

Examples of action-reaction forces:
i) Firing a bullet from a gun:
Figure 8: Recoil of a Gun
ii) Rocket propulsion
Figure 9: Propulsion of Rocket
iii) Swimming – Person pushes water backwards. In turn, water pushes him/her
forward.
 Misconception: In an interaction between two bodies, the more

massive object exerts a greater force than the less massive object.
 Clarification: The force exerted by both the bodies is equal in
magnitude. However the less massive body will have greater
acceleration.
Question 13.When a horse exerts a force on cart, the cart exerts an equal and opposite force on the
horse. Then how come the horse can manage to pull the cart?

36
b. Newton’s Second Law as the Fundamental Law
As per 2nd law of motion,
⃗⃗
⃗
If mass is constant,
⃗ ⃗
If ⃗ ,⃗ => This is basically the first law of motion.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ This means that momentum remains conserved, which is the

law of conservation of momentum.
Question 14.Can you arrive at Newton‟s 3rd law using Newton‟s 2nd law?
c. Limitations of Newton’s Laws of Motion
The scope and applications of Newton‟s laws of motion are widely immense. Although
these laws are widely used, they don‟t always work. These are basically approximation of
realities.
The frames of references where Newton‟s laws hold true are known as inertial frames of
reference. Any frame of reference that is at rest or moving with a constant velocity with
respect to an inertial frame of reference is also inertial. While those in which Newton‟s
laws don‟t hold true are known as non-inertial frames of reference.

37
Did You Know?

In non-inertial frames of reference, some 'extra forces'
have to be invoked to retain Newton's laws of motion.
These forces are known as fictitious forces or pseudo
forces.
Newton‟s laws of motion fail in the following conditions:

i) At quantum level. e.g. to explain motion of electrons around nucleus
ii) When the velocities involved approach the speed of light.
iii) Non-inertial frames (accelerated frames)
In all the other cases, newton‟s laws work perfectly and can give us very precise answers.

39
1. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object to be
travelling with the non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the
magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.
2. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out. Explain, why?
3. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope?
4. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at
constant velocity. What is the force of friction that will be exerted on the cabinet?
5. The change in momentum of a body in 0.1 s is 250 kg m/s. Find the force acting on this body.
6. Why is it easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with same speed?
7. Akash experienced a net force of 1800 N at the bottom of a roller coaster loop. If his mass is
75 kg, what can you say about his acceleration at this point?
8. A canon of mass 1500 kg fires a shell of mass 15 kg with velocity 150 m/s. Calculate velocity
of recoil of the canon.
9. What do you mean by balanced and unbalanced force? Give examples.
10. When the brakes are applied to the bike the person sitting on the back seat moves forward.
Why?
11. Imagine a block of mass „m‟ placed on a table. Do the weight of the block and normal form
an action-reaction pair? Why/Why not?
12. What would be the weight of a body of mass 50 kg on the surface of the moon, where g = 1.6
m/s2. What would be its mass?
13. A body of mass 5 kg undergoes a change in speed from 30 m/s to 40m/s. Calculate the
increase in its momentum?
14. If a body is moving towards right, the net force on it must also be towards right. Do you agree
with this statement? Justify.
15. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its
branch.
16. The two factors on which the momentum of a body depends are ______ and _________.
A) Velocity and time C) Mass and distance
B) Mass and velocity D) Mass and velocity
17. Momentum of massive object at rest is _______.
A) Very large C) Zero
B) Very small D) Not defined
18. An example for a vector quantity is ________.
A) Speed C) Distance
B) Momentum D) Length
19. S.I. unit of impulse is ______
A) N-s C) Kg-m/s2
B) N-s2 D) Kg-m2/s2
20. The momentum of a toy bus of 0.01 kg moving with a velocity of 5 m/s is
A) 0.005 kg m/s D) None of these
B) 0.05 g m/s
C) 0.005 N s

40
H.O.T.S.
1. The speed of a car is increasing at an acceleration of 4 ms-2. At a given instant, the forces
resisting the motion, including kinetic friction and air resistance, has a total value of 600 N.
The mass of the car and its riders is 500 kg.
(a) What is the magnitude of the force propelling the car forward?
(b) What is the magnitude of the net force that acts on the car?
2. A person in a kayak starts paddling, and it accelerates from 0 to 10 m/s in a distance of 0.5
km. If the combined mass of the person and the kayak is 100 kg, what is the magnitude of the
net force acting on the kayak?
3. A tension of 1200 N is experienced by the elevator cable of an elevator moving upwards with
an acceleration of 4 m/s2. A person having mass 60 kg is inside it. Take „g‟ as 10 ms-2.
(a) What is the mass of the elevator?
(b) What is the net weight of the person in that elevator?
4. A block of mass 2.5 kg is moving on a frictionless surface with a speed of 8 m/s collides with
another block of mass 4 kg and immediately stops. If the 4 kg block initially was moving with
5 m/s in the same direction, what is its final velocity? If the collision time is 0.2 s, what is the
net force experienced by the 4 kg block?
5. Albert on a spaceship of mass 3400 kg is on a straight-line path between the Earth and moon.
Spaceship has a speed of 220 m/s at a height of 2.2 km above the surface of the moon. What
constant resisting force the spaceship should apply so as to reach the surface of the moon
safely? Take „g‟ of moon as 1.6 m/s2.

41
SOLUTION
1. 200 N
2. 25 N
3. 24 m/s2
4. 1.5 m/s
5. 80 N
6. 50 kg m/s
7. -
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. A
12. D
H.O.T.S.
1. a) 2600 N b) 2000 N
2. 10 N
3. a) 240 kg b) 960 N
4. a) 10 m/s b) 100 N
5. 42, 840 N

43
IX CBSE Physics – Gravitation
proceed.
1. Introduction
a. Gravitation as a Universal Force
Question 1. We know that we are bound to the Earth because of gravity. How far do you think the
gravitational pull of the earth extends?
Gravity is the universal force of attraction acting between matters. It is one of the four
fundamental forces known in nature, along with the electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear
forces. Of these forces, gravity is the weakest and thus plays negligible role in determining the
internal properties of everyday matter. On the other hand, gravity is something that keeps us
bound to the ground, keeps the moon circling the earth and the earth circling the sun. It
controls the trajectories of bodies in the universe and the structures and evolution of stars,
galaxies and the whole cosmos.
Many theories have been put forward in an attempt to explain gravity. Galileo (1564-1642)
first explored the motion of falling objects. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) later described the law
of gravity. In this chapter we are going to focus on Newton‟s theory of gravitation. As per
Newton‟s theory of gravitation, gravity is a force- one that attracts all objects having mass to
all other objects having mass.
Do You Know?
Gravity cannot be fumed off or shielded in any way. Intervening
objects have no effect on the original gravity force between two
separated masses. This means that there is no antigravity chamber
available in which the occupants can continually float freely. Orbiting
astronauts appear weightless because their fall towards the earth is
balanced by the outward directed centrifugal force.

44

Before we discuss Newton‟s law of gravitation, let us first have an insight into the three laws
of planetary motion proposed by Kepler in the early 1600s. Kepler basically summarized the
carefully collected data of his mentor - Tycho Brahe – that described the motion of planets in
the solar system. Kepler's laws paved a way for the development of celestial mechanics, i.e.,
the application of the laws of physics to the motions of heavenly bodies.
b. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be described as follows:
i) Law of Orbits:
This law states that the path of planets around the sun is elliptical in shape, with the
center of the sun being located at one of the two foci of the ellipse.
Figure 1: Law of Orbits
ii) Law of Equal Areas:

As per the law of equal areas, an imaginary line drawn from center of the sun to
center of the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Figure 2: Law of Equal Areas

45

iii) Law of Periods:
The law of periods states that the ratio of the squares of the time periods of any two
planets around the sun is equal to the ratio of the cubes of the semi-major axis of its
orbit.
Figure 3: Law of Periods
Mathematically it can be expressed as,
Question 2.Using Kepler‟s laws of planetary motion; prove that the gravitational force is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Assume the orbits to be circular.

46

2. The Universal Law
Galileo, a 17th century physicist who gave us three basic information, which is a common
knowledge now but wasn‟t before his time.
1. All things fall at the same rate of acceleration irrespective of their mass.
2. Free fall is not a constant velocity motion but an accelerated motion. Anything near earth
falls at the acceleration rate of 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2.
3. Velocity of a body doesn‟t change until unless you apply a force.
Newton used the information acquired by Galileo and Kepler and introduced one single law
known as Newton‟s Universal Law of Gravitation. It says every object having mass attracts
every other object having mass with a force called gravitational force.
Newton‟s major accomplishment was not that he said Sun attracts the Earth or Earth attracts
the Moon or Earth attracts all the Earthly things but his major accomplishment was to say that
everything attracts every other thing in the universe by a force and that needs courage to say
because there are million ways to prove that inconsistent, if it turned out to be a wrong theory.
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that any two-point masses in the universe attract
each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. And it acts along the line
joining the point masses.
Well, a point mass is a point particle with a nonzero mass and no other properties or structure.
Figure 4: Gravitational Force between Two Point Masses
Eliminating the proportional sign,
Where, G is the universal gravitational constant. It is numerically equal to the force of

attraction between two point masses each of 1 kg, separated by a distance of 1 m.

47

Question 3. Calculate the force by which Earth is attracted by the Sun. Also, find the acceleration
and speed of the Earth around the sun. Assume orbit to be circular. Data given,
Mass of the Earth:6 x 1024 kg
Mass of the Sun:2 x 1030 kg
Average distance between Earth and Sun: 150 million km
Uniform spherical bodies (shells or solid spheres) can be considered as point masses and that
their whole mass is concentrated at the center. And the formula for gravitational force
between point masses can be directly used for uniform spherical bodies.
Figure 5: Gravitational Force between Two Spherical Bodies
 Misconception: There is no gravity at the center of the Earth.

 Clarification: There is gravity everywhere; even at the center of the
earth. However, if you were at the center of the Earth you would feel
weightless. This is because all the forces on you that result from the
Earth's gravity are balanced.

48
Do You Know?
Gravitational attraction does not depend on the composition of bodies;

it depends only on their mass. Several blocks composed of glass, tin,
ice, or, any other material, if they all have equal mass, they will attract
any other given body with the same gravitational force.
Question 4. At what distance from the Earth, on the line between Earth and Moon, an object will
not feel any gravitational force? Assume Earth and Moon both to be point masses and there is no
other force by any other body.
Mass of the Earth:6 x 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon: 7.2 x 1022 kg
Average distance between Earth and Moon: 384,000 km
Question 5.Why aren‟t we attracted to each other, even though gravitational force acts between us?

49
Do You Know?
The Cavendish experiment was the first experiment that measured the
force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and also yielded
accurate value for the gravitational constant G. British scientist Henry
Cavendish performed it in 1797-1798. And he named his paper,
“Weighing the Earth” as once value of G is known, we can easily find,
Mearth i.e. mass of the earth.
Question 6.Two planets of mass „m‟ and „16m‟ and radii „r‟ and „2r‟ are separated by a distance of
„10r‟. Determine the point where a particle of some mass will not experience any gravitational
force.
Now that we have a qualitative and quantitative idea of gravitational force, let‟s examine the
motion of the only natural satellite of the earth! The Moon!
3. The Moon’s Falling
a. Moon Orbiting the Earth
Two bodies attract each other with the same gravitational force. However, a falling apple does
not affect the earth at similar scales (The earth doesn‟t seem to move towards the apple). On
the other hand, the moon does affect the earth. High and low tides are caused because of
gravitational pull of the moon (and sun).

50

Question 7.Even though earth applies the same force on the moon as moon does on earth, we say
moon is revolving around the earth. Same is the case with Earth and Sun. What is the reason for
this difference in behavior that we see only lighter body getting accelerated towards the heavier
body?
The moon moves around the earth in nearly circular orbits.
Figure 6: Moon Rotating around the Earth
The force of gravity keeps the Moon in a constant orbit around Earth. With the right
combination of speed and gravity, satellites (here Moon) can fall around the body, instead of
into the body that they orbit (here Earth).
The gravitational force between the earth and moon provides the necessary centripetal force to
the moon to keep it moving in a circular path. And because of its velocity (there is no friction
to slow down its motion) it doesn‟t collapse into the earth.
b. Centripetal force
For any object to move in a circular path, it requires some centripetal (i.e. center seeking)
force. Any real force like tension, normal or gravitational force, can provide this force.

51
Figure 7: Centripetal Force
e.g. when we rotate a stone tied to a string, it‟s the tension in the string that provides the
required centripetal force.
 Misconception: Centripetal force is a new type of force that acts on a

body.
 Clarification: Centripetal force is not a new type of force like
gravitational force or electrostatic force. Any center seeking force can be
called as centripetal force.
Question 8.What will happen if the string to which the stone is tied is suddenly snapped? Justify
your answer from both ground‟s and stone‟s frame of reference. To explain, you can also take the
case of the Earth when Sun suddenly vanishes.

52

4. Free fall, Weight and Mass
a. Free Fall and Acceleration due to Gravity (g)
Imagine if you drop two balls, one heavier and other lighter, both of them at the same time
and from the same height. Which would hit the ground first? Would it be the heavier one
because it weighs more? Or would they both hit the ground at the same time?
A body is said to be in free fall if the only force acting on it is the force of gravity. All bodies,
whether heavy or light, fall at the same rate near the earth‟s surface; provided we neglect air
resistance. Free fall is any motion of a body where the only force acting upon it is gravity.
For a freely falling body, we can apply equations of motion to analyze its motion. A constant
acceleration acts in the downward direction (i.e. the acceleration due to gravity). Here we
have made an assumption that the body is near the Earth‟s surface and air drag is negligible.
It is important to note that we will take acceleration, to be positive when it is in the

direction of the velocity and negative when it opposes the motion.
For a body near the surface of earth,
Or,
This indicates that the acceleration of a freely falling body near earth‟s surface does not
depend on the mass of the body. This is known as acceleration due to gravity.
Substituting , and ,
we get,
 Misconception: Heavier objects fall at a faster rate near earth’s surface.

 Clarification: All objects, irrespective of their mass, fall at the same rate
near earth’s surface (provided we neglect air drag and any other resistive
force).

53

Question 9.Two bodies A and B are dropped from two towers of heights 5 m and 10 m
respectively. Calculate the ratio of time taken by them to hit the ground.
b. Weight and Mass
Although mass and weight are somewhat related, they are not the same entity! Mass, as we
know, is a measure of inertia, i.e. the resistance that it offers to a change in its state of motion.
More the mass; more is the inertia. On the other hand, the force of attraction of the earth on an
object is known as the weight of the object.
Do You Know?
The human body can handle increased g-forces as seen in activities
such as dragster races, airplane acrobatics and space training. But if
you go beyond 4g or 5g it becomes very uncomfortable for us. The
highest known acceleration voluntarily experienced by a human is 43 g
by g-force pioneer John Stapp.

54

Question 10.How does mass differ from weight?
Weight Mass
We know that the weight of a body on moon is only 1/6th of its weight on earth. The weight of
a body varies even on earth‟s surface. Due to flattening of the earth at poles, a body weighs
more at the poles as compared to equator.
Question 11.Although we say that the mass of a body is constant, it is not entirely true. Under what
circumstances will the mass of a body vary?

55

c. Weightlessness
While the actual weight of a body is determined by its mass and the acceleration due to
gravity, one's “effective weight” is different from actual weight. E.g. for a person standing on
the floor, the effective weight comes from the fact that he is supported by floor (here normal).
If all support is removed suddenly and the person begins to fall freely, he feels suddenly
"weightless". The state of weightlessness can be achieved in several ways, all of which
involve significant physical principles. Weightlessness occurs when uniform gravity acts
solely by itself i.e. gravity is the only force acting on the body.
E.g. you may feel weightless in an aircraft when it is accelerating downwards with an
acceleration of g.
Do You Know?
Some bacteria become nastier in space. E.g. salmonella, the bacteria

that commonly causes food poisoning, becomes three times more
virulent in microgravity, posing a major concern.
Question 12. The mass of a man as shown by weighing spring balance is 95 kg. The man steps
into an elevator which is accelerating downwards with an acceleration of 3 m/s 2. Find the mass of
the man as shown by spring balance inside that elevator.

56

5. Thrust and Pressure
Question 13.Suppose you have a glass of juice in the outer space. Would you be able to drink it with a
straw? Why / Why not?
c. Thrust
We already have learnt what a „force‟ is. A force can be applied to a surface in any
direction: perpendicular to it, parallel to it or at any arbitrary angle. However, not all of
this applied force will push against the surface. Only a part of the applied force will be
thrusting. This leads us to the concept of thrust.
Thrust is defined as the force acting normally on a surface. It is a vector quantity having
both magnitude and direction. And since thrust basically is a force, its SI unit is newton
(N).
Question 14. In which of the following cases would the thrust be more? Why?

57
d. Pressure
The effect of thrust depends on the surface area over which it acts. To account for this, we
define a new quantity called pressure. Pressure is defined as “thrust per unit area”. It is
what differentiates a sharp object from a blunt object.
The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa).
Question 15.Pressure is thrust per unit area. Since thrust is a vector quantity, pressure must also be
vector. Do you agree?
Question 16.Army tanks are provided with caterpillar tracks. What is the reason for this? Let‟s say
mass of the tank is 10,000 kg and Area of caterpillar tracks on the both side is 2000 cm2 each. Find
the pressure applied by the tank on the ground.

58
e. Pressure in Fluids
Fluids are substances that can flow. All liquids and gases are the fluids and provide an
upward thrust. The pressure exerted by a fluid is called fluid pressure. A fluid contained
in a vessel exerts pressure at all points in all the directions.
The pressure exerted by a liquid column can be mathematically expressed as
That is the pressure, exerted by liquids depends on

 Density of the liquid,
 Acceleration due to gravity,
 Height of the liquid column,
Did You Know?
A submarine can’t operate at any depth. There is a limit to the

maximum depth at which a submarine can operate. Crush depth, also
called collapse depth, is the submerged depth at which a submarine's
hull will collapse due to pressure.
 Misconception: The pressure at the base of a liquid column is given

by
 Clarification: The pressure at the base of a liquid column is given by
where is the pressure at the free surface, which is
generally atmospheric pressure.
Question 17.Why is it so that the water coming from orifice B strikes the ground at a greater range?
What can you conclude from this about liquid pressure?

59
Question 18. Suppose now you drop the beaker in the previous question from some height, h. Will the
range of liquid from orifices A and B still be different? Justify your answer.
f. Pascal’s Law
The pressure exerted anywhere in a confined liquid is transmitted equally and

undiminished in all directions throughout the liquid. This is Pascal‟s law.
Pascal's Laws states that:

 If the weight of a fluid is neglected the pressure throughout an enclosed volume
will be the same
 The static pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
 The static pressure acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid
Pascal‟s law is widely used in various applications like hydraulic brakes of vehicles,
vehicle lift platforms in garages etc.
6. Up thrust and Archimedes’ Principle
a. Up thrust
When a body is submerged in a fluid, it experiences an upward force. This upward force
is called up thrust or buoyant force. And the property of liquid to exert an upward force
on a body immersed in it is called buoyancy. Being a force, up thrust is measured in
Newton in the system of international units.
Reason for Up thrust:
 The thrust acting on the sides of walls of the body gets neutralized because
they are equal in magnitude and opposite in the directions.
 There is a pressure difference between the lower and upper faces of the body.

60
Since force is the product of pressure and area, the difference in pressure due to liquid on
the two faces of causes a net upward force called up thrust on the body immersed in the
fluid. The effect of up thrust is that the weight of body immersed in a liquid appears to be
less than its actual weight.
To calculate the up thrust exerted by a fluid, we use the Archimedes‟ principle.
Question 19. Going microscopically using the Newton’s 3rd law of motion, can you justify the
existence of up thrust or buoyant force?
b. Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body that is
partially or fully immersed in a fluid, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces.
For a body placed in a fluid,
Where, V is the volume of liquid displaced and is the density of the liquid.
 Misconception: The buoyant force exerted on a body depends on

the density of the body.
 Clarification: The buoyant force exerted on a body depends on the
density of the fluid in which it is immersed.

61
Question 20. a) Why does an iron nail sink in water, whereas a ship made of iron floats?
b) What is the apparent weight of a cubic iron block of mass 5kg and side 10 cm, if it
is kept under water?
c. Law of Floatation
The Law of Flotation says that for a floating object, the weight of the object equals the
weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
Figure 8: Law of Floatation
In such a case, the apparent weight of the body is zero.
Downward force,
Upward force, = Weight of liquid displaced =
Or, = Volume of liquid displaced Density of the liquid
Or,

62
Figure 9: Relation between Buoyant Force and Weight
 Misconception: A body will float in a fluid if its density is less than

that of the fluid.
 Clarification: A body will float in a fluid only if its average density is
less than that of the fluid. e.g. a submarine floats or sinks in water
depending on its average density.
Question 21.A rod of cross sectional area A is floating as shown in figure below. The density of
liquid A is , that of liquid B is and that of the body is . Find the buoyant force on the rod due
to liquid A and liquid B.

63
Did You Know?
For a floating body, say a floating ship, there is another important aspect:
Whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable! For this reason, an unloaded
ship is loaded with sand called ballast at its bottom. This lowers the center of
Gravity of the ship, making the equilibrium stable. However this is not the
exact criterion of stable equilibrium. A floating body is stable when its center of
buoyance is in line with the center of gravity. You will study about both of them in
further classes!
7. Relative Density
Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a given
reference material. It usually means relative density with respect to water.
Relative density also determines the proportion of a floating body that will be submerged
in a fluid. It is a dimensionless quantity and thus has no unit; it is just a pure number.
Relative Density Float/Sink in water
Float
Just Float
Sink
Question 22. A material is twice as heavy as mercury in just half the volume of the mercury. What is
the relative density of this material? Density of mercury = 13.6 kg m-3.

