I. 4.

3
A. Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
1. bacteria + archaea ⇒ prokaryotic cells
2. other forms of life (protists, fungi, plants, + animals) ⇒ eukaryotic cells
3. eukaryotic cells → membrane-enclosed nucleus → houses most of their
DNA
4. all cells have basic features
a) 1 or more chromosomes carrying genes made of DNA
b) all cells contain ribosomes → tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
c) interior of both types of cell = cytoplasm
(1) in eukaryotic cells → cytoplasm = only to region between
nucleus and plasma membrane, contains many
membrane-enclosed organelles that perform specific
functions
B. Prokaryotic Cells
1. DNA = coiled into nucleoid
2. no membrane surrounds DNA
3. ribosomes of prokaryotes = smaller + differ from eukaryotes
4. outside plasma membrane → cell wall
a) wall protects the cell + helps maintain its shape
b) some antibiotics (ex: penicillin) prevent the formation of protective
walls
c) cells w/out walls → antibiotics can kill invading bacteria without
harming your cells
d) certain prokaryotes have sticky outer coat called capsule around
cell wall → helps glue cells to surfaces such as sticks + rocks in
streams or tissues
5. some have surface projections
a) short projections help attach prokaryotes to each other or their
substrate
b) longer projections called flagella propel a prokaryotic cell through
its liquid environment
6. most prokaryotic cells = 1/10 of typical eukaryotic cell
C. Eukaryotic Cells
1. nucleus → most obvious difference between prokaryotic + eukaryotic cell
2. also contains various other organelles → specific functions in the cell
3. each organelle = bounded by membrane with lipid + protein composition
that suits its function
4. four basic functional groups
a) nucleus + ribosomes carry out genetic control of the cell
b) organelles involved in manufacture, distribution, + breakdown of
molecules inside endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes
 c) mitochondria in all cells + chloroplasts in plant cells function in
energy processing
d) structural support, movement, and communication between cells =
functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, + plant cell wall
5. chemical activities in cells ⇒ cellular metabolism → occurs within
organelles
6. many enzymatic proteins essential for metabolic processes are built into
the membranes of organelles
7. fluid-filled spaces within organelles = important as sites where chemical
conditions are maintained
8. lysosomes + centrioles ≠ plant cells
9. plant cell
a) has rigid, thick cell wall
b) cell walls protect cells + help maintain their shape
c) plant cell walls contain the polysaccharide cellulose
d) plasmodesmata = cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that
connect adjacent cells
e) important organelle found in plant cells = chloroplast
(1) where photosynthesis occurs
f) large central vacuole → stores water + variety of chemicals
10. eukaryotic cells contain non membranous structures
II. Reading 73-79
A. eukaryotic cells ⇒ internal membranes partition the cell into different
compartments
B. membranes composed of bilayer ⇒ embedded + attached with proteins: fluid
mosaic
C. double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids of some fatty acids produce kinks
that prevent phospholipids from packing too tightly
D. different compartments
E. factory of the cell
F.