66
1) a) State the universal law of gravitation. Can the gravitational force between two bodies be
repulsive in nature? Justify your answer.
b) What will happen to the force of gravitation between two objects A and B if the distance
between them is doubled?
2) How is the gravitational constant defined? What is its value on earth? How is its value
different on the surface of moon?
3) State Archimedes‟ principle. Give any two applications of Archimedes principle.
4) What is the importance of universal law of gravitation? Why is the gravitational force
insignificant between ordinary bodies?
5) What is acceleration due to gravity? Does its value remain constant on earth‟s surface?
6) Show that a body weighing 6 N on earth weighs just 1 N on the moon. Does its mass also
become one-sixth? Why or why not?
7) a) What is free fall? Write the modified equations of motion for a freely falling body.
b) Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 12 kg are falling freely. What is the acceleration produced
in the bodies due to force of gravity?
8) Differentiate between weight and mass of a body.
9) A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 9.8 m/s. Calculate
a) Time taken before it reaches the ground again
b) Maximum height achieved
10) What are the similarities and differences between gravitational force, magnetic force and
electrostatic force?
11) The volume of a 50 g sealed packet is 350 cm3. Will the packet float or sink in water if the
density of water is 1 g/cm3? What will be the mass of the water displaced by this packet?
12) A stone is dropped from the edge of the roof. It passes a window 2 m high in 0.1 s. How far is
the roof above the window? Take g = 10m/s2
13) Where do we observe the maximum value of the gravitational acceleration, at Equator? or at
Poles? or on Mt Everest top? or in a coal mine? Explain.
14) A particle of mass m1 is kept at x = 0 and another of mass m2 at x = d. When a third particle is
kept at x = d/4, it experiences no net gravitational force due to the two particles. Find m2/m1.
15) An object is suspended with a string. The string is stretched. When the object is completely
immersed in water, the extension of the thread decreases. Why?
16) A ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 20m/s. Find the time of flight and the maximum
height reached by the body? (g= 10 m/s-2)
A) 4s, 20m C) 6s, 36m
B) 5s, 25m D) Can‟t say
17) The pressure P1 at a certain depth in a river water and P2 at the same depth in a sea water are
related as:
A) P1>P2 C) P1< P2
B) P1 = P2 D) Both are at zero pressure
18) For a body thrown vertically upwards,
A) Time of ascent > Time of descent C) Time of ascent = Time of descent
B) Time of ascent < Time of descent D) Depend on the initial velocity

67
19) The force of gravity on a body varies slightly from place to place on the earth for two reasons.
(i) shape of earth and (ii)
A) Rotation of earth C) Circumference of earth
B) Mass of earth D) None of these
20) In order to derive the law of gravitation, Newton assumed that the moon‟s orbit is?
A) Elliptical C) Parabolic
B) Circular D) Regular
H.O.T.S.
1. Find the net gravitational force on the moon during solar eclipse. The masses are:
Mass of Sun 2 x 1030 kg, Mass of Earth: 6 x 1024 kg, Mass of Moon: 7 x 1022 kg. The distance
between the sun and moon is 1 x 1011 m, and between the moon and the earth is 4 x 108 m.
2. The space shuttle is orbiting the Earth at a distance of about 300 km from its surface. At that
distance, the gravitational acceleration is almost the same as that on the surface. How long
does it take for the shuttle to complete one orbit around the Earth? Assume that the orbit is
circular. Disregard air resistance.
3. Let‟s say we have an infinite ruler on which point masses are kept. Point 1m has 1 kg of mass,
2m has 2 kg of mass, and point 3m has 3kg of mass and so on. Find out the net force on mass
„m‟ kept at origin in terms of „m‟ and „G‟.
4. Two black holes, A and B, of mass „50 Msun‟ and „32 Msun‟ respectively are separated by a
distance of „100 AU‟. Assuming them to be point masses, determine the point where a
particle of some mass will not experience any gravitational force. Also calculate their
respective acceleration and speeds around that point.
5. One of the moons of Jupiter, Europa, is reported to have its surface covered by an ocean of
water which is 100 km deep. The outermost 8 km are frozen as ice. The radius of Europa is
approximately 1/4 the radius of the earth and 0.008 times as massive. Estimate the pressure at
the bottom of Europa‟s ocean. (Note: there is some speculation that the combination of
internal heat and water makes the ocean of Europa the best candidate in the solar system
outside the earth for organized life to evolve.
SOLUTION
1. A) 2s B) 4.9 m 7. A
2. – 8. B
3. Float, 50g 9. C
4. 19.01 N 10. A
5. 9:1 11. B
6. -

68
H.O.T.S.
1. 7.6 x 1020 N
2. 85 minutes
3. 2 Gm
4. a) 500/9 AU b) Black hole A: a = G*32 M / (100 AU)2 v = ( G * 32M / 100 AU)1/2
c) Black hole B: a = G*50 M / (100 AU)2 v = ( G * 50M / 100 AU)1/2
5. 12.8 kPa

70
IX CBSE Chemistry – Matter in Our Surroundings
proceed.
1. Introduction
Can you tell how human beings are similar to trees, oceans, and the air we breathe and to the
Earth we live on? All of these might seem extremely different from human beings in the sense
that most of these are non-living but still all of them have one thing in common.
The massive Earth which is home to the human race along with other numerous species is
similar to the invisible air that we breathe since both Earth and air have some mass and
occupy some space. Any such substance which occupies space and has some mass is called
Matter.
Question 1. Give an example of something that is not matter and why?
2. Nature of Particles
All matter is made up of smaller particles. For example: houses are made from bricks, a book
is made up of pages, human body is made up of flesh and bones, Earth is made up of soil and
mineral rocks, etc. After observing various substances at microscopic level, it becomes clear
that all matter is made up of smaller particles called Atoms and Molecules. These atoms and
molecules of one substance will be different from atoms and molecules of another substance,
but nevertheless all objects will be composed of some type of atoms and molecules.
Question 2. Write down the four points regarding the nature and characteristics of these particles.

71

3. States of Matter
Broadly, matter exists in three states which are different from each other due to difference in
the force of attraction and spaces between the constituting particles. Below is a pictorial
representation of the three states of matter.
Figure 1 - The Three States of Matter
Question 3. Explain the three states of matter with respect to their force of attraction and
intermolecular space?
Did you know?
It has been established that matter can exist in five states of matter. Apart
from solid, liquid and gases, matter can also exist in plasma state (hot
ionized gas) and in BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) state where matter is
extremely slow moving and condensed.
4. Inter-convertibility of Matter
Kinetic theory of matter explains the difference between these three states of matter.
Solids can transform into liquids & liquids into gases. The reverse, i.e., gases to liquids and
liquids to solids is also possible but all these inter-conversions depend on various factors.

72
Figure 2 - Inter-conversion of States of Matter
The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is composed of a large number of small
particles that are in constant motion. It also assumes that particles are small and widely
spread. They collide and exchange energy. The theory helps explain the flow or transfer of
heat and the relationship between temperature and volume of gases.
Question 4. Write a brief note on the relation of kinetic energy of particles with the states of matter.
a. Solids
Particles in solid are closely packed. Inter-particle space is negligible. A solid has
fixed mass, volume and shape. Solids oppose any change in their shape and are
hence, rigid by nature.
Figure 3 - Solid-Liquid Inter-conversion

73

Question 5. What do you understand by the term 'latent heat of fusion' and how is it related to melting
point?
Some solids skip the liquid phase while undergoing phase change. When such solids
are heated, they directly convert to the gaseous phase. Such substances are called
sublimable and the phenomenon is known as Sublimation.
Question 6. Why does temperature remain constant during phase transformations?
b. Liquids
Any substance in the liquid state will have a definite mass but no definite shape or
volume. This happens because they have weak forces of attraction which allows the
substance to flow. Liquids along with gases are also known as Fluids due to their
ability to flow.
i. Evaporation
Evaporation is a phenomenon in which some

water molecules escape from the surface and
turn into water vapor. Evaporation doesn‟t
occur at a specific temperature but its a
continuous phenomenon that occurs all the
time on the surface. Higher the temperature,
more particles will come to the surface with
sufficient energy leading to greater
evaporation.
Figure 4 – Evaporation

74

Question 7. Why does water at 0o C have more energy than Ice at the same temperature? Explain
your answer in terms of Latent heat of Vaporization.
ii. Condensation
Condensation too is a surface phenomenon and is the reverse of evaporation.
When gaseous particles lose energy and come close to the surface of liquid,
they are pulled back into the liquid surface and are said to be condensed.
Did You Know?
It is sometimes said that glass in very old churches is thicker at the bottom
than at the top because glass is a liquid, and so over several centuries it has
flowed towards the bottom. But, glass is neither a crystalline solid nor a
super-cooled liquid. It is an amorphous solid.
Question 8. Why does evaporation cause cooling effect?
c. Gases
Gases are similar to liquids in the sense that they also flow. But unlike liquids, gases
do not have any fixed mass nor fixed volume since the inter-particle force of
attraction is extremely weak for gaseous particles.
When gases change state, i.e. transform from gaseous to liquid state at a particular
temperature, it is called liquefaction. At this temperature, the pressure above the
liquid surface becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.

75
Figure 5 - Liquid-vapor Inter-conversion
Question 9. Why do you observe small water droplets forming on cold surfaces which are exposed to
air?
5. Law of Conservation of Mass
Question 10. Explain the law of conservation of mass.
 Misconception: The mass of reactants before a reaction is always equal to the

mass of the products after the reaction.
 Clarification: Law of conservation of mass holds true only for closed
systems. In case, any of the reactant or product is allowed to leave the
system law of conservation of mass stands violated.

77
IX CBSE Chemistry – Matter In Our Surroundings
1. What are the three states of matter? Can they co-exist?

2. Compare the properties of the different states of matter.
3. What do you understand by the term boiling point?
4. Is evaporation a surface phenomenon? Justify.
5. How is evaporation different from boiling?
6. Define condensation.
7. Explain the working principle of a pressure cooker.
8. Condensation occurs at a fixed temperature whereas melting occurs over a range of
temperature. (True/False). Justify your answer.
9. The particles of a solid possess:
a. Translatory motion b. Vibrational motion
c. Rotational motion d. No motion
10. _______ state(s) has definite mass but no definite volume:
a. Solid b. Liquid
c. Gas d. Liquid and gas
11. What do you mean by sublimation?
12. Why do we experience a burning sensation when we come in contact with steam?
13. Define latent heat of fusion and vaporization.
14. Sweating results in cooling of the body. Give reason.
15. State the law of conservation of mass.
16. Shrinking of naphthalene balls on prolonged exposure to air is due to:
a. Evaporation b. Condensation
c. Sublimation d. None of these
17. Distinguish between gas and vapour.
18. Explain the conversion of solid to liquid on the basis of kinetic theory of matter.
19. The phenomenon responsible for rainfall is (are):
a. Evaporation b. Condensation
c. Both of these d. None of these
20. According to kinetic theory of matter, particles of _______ have the least amount of energy.
a. Solid b. Liquid
c. Gas d. Gas and solid
H.O.T.S
1. Which of the following factors are responsible for the change in state of solid Carbon dioxide
when kept exposed to air?
a. Increase in pressure b. Decrease in pressure
c. Decrease in volume d. Decrease in temperature
2. Choose the correct statements about plasma state
I. The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles
II. The particles of plasma state are in the form of ionised gases

78
IX CBSE Chemistry – Matter In Our Surroundings
III. The plasma is created on stars

IV. Colour of plasma glow depends on temperature of gas only
a. I, II and III b. I and II
c. II and III d. All of these
3. Sonia wanted to study the rate of diffusion of liquids. She took water in two beakers and
poured a drop of honey from the side of one beaker and a drop of blue ink from the side of
other beaker. What did she observe?
a. Honey diffuses faster than ink
b. Ink diffuses faster than honey
c. Both honey and ink diffuse at the same rate
d. Ink diffuses but honey does not diffuse in water.
Directions: Study the graph carefully and answer the questions 4 and 5
4. What is the physical state of matter at point 1, 3 and 5 respectively?

a. 1 – Solid, 3 – Liquid, 5 – Gas c. 1 – Liquid, 3 – Gas. 5 – Solid
b. 1 – Solid, 3 – Gas, 5 – Liquid d. 1 – Liquid, 3 – Solid, 5 – Gas
5. What is represented by the straight lines QR and ST in the graph?
a. Temperature remains same during the change of state.
b. QR represents latent heat of fusion, while ST represents latent heat of vaporisation.
c. At QR, solid exists in both solid and liquid states, while at ST, the liquid exists in both
liquid and gaseous states.
d. All of these
SOLUTION
9. b 10. d 16. c 20. a
H.O.T.S
1. b. Decrease in pressure
2. a. I, II and III
3. b. Ink diffuses faster than honey
4. a. 1 – Solid, 3 – Liquid, 5 – Gas
5. d. All of these

80
IX CBSE Chemistry – Is Matter Around Us Pure
proceed.
1. Introduction
Physically, matter can be classified into three physical states. The physical aspects cover these
states, their inter conversion and the changes it undergoes while transforming. But matter can
also be classified by its chemical composition such as:
 Pure substance
 Impure substance
2. Pure substance (Purity)
Question 1. What do you understand by the term 'Pure Substance'?
Question 2. Is the pure milk that you get, really pure? Justify your answer.
Pure substance can be further classified into:
a. Elements
Question 3. Define the term 'elements'. Are all pure substances elements?

81

b. Compounds
Question 4.Why is water considered a compound?
Figure 1 - Types of Pure Substances
Very few of the chemicals and substances we encounter on daily basis are in their pure form.
Most of them are mixtures.
3. Impure Substance
A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substance in which each pure substance
retains its individual chemical properties. These substances may be mixed in any proportion.
Mixture can be composed of solid, liquids or gases.
Question 5. What are the two basic types of mixtures? Give an example of each.

82
a. Homogenous mixture
A homogeneous mixture is simply any mixture that has uniform composition throughout
the mixture.
There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogenous mixture. Mixtures where the
observed phase is liquid are known as True solution or generally as Solution.
Question 6. You have one glass of water and some sugar and sand. How will you create a
homogeneous mixture?
Solution
 A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids,
gases or any other combination of these.
 The particles should have dimension between 0 and 2 nanometers.
 Solutions are transparent, i.e. light can pass through it.
Question 7. Mention the solute and solvent of a water-salt solution.
b. Heterogeneous mixture
A heterogeneous mixture is one that is composed of components that aren‟t uniform.

Instead, they have localized regions where they have different properties.
i. Colloids
Question 8. What are colloids? What are its properties?

83

Types of colloids
Dispersion Medium Dispersed Phase Type of Colloid Example

Solid Solid Solid sol Ruby glass
Solid Liquid Solid emulsion/gel Pearl, cheese
Solid Gas Solid foam Lava, pumice
Question 9. Can you name two colloidal solutions which have gas as dispersion medium and liquid
and solid as dispersed phases?
Question 10. What are sols and emulsion?
Did you know?
We all have experienced such a picture where we are

able to see the path of light. Such a phenomenon occurs
when light travels through a colloid. This
phenomenon, known as Tyndall effect, is caused by
light scattering by particles in a colloid or particles in
a very fine suspension.

84

ii. Suspensions
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solids are dispersed in liquids. The

solute particles in suspension do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
medium.
Question 11. Write the properties of suspension.
4. Concentrations
A complete description of a solution, it describes what the solute is and how much solute is
dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. The quantitative relationship between
solute and solvent is the concentration of the solution. This concentration may be expressed
using several different methods.
Question 12. 10 kg of a solute is added to 20 liters of water. Express the concentration of the solution
in:
(i) Mass by mass percentage of Solution (ii) Mass by volume percentage solution
(iii) Mass by mass percentage Solvent (iv) Mass by Volume percentage solvent?

85

5. Physical and Chemical Changes
Now we have studied both the chemical and physical states of matter. There are several
differences between the physical & chemical changes.
a. Physical Change
Changes wherein the molecule does not change its chemical makeup but its physical
appearance might be altered.
Figure 2 - Heat Leading to Larger Inter-molecular Space.
b. Chemical Change
Question 13. Would you term curd formation as a chemical change? Justify your answer.
Question 14. Classify the following on the basis of whether they are a chemical or physical change.
(a) Whipping of egg whites (b) Milk souring (c) Dicing the potato

86
6. Separation Techniques
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous mixtures are separated using different techniques based on
the type of mixture we are dealing with.
Did you know?
One of earliest separating techniques was invented

by farmers who separated husk from paddy. They
allowed both of them to fall along the wind. Husk
being lighter, was carried by the wind to a longer
distance.
Sublimation
Sublimation is a process of conversion of a solid into vapor or a vapor back to solid state,
without passing through the intermediate liquid state.
Figure 3 - Separation using Sublimation

87
Question 15. Give an example of a mixture whose substances can be separated by sublimation?
a. Distillation
Question 16. What is distillation? Which property of a substance does this process use as a basis for
separation of components of a mixture?
Figure 4 - Separation by Distillation

88

b. Centrifugation
Question 17. Explain the method of centrifugation.
Any heterogeneous mixture containing an insoluble solid in a liquid can be separated by two methods
 Sedimentation
 Decantation
c. Sedimentation
The insoluble solid substance in the solution settles down at the bottom of beaker and a
clear liquid is obtained standing above the solute. This process is called sedimentation.
Figure 5 - Settling of Solute: Sedimentation

89

Question 18. What do you understand by the process of decantation?
d. Chromatography
Define chromatography. Explain the underlying principle involved.
Figure 6 - Separation of Dyes
 Misconception: Passing any water through a water-purifier makes it fit to

drink.
 Clarification: Water purifiers have special filters that keep back dust and
impurities present as particles in the solution. But these water purifiers are
unable to keep out any impurities that might be dissolved in the water.
Speaking in simple terms, water purifier only purifies the water physically,
leaving scope of chemical poisoning.

91
1. What do you mean by a pure substance?

2. Explain the difference between a mixture and a compound.
3. What do you mean by a heterogeneous mixture?
4. In a homogeneous solution, the dimension of solute particles varies between:
a. 1 – 103 nm b. 104 - 106 nm
c. 105 - 106 nm d. 108 – 109 nm
5. Does light pass through a colloid without any deflection?
6. How is a suspension different from a colloid?
7. If the mass by mass percentage of a solution is 20%, how much solute will be present in 8 kgs
of water?
8. How will you separate a mixture of iron fillings and sand?
9. What is sublimation? Give examples of sublimable substances.
10. Explain the principle of distillation which is used as a separation method.
11. Explain the working of centrifugation separation technique? Use the example of separation of
the components of blood.
12. What type of mixtures can be separated by sedimentation?
13. What do you mean by decantation?
14. A solution of water and sugar is an example of:
a. Colloid b. Suspension
c. True solution d. Pure substance
15. Mixtures of coloured compounds can be separated by:
a. Distillation b. Decantation
c. Centrifugation d. Chromatography
16. What is the use of chromatography? Explain the principle behind it.
17. Light passes through _________ without any deflection.
a. Solution b. Colloid
c. Suspension d. Emulsions
18. What is meant by concentration of solution?
19. How will you separate a solution of oil and water?
20. You have two substances with a large difference in their weight. Which of the following
technique is used for the separation of the mixture?
a. Distillation b. Chromatography
c. Sublimation d. Centrifugation
H.O.T.S
1. In an experiment, iron fillings and sulphur powder are mixed and heated strongly till red hot.
On heating, a substance containing both iron and sulphur was formed. What is this substance?
a. Element b. Compound
c. Solution d. Mixture
2. Two solids X and Y were mixed thoroughly in powdered form and heated in a China dish to
form a new substance Z. Which of the following statements regarding the reaction is correct?
a. Z retains the properties of X and Y
b. X and Y can be separated from Z by physical means

92
c. Z has a fixed composition

d. Z is a homogeneous mixture
3. The boiling point of some gases in air are given below:
Element Krypton Neon Nitrogen Oxygen
Boiling Point(OC) -152 -246 -196 -183
If liquid mixture is fractionally distilled, the order of gases distilling out is

a. Krypton, Neon, Nitrogen, Oxygen b. Neon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Krypton
c. Nitrogen, Neon, Oxygen, Krypton d. Oxygen, Neon, Nitrogen, Krypton
4. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect?
a. Salt Solution b. Copper sulphate solution
c. Sugar Solution d. Milk
5. Read the given statement and mark the correct option.
Statement I: Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of solids.
Statement II: All homogeneous mixtures are pure.
a. Both statements 1 and 2 are true and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement
1
b. Both statements 1 and 2 are true but statement 2 isn‟t the correct explanation of
statement 1
c. Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false
d. Both statements 1 and 2 are false
SOLUTION
7. Mass of solvent = 8 kg
Let mass of solute be X
Mass of solution = 8 + X
Concentration of solution = 20%
Concentration = (Mass of solute/Mass of Solution) x 100
20 = (X/X + 8) x 100
20(X + 8) = 100X
20X + 160 = 100X
80X = 160
X = 2 kg
H.O.T.S
1. b. Compound
2. c. Z has a fixed composition
3. b. Neon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Krypton
4. d. Milk
5. c. Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false

94
IX CBSE Biology – Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life
proceed.
1. Introduction to cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the
„building blocks of life‟. The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of a
protoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins
and nucleic acids.
Question 1. Why do you think cells are nick named “ building blocks of life”?
Cells can be of different shapes and sizes. To understand this, consider below given
diagram of cells found in humans.
Figure 1: A. Nerve cell B. Ovum C. Sperm D. Cheek cells
Question2. Name the organisms which are single celled and are capable of independent self-
replication?

95
Question 3. Why do cells need to be different in shapes and sizes? Can you give examples?
Question 4. Why are cells small?
Question 5. What is the unit of measurement of cells?
Question 6. Identify the single celled organisms from the following Cockroach, Chlamydomonas,
snake, mosquito, bacteria
Question 7. State the cell theory. Name the scientist who presented it

96
Question 8. From the mix blow separate the living parts and the non - living parts of a cell
Plastids, Granules, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes,
plastids Vacuoles, cytoplasm, cell wall, plasma membrane.
Question 9. Name the only organelle is not enclosed in a cell membrane?
Question 10. The nucleus establishes a communication pathway with the cell membrane by the help
of which organelle?
Question 11. Match the following
Robert Hooke All animals are made up of cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Discovered cell
Matthias Schleiden Invented microscope
Theodor Schwann All plants are made up of cells

97
Question 12. What is the other name that the plasma membrane is also known as?
Question 13. The following is the fluid mosaic structure of the Plasma Membrane. Label its parts.
Question 14. What role does the presence of proteins play in the Fluid Mosaic model in the cell
membrane?
Question 15. Give the chemical composition and functions of plasma membrane and the cell wall.
Differentiate between the two.

98
2. Structural Organization of the Cell
If we study a cell under a microscope, we would come across three features in almost
every cell: plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. Let us discuss each one of them in
detail.
a. Plasma Membrane
The outer most covering of cell is called plasma membrane. The most accepted theory of
plasma membrane structure is _____________________. According to this theory, the
plasma membrane that surrounds cell has two layers (a bilayer) of phospholipids (fats
with phosphorous attached), which is fluid at body temperature. Proteins and substances
such as cholesterol become embedded in the bilayer, giving the membrane mosaic like
look. Plasma membrane separates the contents of the cell from its external environment.
Plasma membrane is a _______________ membrane i.e., it allows entry and exit of only
selected material in and out of the cell.
(i) Passive Transport
This is the process of transport of materials, in and out of the cell, along a concentration
gradient without spending _________. Substances like CO2 and O2 move in and out of
the cell passively by the process of __________. The amount of CO2 present in the
extracellular fluid is less as compared to the amount of CO2 present inside the cell (CO2
is
released during cellular processes). The moment this concentration gradient is
created, CO2 moves out of the cell. Similarly, when the amount of O2 present in the
extracellular fluid is more as compared to the amount of O2 present inside the cell,
(O2 is utilized during cellular processes) O2 moves into the cell.

99
Question 16. Name the organelle of the cell which has a membrane bound sac filled with powerful
digestive enzymes. Write any one function in the cell.
Question 17. The Endoplasmic reticulum is divided into how many categories?
Question 18. Why do you think that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is considered to be super
important?
Question 19. What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Question 20. The cell maintains Homeostasis. What do you understand by homeostasis and why
does the cell maintain it?

100
Question 21. Give the technical term for a medium which has exactly the same concentration as the
cell. Why does the size of the cell remain the same when placed in such a solution?
Question 22. How do substances like and water move in and out of the cell?
ii)Passive Transport
This is the process of transport of materials, in and out of the cell, along a concentration
gradient without spending _________. Substances like CO2 and O2 move in and out of
the cell passively by the process of __________. The amount of CO2 present in the
extracellular fluid is less as compared to the amount of CO2 present inside the cell (CO2
is released during cellular processes). The moment this concentration gradient is
created, CO2 moves out of the cell. Similarly, when the amount of O2 present in the
extracellular fluid is more as compared to the amount of O2 present inside the cell,
(O2 is utilized during cellular processes) O2 moves into the cell.
Movement of water also obeys the law of diffusion but in a special way. Movement
of water molecule from a region (solution) of its higher concentration to a region

101
(solution) of its lower concentration through a semi permeable membrane is known

as _________.
Thus, we can say that __________ is a special kind of diffusion in which solution
moves across the gradient.
Question 23. Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis?

DIFFUSION OSMOSIS
Question 24. Explain how the fragrance of an incense stick burning in a corner of the room can be felt
throughout the room. Define the process involved.
Question 25. With the help of an arrow show the net movement of water when a cell is kept in the
following conditions/solutions.

102
Question 26. Discuss the effects when a plant cell is kept in hypotonic and hypertonic solution.
Question 27. What will happen if a fresh water fish is kept in sea water and why?
Did you know?
The direction of osmosis can be reversed by applying

external pressure to it. This process is called reverse osmosis and
is the working principle of RO water purifiers?
(ii) Active Transport

Transport of substances in and out of cell at the expense of energy in the form of
_______ molecule is called active transport. This generally occurs when transport of
molecules across cell membrane is done against a concentration gradient.

103
b. Cell wall
In plants, other than plasma membrane, one more external layer is found called the cell
wall. Plant cell wall is made of _________. It is somewhat rigid but permeable to most of
the substances. Cell wall is also found in cells of bacteria and fungi. It provides rigidity to
the cell. It prevents the plant cells from desiccation. It gives shape to the plant cell. It
protects the plant cell from external environment (hypotonic solution).
c. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a thick matrix that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is
mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes
all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
d. Nucleus
Remember the central circle in the human cheek cell that we had seen in the beginning of
this chapter? It is the nucleus of the cell. Nucleus is the main ___________ unit of the
cell. The membrane around nucleus is called nuclear membrane which is double layered.
Nuclear membrane has pores called ____________ that help in transportation of
substances in and out of nucleus. The matrix inside the nucleus is known as
____________. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are visible as rod-shaped
structures only when the cell is about to divide. Chromosomes contain information for
inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein.
Functional segments of DNA are called _______. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes
present in the human cells.

104
Figure 2: A. Prokaryotic cell B. Eukaryotic cell
Did you know?

Each human cell contains around 6 feet of DNA which is tightly
packed, but very organized with proteins
Cells can be divided into two groups on the basis of the type of nucleus found in them –
___________ or __________. In organisms like bacteria, nuclear membrane is absent.
Such an undefined nuclear area is called a ___________. In contrast to this, cells in
which a well-defined nucleus with a nuclear membrane is present are called eukaryotic
cells.

105

Question 28. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with an example of each.
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
3. Cell Organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized
and specialized structure within a living cell. The organelles include the nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, etc.
a. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of

an eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. There are two types of ER –
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). RER
has __________ attached on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis. As the
name suggests the SER has no ribosomes attached to it and is involved in _______
synthesis. In liver cells of vertebrates, SER plays a vital role in detoxifying many
poisons and drugs.
Figure 3: Endoplasmic reticulum
Question 29. What do you mean by membrane biogenesis?

106
b. Golgi Apparatus
Golgi complex was discovered by Camillo Golgi for which he received Nobel prize in the
year 1906. It is composed of many sac-like structures which are stacked one above
another. Its functions include the storage, modification and ___________ of products
made by ER in vesicles.
Figure 4: Golgi complex
c. Lysosomes
Lysosomes are single layered. It is _____________ system of the cell. Lysosomes help to
keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn-out cell organelles.
They contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all organic material.
Question 30. Explain how lysosomes help in the defense of the cell.

107

Question 31. Why are lysosomes called suicide bags of cell?
d. Mitochondria
Mitochondria is also known as „_____________‟ of a cell as it is the site of production of

energy currency of the cell i.e. ATP. Mitochondria have two membrane coverings instead
of just one. The outer membrane is very porous while the inner membrane is extensively
folded. Each fold is called a ________. These folds provide large surface area for
generating ATP. A very unique feature of this organelle is that it has its own DNA.
Figure 5: Mitochondria
e. Plastids
Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids often
contain pigments (chlorophyll) used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments
present can change or determine the cell's color. Plastids are also double layered and
like mitochondria they contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Question32. Match the following
i. Leucoplast a. gives colour to plant parts

ii. Chromoplast b. helps in photosynthesis
iii. Chloroplast c. colourless and stores starch, oil, protein.
f. Vacuoles:
Vacuoles are storage sacs. Vacuoles are small in size in animal cells while plant cells
have very large vacuoles. In plant cells vacuoles are full of cell sap and provide turgidity
and rigidity to the cell.

108
Question 33. Based on the entire discussion and the figure given below, differentiate between plant
and animal cell.
Figure 6: A. Animal cell

B. Plant cell

109
Plant cell Animal cell

111
1. The term „cell‟ was given by

a) Leeuwenhoek c) Fleming
b) Robert Hooke d) Robert Brown
2. Who proposed the cell theory?
(a) Schleiden and Schwann (c) Darwin and Wallace
(b) Watson and Crick (d) Mendel and Morgan
3. The longest cell in the human body is
(a) Nerve cell (c) Liver cell
(b) Muscle cell (d) Kidney cell
4. The number of lenses in compound light microscope is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
5. The history of the cell began in 1665 with the publication of Micrographia in London by
(a) Robert Hooke (c) Straburger
(b) Robert Brown (d) Dujardin
6. The idea „omins cellula e cellula‟ which means that all living cells arise from pre-existing
cells was given by
(a) Robert Brown (c) Rudolf Virchow
(b) Purkinje (d) Schleiden
7. Which of the following has an irregular or variable shape?
(a) Euglena (c) Amoeba
(b) Paramecium (d) Acetabularia
8. Genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is contained in
(a) Nucleolus (c) Nucleoplasm
(b) Nucleus (d) Nucleoid
9. Nucleolus is a seat of
(a) Protein synthesis (c) Enzyme synthesis
(b) Ribosome synthesis (d) mRNA synthesis
10. Middle lamella is formed of
(a) Calcium pectate (c) Hemicellulose
(b) Cellulose (d) Lignin
11. Plasma membrane is
(a) Permeable (c) Semipermeable
(b) Selective permeable (d) Impermeable
12. A cell placed in solution swells up. The solution is
(a) Hypertonic (c) Hypotonic
(b) Isotonic (d) Both a and b
13. A cell placed in hypotonic solution bursts up. It is
(a) Animal cell (c) Fungal cell
(b) Bacterial cell (d) Plant cell
14. Bulk transport occurs through
(a) Endocytosis (c) Endosmosis
(b) Exocytosis (d) Both A and B

112
15. Cytoplasm is
(a) Unit mass of protoplasm
(b) Protoplasm excluding plasma membrane
(c) Protoplasm excluding plasma membrane and nucleus
(d) Protoplasm excluding plasma membrane and cell organelles
16. Rough ER contains
(a) Detoxification centres (c) Ribosomes
(b) Carbohydrate synthesizing (d) Lysosomes
machinery
17. Write the odd one out and give reason in support of your answer.
(i) Nucleus, chloroplast, golgi body, muramic acid
(ii) Prokaryotic cell, nucleoid, chitin, muramic acid
(iii) Cristae, oxysomes, grana, power house
(iv) Cell theory, Schleiden, Schwann, Brown.
18. Complete the following by selecting the correct word:
(i) Genes are made up of ______ (RNA / DNA / protein)
(ii) In plants, cell wall is mainly composed of ______. (chitin / cellulose / protein)
(iii) Nucleus was discovered by ______ (Robert Hooke / Robert Brown / M.J. Schleiden)
(iv) Oxysomes are found in _______ (chloroplast / mitochondria / golgi body)
(v) Forests occur in _______ (mitochondria / chloroplast / nucleus)
19. Match each of the structures in Column A with its function in Column B.
Column A (Structures) Column B (Functions)

(a) Mitochondria (i) partially permeable to substances in
solution
(b) Cell membrane (ii) energy is released from the
oxidation of glucose
(c) Chloroplast (iii) fully permeable to substances in
solution
(d) Cell wall (iv) contains the chromosomes
(e) Nucleus (v) light energy is captured
20. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) :
(i) Animal cells contain a cell wall.
(ii) Chemically, cell wall is made of proteins.
(iii) Plant cells contain a large vacuole.
(iv) The matrix which surrounds the nucleus is called protoplasm.
(v) Genes are made of proteins.
(vi) Genes are located in chromosomes.
21. Answer the following:
(a) Cellular digestion is associated with which organelle?
(b) Name two cell organelles which are enclosed by double membrane walls.
(c) A plastid containing coloured pigments.
(d) What is the term used to describe the nucleus lacking the nuclear membrane?
(e) Name the membrane system connecting the nucleus with the plasma membrane

113
22. Distinguish between Chromatin and Chromosomes

23. Differentiate between Nucleus and Nucleolus
24. Differentiate between Cell organelles and Cell inclusions
25. Name the features possessed
a) By plant cells only
b) By animal cells only
26. State four differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
27. Give three differences between cell wall and cell membrane.
28. What is cell theory? Name the scientists who formulated it.
29. What was the pioneering work that Camilio Golgi did to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
physiology or Medicine?
30. Explain Lysosome‟s role in defense.
31. Observe the above figure
Case 1 Case 2 Case3
Case 1: What is the level of water concentration in the outside medium that induces loss of
water from the body to the outside. What is the name given to this process?
Case2: What is the level of concentration of water in the outside medium that induces water
molecules to penetrate into the body and stimulates water to move out of the body?
Case 3: What is the level of concentration of water in the outside medium that induces water
molecules to penetrate into the body resulting in swelling up of the cell? What is the name
given to a condition like this?
If a red Blood Corpuscle is placed in a concentrated salt solution what will happen to it?

114
H.O.T.S
1. What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
2. What role does the presence of proteins play in the fluid Mosaic model play in the cell
membrane?
3. Name the only organelle is not enclosed in a cell membrane?
4. The nucleus establishes a communication pathway with the cell membrane by the help of
which organelle?
5. What happens to the proteins once it is manufactured by the RER?
SOLUTION
1. D 9. B
2. A 10. A
3. A 11. B
4. A 12. D
5. A 13. A
6. C 14. D
7. C 15. C
8. B 16. C
18. (i) DNA (ii) Cellulose (iii) Robert Brown (iv) Mitochondria (v) Chloroplast
19. (a) ii (b) I (c) v (d) iii (e) iv
20. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) F (v) F (vi) T
21. (a) Lysosome (b) Chloroplast, Mitochondria (c) Chromoplast (d) Nucleoid (e) Endoplasmic
reticulum
25. Ans) a) Cell wall, plastids b) Centriole, Lysosomes
H.O.T.S
1. The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein
molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the
Golgi apparatus.
2. The proteins embedded in the membrane serve many of the membrane functions, such as
holding the membrane in a regular, identifiable structure for easy bonding. They also have a
specific and unique shape that allows them to function as receptors and receptor sites for
attachment to the appropriate raw materials needed for cellular functions.
3. Ribosomes, Ribosomes are bundles of genetic material and protein that are the centers of
protein production in the cell. The cell wall is a rigid, cellulose structure found only in plant
cells.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Once manufactured by the RER these proteins then enter the different channels of the
organelle and move through the organelle‟s membranes. As the proteins travel through the
organelle, they create small pockets. These pockets pinch off from the organelle and form
vesicles. The vesicles transport the proteins to the Golgi complex, where they are processed
and distributed to different cells.

116
IX CBSE Biology – Tissues
proceed.
Question 1. We know that cells are the structural and functional unit of life. What is the next level of
the hierarchy of classification? Why do we need it?
1. Introduction
Tissues are clusters of cells similar or dissimilar but of common origin that perform or help to
perform a common function. Now several tissues combine to form an organ. Tissues are
different for plants and animals because their cellular structures are fundamentally different.
This results in different growth pattern in both plants and animals. Moreover, plants and
animals differ functionally as well. For instance, plants are stationary and perform
photosynthesis for manufacture of food; whereas, animals are mobile and depend on plants or
other animals for food.
2. Plant Tissues
Question 2. Into how many groups can he plant tissues be divided into?
a. Meristematic tissues
Plants grow at very specific regions. This growth is brought about by the meristematic
tissues. The cells of these tissues keep on dividing and give rise to new cells. These cells
are very active with dense cytoplasm, thin cell wall, prominent nuclei and no vacuoles.
Meristematic tissues are present at all the growing parts of a plant. These are dividing
tissues classified into apical meristem, lateral meristem intercalary meristem.
Question 3. Explain what do you understand by meristematic tissue?

117
Question 4. Explain how the meristematic tissue adapt to rapid cell division?
So to sum up we have
(i) Apical Meristem

These tissues are present at the tip of shoot and root of the plant. They therefore,
bring about the increase in plant height and also the length of the root inside the soil.
(ii) Lateral Meristem
These tissues are present in the lateral walls of the stems and bring in the increase in
girth of the plant.
(iii) Intercalary Meristem
These tissues are present at the base of leaves or internodes.
Question 5. Why do meristematic tissues lack vacuoles?
Question 6. Fill in the following blanks
a) These are present in the apices of shoots and roots of the plants______________.
b) These cells have thin cellulose walls, dense cytoplasm and prominent
nucleus_____________________.
c) These cells mostly occur at the base of the leaves, internodes and are responsible for growth
in length especially in grasses._________________.
d) Vacuoles are almost absent in these cells.__________________.
e) These tissues are responsible for growth in thickness of plant body______________.
f) These cells are responsible for increase in the length of roots and stems.______________.

118

Question 7. What does the cross section of a trunk of a tree show?
Question 8. Why do meristematic tissues lack vacuoles?
Question 9. In the given diagram, locate the position of the different types of meristematic tissues in
plants.

119
b. Permanent Tissues
These are the tissues which are made up of cells that lose the ability to divide and take up a
specific function in the plant. This process in which the cells of meristematic tissue take up
specific functions or roles is known as differentiation. These tissues can be broadly divided
into two types – simple permanent tissues and complex permanent tissues. Simple permanent
tissue is further divided into three types – parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Similarly, complex permanent tissue is further divided into two types – Xylem and Phloem.
(i) Simple permanent tissues

As already discussed, these tissues are of three different types. Parenchyma tissues
are made up of loosely packed cells with thin cell walls and large intercellular spaces.
They are live cells and help in support and storage. If the parenchyma cells contain
chlorophyll, they are called chlorenchyma and if they consist of large air spaces, they
are called aerenchyma.
Collenchyma tissues are made up of live cells which have irregularly thickened
corners with thus decreased intercellular spaces. They help in bending of various
parts of the plant without breaking.
Sclerenchyma tissues make up the hard and stiff parts of the plant. They are made up
of dead, long and narrow cells. They almost have no intercellular space as the walls
are thickened due to the presence of lignin.
Question 10. Out of the three simple permanent tissues, which has the largest amount of
intermolecular space?

120
Question 11. How would you differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissues?
Question 12. What happens to all the meristematic tissue after they are formed?
Question 13. Explain cell differentiation.

121

Question 14. Identify the types of tissues and give one structural feature of each
Complex Permanent Tissues
Complex tissues are made up of many types of specialized cells coordinating to perform a
single function. As we have already learnt, these are of two types – xylem and phloem. These
form the vascular system of the plant. Vascular or conductive tissues transport food, nutrients
and water across the plant. Water and minerals are conducted by xylem tissue while food is
conducted by phloem tissue.
Xylem is made up of the following components – vessels, tracheids, xylem parenchyma and
xylem fibres. Of all the components, the vessels and tracheids help in conduction of water and
minerals from the soil. Xylem parenchyma help in food storage and the xylem fibres provide
mechanical support.
Question 15. Identify the xylem components in the following figure.

A B C
A– B– C–

122

Phloem is made up of the following components – sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma
and phloem fibres. Unlike xylem, phloem conducts in both directions. Among all the components,
phloem fibres are the only dead cells.
Question 16. Name the tissue and label its parts in the following diagram.
Question 17. Name the dead components of Xylem which form wood and does not participate in
transport?
Question 18. Name the dead component of the phloem tissue?
Epidermis forms the outer most layer of the plant cells. The epidermis in dry habitats is often
covered with a waxy layer called cuticle that prevents evaporation of water. This layer is
continuous without intercellular spaces and acts to protect the plant against physical damage
and pathogens. The epidermal layer on leaves and stems is interspersed with openings called
stomata, regulated by guard cells. This allows exchange of gases and transpiration. Epidermal
cells of roots have hair like projections that help to absorb water. As the plant grows, the
epidermis is replaced by the secondary meristem which is closely packed without intercellular
spaces. This begins to lignify creating a thick impervious layer. A chemical called suberin is
deposited that makes this impervious to water and gases.
3. Animal Tissues
Animal tissues can broadly be divided into four types – Epithelial, Muscular, Connective and Nervous
tissues.

123

a. Epithelial Tissue
This group of tissues forms the outer covering and protective layer of animals. They form the
outer lining of all the organs and cavities in the body. Based on structure and functions, we
can divide epithelial tissues into four different types –
i. Squamous epithelium,
ii. Cuboidal epithelium,
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Stratified squamous epithelium.
(i) Squamous Epithelium

They form an extremely thin and flat layer of tissues. They provide a very
thin layer important for gaseous exchange, thus providing permeability. They
are present in the lining of oesophagus and mouth.
(ii) Cuboidal Epithelium

As the name suggests, they are cuboid in shape and form the lining of
salivary glands and kidney tubules. They provide mechanical support. They
also form glandular epithelium when they form glands.
(iii) Columnar Epithelium

These tissues line the organs which help in absorption and secretion , such as
lining of intestines. They are made up of elongated cells. When cilia is
present on these cells they form ciliated columnar epithelium like those
present in the respiratory tract.
Did you know?

Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust particles
and foreign bodies which enter the air passages.
(iv) Stratified Squamous Epithelium

This kind of tissue is formed when multiple layers of squamous epithelium
are arranged in a pattern. Our skin is made up of this kind of tissue.
Question 19. Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure.
A B
C D

124

b. Muscular Tissue
These tissues make up our muscles which are responsible for almost all the movements that
take place in the body. The muscles contain contractile proteins which bring about all the
contractions and relaxations in the muscles.
Muscular tissues can be of three types
i. Striated muscle, Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle.
All the voluntary movements carried out by our body is carried out by the striated or skeletal
muscles. They are called skeletal because these tissues are mostly attached to the bones.
Further they are long, cylindrical, unbranched with striations and are multinucleated.
Almost all the involuntary movements in the body are carried out by the smooth or unstriated
muscles. They are long, smooth, spindle shaped and uninucleate. We can find them in places
like alimentary canal and blood vessels.
Did you know?

Hardest muscle in the body is the chin
Question 20. Why do you think smooth muscles are also called unstriated muscles?
Question 21. Which is the strongest muscle in the body? How can you say it is the strongest?
Cardiac muscles make up our entire heart. These muscles are involuntary in nature and show rhythmic
contractions and relaxations. Structurally they may look quite similar to striated muscles but they are
branched, uninucleate and have intercalated discs.

125

Question 22. Identify A, B and C in the following figure.
c. Connective Tissue
As the name suggests, these tissues help in connecting different parts of the body. For
example, blood is a connective tissue which transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, food,
hormones and waste materials from one part of the body to other. Blood is composed of a
yellow coloured fluid matrix called plasma and other cellular components like RBCs, WBCs
and platelets are suspended in it.
RBCs in blood impart it with the characteristic red colour. This red colour is due to the
presence of an iron containing pigment called haemoglobin.
The various components of blood have very specific functions. The plasma helps in the
thermoregulation i.e. maintenance of constant temperature in the body. The RBCs play the
vital role of transporting oxygen to all parts of the body. WBCs form a major part of immune
system of the body and platelets help in clotting of blood in the case of an injury.
Question 23. How do you think plasma regulates the body temperature?
Did you know?

A new born baby has just one cup of
blood in his/her body.

126

Bones form another set of connective tissue. They give the structural support to the body. They are
non-flexible and are embedded in a hard matrix made up of calcium and phosphorus compounds. One
bone is connected to another bone with the help of ligaments which form strong elastic connective
tissues with very little matrix. Tendons are another type of connective tissues which connect muscles
to bones. They are very strong fibrous tissues with limited flexibility.
One more example of connective tissues is cartilage. These tissues are present in nose, ear, trachea
and larynx. They have widely spaced cells and have a matrix made up of proteins and sugars.
BONES----------TENDONS ---------------MUSCLES (BTM)
BONES-------------LIGAMENTS-----------BONES (BLB)
Areolar tissues are present in bone marrow, around blood vessels and between skin and muscles. They
help in repair of damaged tissues. The fats in the body are stored in adipose tissues in the form of fat
globules.
Question 24. Write one function each of areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
d. Nervous Tissue
This tissue is specialized to carry electrical signals throughout the body required to transmit
information and instructions. The nervous system is made up of brain, the spinal cord and
several other nerves. The brain is made up of nervous tissue and is essential for all sensations,
consciousness, memory and emotion. The dendrites of a nerve cell pick up electrical signals
and then transmit them to other cells via the axon endings.

127

Question 25. Label the parts in the following figure.
Question 26. What are glial cells? What is their function?
Question 27. Differentiate between Tendons and Ligaments?
Question 28. What does the fluid connective tissue consist of?

128

Question 29. Lymph is a colourless fluid that is filtered out of blood capillaries. Why does Lymph
lack the colour of red? Enumerate its functions.
Question 30. What does ACH stand for? Where is it found?
Question 31. Why are RBCs called corpuscles and WBCs are called White Blood cells?

129
Question 32. Differentiate between an axon and a dendrite.
Question 33. What will happen if all the blood platelets are removed from the blood?

132
1. What is the shape of the epithelial tissue

A. Flat C. Columnar
B. Cuboidal D. All of the above
2. Sclerenchyma tissue is thickened due to presence of:
A. Suberin C. Chitin
B. Lignin D. Cutin
3. The covering tissue of external and internal surfaces of animals is:
A. Epithelial C. Connective
B. Nervous D. Muscle
4. Short branched process coming out of a soma of neuron are:
A. Dendrites C. Neutrophils
B. Axons D. Lymphocytes
5. Cardiac muscles are:
A. Branched C. Involuntary
B. Striated D. All of the above
6. Name the following.
i. The tissue that helps to transport food and oxygen in humans.
ii. The tissue that helps to store fat.
iii. The tissue that helps in movement.
iv. The tissue that helps in transport of water in plants.
7. State whether true or false.
i. The cornea of the eye is an example of stratified epithelium.
ii. Unstriated muscles are voluntary muscles.
iii. Sieve cells are the parent of xylem tissue.
iv. Epidermis tissue is a type of permanent tissue.
8. Match the following:
i. Blood and lymph a. epithelial tissue
ii. Bone and cartilage b. areolar connective tissue
iii. Tendon and ligament c. skeletal connective tissue
iv. Ciliated and Cuboidal d. fluid connective tissue
9. Why is meristematic tissue important for the plant?
10. Which tissue produces the red blood cells in humans?
11. Define:
i. Meristematic tissue
ii. Permanent tissue
iii. Connective tissue
12. Name and explain different types of simple permanent tissues found in plants.
13. Give three features of cardiac tissue.
14. Make a flow chart to show different kinds of tissues found in animals.
15. Make a flow chart to show different kinds of tissues found in plants.
16. What will happen if:
i. Ligament is over stretched.

133
ii. Apical meristem is removed or damaged.

17. What are complex tissues? Name the complex tissues and their components found in plants.
18. Differentiate between:
i. Simple and complex tissue.
ii. Xylem and phloem
19. What are connective tissues? Explain different type of connective tissues with the help of
diagram.
20. Make a list of all the tissues you can think of in human body and try to classify each of them. You
can also take the help of internet.
H.O.T.S
1. What would happen if the medulatory sheath did not cover the nerve fibre?
2. Why is blood said to be a connective tissue?
3. Kedarnath has bone marrow cancer. How will his health get affected?
4. A thicker layer of subcutaneous fat helps animals and fishes in colder regions to survive. Can you
explain how?
5. If the lymphatic system went on a strike in your body, will it have any impact in your body?
6. This plant grew up to be rigid, with virtually no mechanical strength. Can you identify which
tissue loss caused all this to be so?
SOLUTION
H.O.T.S
1. The medulatory sheath covers the nerve fibre called the axon. If this sheath was absent then
all the ions would have leaked out of the axon and poured out into other axons.
2. It is said to be a connective tissue because during circulation, it passes through all the organs
of the body, and in this way connects different tissues and organs of the body.
3. The primary job of the bone marrow is to produce blood cells. If Kedarnath‟s bone marrow is
diseased, it means that it is no more able to produce white blood cells, red blood corpuscles,
and platelets. He will soon face death.
4. Amongst animals a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat serves as an insulating layer preventing
loss of heat from the body to the external environment. So this layer helps to contain the body
heat. Similarly, amongst fishes, subcutaneous fat helps in buying time for them to adjust their
body temperature to the temperature outside, as you know that fishes are cold blooded.
Further for both animals and fish, this layer serves as a reserve source for energy and helps
keep the animal alive.
5. We know that the lymphatic system consisting of organs, ducts, and nodes together helps in
transporting a watery clear fluid called lymph. This fluid distributes immune cells and other
factors throughout the body. It also interacts with the blood circulatory system to drain fluid
from cells and tissues. Now if this vital system goes on a strike my body will be adversely
affected. My immune system will collapse and I shall suffer from water retention as my body
cells will swell up.
6. The plant is suffering from loss of Collenchymatous cells as we know that this simple tissue
provides a plant with mechanical strength and flexibility.

135
IX CBSE Physics – Work and Energy
proceed.
1. Work Done
a. Work Done in Physics
Question 1.When you carry a heavy load on your head for a long time, why do you feel tired? Is it
because you are doing work?
In our everyday life, we frequently use the terms like work and energy. Work is generally
used in context of any kind of activity requiring physical or mental effort. But in physics, the
concept of work done is totally different from our perspective of work in day-to-day life. This
chapter is going to deal with the concept of work done, energy and power. We are going to
analyze motion of objects from the perspective of work and energy. But in order to
understand this work-energy approach for the analysis of motion, it is important to understand
what work actually means in physics terms.
When a force acts upon an object to cause displacement of the object, it is said that work
is done on the object.
For example, work is done in each of these cases – when an ox pulls a plow through the field,
a person pushing a grocery cart, a weightlifter lifting weight above his head, etc.
Following are the necessary conditions for work to be done:

 A force should act on the object
 The force must cause a displacement

136
Question 2.Give some examples where it seems that work is being done, but according to the
definition of work done in physics, no work is done.
Figure 11: Concept of Work
b. Work Done by a Constant Force Along Displacement
The amount of work done by a force is equal to the product of the force and the displacement
of the point of application of the force in the direction of force.
Figure 12: Work Done by a Constant Force
Suppose a constant force, F act on a block as shown above and displaces it by displacement, s
in the direction of force. Then work done by it is given by,
 Misconception: Whenever there is a force and the object undergoes some

displacement, then work is said to be done.
 Clarification: Work is done only when there is some displacement in
direction of force.

137
Question 3.A block of mass 5 kg is lifted vertically upwards to a height of 1.5 m at a constant speed.
What is the work done by the applied force?
Did You Know?

Work done on a body is accomplished not only by the displacement of
the body as a whole from one place to another but also, by compression
a gas or by rotation of shaft.

138
c. Work Done by a Constant Force at an Angle of Displacement
It is not always necessary that the displacement of a body is in direction of the force. E.g.
when a force F applied to a body displaces it by s as shown below.
Figure 13: Force Acting at an Angle
To find the work done in such cases, we need to determine either the force in direction of
displacement or the displacement in direction of force.
Force in direction of displacement
Displacement in direction of force
Now the work done is given by the product of force in direction of displacement and
displacement or product of force and displacement in direction of force. That is,
Question 4. If the length and the angle of incline are 5 m and 30º respectively and the mass of the
block that is pushed over the incline is 2 kg. Find amount of work done in both the cases.

139
Work is a scalar quantity, which has only magnitude and no direction. Its SI unit is joule
(J). When a force of 1 newton displaces a body by a distance of 1 meter in its direction, 1
joule of work is said to be done by the force.
d. Positive, Negative and Zero Work
Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero depending on the angle made between
the force and displacement.
Work Done Angle between Force and Displacement
Positive
Negative
Zero
Question 5.The moon revolves around the Earth in a circular path under the action of gravitational
force. What can you conclude about the net work done by gravity in this case?

140
Figure 14: Work Done in Different Cases
2. Kinetic Energy
a. Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity of doing work. It can be of different types such as
mechanical energy, light energy, heat energy etc. Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; only its form can be changed.
Did you know?
The concept of energy emerged from the idea of vis-viva (living force), which
Leibniz, a German philosopher, defined as the product of the mass of an
object and its velocity squared.
In this chapter we are going to focus on mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is further
classified into two different types of energy – kinetic and potential.
Figure 15: Classification of Mechanical Energy

141

b. Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of motion. It is
denoted by e.g. a bullet fired from a gun having some velocity can break a window pane
and thus has kinetic energy. Quantitatively it is the amount of work that the moving body
can perform before coming to rest. Its SI unit is joule (J).
Suppose a block of mass has an initial velocity . It is brought to rest by applying a

constant force .
Figure 16: Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy = Work done by retarding force in bringing the block to rest =
From 3rd equation of motion,
Or,
Question 6.What will be the kinetic energy of a body of mass having momentum ? A moving
body of mass 48 kg has a total kinetic energy of 9600 J. What is the momentum of the body?

142

 Misconception: Kinetic energy of a body is an absolute quantity and does not
depend on the frame of reference.
 Clarification: Kinetic energy of a body does depend on the frame of
reference; it can have different values in different frames.
Did You Know?

Temperature is nothing but an approximate measure of the average
kinetic energy of atoms and molecules of an object. According to the
kinetic theory, matter is composed of a large number of atoms or
molecules that are in constant motion. The total kinetic energy of all
the particles is called the thermal kinetic energy of the object.
c. Work-Energy Theorem
When a force is applied in the direction of motion of a body, its velocity and hence
kinetic energy increases and when it is applied opposite to motion, its velocity and hence
kinetic energy decreases. According to work-energy theorem, work done by all forces
on a body is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
Question 7. Derive the work-energy theorem using a suitable example.

143

Question 8.Suppose a body of mass 10 kg is initially moving with a velocity of 15 m/s on ground.
Because of the friction from ground it stops after some time. Find the work done by the frictional
force.
3. Potential Energy
a. Potential Energy
Potential generally refers to a currently unrealized ability of doing work. For example, a
person having a great potential can do huge amount of work in future. In a similar way,
the meaning of potential energy is derived in physics.
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or configuration is called

potential energy. It is denoted by e.g. a body placed at some height above ground, a
compressed spring etc.
Figure 17: Relation between Potential and Kinetic Energy

144

b. Type of Potential Energy
Configuration-dependent Position-dependent
Figure 18: Gravitational Potential Energy
The gravitational potential energy of a body of mass at a height above the Earth‟s surface
is given by,
Here we have taken a reference that the gravitational potential energy is zero when the body
is on the Earth‟s surface.
 Misconception: A body at rest can’t have any mechanical energy.

 Clarification: The system still can have potential energy, which is a type of
mechanical energy. E.g. a compressed spring

145

Question 9.A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up 18 steps, each of height 20 cm. Calculate the change in his
potential energy.
Potential energy introduces the concept of conservative forces. If the work done by a force
in a closed loop is zero, it is known as conservative force; else non-conservative force.
Also the work done by a conservative force is path independent while for a non-conservative
force it depends on the path taken.
Potential energy makes sense only for conservative forces (such as spring force, gravitational
force etc.). The work done against a conservative force is stored as potential energy. For non-
conservative forces (such as friction, air drag etc.), it makes no sense. And the work done
against these forces is not stored as potential energy; rather it is dissociated as heat or some
other form of energy.
Did You Know?

The work done by gravity and hence the change in gravitational
potential energy is the same whether you use the elevator,
escalator or stairs to climb up a certain height.

146

Question 10. By calculating the work done in a closed path show that gravitational force is
conservative while frictional force is non-conservative force.
4. Law of Conservation of Energy
As per law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It only
changes from one form to another. Here we are going to focus on conservation of mechanical
energy.
From the work-energy theorem,
But we know,
So,

147

If the work done by non-conservative forces is equal to zero,
( ) ( )
So we see that the initial mechanical energy is equal to the final mechanical energy, i.e. it
remains conserved.
Did You Know?

A gravity racer or soapbox is a motor-less vehicle which is raced on
a downhill road either against the clock or against another
competitor. In gravity racing, the potential energy due to gravity is
converted into kinetic energy. However, here the air drag is also
present and can’t be neglected.
Question 11.Suppose a ball of mass is dropped from a height . Show that at any height , the
sum of both potential and kinetic energies is equal to the net mechanical energy, i.e.

148
Figure 19: Conservation of Energy
Question 12.A pendulum attached with a string of length 2 m is released from one of its extreme
position at an angle of 30º from the vertical. What will be its velocity when it passes the mean
position? Take „g‟ as 10 m/s2.

149

5. Power
a. Formula for Power
Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is consumed. Its SI
unit is watt (W). 1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work or consumes energy at
the rate of 1 joule per second.
 Misconception: The formula Power = Work done / Time gives the

power at any instant.
 Clarification: This is the formula for average power over a period of
time. The actual power at any instant might differ.
Also,
Figure 20: Power
That is, if a force is required to move a body at a constant velocity (e.g. a block sliding on a
floor with friction), the power supplied by that force can be directly calculated by multiplying
force and the velocity with which the object is moving.
Question 13.A machine gun fires 200 bullets per minute with a velocity of 60 m/s. What is the
power of the machine gun, given that the mass of each bullet is 0.05 g?

150

b. Commercial Unit of Energy
The unit joule is too small and hence inconvenient to express large quantities of energy.
We use a bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kWh). It is the energy consumed
when a machine or appliance of power 1000 W (i.e. which uses 1000 J of energy every
second) is used continuously for one hour. Thus, 1 kW h is the energy used in one hour
at the rate of 1000 J/s (or 1 kW).
The energy used in households and industries is usually expressed in kilowatt hour. For
example, we pay electricity board according to the number of units (1 unit = 1 kWh) we
use.
Question 14.Show that 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J.
Question 15.An electric iron of 1000 W is used for 2 h per day. Calculate the „units‟ of energy
consumed in one month by the bulb both in kWh and Joules.

152
1. State the mechanical energy changes that take place in the following cases:
a. When a car moves up a hilly road.
b. When a stone projected vertically upwards returns to the original position.
2. When we cut a log of wood with a saw it becomes warm. Give reasons.
3. If an electric iron of 1200W is used for 30 minutes daily, find electric energy consumed in the
month of April.
4. A freely falling body stops when it hits the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
5. If a particle falls through a height, its potential energy decreases. Does this violate the law of
conservation of energy? Justify your answer.
6. A person holding a heavy bag on his head for 20 minutes gets tired. Has he done some work or
not? Explain.
7. An object of mass 10kg is moving at a speed 4 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the object?
8. When is work done on a body positive?
9. A constant force of 10N displaces a body through 5 m in the direction of force. Find the work
done by the force.
10. A body of mass 5 kg is kept on a table. If a force of 10N displaces it by 2 m along the plane of the
table, find the work done by the gravitational force.
11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the Earth?
12. What is the law of conservation of energy?
13. Two particles of masses 1g and 2g have equal momentum. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies.
14. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 15 kg is 30J. What is its momentum?
15. A ball is dropped from a height of 5m. Find the velocity of the ball just before it reaches the
ground. Do you require the value of mass of the body to find the velocity? Why/Why not?
16. The P.E. of a body at a certain height is 200 J. The kinetic energy possessed by it when it just
touches the surface of the Earth is (no air drag)
a. >200 J
b. <200 J
c. = 200 J
d. Can‟t say
17. Power is the measure of
a. Rate of change of momentum
b. Force which produces motion
c. Change of energy
d. Rate of change of energy
18. If the speed of an object is doubled then its kinetic energy gets
a. Doubled
b. Quadrupled
c. Halved
d. Tripled
19. A man of mass 50 kg jumps to a height of 1 m. His potential energy at the highest point is (g = 10
m/s2)
a. 50 J
b. 60 J
c. 500 J
d. 600 J
20. The type of energy possessed by a simple pendulum, when it is at the mean position is:
a. Kinetic energy c. Potential energy + Kinetic energy
b. Potential energy d. Sound energy

153
H.O.T.S.
1. The work done by heart every beat is 1 J. If heart‟s power in a patient was found to be 1.3 W,
find number of times, his heart is beating in one minute.
2. A ball of mass 200 g is thrown upwards at an initial velocity of 20 m/s. Find the average
power delivered by the gravity from initial point to the maximum height attained by it.
3. A bullet travelling horizontally losses 1/10 th of its velocity while penetrating and putting a
hole through a thin wooden plank. How many such planks are required to completely stop the
bullet?
4. In an amusement park, ten riders each of mass 50 kg are on a roller coaster ride. After its first
drop, riders are moving at a speed of 90 km/h, entering an underground horizontal tunnel.
They come out of the tunnel at a speed of 54 km/h. If mass of the roller coaster is 100 kg, find
the work done by the friction.
5. The ski slopes at Bluebird Mountain make use of tow ropes to transport snowboarders and
skiers to the top of the hill. One of the tow ropes is powered by a 600 W motor which pulls
skiers along an icy incline of 30° at a constant speed. Suppose that a skier with a mass of 60
kg holds onto the rope and suppose that the motor operates at full power.
a. Determine the force required to pull this amount of weight up at a constant speed.
b. Determine the speed at which the skiers will ascend the hill.
c. Determine the work done by the gravity in 10 seconds.
SOLUTION
3. 18 kWh
7. 80 J
9. 50 N
10. Zero
11. Zero
13. 2: 1
14. 30 kg m/s
21. 10 m/s
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. C
26. A
H.O.T.S.
6. 78 times
7. 20 watts
8. 3 planks
9. 120 kJ
a) 300 N b) 2 m/s c) 6 kJ

155
IX CBSE Physics – Sound
proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. When a stone is dropped in a pond we see somewhat circular patterns as shown below.
What do you think is happening?
a. Particles and Waves
Waves are present almost everywhere. Whether we recognize them or not, we encounter
waves on a very frequent basis. Our understanding of the physical world would not be
complete until we understand the nature and behavior of these waves. But before we
come to these questions, the first and foremost question is – What is a wave?
We can understand waves by taking an analogy of message transfer from one person to
another. This can basically be done in two ways i.e. either he can physically go and
deliver the message to the intended person or he can pass it on to the next person in line
who can further give it to the next person without actually moving. This will continue till
the message reaches its destination. In the first case, the person is actually moving to
transfer the message, while in the second case the person is not physically moving but the

156

message is still being transferred. The first case is the example of matter or particles. The
second case is an example of a wave. Wave motion refers to a disturbance that causes
transfer of energy from one point to another without the particle going from one point to
another.
Question 2.A wave transports energy and not matter. Justify this statement.
Waves can broadly be classified into two types – Longitudinal and Transverse waves,
depending upon the vibration of particles with respect to the direction of wave.
b. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
For a transverse wave the displacement of particles of medium is perpendicular to the

direction of propagation of the wave e.g. a ripple in a pond or a wave in a string.
Figure 21: Transverse Wave in a String
On the other hand, in a longitudinal wave the displacement of particles is parallel to the direction of
wave propagation e.g. a waves in a slinky, sound waves in the air.

157
Figure 22: Longitudinal Wave in a Slinky
Did You Know?

During Earthquakes, three types of waves are produced: P-waves, which are
longitudinal in nature, S-waves which are transverse and Surface waves
which are altogether a different type (neither transverse nor longitudinal).
These surface waves cause the most damage during an Earthquake!
c. Mechanical and Non-mechanical Waves
Mechanical waves are the waves that require a medium for their propagation e.g. sound
waves, water waves etc. while non-mechanical waves are the waves that do not require a
medium for their propagation e.g. electromagnetic waves (such as visible light, UV rays).
They can travel even through vacuum.
Question 3.Do mechanical waves lose energy as they travel through a medium? Why?

158

Question 4. Let‟s assume an absolutely quiet room and all the air molecules are at rest. Now hit a
tuning fork, you‟ll hear a sound. What has changed in the room?
Having some idea about what waves are, let us now restrict our discussion to a particular type of wave
– Sound wave.
2. Sound Properties
a. Visualization of Sound
Suppose you have a guitar and you pluck its string. When the guitar string is pulled, it
compresses the air nearby. Compression means that number of air molecules near the
string per unit volume increases. This leads to increase in the pressure. Now, when the
stretched string goes back, the pressure decreases and leads to rarefaction. The air
molecules are no longer tightly packed. This leads to rarefaction where it was
compression beforehand.
Figure 23: Sound Wave through Air

159

b. Sound as a Longitudinal Wave
Every sound is produced by vibration or disturbance and these vibrations are transferred
from one point to another by the back and forth movements of the particles. It is a
longitudinal wave in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the propagation of
wave. Regardless of the source of the sound wave - whether it is a vibrating string or a
vibrating tuning fork - sound traveling through air are longitudinal waves.
Did You Know?

In sound wave the propagated disturbance is a variation of pressure in
the material medium, as it is a type of pressure wave. If a detector were
used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as
the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device.
Question 5. What is the difference between a sound wave and a shock wave?
Questions 6.How can a flute produce sound, even though it has no strings to vibrate?

160

3. Characteristics of Sound Waves
a. Sound as a Mechanical Wave
Sound wave is a mechanical wave and hence it requires a medium to propagate. It is

transferred as a vibration from one atom to another through collisions. Without medium,
vibrations will not propagate from one point to another, as there will be no atoms or
molecules between the two points.
Figure 7: Bell-Jar Experiment
Question 8. Using the image above as a hint. Explain the experiment conducted to demonstrate that
sound is a mechanical wave.

161

b. Why do Humans have Two Ears?
Question 9.What disadvantages would be there if we had just one ear instead of two?
 Misconception: Sound wave is always a longitudinal wave.

 Clarification: Sound wave can travel in solids as a longitudinal way as
well as a transverse wave.
c. Characteristics of Sound
Sometimes you hear loud sound and sometimes you hear soft sound. But ever wondered
what differentiates these sounds. Every sound wave has certain properties, which
differentiate it from the rest of the sound waves. Properties such as wavelength,
amplitude, frequency and pitch differentiate sound waves from one another. Now let us
first define certain terms that will help us understand these characteristics better.
Figure 8: Sound Wave

162

 Wavelength: It is the distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs.
It is denoted by λ.
 Frequency: Frequency means number of waves passing in one unit of time. It is denoted
by . Its SI unit is hertz (Hz).
 Time Period: Time period is defined as the time taken for one oscillation. It is denoted
by .
 Amplitude: The maximum displacement from the mean position is known as amplitude.
It is denoted by .
Question 10. Generate a relationship between frequency and time period for any wave. If a sound has
frequency of 20 Hz, how much time will it take to go from one compression to the next rarefaction?
Question 11.A sound source produces 40 compressions and 40 rarefactions in 0.4 s. What is the
frequency of the wave?
We know that sound wave is a pressure wave i.e. compression (high pressure region) and
rarefaction (low pressure region). If we are increasing the pressure, air molecules will be
compressed more which means the amplitude of the pressure wave will increases and a loud
sound will be produced. At rarefaction, the pressure will drop which results in dropping of the

163

pressure graph to minimum and low sound will be produced. Loudness depends on the
amplitude of the wave. It is measure in decibels (db).
Did You Know?

One of the loudest natural sounds ever made on our planet Earth is
probably the gigantic volcanic eruption on the island of Krakatoa. The
sound was historically reported at 180 Decibels. This super massive
eruption killed some 40,000 people and could apparently be heard over
3,000 miles away.
Now let us come to another important characteristic of the sound wave – Frequency. Pitch
of the sound wave depends on its frequency. High pitch sounds have high frequency, due to
which the wavelength of the sound decreases and sound waves come closer to other
neighboring waves.
 Misconception: Both speed and frequency of sound wave depends on the

medium.
 Clarification: The speed of sound wave depends on the medium but the
frequency depends on the source from which it was produced.
Question 12. If a sound wave covers a distance of 1.8 km in just 6 seconds and in this distance, there
are 9000 compressions (high pressure region) made. What is the frequency of the sound wave?

164

Question 13. How do we differentiate between the sound from a guitar and sound from a flute given
that all the parameters of the two instruments are same i.e. frequency, wavelength and amplitude?
d. Hearing Range
The sound having frequency below 20 Hz is known as infrasonic sound while the sound
having frequency greater than 20 kHz is known as ultrasonic sound. Ultrasound carries
high energy and these waves have multiple use for humans. SONAR uses ultrasound to
calculate the depth of the seabed from the surface etc.
We, human beings, can hear sound in the range of 20-20,000 Hz (audible range).But other
animals can hear sound below 20 Hz and some can hear sound above 20 kHz. Different
animals have different ranges of audible frequencies e.g. dolphins can hear sounds of
higher frequencies even up to 150 kHz. Bats use ultrasound to detect obstacles in its way.
e. Speed of Sound in Different Media
We know that sound travels at a speed of 344 m/s in air at room temperature. Speed of
sound is different in different media because of the difference in the arrangement of
atoms in solids, liquids and gases. In solids, sound travels the fastest because the atoms
are closely packed, hence sound takes minimum time and the disturbance is transferred
from one atom to another very much quickly. In liquids, the sound takes relatively more
time. The gap between atoms in liquid is more as compared to solids. Hence the
disturbance takes more time to travel from one end to another. In similar way we can
conclude that sound travels slowest in gases.
 Misconception: Sound moves faster in air than in solids (as air offers less
resistance).
 Clarification: Sound moves faster in solids as compared to gases.

165
Question 14.If you place your ear close to an iron railing and your friend taps it some distance away,
you hear the sound twice. Why is it so?
Question 15.A bomb is dropped from a 500 m high building and it will burst after hitting the ground.
If „g‟ is 10 m/s2 and speed of sound in air is 350 m/s, find the time after which splash is heard.

166
4. Reflection of Sound Waves
a. Law of Reflection of Sound
When sound travelling in a given medium strikes the surface of another medium, it
bounces back. This phenomenon is called the reflection of sound. Reflection occurs
when compression hits the surface and bounces back. This is somewhat similar to the
bounce of a billiard ball off the bank of a table. This reflection of sound wave is not
random; it follows the law of reflection according to which the angle of incidence of a
sound wave is equal to the angle of reflection.
Figure 9: Reflection of Sound
Question 16. The walls and ceilings of concert halls are made up of soft materials such as fiberglass
or acoustic tiles to give the room more pleasing acoustic properties. What can be the reason behind
this?

167

b. Echo
The sound which is heard because of reflection from a surface or obstacle, is termed as an
echo. We ordinarily don‟t hear an echo as the reflected sound gets merged with the
original sound. The sensation of a sound persists for about 0.1 seconds in our ear. This is
known as the persistence of hearing. So for an echo to be heard distinctly the time lag
between the actual sound and the reflected sound should be at least 0.1 s.
Figure 24: Echo
Question 17. Based on the discussion above, calculate the minimum distance between the source and
the obstacle for an echo to be heard distinctly in air. Take speed of sound to be 340 m/s in air. Will
this value be different in water? Why?

168

When the reflecting object is quite far away the echo cannot be heard clearly. This is due to
the damping of the sound wave as the sound propagates.
From the discussion above we can conclude that the following conditions need to be satisfied
for formation of an echo:
 The size of the obstacle must be large compared to the wavelength of the incident wave.
Then only the reflection of sound wave will take place.
 The obstacle should be at least 17 m away from the source of sound for a distinct echo to be
heard.
 The sound should be loud enough so that the reflected sound when reaching the ear is
audible.
c. Echolocation
Echoes are quite useful especially for some animals such as bats and dolphins. They use a
technique called echolocation to navigate through space and avoid obstacles.
These animals send out tiny, high pitched squeaks, which bounce off the objects in the path.
These echoes reach back to the animals which then adjust their course to avoid the obstacles.
This can be used to find their way around or to locate prey.
Figure 25: Echolocation by Bats and Dolphins
d. RADAR and SONAR
We humans also use echo for a number of applications. Echoes can yield vital information
such as depth of a sea or an ocean, distance of aircrafts etc. By knowing the speed of sound
and measuring the time it takes to hear the echo, we can calculate how far the object is. The
sonar and radar navigation systems used by the military are based on similar principles.

169

Question 19. A pirate ship is looking for the treasures on the sea beds which were left by the past
sunken ships. SONAR was launched vertically downwards and it took exactly 2.32 s to come back. If
it is known that seabed is 1700m deep at that point. Have they found a sunken ship? If yes, what is the
height of the sunken ship?
Figure 26: SONAR
Radar also uses similar principles. It sends out electromagnetic waves to determine the
location of objects such as planes and ships. Like sound echolocation, radar is also used in
open air.

170
Figure 27: RADAR
Since the receiver used in these techniques is an electronic device, the time it takes
for the wave to return can be much less than the 0.1 second.
e. Reverberation
Another phenomenon similar to echo is reverberation. The phenomenon of

reverberation is caused not just by a single reflection of sound but by overlapping of
multiple echoes. The reverberated sound is not a clear replica of the original sound.
The sound waves tend to combine as one prolonged sound wave. For instance, in a
song, the lyrics will not be distinguishable in a reverberation. Also unlike an echo, a
reverberation cannot be used for determining distances. Reverberation usually takes
place in closed spaces with multiple reflecting objects.
It is mostly unwanted and we try to get rid of it. You might have felt its effect in a
badly designed auditorium.
Figure 28: Reverberation

171
Did You Know?
Even in the best concert halls, the faded music can be heard after the
orchestra stops playing. This delay is called the reverberation time.
Concert halls typically have a reverberation time of two seconds.
f. Doppler’s Effect
We know that the frequency of a sound wave is the characteristic of the source and
does not change even when sound goes from one medium to another. But what
happens when the sound source itself is moving? Is the perceived sound frequency
same as actual sound frequency emitted by the source?
Well these frequencies are not the same and this effect is known as Doppler‟s Effect.
Suppose a police car is moving as shown below:
Figure 29: Doppler Effect
As it approaches person A, its pitch gradually increases. However for person B, the
pitch seems to drop with time.
Doppler‟s effect also happens with light. In fact, this is the theory which told us that
all the galaxies are moving away from us as their frequencies were constantly
decreasing; we named it „red shift‟. And this is the discovery which led us to the big
bang theory.

172

Question 20.Why is there a difference in the perceived frequency when the source of sound
approaches you as compared to when it moves away from you? What effect does it have on the
wavelength?
 Misconception: Doppler’s effect results because of an actual change in

the frequency of the source.
 Clarification: Doppler’s effect does not result because of
an actual change in the frequency of the source, only the perceived
frequency changes.
Did You Know?

Flicking the tip of a bullwhip creates a sonic boom just like thunder! Some
part of the whip travels faster. The tip can reach speeds more than 30
times the initial speed of the whip, which eventually crosses the speed of
sound limit and you hear the cracking noise of the whip, which is basically
a Sonic Boom.

173

5. Human Ear
Figure 30: Human Ear
a. Outer Ear
The shape of outer part of the ear (pinna) is like a funnel. It collects the sound from the
surroundings which travels down the ear canal and reaches a thin membrane called
eardrum or tympanic membrane. When compression arrives at the eardrum, pressure on
the outside increases which forces the eardrum inwards. The reverse happens when a
rarefaction arrives. In this way the eardrum vibrates.
b. Middle Ear
In the middle ear, there are three bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup).
Question 21.What functions are served by the parts of middle ear?

174
Did You Know?

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three smallest bones in
our bodies. Together they are about the size of a pea! Of these,
stirrup is the smallest.
c. Inner Ear
Inside the inner ear, the pressure variations are converted into electrical signal by the cochlea. These
signals are transferred to brain by auditory nerve and the brain interprets it as sound.

176
1. State any two characteristics of a wave motion.

2. If the amplitude of a wave is doubled, what will be the effect on its loudness?
3. Differentiate between the following:
a. Longitudinal and transverse waves
b. Mechanical and non-mechanical waves
4. A lightning was seen 6 second before its thunder. Calculate the distance from the surface of
the Earth at which the clouds collided. Speed of sound = 350 m/s.
5. Radar is able to detect the reflected waves from an enemy airplane, after a time interval of
0.20 milliseconds. If the velocity of the waves is 3 × 108 m/s, calculate the distance of the
plane from the radar.
6. Radar sends a signal to an airplane at a distance 45 km away with a speed of 3 × 108 m/s.
After how long will the signal be received back from the airplane?
7. An observer stands at a distance of 850 m from the cliff and fires a gun. After what time gap
will he hear the echo, if sound travels at a speed of 350 m/s in air?
8. What do you mean by echolocation? How is it useful?
9. The wavelength of waves produced on the surface of water is 20 cm. If the wave velocity is
24 m/s, calculate:
a. The number of waves produced in one second and
b. The time required to produce one wave.
10. Write a note on Doppler effect.
11. Will the sound be audible if the string is set into vibration on the surface of the moon? Give
reason for your answer.
12. What is Sonar? State the principle on which it is based.
13. What is the relation between frequency, wavelength and speed of a wave?
14. State three characteristics of a musical sound.
15. Why do humans have two ears?
16. The speed of sound in solids is:
a. Lesser than its speed in liquids and gases
b. Greater than its speed in liquid but lesser than its speed in gases
c. Greater than its speed in gases and liquids
d. Lesser than its speed in gases but greater than its speed in liquids.
17. Frequency above _______ belongs to the range of ultrasonic sound waves.
a. 2000 Hz
b. 20 Hz
c. 20,000 Hz
d. 2,00,000 Hz
18. The unit for measuring loudness of sound is _______.
a. Decibel
b. Lambda
c. Hertz
d. Joule
19. With increase in amplitude, the _______ of sound increases.
a. Loudness
b. Velocity
c. Timbre
d. Pitch

177
20. _______ are the characteristics of sound.

a. Frequency and amplitude
b. Crests and troughs
c. Compressions and rarefactions
d. Pitch, loudness and timbre
H.O.T.S.
1. A pendulum has a frequency of 5 vibrations per second. An observer starts the pendulum and fires
a gun simultaneously. He hears the echo from the cliff after 8 vibrations of the pendulum. If the
velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s, what is the distance between the cliff and the observer?
2. Why is it that flashing of light is seen first and then the thunder is heard? Also, given the time
interval between the lightning seen and the thunder heard how can you calculate the height of the
clouds?
3. A coin was dropped into an empty well which is 120 m deep. Find the time after which you will
hear the clinking sound of falling coin. Take speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s and g to be 9.8 m/s2.
4. Why and how does speed of sound change with temperature? Assume that a guitar and a flute are in
tune with each other. Explain how a change in temperature could alter this situation.
5. A man fires a gun and hears its echo after 5 seconds. The man then moves 310 m towards the hill
and fires his gun again. This time he hears the echo after 3 seconds. Calculate the speed of sound.
SOLUTION
2. 4 times louder
4. 2.1 km
5. 30 km
6. 0.3 ms
7. 4.86s
8. -
9. a) 120 Hz
b) 1/120 s
15. C
16. C
17. A
18. A
19. D
H.O.T.S.
1. 272 m
2. Speed of light is much slow as compared to light.
3. 5.3 s
4. Speed in air will change because of temperature.
5. 310m/s

179
IX CBSE Chemistry – Atoms and Molecules
proceed.
1. Introduction
What is Chemistry?
The answer is very simple. It is the study of atoms and molecules, the way they behave and
interact with each other through different types of bonds. But that‟s not how it all started.
a. The Four Elements

Throughout man‟s evolution, human beings have always tried to understand what
happened around them and how they could use this for their convenience. One of the first
things that caught their curiosity was fire. Fire along with air, water and land was
considered the four elements that made up everything. Democritus and Maharishi Kanada
independently believed that if we kept on breaking any substance into smaller and smaller
particles, we would eventually get an indivisible particle called “atoms” or “paramanu”
respectively. But these definitions were insufficient to understand what occurs around us.
Question 1. Describe the experiment that led to the discovery of Law of conservation of mass
Elements and Compounds
With John Dalton‟s atomic theory, the definition of element changed. Elements were now
considered to be made up of atoms. These atoms were identical for an element and when
these atoms of one element combined with atoms of other elements, compounds were formed.
But Dalton‟s theory had its limitations. One huge limitation was that his theory considered
atoms to be indivisible but soon discovery of electrons, followed by discovery of protons and
neutrons proved him wrong.

180

Question 2. Discuss the pros and cons of Dalton‟s atomic theory.
2. Atomic Mass
After various experiments and atomic models, it was established that the structure of atom
looked somewhat similar to our solar system. Most of the mass was concentrated in the centre
in a region of tightly packed positive and neutral particles called Nucleus as discovered by
Rutherford.
What do you understand by atomic mass?
Figure 31 - Structure of Atom

181

Mendeleev considered atomic mass for arranging the known elements and found striking
similarities among the elements in a group. Mendeleev used hydrogen as a standard for
measuring the relative weights of the known elements as hydrogen was the lightest known
element. Even oxygen was once considered as a standard for measuring weights because of its
ability to bond with other elements. But this was soon replaced by carbon atom (Carbon-12
isotope).
Figure 32 - Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Question 3. What do you mean by carbon-12 isotope and why was it used as a standard for measuring
relative weights?
1/12th mass of a carbon-12 isotope was considered 1 a.m.u where a.m.u stood for atomic mass
unit. Oxygen atom being 4/3 times heavier than a carbon atom had a mass of 16 a.m.u in the
above system. Hydrogen being 1/12 times lighter than carbon was the lightest element having
atomic mass of 1 a.m.u.
Did you know?
While calculating the atomic mass of any element, we ignore the mass of
electrons present in it because an electron is 1/1836 times lighter than a
proton and hence, its contribution to the total mass of atom is negligible

182

3. Mole Concept
Question 4. How is a molecule different from an atom? What will be the mass of 1 molecule of
hydrogen?
In 1811, an Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro came up with a theory after being inspired by Gay-
Lussac‟s Law of combining volumes. According to Avogadro‟s Law, "equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules regardless of their chemical
nature and physical properties". He measured the mass of a 22.4 L sample of hydrogen and divided
that by the mass of an individual hydrogen molecule. He considered 22.4 L of hydrogen as 1 mole and
concluded that 1 mole of any element contained 6.022 x 1023 particles. As the mass of 1 molecule of
hydrogen was 2 a.m.u., 1 mole of hydrogen molecules weighed 2 grams where 2 grams was the gram
molecular weight of hydrogen.
Question 5. State Gay-Lussac‟s Law of combining volumes.
Mole is simply a unit for representing the number of atomic and subatomic particles in a sample, just
like score is a unit which represents a quantity of 20. 1 mole of any substance will have 6.022 x 1023
particles (a.k.a. Avogadro‟s number). Some places have 6.023 x 1023 particles as 1 mole because it is
easier to remember and the difference is insignificant.
Question 6. A sample X, has 3.011 x 1021 particles contained in it. Calculate the no. of moles of X in
the sample.

183

Question 7. Calculate the number of atoms in 2.5 moles of ammonia gas (NH3) taken in a closed
beaker.
Question 8. Calculate the number of electrons in a sample of nitrogen gas (N2) which weighs 5.6
grams. (Gram Molecular Mass of Nitrogen is 28)
4. Relation between Mole, Mass and Volume.
The Avogadro‟s number is the number of molecules that are contained in a sample of 22.4 L
of a gas at NTP. Since, according to Avogadro‟s Law, equal volume of similar or different
gases should contain equal number of particles at the same temperature and pressure, we can
look at mole concept from two directions. Firstly, a mole has 6.022 x 1023 particles. So any
sample having 6.022 x 1023 molecules will be considered as 1 mole. The other approach is to
calculate mole according to the volume present. 1 mole of any gas will have 6.022 x 1023
molecules and since these many particles occupy 22.4 L at STP, hence, any gas occupying
22.4 L at NTP will be considered as 1 mole.

184
Figure 3 - Relationship between Mole, Mass and Volume
Some useful formulae:
 Mole =
 Mole =
 Mole =
Question 9. Express 6.4 g of O2 gas in terms of its equivalent volume and number of molecules.
Question 10. Metal X reacts with dilute acid, releasing 7.72 L of a gas at NTP which reignites the
splint with a pop sound. Calculate the number of molecules of

185

Question 11. 0.3 g of H2 gas reacts with N2 gas to produce ammonia according to the following
reaction: N2 + 3H2→ 2NH3.Calculate the volume of ammonia released at NTP.
5. Atomic Valency
Define the term ‘Valency’.
If we move from left to right in 2nd period of the modern periodic table, we will observe that
the number of valence electrons increases from 1 to 8. Lithium has 1 valence electron,
beryllium has 2, fluorine has 7 and neon has 8. So the valency varies from 1 to 8.
Did you know?
Valency is a measure of the combining capacity. Even though a chlorine atom has 7
electrons in its valence shell, it only shares 1 of them in a covalent bond. Many elements
also show multiple valencies in different compounds such as iron, tin, lead and
phosphorus.
Question 12. Show the valency of magnesium and chlorine with the help of shell diagrams. Also
show the compound they form together.

186

All atoms participate in reactions to achieve the electronic configuration of the nearest noble
gases and attain stability. These noble gases have maximum number of electrons that their outer-
most shell can accommodate and are hence, largely unreactive.
Figure 4 - Atomic Structure of Noble Gases
a. Cation
Ionic bonding proceeds with actual
transfer of electrons. When an atom
loses an electron, at that instant, the
number of protons is greater than the
number of electrons by 1. Hence, it
attains a positive charge and is now
called a cation.
Figure 5: Formation of Sodium ion
b. Anion
When a neutral atom accepts an electron during an ionic bond formation, it becomes
negatively charged because it has relatively more number of electrons as compared to
protons. These negatively charged ions are called anions. These anions combine with the
cations leading to the formation of ionic bonds. These bonds are held together by strong
electrostatic forces.
Question 13. With the help of diagrams, show how ionic bond is formed between sodium and
chlorine.

187

Atomicity
Define atomicity.
Question 14. What will be the atomicity of the following compounds?
(i) Ammonia (ii) Ozone (iii) Methane (iv) Chlorine
6. Writing Chemical Formula
Chemical formula of an element/compound represents the ratio in which the atoms exist in a
molecule. The chemical formula of any element/compound can be written in the following steps.
 The name of more electropositive element (usually a metal) is written first

 The name of more electronegative is written in the last with the name ending as –ide.
For e.g. chloride, bromide, etc.
 The valency of the electropositive element/ion should satisfy the valency of the
electronegative element/ion.
 There should be no common factor in the atomicity of electronegative and electropositive
elements in the molecule.

188
Question 15. Write the chemical formula of a compound compromising of:
(i) Carbon and Oxygen (ii) Nitrogen and Hydrogen (iii) Magnesium and Chlorine.
Alternate Method
 Write the more electropositive element first and then the electronegative element.
 Write their respective valency below them.
 Cross multiply their valencies to get the atomicity.
 Cancel out any common factor in the obtained atomicity.
Question 16. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds using the alternate method:
(i) Lithium and Oxygen (ii) Chlorine and Fluorine (iii) Carbon and Iodine

190
1. State whether true or false: An atom is the smallest particle of an element that exhibits all the
properties of that element.
2. In a reaction, 15.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 16 g of ethanoic acid. The products were
12.2 g of carbon dioxide, 1 g water and 18.1 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations
are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
3. Write down the 5 postulates of Dalton‟s atomic theory.
4. Give the Latin names and symbols for the following elements:
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Mercury
5. Calculate the relative molecular mass of caustic soda. Use this knowledge to find the number of
moles of caustic soda in a sample weighing 100g.
6. Why is an atom of C12 taken as a standard reference for measuring the mass of all atoms and
molecules?
7. Find the total number of electrons in a 56g sample of HCl diluted in 450g of H2O
8. Convert the following into moles.
a. 20 g of oxygen gas
b. 88.5 litres of water vapour
9. Give the chemical formula of the following compounds:
a. Magnesium sulphate
b. Aluminium oxide
c. Caustic soda
10. With the help of an example, explain polyatomic ions.
11. Define atomicity. What is the atomicity of the following compounds?
a. Sulphur
b. Phosphorus
12. Write down the rules to be followed while naming an ionic chemical compound.
13. Write three differences between anions and cations. Why are electrons the only subatomic species
which can change their positions and give rise to charged atoms or ions?
14. What are the drawbacks of Dalton‟s atomic theory?
15. What is the atomicity of:
a. Sulphite ion
b. Hydrogen carbonate ion
16. Which of the following is not a symbol of an element?
a. Ne
b. Au
c. So
d. N
17. Chemical formula of ammonium sulphate is:
a. (NH4)2SO2
b. (NH3)2SO2
c. (NH4)2SO4
d. (NH4)3SO5
18. Avogadro number is defined as the number of atoms in a 12 g sample of __________ element.
a. Carbon- 12
b. Carbon
c. Oxygen
d. Hydrogen

191
19. Latin name of tungsten is-

a. Ferrum
b. Kalium
c. Hydrargyrum
d. Wolfram
20. The relative mass of a molecule is expressed as:
a. Atomic mass unit
b. Atomic weight unit
c. Relative atomic mass unit
d. None of these
H.O.T.S
1. The atomicity of K2Cr2O7.3H2O is

a) 9 b) 11
c) 10 d) 20
2. Which of the following is a wrong Combination?
a) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen = 32g of oxygen gas
b) 6.022 x 1023 ions of sodium = 23g of sodium
c) 6.022 x 1023atoms of C = 24g of carbon
d) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of H = 1g of hydrogen atoms
3. What is atomicity? What is the atomicity of phosphorus and nitrogen?
4. If equal volumes of two gases Oxygen and Neon are taken in two separate containers. Which
of the two containers will have a greater number of total atoms? (Atomic mass of O and Ne
are 16 and 20 respectively).
5. Which of the following samples has the largest number of particles?
a) 2 moles of electrons b) 16g of oxygen gas
c) 6.022 x 1024 neutrons d) 44.8 litres of Argon gas
SOLUTION
8.
a) 20 g of oxygen gas
Molar mass of O = 16g
Therefore, 20 g of O = 20/16 = 1.25 moles
b) 88.5 litres of water vapour
22.4 litres of a gas = 1 mole at STP
So, 88.5 litres of water vapour = 88.5/22.4 = 3.95 mole
16. b) So
17. c) (NH4)2SO4
18. a) Carbon - 12
19. d) Wolfram
20. a) Atomic mass unit

192
H.O.T.S
1. d) 20
Atomicity = total number of atoms in a molecule of the substance.
2. c) 6.022 x 1023atoms of C = 24g of carbon
6.022 x 1023atoms of C = 12g of carbon
3. Atomicity = total number of atoms in a molecule of the substance.
Atomicity of P = 5, phosphorus exists as P5 molecules
Atomicity of N = 2, nitrogen gas exists as N2 molecules
4. Since the query is regarding gases, we must consider the particles to be molecules.
Each oxygen molecule has 2 atoms of oxygen whereas Neon has one atom per molecule.
Hence when equal volumes of the gases are taken, the number of molecules is the same.
Clearly the total number of atoms in the case of oxygen gas will be double that of neon.
5. c. 6.022 x 1024 neutrons
6.022 x 1024 neutrons = 10 x 6.022 x 1023 neutrons = 10 moles of neutrons
16g of oxygen gas = 0.5 moles of oxygen molecules
44.8 litres of Argon gas = 2 moles of argon gas

194
IX CBSE Chemistry – Structure of an Atom
proceed.
1. Introduction
What is all matter made up of? How did you arrive at this conclusion?
Before we get into what an atom is, and what we mean by atomic structure, look around
yourself. You will find buildings, lots and lots of them. Now you know that these buildings
are basically made up of bricks and cements, so we can say that the buildings are made up of
bricks. But have you ever thought about what makes up a brick?
a. Early Models of Atom

 Democritus, an ancient Greek philosopher, believed that if we keep dividing, say a piece
of bread into smaller pieces, divide the smaller piece into even smaller pieces, we will
eventually reach a situation where the particle can‟t be divided anymore. Democritus
named these particles Atomos (meaning indivisible in Greek).
 Similar idea was declared by Maharishi Kanada of India and he named these indivisible
particles paramanu.
 Aristotle dismissed these theories by saying that “seeing is believing”, and since these
atomos couldn‟t be seen, Democritus‟ theory was wrong.
b. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
First scientific theory about the structure of atoms was proposed by John Dalton in the year
1808.
Write down the main points of Dalton's Atomic Theory

195

Question 1. What were the drawbacks of Dalton‟s atomic theory which eventually led us to exploring
newer models of the atom?
2. Sub-Atomic Particles
The early models of atom portrayed the atom as an indivisible particle. But these models were
either hypothesis or theories that couldn‟t be proved. This caused a seed of doubt to be
planted. Were these atoms really “indivisible”?
a. Discovery of Electrons
The first person to disprove Dalton‟s atomic theory was J. J. Thomson. In the year 1897,
Thomson conducted an experiment inside a cathode ray tube. Thomson passed electricity at
high voltage through a gas of extremely low density at very low pressure. Streams of particles
were discharged from the cathode that produced luminescence on the other side of the CRT.
By conducting this experiment with various gases, he made some conclusions.
Figure 33 - A Cathode Ray Tube with a turbine inside

196

What are the conclusions made by J. J. Thompson after performing various iterations of the
cathode ray tube experiment?
b. Thomson’s Model of the Atom
Thomson, in the year 1903, proposed a model to explain the structure of atom. Note that at
this point of time only protons and electrons had been discovered. He suggested that the
structure of atom resembled that of a plum pudding or a watermelon. The seeds or plum were
the negatively charged particles that were embedded on a positively charged sphere (pudding
or watermelon).
Figure 34 - The Plum-Pudding model

197

Question 2. Why was the Plum-pudding model unsuccessful in establishing the true nature of atoms?
c. Discovery of Protons
It was only a matter of time before someone realized that the atom must be having some
positive particles as the atom as a whole is neutral. E. Goldstein performed a very similar
experiment to J. J. Thomson. When he passed electricity at high voltage through a gas at low
pressure, he observed that streams of particles significantly heavier than electrons were given
out by the anode.
List down the observations made by E. Goldstein -
Question 3. Why did the mass and charge of anode rays depend on the gas taken whereas the cathode
rays‟ properties were independent of the gas taken in the discharge tube?

198

Question 4. What do you think is the difference between anode and cathode rays?
3. Radioactivity
Most of the elements around us are stable, but there are some elements which are unstable
and hence disintegrate. The nucleus of such atoms undergoes change along with discharge
of certain particles. These particles are called alpha, beta and gamma particle. Alpha
particles are positively charged particles with a mass of 4u, beta particles are negatively
charged particles with negligible mass and gamma particles are pure radiations and hence do
not carry any charge or mass.
Question 5. What happens to the identity of the atom during radioactive discharge?
Did you know?
Nearly one hundred percent of the mass of an atom (99.94%) is contained in

the nucleus alone.
Rutherford’s Gold-Foil Experiment
After the discovery of the sub-atomic particles, the first part of puzzle was solved. Finally we
knew what constituted an atom. But did we know how these sub-atomic particles were
arranged inside an atom? Rutherford was the first to answer this with the help of his Gold-foil
experiment in 1911. The setup of his experiment is shown below:

199
Figure 35 - Gold-Foil Experiment
Note down the observations and the respective conclusions made by Rutherford with respect to the
gold foil experiment-
a. Discovery of Nucleus
In 1932, James Chadwick noticed that all the mass of an atom could not be accounted for only
on the basis of protons and electrons present in it. For example, a carbon atom contained 6
protons and 6 electrons and should ideally have a mass of 6u. But experiments showed that
the mass of carbon atom was 12u. What did this mean? It meant that there were other
subatomic particles which were neutral (possess no charge) and had appreciable mass. He
named these particles as neutrons

200

Question 6. If the charges of protons and electrons in an atom were switched to negative and positive
charge respectively, would the atoms stability be affected? Justify the reason.
Question 7. Why is it a common observation that the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is
always either equal to the number of protons or greater?
 Misconception: Atom is a solid entity with definite boundaries as shown in

various figures.
 Clarification:Atoms are 99.99% free space with the remaining 0.01% being
the nucleus. If the size of an atom were imagined to be a football field, the
nucleus would be equivalent to a football placed in the pitch. Also, an atom
doesn’t have any definite boundaries. Its radius is defined as the distance of
the outermost shell from the nucleus.
Rutherford‟s model helped gain very important insights. It was the first to suggest the concept of
a concentrated nucleus. According to Rutherford, the mass and positive charge of the atom was
concentrated in a small portion called nucleus, located in the center of atom. Ideally, bundling up
the positive charges together should have had made the nucleus unstable, but somehow, the
nucleus managed to remain stable.

201

Question 8. Why was Rutherford adamant that the electrons in the atom constantly revolve around the
nucleus?
Later it was found that some elements had unstable nucleus which eventually disintegrated
giving away alpha and beta particles. After numerous experiments, the scientists were able to
obtain a relationship between elements which often disintegrated and the ratio of protons to
neutrons they had.
4. Neils Bohr’s Model
Neil Bohr went a step further with his model, in 1913. He suggested, in addition to a
concentrated nucleus, the electrons revolved around in stationary orbits. The main postulates
of his theory were:
Write down the postulates in the space given below –

202

According to Bohr, the atomic structure was very similar to our solar system in which the
nucleus formed the central sun with the electrons revolving around. He named these shells or
orbits as K, L, M, N, etc.
Figure 3 - Bohr's Atomic Model
Bohr intentionally named the shells as K, L, M, etc., and not A, B, C, etc., because he wasn‟t
sure if these were the only shells and hence, wanted space on either side for any future
possibilities.
In 1921, Bohr and Bury gave some laws for distribution of electrons in various orbits, which
are now called Bohr-Bury Scheme.
Main points of the Bohr-Bury scheme are:
Question 9. What were the limitations of the Bohr‟s atomic model?

203

This can be understood with the help of some examples. The electronic configuration of
helium having 2 electrons and that of carbon having 6 electrons are shown below.
Figure 4 - Atomic Structure of Helium Figure 5 -Atomic Structure of Carbon
Question 10. Write down the electronic configuration of lithium (3 electrons), chlorine (17 electrons)
and potassium (19 electrons).
Define the terms given in the space below -
Mass Number:
Atomic Number:
Atomic Symbols:
What are Isotopes ?

204

What are Isobars ?
Did you know?

There are 254 known stable isotopes and 80 elements which have at least one stable
isotope. Twenty-six elements only have one stable isotope. These elements are called
monoisotopic.

206
1. Differentiate between the terms, postulate and theory.

2. Complete the sentence by filling the blanks: _________, ___________ and __________ are the
building blocks of an atom.
3. With the help of an example, explain what elements are.
4. Why are atoms electrically neutral particles?
5. Why was a gold foil preferred over lithium foil by Rutherford in his experiment?
6. Differentiate between Dalton‟s atomic model and modern atomic model?
7. Tick the correct answer: The electronic configuration of Calcium is-
a. K-2, L-8, M-10
b. K-8, L-8, M-4
c. K-2, L-8, M-8, N-2
d. K-2, L-8, M-2, N-8
8. Write the electronic configuration of Magnesium as per Bohr-Bury Scheme.
9. Complete the table given below:
10. Chlorine is an element having atomic number 17. It is a mixture of two isotopes having mass
number 35 and 37.
a. What is meant by “atomic number of element”? What do you understand by an „isotope„?
b. Write the electronic configuration of chlorine atom.
11. Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers 3, 10 and 17 respectively.
a. Which element is a metal?
b. Which element is a noble gas?
c. Which element is a non-metal?
12. The number of valence electrons in an inert atom is
a. 0
b. 8
c. 4
d. 1
13. Identify the sub-atomic particle with the greatest charge to mass ratio-
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons
d. ions
14. The transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other forms a (an) _______ bond.
a. Ionic
b. Covalent
c. Hydrogen
d. Metallic

207
15. Match the following
16. State whether each of the following statements are True or False:
a. The outermost shell of an element is the valence shell.
b. The chemical properties of elements are decided by valence electrons.
c. Cations are good oxidizing agents.
d. Hydrogen has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus.
17. Represent the formation of a H2 molecule by electron dot diagram.
18. Consider the following elements labelled from A to E
ATOM MASS No. ATOMIC No.

A 40 20
B 19 9
C 7 3
D 16 8
E 14 7
i. Which of these elements contains 10 protons?
a. A
b. B
c. D
d. C
ii. Which of the given elements are metals? (Hint: Metals tend to lose their outermost electrons
to achieve a complete octet
19. Which isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goitre?
a. 13153I
b. 13253I
c. 13155I
d. 13154I
20. Define isobars with the help of an example.
H.O.T.S
1. Which of the following option holds true to the nature of an alpha particle?
a) 4 positive charge and 2 mass unit b) 2 positive charge and 4 mass unit
c) 2 positive charge and 2 mass unit d) 4 positive charge and 4 mass unit
2. In an alpha scattering experiment, a very few alpha particles rebounded because -
a) Most of the space in the atom is occupied
b) Positive charge of the atoms occupies very little space
c) The mass of the atom is concentrated in the centre
d) All the positive charge and mass of the atom is concentrated in a small volume

208
3. What would be the result of Rutherford's gold foil experiment if a neutron was used instead
of an alpha particle and the remaining set-up remained unchanged?
4. Consider the imaginary elements and their atomic numbers, M-12, N-6, O-16. Describe the
element pairs which will most likely form
a. Ionic bond b. Covalent bond
5. Which of the following particles when in excess in an atom cause it to display signs of
radioactivity?
a) electrons b) protons
c) neutrons d) both protons and neutrons
SOLUTION
7. c) K-2, L-8, M-8, N-2

12. a) 0
13. c) electrons
14. a) Ionic
18) b) B
19. a) 13153I
H.O.T.S
1. b) 2 positive charge and 4 mass unit

An alpha particle is a helium atom which has its electrons removed. The helium atom is hence
effectively just the nucleus now. This nucleus has 2 protons, hence the two positive charge
and 2 neutrons giving it a total mass of 4 units.
2. All the positive charge and mass of the atom is concentrated in a small volume
The reason behind the observation was a combined effect of both the extremely small size of
the nucleus and its significant concentrated mass.
3. If a neutron was used instead of an alpha particle in Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment, the
following results would be observed.
a. Most of the neutrons would go straight through the gold foil.
b. None of the neutrons would bend their path
c. A very few of the neutrons would be absorbed by the gold foil
4. A metal and a non-metal form an ionic bond whereas two non-metals form a covalent
bond.
Ionic bond - MN and MO
Covalent bond - NO
5. both protons and neutrons
When the total number of protons in a nucleus increases, the repulsions between the protons
cause instability. In order to hold the protons together more neutrons are required which
increases the size and the mass of the nucleus considerably. This makes the nucleus unstable
and such a nucleus would decompose in smaller stable nuclei with huge amount of energy
released (radioactivity).

210
IX CBSE Biology – Diversity
proceed.
Question 1. Why do we see so many different kinds of organisms around and how do we recognize
them?
1. Introduction
All the organisms have descended from the same micro-organism which existed roughly 3.8
billion years ago. A single microorganism giving rise to such an existing variety of life forms
gives rise to the concept of diversity.
2. Taxonomy
It is a branch of science which is concerned with the classification of living organisms. It is

important as it classifies and__________________ things. It further gives structure to all life
forms and labels all of them.
Question 2. Why do you think we need to classify all living organisms?
As we have already seen the need of classification, the next important aspect is the basis of
classification. Classification cannot be done randomly. Classification is thus done based on
certain characteristics which are discussed below.

211

a. Presence of Membrane Bound Organelles
Question 3. How does presence or absence of membrane bound organelles affect the cell and overall
organism?
b. Unicellular or Multicellular Organism
Increase or decrease in cellular count results in complete different body design and hence,
the complete functionality of the body changes. Even though all organisms carry out the
same life processes such as nutrition, transportation, excretion, etc., the mode of carrying
out these life processes is different.
Question 4. How do you think the mode of life processes change on moving from unicellular to
multicellular organisms?
c. Mode of Nutrition
Ability to carry out photosynthesis will result in different body designs compared to the
organisms which depend on other organisms for nutrition.
d. Level of Organization in Photosynthetic Organisms
Level of organization for the photosynthetic plants also decides the body design.
e. Level of Organization in Animals
It is decided by the level of specialization of organs for the proper functioning of the
body.

212

Taxonomy clearly classifies organisms into groups which work on the principle of
categorizing the organisms with similar characteristics as one group. This way of
classification gives rise to a tree in which the number of similar characteristics decreases
as we climb up the tree. Such a tree is called a ________________ tree also known as the
tree of life. This tree shows the _______________ relationships between all living
species.
Figure 1: Hierarchy of Classification
Question 5. Define species.

213

3. Evolution
Question 6. How did the black moths survive in the industrial revolution in England?
As we discussed at the beginning of the chapter, life started on Earth from a single celled
organism. The gradual process by which all the diverse organisms came into being and
continue to change for survival is known as evolution. The concept of evolution was given
by______________. He is also known
as___________________________________________.
Figure 2: Evolution of Different Organisms from a Single Cell
With the evolutionary concepts coming up, Binomial nomenclature was introduced. It was
introduced by__________________________. As the name suggests, binomial nomenclature
is has two parts. The first part is ____________ and the second part is________________.

214

Question 7. What is the significance of a specific nomenclature like that of binomial nomenclature?
Moving forward with the classification, __________________ came up with the most
accepted system of classification known as the_______ kingdom classification.
Question 8. According to five kingdom classification, name the kingdom to which these organisms
belong.
4. Five Kingdom Classification
Whittaker gave the five kingdom classification based on the characteristics we discussed earlier in
the chapter.
a. Monera
These are the most primitive organisms. They are ______________ in nature. Types of
monera include __________ and __________. Some of them carry out nitrogen fixation.
_____________________ are the organisms in this kingdom which carry out
photosynthesis.

215

Question 9. Suppose you are provided with a group of varied organisms. How will you identify the
organisms belonging to the kingdom Monera?
b. Protista
Major characteristics of this kingdom include ________________ and

________________.
Protists can have fungi, plants and animals like characteristics. The fungi like protists are
_____________. Plants like protists are ______________. Animal like protists are
_____________, ______________ and ______________.
Did you know?

Giardia lamblia is a protist pathogen that causes serious diarrhea.
People usually get it by drinking water or eating food
which has the pathogen.
Question 10. Mention the parts used for locomotion by the animal like protists. Also, justify the
presence of these parts.

216

c. Fungi
Question 11. Where do you commonly see fungi? What can you say about their mode of nutrition?
Fungi are mostly multicellular except_____________, which is unicellular. Fungi usually have a cell
wall surrounding their plasma membrane. This cell wall is made up of a compound known
as_________________. Some fungi live in a symbiotic association with algae, known as lichens.
Question 12. You have always seen your mother boil the milk and then cool it down. What is the
process known as and what is its significance?
 Misconception: Fungi are plants.

 Clarification: Fungi are actually more similar to animals than plants. Fungi
are consumers like animals; they cannot make their own food like plants
which are producers. In order to eat, fungi release enzymes into the
environment that decompose dead and dying organisms and absorbing those
nutrients.
d. Plantae
Question 13. How can we distinguish plants from rest of the organisms?

217

The kingdom plantae can be divided into the following phylums:
(i) Thallophyta
These plants have ____________ like structure. This phylum includes ____________,
_____________and ______________ algae.
(ii) Bryophyta
The plants in this phylum have differentiated stem and leaf like structures and they lack
conducting system. Examples include Funaria, Marchantia.
(iii) Pteridophyta
They have differentiated stem and leaves. Example includes Ferns.
(iv) Gymnosperms
These plants have differentiated body structure. They possess _________ seeds. For
example, Pines.
(v) Angiosperms
These plants are the most common ones that we see around. They form the general flowering
plants. They can be classified into___________ and ___________.
Question 14. Identify the following members of the plant kingdom.
A B C
e. Animalia
Animals are eukaryotic, multi-cellular and heterotrophic. They lack cell-wall and
chlorophyll, are usually mobile, and obtain food by eating, sucking etc. They are further
classified into many phylums based on the complexity of their body organization. Some
of the characteristics which decide the level of complexity are – body cavity, symmetry,

218

number of muscular layers, presence of circulatory system, presence of notochord,
number of chambers in heart if present, etc.
Question 15. Justify euglena as plant animal.
Question 16. Differentiate between plants and animals on the basis of the characters mentioned.
Characters Plants Animals
Chlorophyll
Movement
Photosynthesis
Digestive organs
Cell wall
Vacuoles
Growth
Response to stimuli

219
Question17. Fill in the following flow chart.
5. Animalia
Question 18. As per five kingdom classification fishes, insects, amoeba, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs and
even human beings are kept in same category. Can it be classified further? Explain your answer.
The organisms of kingdom Animalia are further divided into 10 phyla based on the extent and type of
body design. They are:

220
Let us discuss each of them in detail.
a. Porifera
They are non-motile and are attached to a solid support. They have pores all over the body. They are
covered with a hard outside layer or ______________. They are commonly called_______________
and are mainly found in ____________habitat.
Sycon Spongilla
Figure 3: Porifera

221

Question 19. Sponges do not have tissues or organs in their body, how do you think they eat?
b. Coelenterata
They have a body cavity. Their body is _____________ symmetrical and diploblastic.
Examples may include_______________, __________________.
Hydra Sea anemone
Figure 4: Coelenterata
Question 20. Why do most coelenterates have tentacles around their mouth?
c. Platyhelminthes
The body in such organisms is _______________symmetrical, triploblastic and flattened.

Coelom is absent. They are either free living or parasitic. Eg: Liverflukes.

222

Question 21. Identify the organisms in the image.
a. b.
d. Nematoda
They have a bilaterally symmetrical, ____________ and cylindrical body. Pseudocoelom is

present. Eg: Filarial worm, roundworm.
Ascaris Wuchereria
Figure 5: Nematoda
e. Annelida
They have a bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic body. True body cavity is
present. They are found in a variety of habitats - fresh water, marine, land. Eg:
Earthworm leeches.

223
Leech Earthworm
Figure 6: Annelida
Question 22. What is the difference between an organism of phylum nematoda and an organism of
phylum annelida?

Misconception: An Earthworm becomes two worms when cut in half.

Clarification: Only a limited number of Earthworm species are capable of
anterior regeneration. When such Earthworms are bisected, only the front
half of the worm (where the mouth is located) can feed and survive, while
the other half dies.
f. Arthropoda
They are the largest group in animals. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented and have
an open circulatory system. The coelomic cavity is filled with ______________. They have
jointed legs. Eg: butterflies, houseflies.

224
Question 23. Identify the organisms and mention one difference between them.
a. b.
g. Mollusca
They are bilaterally symmetrical, with reduced coelomic cavity and little segmentation. They
have an open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion. Eg: snails.
Snail Octopus
Figure 7: Mollusca

225
Did you know?

Many land snails can lift ten times their
own weight up a vertical surface.
Question 24. Why do most molluscs have hard shells on their body surface?
h. Echinodermata
They are spiny skinned and free living marine animals. They are triploblastic and
have a coelomic cavity. They have water driven tube system for moving forward. Eg:
_______________.
Star fish Sea urchin
Figure 8: Echinodermata
i. Hemichordata (Protochordata)
They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. In addition to these they have a notochord
that runs along the back of the animal and separate the nervous tissue from the ________.
They are marine animals. Eg: Balanoglossus.

226
Figure 9: Protochordata: Balanoglossus
j. Chordata
The next phylum in kingdom Animalia is chordata. They have a rod like structure called
notochord which is present in the mid-dorsal axis of the body. Except in a few primitive
forms, this is replaced by backbone or vertebral column. Vertebrata is further divided into
five classes
Question 25. What is the difference between notochord and vertebral column?
Question 26. Differentiate between diploblastic and triploblastic animals. Group the following
organisms under diploblastic and triploblastic:
jellyfish, planaria, herdmania, corals, neries, sea anemones, sea cucumber and comb jellies

227
6. Vertebrata
Chordates which have a backbone are called vertebrates. They are divided into five classes
which are as follows:
a. Pisces
Question 27. List a few characteristics of pisces.
This class includes fishes. They have a two chambered heart and gills for breathing. They are
cold-blooded. Their body is covered with scales and have fins. Fishes are of two types.
(i) Cartilaginous fishes

Their skeleton is made up of cartilage. Eg: sharks, dogfish
Shark Dogfish
Figure 10: Cartilaginous fishes
(ii) Bony fishes

Their skeleton is made up of bones. Eg: carps, trouts.

228
Carp Trout
Figure 11: Bony fishes
Question 28. Although many fishes are exothermic, some fishes are endothermic. Which of the
following is/are most likely endothermic fishes?
I. Bluefin tuna
II. Salmon
III. Great white shark
Question 29. Why do fishes have scales on their body? Can you name any fish that does not have
scales on its body?
Activity
Go to a fish market with your mother and closely observe how the scales of one fish are
different from the other.

229
Did you know?

Most fish are counter shaded: darker on top, gradually lighter or silver
on their sides and brightest on their bellies. Seen from above, beside or below,
this pattern makes them less visible in the water column against the
background colour of the water.
b. Amphibia
They live both, on land and in water, and lay their eggs in water. Respiration is
either through gills in larval stage or through lungs in adults. They have a three
chambered heart. E.g. frogs, toads.
Frog Toad
Figure 12: Amphibia
Did you know?

Frogs can breathe not only with their lungs but also through their skin.
A frog's skin is thin and contains many mucous glands that keep it moist.
Oxygen can be absorbed through this thin, damp skin.
Question 30. Why do frogs lay their eggs in water?

230
c. Reptilia
They are cold blooded and breathe through their lungs. They have a three
chambered heart and lay eggs with tough coverings. E.g. snakes, lizards.
Snake Lizard
Figure 13: Reptilia
Question 31. You must have seen videos of snakes flicking out their tongue. What can be the possible
reason?
 Misconception: All reptiles lay eggs.

 Clarification: Many reptiles are capable of giving birth to live young. This can
either be through the form of simple egg retention, in which all the nutrients
still come from the calcified eggs (ovoviviparity), or by having the babies
actually growing inside the mother without an egg. At most the babies are
covered in a membranous sack. This form of live birth is a type of viviparity,
and it is commonly seen in vipers and chameleons. Still other reptiles, such as
the skink Chalcides chalcides give birth to live young using a placenta, just like
mammals.
d. Aves
All birds belong to this class. They are warm blooded, have a four chambered
heart and breathe through lungs. They have their forelimbs modified into wings
which help in flight. E.g. pigeon, sparrow.

231
Pigeon Sparrow
Figure 14: Aves
Question 32. What adaptations do birds have that help them in their flight?
e. Mammalia
They live on land with a few exceptions such as whales, porpoises which live in
water and bats which fly. They are warm blooded, breathe through lungs and have
a four chambered heart. They have hair on their body, sweat and oil glands. They
also have mammary gland to feed their young ones. They usually give birth to
young ones. E.g. humans, rat, cat.
Cat Rat
Figure 15: Mammalia

232
Question 33. Whales and dolphins live in water. Are they fishes too? How do they breathe?
Question 34. Although the armadillo has leather coat like a reptile, it is classified as a mammal due to
the presence of mammary glands. What additional features support its inclusion in the class
Mammalia?

233

Question 35. Identify the type of nutrition – autotrophic, decomposer, detritivore, and holozoic in the
following organisms:
i. Rhizopus
ii. Mangifera indica
iii. Lebeo rohita
iv. Pheretima
v. Amoeba
Question 36. Give example of the following:
i. Organisms having pseudocoelom

ii. Closed circulatory system
iii. Jointed legs
iv. Worm causing elephantiasis

234

Question 37. Draw a diagram of fish showing the following parts: lateral line, dorsal fin, pectoral fin,
tail fin, and operculum.
Question 38. All of the following organisms have segmented body.
Leech, neries, prawn, scorpion
Can they be grouped under same group? Why or why not?
Question 39. Pick the odd one out and justify your choice by giving reasons.
i. Silver fish, gold fish, electric ray. ii. Pisum, gram, maize

237
1. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Centipedes are carnivorous while millipedes are herbivores.
b. An Octopus has 1 heart.
c. Snakes are warm blooded.
d. Birds have two chambered hearts.
2. Algae and other submerged aquatic plants float in water during day time but sink at night
a. they lose weight at night because fishes eat them
b. they become buoyant in light due to accumulation of oxygen bubbles formed during
photosynthesis
c. they become light due to consumption of food by photorespiration
d. they come up to enjoy sunshine
a. Moss Platyhelminthes
b. Spirogyra Coelenterata
c. Pines Thallophyta
d. Hydra Bryophyta
e. Tapeworm Gymnosperms
4. Identify the correct match.
i. Kangaroos – reptilian
ii. Frogs – mammalia
iii. Butterfly – arthropoda
iv. Ostrich – mammalia
5. The organism in the image is:
a. Hydra
b. Fungus
c. Spirogyra
d. Bacteria
6. What is common between a person from Africa and another one from India? Can they be
classified into the same group? How?
7. You must have noticed a green or a red dot at the back of the packets of the food products that
you buy. What do these dots indicate?
8. It is said that we evolved from microorganisms billion years ago. What was the need to evolve?
9. Why are most monerans genetically identical?
10. What do you understand by the principle of division of labour?

238
11. Look at the image given below. What are these green patches on the branch of the tree?
12. How are leeches different from Earthworms?

13. If we say that a seed is monocot, what does this statement mean?
14. Corals reefs are the hard rock like structures at the bottom of the sea but they are said to be living.
Justify.
15. Why are Earthworms known as farmer‟s friends?
16. Human body is said to be bilaterally symmetrical. What does this mean?
17. Fish are cold blooded. Does this statement mean that their blood is cold? If no, what does it
actually mean?
18. How can we group octopus and snail together when they look entirely different?
19. Why do all organisms need a scientific name?
20. You must have seen wall lizards sticking to the wall. How do they do that?
H.O.T.S
1. Why protozoans are called early animals?

2. What is the point of difference between a notochord and nerve chord?
3. It is well known how birds have adapted themselves so that they can fly easily. Can you name
them?
4. During monsoons a blue green layer was found to be abundantly growing on the moist soil of
the village street making it extremely slippery. Jatins father instructed Jatin to carefully
collect and scrape this blue green layer from the entire stretch of the village street and dry it in
the sun. Jatin‟s father used this dried powder and sprinkled it all over his field. Everyone was
surprised at the bumper harvest.
a. Can you name the organism responsible for this blue green layer?
b. How is the bumper harvest and the addition of this blue green dried powder connected?
c. Name one blue green alga which engages in nitrogen fixation.
d. Name one blue green alga which is an excellent source of protein.
5. A weed is growing on the border of your playground. How would you differentiate whether it
is a monocot or a dicot?

239
SOLUTION
1. A
2. B
3. a. Moss – Bryophyta
b. Spirogyra – Thallophyta
c. Pines – Gymnosperms
d. Hydra – Coelentherata
e. Tapeworm – Platyhelminthes
4. iii
5. c
H.O.T.S
1. Protozoans are called early animals because
a) like animals they lack cell walls ,
b) have holozoic type heterotrophic nutrition.
c) they store glycogen as reserve for food.
2. Notochord is a transient mesodermal rod in the dorsal portion of the chordate embryo.it
provides place for the muscles to be attached. Notochord is a precursor to the axial skeleton of
a vertebral column
A nerve chord is a collection of nerve fibres that runs throughout the length of the animal.
Being hollow and dorsal in chordates it modifies into the central nervous system of the brain
and the spinal chord.
3. The flight adaptations made by birds are as follows
i. Its forelimbs are modified into wings
ii. The body is covered with exoskeleton of waterproof and light weight feathers
iii. It has remodified its long bones so that they become pneumatic having abundant air
cavities
iv. All birds have done away with jaws and teeth to minimize bone weight. Instead they have
beaks
v. They have streamlined body to reduce air resistance during flight.
vi. Their air sacs are well developed to help in double respiration.
vii. Their tail feathers serve as a steering apparatus when in flight.
4. The organism responsible for this blue green layer is Cyanobacteria.
a. Many blue green algae are well known for their nitrogen fixation properties from the
atmosphere, this cyanobacterium is one such, which directly helped in increasing the
fertility of the soil.
b. Anabena
c. Spirulina
5. If the weed is a monocot, it would be evident by the following features present
a. It would have parallel venation If the weed is not a monocot but a dicot, then
b. It would have a fibrous root system a) Its leaves would have reticulate venation
c. Trimerous flowers
d. Its seed would contain only one b) Its root would have a tap root
cotyledon. c) It would have pentamerous/tetramerous
flowers. Its seeds would have two
cotyledons

241
IX CBSE Biology – Why do we fall ill?
proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. “Prevention is always better than cure”. Justify.
Our body‟s defense system is continuously working against the invading pathogens and
protecting us from many diseases. Let us study about these pathogens and the defense system
in detail.
2. Immune System
The immune system first starts with a physical barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens in
our body. The skin and mucous membrane forms the first line of defense. It is oily and hard to
penetrate. The mucous membrane lines all organs of the body. The mucous secreted by these
membranes trap the invading pathogens to prevent its entry into the body.
The _______________________________response is first initiated when germs break in.

Mast cells trigger this response. Allergies are also an example of this response. The main cells
that form the immune response are the
____________________________________________or
______________________________________. They can enter any part of the body except
the central nervous system.
Neutrophils engulf invading germs by a process known as

_____________________________ or cell eating. They die after this process is complete.
Macrophages perform the same task as neutrophils but can consume invaders many times.
They can also attack the body‟s own cells if they are cancerous or damaged. Natural Killer
Cells destroy the cell membrane of malfunctioning cells or induce ____________________.

242

Dendritic cells carry information about pathogens to the lymph nodes and liver. Thus they
can “remember” pathogen information for a faster immune response when the same invaders
show up again.
Figure 1: Types of white blood cells
Question 2. Diseases of brain are hard to treat. When a virus or bacterium infects the brain, it is very
difficult to treat and is usually deadly. For example, when the rabies virus infects the brain it kills
99% of all infected patients. Why do you think this is so? Find the answer in the previous paragraph.
3. Health is Wealth
Question 3. Define health. What is the difference between illness and disease?

243
Health is a relative concept. It is also dependent on social and environmental wellbeing.

Symptoms are unusual things that happen to the body indicating the presence of a disease.
Symptoms are subjective, it is different from person to person. Signs are objective and can be
clearly tested or detected.
The two types of diseases are:
Acute disease: Short term, small impact on individuals.

Chronic disease: Long term, large impact on individuals.
Question 4. A person X suffered from tuberculosis and person Y suffered from cholera. Which
diseases would have caused more damage? Give reason in support of your answer.
4. Causes of Diseases
Diseases can be caused by:
a. Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, protozoa etc. These
diseases are infectious because they can spread through air, ____________, vectors and
direct contact.
b. Problems or malfunctioning of cells. E.g.: Cancer.
c. Hazardous environments like polluted areas.
Causes that trigger the disease are called the immediate causes while the differences in
genes that can aggravate or make one susceptible to a disease are called the contributory
causes.
Question 5. List the factors essential for good health.

244

Question 6. Vitiligo is a condition in which a person‟s immune system attacks his/her own healthy
pigment producing melanin cells. As a result the person appears to have regions of white patches on
his/her body. This disease has long been a source of social stigma in India. Traditionally, people are
asked to avoid touching people with vitiligo to prevent the spread of the disease. Do you think that
this is a correct practice? Do you believe this disease is infectious and why?
5. Pathogens
Question 7. All microorganisms are pathogens. Do you agree with this? Justify your answer.
They are the cause of many diseases. One of these pathogens is bacteria. They are both useful
and harmful and form 90% of the cells in our body. Harmful bacteria contaminate water, air
and food.
Bubonic plague was caused by the bacterium __________________________________.
Question 8. Why is bubonic plague also known as Black Death?
Helicobacter pylori stimulate the acid production in stomach and cause painful stomach
ulcers. 50% of all humans have this pathogen in their stomach. Causes of ulcers are
_________ and lifestyle.

245
Figure 2: Helicobacter pylori
The next category of pathogens is virus. They can cause cold sores, warts, measles, cold and
flu. Viruses are usually spread by air and surface contact. Dengue is spread by mosquito
Aedes aegypti. It causes severe aches in the bones of the body. This dengue virus initially
lives in the __________________________ of the mosquito. After a few days, this virus
spreads to the salivary glands. So when a mosquito bites a human, the infected saliva enters
the human body and causes infection.
Figure 3: Virus
Question 9. Look at the image given below and identify the patches on the skin. How are these
patches formed?
Next category of pathogens is fungi, they are both good and bad. The bad ones cause many
skin diseases and some (mostly mushrooms) are so poisonous that they can even cause even
death.

246

Next category of pathogens is protozoa. The microorganisms like protozoa cause diseases
such as like malaria. Malaria is spread by infected mosquitoes. When these mosquitoes bite
humans, the parasites enter the blood stream. From there they move to the liver, multiply and
then return to the blood stream and burst the blood cells. Protozoa can cause other diseases
such as __________________, ___________________.
Question 10. If you go to the hospital to meet your friend suffering from malaria, what are the
chances of malaria spreading to you from your friend?
Worms such as tapeworms, hookworms also cause diseases. Lice, ticks, fleas and bed bugs
are also types of parasites.
6. How to Stop Diseases
The first response of the body against invading pathogens is the immune response that
appears as inflammation, swelling, mucus, pus and scabs. Drugs or medicines aid the immune
system in fending off invading microorganisms. Antibiotics work against bacteria and fungus
but do not work against _______________. Viruses have very few medicines against them.
The first antibiotic ______________was discovered by
__________________________________.
Question 11. How do antibiotics help in killing the pathogens?

247
Question 12. Can antibiotics work on influenza virus? Why or why not?
Did you know?

Antibiotics are common metabolic product of bacteria
(e.g. Streptomyces, Bacillus) and fungi. Bacteria produce
antibiotics as their defense to kill competitors.
7. AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human Immuno Virus or HIV. AIDS
is acquired from others through unprotected sexual contact and contaminated blood. HIV
attacks the Helper cells of the immune system making the infected person susceptible to
secondary infection.
Sharing needles in hospitals and tattooing can also transmit AIDS. HIV can also be
transmitted to an unborn baby by an infected mother. It can also be transmitted by breast
feeding.
Question 13. Why is it difficult to treat an infection caused by HIV?

248

Question 14. Why is AIDS considered to be a syndrome and not a disease?
8. Prevention is Better than Cure
Treatment of diseases are expensive and may even damage the body. Prevention of diseases
can be a better option. Diseases can be prevented by keeping the environment clean, using
handkerchief, preventing intimate contact with the infected people, eating well cooked and
healthy meals, drinking clean water and preventing proliferation of vectors rats, mosquitoes
etc. We will discuss in detail about preventive measures in health and hygiene.
9. Immunization
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular

disease. This process involves introducing the body to a weakened or ______________
pathogen to induce an immune response.
Question 15. How do vaccines help in increasing the immunity of a person?
 Misconception: Vaccination and immunization are same.

 Clarification: Immunization means to make someone immune to something.
Vaccination, by contrast, just means to inject a suspension of attenuated or
killed microorganisms administered for prevention or treatment of infectious
disease.

249
Question 16. Complete the table:
Disease Vaccine
(i) Tuberculosis ______________________
(ii) Polio ______________________
(iii) Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus _______________________

251
1. Which of the following statement about antibiotics is incorrect?

a. All antibiotics have selective toxicity
b. They cause little or no damage to the host
c. Penicillin inhibits carbohydrate synthesis
d. Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis
2. Which of the following diseases are caused by extrinsic factors?
i. Beri-beri
ii. Diabetes
iii. Myopia
iv. Food Poisoning
v. Leprosy
vi. Asthma
a. (i), (ii) and (vi)
b. (iii), (iv) and (v)
c. (i), (iv) and (v)
d. None of these
a. Tse tse fly Dysentery
b. Housefly Malaria
c. Anopheles Dengue
d. Aedes Sleeping sickness
e. Sand fly Kala-azar
4. Louis Pasteur developed vaccine against which of the following diseases?
a. Hepatitis
b. Rabies
c. Tetanus
d. Chicken pox
5. The given figure shows an organism which is responsible for causing __________ disease.
a. Kala-azar
b. Elephantiasis
c. Sleeping sickness
d. AIDS
6. Do antibiotics work against viruses?
7. Why is sleep important?
8. How do antibiotics work?
9. What is the difference between viruses and bacteria?
10. Explain how diseases are transmitted through air and water.
11. Typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax are commonly occurring viral diseases. State
whether the statement is True/False.
12. „A‟ is a genetic disease and „B‟ is a waterborne disease. Which of these diseases are
communicable?

252
13. Why is it necessary to collect garbage regularly?

14. „Public cleanliness is important for individual health‟. Comment.
15. Balanced diet is necessary for maintaining healthy body. Explain.
16. What are the limitations that one has to face while dealing with an infectious disease?
17. Give an example of a disease caused by a) Virus b) Protozoan
18. Write a note on the ways to treat an infectious disease.
19. Virus, bacteria and fungi multiply very rapidly whereas worms multiply very slowly. State
whether the statement is True/False.
20. Why do you have inflammation?
H.O.T.S
1. Bacteria are cells, antibiotics kill bacteria (cell), and human body is also made of cells. How
does it affect our body?
2. How does cholera becomes epidemic?
3. Define Colostrum. Explain why mother‟s milk is so important for a new born?
4. Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovery of treatment for Peptic Ulcer. Why are we
advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
5. Explain how HIV ruins our body.
6. Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe does not necessarily mean
developing noticeable symptoms. Explain.
SOLUTION
1. C
2. C
3. Tse tse fly Sleeping Sickness
Housefly Dysentery
Anopheles Malaria
Aedes Dengue
Sand fly Kala-azar
4. B
5. C

254
IX CBSE Biology – Improvement in Food Resources
proceed.
1. Introduction:
Food is an essential organic substance necessary for the existence of all living organisms. It
provides nutrition in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins minerals for the
growth and maintenance of all living bodies. Both plants and animals are the major sources of
food, which we obtain from agriculture and animal husbandry.
So why do we need to improve our food resources?
Put simply, since India‟s population increases by 1.2% .percent every year, we need food to
cater for this growing population. In India, land is already under intensive cultivation. So the
only way out is to improve our efficiency in production.
Did you Know ?
Who is the father of Operation Flood?
The Operation Flood Programme, of which Milk Producers'; Cooperatives were the central
plank, emerged as India's largest rural employment programme and unleashed the larger
dimension of dairy development. Dr. Kurien was the undisputed 'Milkman'; of India.
Question 1. What do you understand by sustainable practices?

255
Green Revolution:
Contributed to increasing
food grains in India
White revolution: Better Crop protection

availability of milk. improvement
Blue Revolution: Enhanced
Fish production
Yellow revolution: Increased

milk production
Golden revolution:
Increased pulse production
So how does one improve crop yield?
Type of hybridization
Type of hybridization Context

Intervarietal Between different varieties
Interspecific Between different species
Intergeneric Between different genera
Genetically modified crops Introducing a gene that would provide the desired
characteristic
Question 1. What are the three important ways of managing production so that crop output can be
increased?

256
Farmers in India have different land holdings. Further, different purchasing capacity for inputs decide
the farming practice and which agricultural technology to adopt for each farmer. So we have the
following pyramid
High cost production ------------
Low cost production -------------
No cost production --------------
Question 2. Distinguish between manure and fertilizers?
Question 3. Name the six micronutrients that plants need in good measure.
Question 4. Name the types of crops which are cultivated by man for their own benefit?
Question 5. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop variety?
Question 6 It is said that if the duration between sowing to harvesting remains short it is a desirable
characteristic for improving crop variety. Explain.

257
Question 8. Organic farming system practices minimal use of chemicals and maximum inputs of
organic manures. List the main features of this farming method. Why is this method considered to be
a superior one?
Intercropping
Mixed cropping
Crop rotation
Most of Indian agriculture in India is rainwater fed, hence monsoon dependent. Good monsoons
cause bumper harvest, poor monsoons cause crop failure. Good irrigation practices are a way to
endure that the crops receive water during the right stages of their growing season. Irrigation systems
have been developed to suit demand under highly varied conditions.
Question 9. Match the figures with the right names given below

258
Canals, tanks, river lift systems, wells.
Changing Cropping patterns help a lot in optimizing maximum benefit from available agricultural
land. So , what does cropping patterns include?
Question 10. Identify from the images, the kind of cropping pattern practiced. Label them.
2. Crop protection and Management:
It is said that India loses Rs 55,600 crore worth of crops after harvesting . The figures of pulse crop
wastage are also added to another Rs 2000 crores. How about wastage of crops that stand on the
field. The figures are equally alarming at 20 percentage of the total sown.
Factors affecting the damage of crops include
a. Weeds- Xanthium, Parthenium ( gajar ghas) Cyperus rotundus ( motha)
Question 11. How can weeds be controlled?
Question 12. How do the insects attack a plant?

259
Question 13. Mention the four different ways in which pests menace can be handled?
Question 14. What is fumigation? Name a solid fumigant.
Question 15. Which of the following would require minimum quantity of NPK/ urea for proper
growth- cabbage, urea, sugarcane, wheat, soya bean?
Question 16. The fields in which legumes are grown gets enriched with nitrogen. Why?
Question17. Name the two indigenous and two exotic breeds of poultry.
Question 18. Name the bee species which is popularly known as the Indian Bee.
Question 19. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?

260
Question 20. Explain the difference between culture fishery and mariculture.

262
1. Which of the following is a kharif crop?

a. Wheat
b. Gram
c. Peas
d. Paddy
2. The crossing between genetically dissimilar plants can be of which type?
a. Intervarietal
b. Interspecific
c. Intergeneric
d. All of these
3. Which of the following are the biotic factors affecting crop production?
a. Insects
b. Drought
c. Salinity
d. Heat
4. Which of the following is a micronutrient?
a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorus
c. Iron
d. All of These
5. The process of decomposing farm waste material in pits is called
a. Vermicomposting
b. Composting
c. Both of these
d. None of these
6. Why do we store food at low temperatures?
7. What is fumigation?
8. What is animal husbandry?
9. What are weeds? How are they removed?
10. List the factors which govern the quality of honey.
11. What is pasteurization?
12. How do fertilizers cause water pollution?
13. Why are fertilizers used in agriculture?
14. How do weeds affect the growth of crops?
15. What are the different cropping patterns? Define them.
16. What is crop rotation?
17. What are the different ways in which insects attack plants?
18. Why is replenishment of soil essential?
19. What are the major activities for improving crop yields?
20. Enlist two factors that can help us to increase the yield of crops.
Activity
Make a list of the wastes produced in your kitchen and the different ways in which you can dispose
them so that they can help in improving the fertility of soil.

263
H.O.T.S
1. What do you understand by improving crop yield? Name the three ways by which this can be
done.
2. Seed quality can be increased to improve crop variety. What are the properties that these
improved seeds must possess?
3. For improving crop production a farmer engages in different agricultural practices. Name three
such practices. Now explain why nutrient management is essential for the healthy growth of the
crop?
4. List the disadvantages of fertilizers. Now state in what ways manure are superior and sustainable
for improving soil fertility in the long run.
5. Though India is a rapidly growing country, supply of food does not commensurate with the
demand for food. Please suggest ways in which this gap can be narrowed.
SOLUTION
1. D. The crops which are grown in rainy season are called kharif crops. Maize, cotton,
soybean, paddy etc are kharif crops.
2. D. Hybridization refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. The crossing
may be intervarietal (between different varieties), interspecific (between two different
species of the same genus) or intergeneric (between different genera).
3. A. Insects, diseases, nematodes are the biotic factors affecting crop production.
4. C. Iron is a micronutrient because it is required in smaller quantities by the plant while nitrogen
and phosphorus are required in larger quantities by the plant.
5. B. The process of decomposing farm waste material in pits is called composting. When
Earthworms are added to hasten the process of decomposition, the process is called
vermicomposting.
6. We store food material at low temperatures because it prevents spoilage of food by
enzymes and bacteria.
H.O.T.S
1. Increasing crop yield basically refers to increasing food production from the same land area in
the same time period. The three ways in which crop yield can be increased is as follows
a) Crop variety improvement
b) Crop production improvement
c) Crop protection improvement.
2. The Improved seeds must possess the following properties

264
 Should give high yield

 Improved Quality: Should give more nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins etc.
 Biotic Resistance: Resistance to diseases due to living micro – organisms, insects.
 Abiotic Resistance: Resistance to problems due to non- living things like drought, heat,
heat, cold, frost, water logging, salinity (excess salt).
 Less Maturity Duration: Short duration crops require less costing and more rounds of
crop.
 Wider Adaptability: Crops which can grow in different conditions, will help in setting
high production.
 Desired Agronomic Traits: Crops which contain desired agronomic traits (height,
branching, leafs), sets high production.
3. The three main practices that a farmer engages in to improve crop production are as follows
a. Nutrient management
b. Irrigation Management
c. Monitoring cropping patterns.
Nutrient management is the cornerstone for healthy growth of the crop. In the absence of
nutrients there would not be proper growth of the plant, plants will develop low resistance to
diseases, and timely flowering and fruits would not happen. Now, these nutrients are of two
types.
Micro nutrients: These are required by plants in a smaller amount. Specifically, small plants.
Macronutrients: These are required by large plants in a larger amount.
Sources Nutrients
Air Carbon, oxygen
Soil 1. Macronutrients nitrogen
phosphorous, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulphur.
2. Micronutrients: iron,
manganese, boron, zinc, copper,
molybdenum, chlorine.
4. Fertilizers are chemicals manufactured in factories. They are chemicals fortified with
nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. They provide a large amount of
nutrients; hence, this abundance ensures better growth of plants. However the disadvantages
are as follows
i. Fertilizers being chemicals can harm the microorganisms and insects in the soil.
ii. Fertilizers do not provide much organic matter
iii. Excessive use of fertilizers for long period of time can damage soil fertility.
iv. If excessive irrigation is done, some fertilizers can flow with excess water to water
bodies. Fertilizers being chemicals cause water pollution.
When we compare manure against fertilizers, the sustainability of using manure in the
long run is clear for all to see

265
Manure Fertilizers
Easily made using animal & plant waste Made in factories in well defined way
No harmful effect as fully natural Side effects as it is a chemical
Provides mainly organic matter. Provides mainly nutrients.
Good for long term soil fertility Not good for long term soil fertility if
used in excessive amount.
Not as effective as fertilizers. Very effective in obtaining fast result
Cheap Costly
5. Food is one of the basic needs of all living organisms because it provides nutrients such as
fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
India presents a strange peculiarity where in in spite of being a progressive agricultural
economy, it is not able to meet its growing demand for food, entirely due to the exponential
growth of its population year after year.
My solution would be
1. Finding ways and means to increase efficiency of food production from the existing land
holdings.
2. Make food accessible to those who live in food deserts, like urban neighbourhoods and
rural towns.
3. Give people enough affordability to purchase food.

267
IX CBSE Biology – Natural Resources
proceed.
1. Introduction
There are many things which we inherit from nature. Air, water, soil, sunlight, etc. are all
gifts of nature which we sometime take for granted. These are essential for our survival on
Earth and are common for everyone. These resources are called natural resources.
Question 1. What are natural resources? Why are they called natural resources?
Over the years, the increased industrialization has led to pollution. Pollution alters the nature of the
resource. We often get to read about these things in newspapers. What we need to understand that it is
a global problem and each and every human being needs to work in coordination or else our resources
will lose the capacity to support life.

268
Question 2. Why do we need to manage our natural resources?
Question 3. Define air pollution. What are the major sources of air pollution?
Ganga Action Plan
The Ganga action plan was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India on 14
Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the water quality by
interception, diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical
wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering into the river.

269
Question 3. Ganga is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. What are major causes of pollution
in Ganga? Write a note about the efforts made by the Government of India to clean the Ganga.
Question 4. What do you understand by reduce, reuse and recycle? Why is it important?
Question 5. What is rainwater harvesting? How can it help in improving the availability of water in
cities?

270
Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award
This award is given for significant contribution in the field of wildlife protection which is recognized
as having shown exemplary courage or having done exemplary work for the protection of wildlife. A
cash award of rupees one lakh is presented to individuals/institutions involved in wildlife protection.
Question 6. Many communities in past have fought for the protection of forests. Why is forest
important to us? What are the services that we get from forest?
Question 7. What is a national park?

271
Some important National Parks of India

272
Question 8. Is soil a natural resource? Justify your answer.
Question 9. What is deforestation? Is it good?
Question 10: How is coal and petroleum formed?

273
2. Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the
biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
Question 11. What are the sources of carbon in nature? Why is carbon cycle important?

274
Question 12. If you are the forest officer of a particular forest in India, what steps will you take to
improve forest resource management? How will you engage the local communities for the same?
Question 13. What do you mean by sustainable development?
Question 14. “There is enough for everyone‟s need but not enough for everyone‟s greed.” - Mahatma
Gandhi. What does this message from the father of the nation teach us about resource management?

275
Question 15. List any three human activities that would increase the level of carbon dioxide in the
air.
Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth‟s atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of
ozone. This layer absorbs 93-99% of the Sun‟s high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially
damaging to life on Earth. Over 91% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is present here. It is mainly
located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 10 km to 50 km above Earth's
surface, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.
Because of heavy use of CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigerators and pressurized cans by

human the ozone layer has broken at some places. This has caused an alarming rise in ultraviolet
radiation leading to increased cases of skin cancers.
Question 16. What do you understand by bad ozone and good ozone?

276
The Oxygen Cycle

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and
between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the biosphere (living things), and the
lithosphere (Earth‟s crust). The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is
responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life.
Question 17. Name two biologically important compounds that contain both nitrogen and oxygen.

277
Greenhouse Effect
On Earth, the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying
surface (heated by the Sun), absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the Sun, and
convective heat fluxes from the surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy, some
of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism that produces this
difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the
atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.
Question 18. For greenhouse effect to occur, greenhouse gases collect in our Earth‟s atmosphere.
Name these greenhouse gases?

278
Question 19.How can lichens help in indicating the pollutants in air?
Question 20. Name the various organisms involved in the Nitrogen cycle.

279
Question 21. In spite of breathing out carbon dioxide in a large amount and also released by
combustion, the atmosphere has only mere fraction of CO2. Why?
Energy Cycle
All the above mentioned cycle can be grouped or explained as energy cycle on this Earth. In fact sun
is the main source of energy for every activity on Earth. This energy facilitates the everlasting cycle
of all resources in the biosphere. This system ensures that whatever we take from Earth and its
atmosphere we return it in some way or other. A living organism is made of Carbon, Oxygen,
Nitrogen and other elements. All living organisms need regular dose of these elements to continue
life. During lifetime all these things are returned to the atmosphere in some way. For example we
return oxygen in the form of carbon dioxide and return water in the form of sweat or urine.
Ultimately when a living being dies, then the body gets decomposed by decomposers, such as
bacteria. These decompose the body into basic elements out of which it was originally made. That is
how the everlasting cycle of life goes on.

280

287
1. What will happen if nitrogen fixation does not take place.

2. Why is life not possible in Venus and Mars?
3. Describe Eutrophication.
4. Describe with a diagram the Nitrogen Cycle.
5. Explain how the following microorganism contributes to the nitrogen cycle.
a. Rhizobium (in the root modules
b. Azotobacter bacteria in the soil
c. Blue green Algae
d. Petrifying bacteria
e. Fungi
f. Nitrosomonas bacteria
g. Nitrobacter bacteria
h. Denitrifying bacteria
6. Explain the role of vegetation in promoting precipitation.
7. What are the three layers of the soil? How are the C & R horizontal related?
8.
The picture above shows children swimming in sea weed.

Name the manifestation that has taken place. Explain the process.
What does it impact our environment?
It is said that when the organic load increases, it triggers structural changes in water. Name the
two components of this organic load.
9. A motor car with its glass windows raised is parked directly near the sun. The inside temperature
of the care rises? Explain.
10. Explain the role of sun in the formation of soil.
11. Carbon dioxide is necessary for plants. Then why do we consider it as a pollutant?
12. Why do we need to conserve water when large oceans surround the land masses?
13. Why does the percentage of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide remain almost the
same in the atmosphere?
14. Lichens are called whemisers of bare rock. How can the help in soil formation?
15. Why do people fly kites near the sea shore?
16. What are the factors which lead to the formation of wind?
17. What is greenhouse effect?
18. How is ozone layer depleted?
19. State the role played by atmosphere in climate control.
20. How do the following factors contribute towards formation of soil?
a. Wind
b. Water
c. Sun

288
21. What makes the biosphere dynamic yet a stable system?

22. What is the importance of ozone in the atmosphere?
23. List two forms of oxygen found in the atmosphere.
Name the process(s) by which
1. Oxygen from the atmosphere gets used up.
2. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere
24. Urbanization and industrialization are mainly responsible for the increase in environmental
pollution. Justify this statement and suggest ways and means to check it.
25. Define biosphere. Name its components.
26. Why do organisms need water?
27. List any three human activities which would lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content in
the air.
H.O.T.S
1. Why do organisms require water?

2. The suspended particulate matter in metros of India is inordinately very high. This leads to
rampant air pollution. List any four human activities that you think aggravates this problem.
3. Rampant mining by the Bellary miners created landslides on the Western Ghats of India. What are
the methods that you would suggest to prevent soil erosion?
4. There is only one form of oxygen that is found to support living beings. Is there any other form of
oxygen that is found in the atmosphere? Explain!
5. If the state government approves and converts all forest land for the purpose of building
residential complexes, do you think this move will have any impact in influencing the quality of
air, soil and water resources?
SOLUTION
1. The effect would be disastrous if nitrogen cycle will be disrupted.
The possible effects:
1. The plants would die out soon as after the soil is exhausted of the nitrogen, plants wouldn‟t
grow as the plants wouldn‟t be able to take in nitrogen. The soils won‟t grow and the land
would be barren.
2. As this would happen (plants not growing) animals having a diet of plants (herbivores) would
die as there will be nothing which they could eat.
3. This would further disrupt the ecosystem and carnivores, would soon die out as a large
proportion of their prey would die out. Furthermore other animals (not herbivores) would end
up dying in large numbers due to desperation of the carnivores animals (the weaker
carnivores would die) finally all animals would die.
4. This would ultimately affect the humans as they too can‟t survive without other organisms.
In short, life on Earth would end as the ecosystem will be ruptured.
2. Earth‟s atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (79%), oxygen (20%) and a small fraction of carbon
dioxide, water vapors and other gases. This makes existence of life possible on Earth.
The atmosphere of Venus traps heat and creates a maximum surface temperature of 48 degree
Centigrade making Venus the hottest planet in our Solar system. In contrast Mars is a cold planet
ranging from -100 degree Celsius to +10 degree Celsius. Its polar caps are frozen with carbon
dioxide and ice.

289
3.
Rhizobium- in root nodules Role is nitrogen fixation
Azatobacter-bacteria (in soil) Fixing nitrogen from atmosphere into nitrogen compounds
Blue green algae nitrogen fixation
Putrefying bacteria Ammonification
ammonification (Conversion of nitrogen containing
Fungi
proteins of dead plants and animals into ammonia)
nitrification , conversion of ammonia first into nitrites, then
Nitrifying bacteria
into nitrates
Nitrosomonas bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites
Nitrobacter bacteria Converts nitrites into nitrates
Denitrifying (pseudomonas) Denitrification
bacteria (Conversion of nitrate salts into free nitrogen gas)
25. (a) The life-supporting zone of the Earth where the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the
lithosphere interact and make life possible is known as biosphere.
(b) Two components of biosphere are:
(i) Biotic: All living forms such as plants animals and microorganisms.
(ii) Abiotic: Air, water and the soil.
26. Organisms need water due to the following reasons
1. All cellular processes take place in a water medium.
2. All the reactions that take place within our body and within the cells occur between substances
that are dissolved in water.
3. Substances are also transported from one part of the body to the other in a dissolved form.
4. Water makes up about 70% of body weight of all living organisms.
5. It helps in the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients in the blood. Hence organisms need
to maintain the level of water within their bodies in order to stay alive.
6. It helps in maintaining body temperature -
27. Three human activities which would lead to an increase in the CO2 content of air are :
1. Respiration: It is the natural process of release of CO2 by both plants and animals. But this
release is neither dangerous nor it has any adverse effect on our environment.
2. Combustion of fuels: The various types of fuels are burnt to provide energy for various –
needs such as heating, cooking, transportation and industrial fuels.
28. 3. Deforestation: Trees help in the conversion of CO2 into organic compounds such as glucose,
starch etc., by the process of photosynthesis. When these trees are cut non-judiciously, then the
level CO2 increases in our environment.
H.O.T.S
1. Organisms require water to meet the following needs

(1) All cellular processes take place in a water medium only.
(2) All the reactions that take place within our body and also within our cells occur between
substances that are dissolved in water.
(3) In the body, substances are transported from one part of the body to another in a dissolved
form
(4) It is well known that water makes up for 70 percent of the weight of all living organisms.
5. Water helps in the digestion of food, and absorption of nutrients in the blood. Hence it is
imperative that organisms maintain a level of water content in the body just to ensure that they
stay alive. Water is a must for the maintenance of body temperature.

290
2. The first thing that I would like to list is:

a) Excessive use and burning of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. The burning of these
produce acidic oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. These cause a lot of irritation to our respiratory
system apart from ushering acid rain.
b) Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels leads to unburnt carbon particles which reduces
visibility. It compounds in colder areas where water vapour condenses on it and creates smog
reducing visibility further.
c) Extensive usage of automobiles and incorrectly tuned motor vehicles leads to the formation of
carbon monoxide gas. Even lead oxide fumes add to respiratory irritation.
d) Forest fires, excessive mining, ore refining, excessive use of chlorofluorocarbons, flue dust
emission from manufacturing factories adds to the woe.
3. The methods I would suggest are
a) Afforestation: We know that planting trees would reduce erosion as the roots of the trees help
to hold the soil in place.
b) Constructing shelter belts: Trees if planted around and along the hedges of the farmland will
help to reduce soil being blown away by reducing the speed of the winds
c) Contour Farming: Along the Western Ghats wherever irrigation is in progress, contour
farming should be made to be adopted on a compulsory basis. Here the land would be
ploughed in such a way that the furrows lie across the natural slope of the land. These furrows
trap water and do not allow it to flow down carrying the top soil.
d) Terraced farming: A terraced hillside is less likely to be eroded than natural hillside. Terraced
farming is marked by the existence of series of steps that are formed by horizontal strips
supported by walls which help to catch the descending water .This delay helps in giving water
sufficient time to percolate into the soil and nourish the crop.
e) Soil cover: All bare and exposed soil left after harvest in the Western Ghats should be covered
with dry vegetation to prevent soil run offs.
f) Prevent overgrazing: Grass binds soil molecules, so even when there is a thin cover of grass
standing on the field, it should be allowed to remain so and not let the cattle graze on it as
exposed soil will lead to its erosion.
4. We know that elemental oxygen is normally found in the form of a diatomic molecule in the
lower regions of the atmosphere to the extent of 21%. Please remember that this is a non-
poisonous form of oxygen.
But in the higher altitudes of the atmosphere which is basically the stratosphere, oxygen is found
in the form of ozone, containing three atoms of oxygen. This is a poisonous form of oxygen.
Oxygen also is found in combined states inside the Earth‟s crust in the form of metal oxides,
carbonates, in air as carbon dioxide. Needless to say that oxygen is an integral component in all
protein compounds such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, fats and lipids.
5. Knocking down forests for the purpose of building residential complexes will have the following
adverse effects.
1. Forests help in minimizing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This prevents
greenhouse effect and global warming.
2. Forests reduce environmental temperature which in turn increases the rate of photosynthesis
in plants in the surrounding regions.
3. Some of the trees have the ability to absorb harmful gases present in the atmosphere for eg
jamun trees easily absorb lead vapours and their compounds from the air.
4. Forests also control the quality of soil. Not only by preventing soil erosion, they also regulate
the bio geochemical cycles which are responsible for recycling of nutrients and making them
available for the plants from the soil.

291
5. The habitat of the decomposing bacteria and the nitrogen fixing bacteria will get dislodged as
these live in close association with the roots of the trees.
6. The absence of forests will hamper the return of pure water back to Earth through rains. In
fact the entire water cycle will get affected.

9th Science Workbook PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

9th Science Workbook PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

a. Concept of Rest and Motion

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Did You Know?

Motion is a relative term. There is nothing as „absolute motion‟. We inherently assume

Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and we

Figure 1: Frame of Reference

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Figure 2: Distance and Displacement

Did You Know?

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

3. Time, Average Speed and Velocity

a. Speed, Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed

Speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time.

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Did You Know?

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

 Misconception: The average velocity is given by arithmetic mean of

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

 Misconception: Acceleration always occurs in the same direction, as an

Did You Know?

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Did You Know?

The value of acceleration due to gravity is not constant. It varies

Figure 3: Graphical Representation of a Quantity

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Figure 4: Body at Rest

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

ii) Body moving with non-uniform velocity

Instantaneous velocity at A = tan θ

Figure 5: Body moving with positive acceleration

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Figure 6: Uniform Velocity

(ii) Uniform Acceleration

Figure 7: Uniform Acceleration

Figure 8: Area under Velocity-Time Graph

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

6. The Equations of Motion

Figure 9: Body with Uniform Acceleration

First equation of motion:

Second equation of motion:

Third equation of motion:

 Misconception: If an object has zero velocity, its acceleration is also zero.

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

IX CBSE Physics – Motion

7. Uniform Circular Motion

Figure 10: Uniform Circular Motion

 Misconception: The velocity of a body is constant in uniform circular motion.

Did You Know?