Building code of

Ministry of Construction and Building SNT 2.03.02-04

Materials Industry of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
Concrete and reinforced For the first
concrete structures time
Design regulations

This code is applied when designing the concrete and reinforced concrete structures of
buildings and constructions for different purposes that are operating at systematic impact of
temperatures not exceeding 50 °С and below minus 70 °С.
The code establishes requirements to the design of the concrete and reinforced concrete
structures, manufactured of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate, light-weight, and cellular concretes.
Requirements of this code are not applied to the concrete and reinforced concrete
constructions of hydraulic structures, bridges, transport tunnels, pipes placed under mounds,
coverings of motor roads and aerodromes, ferrocement structures, as well as structures
manufactured of concretes, having average density less than 500 and higher than 2500 kg/m 3,
concrete-polymers and polymer-concretes, calcareous cement, slag cement and compound cement
concretes (excluding their application in the cellular concrete), gypseous cement and special cement
concretes, concretes with special and organic aggregates, and concretes having macroporous
composition.
When designing the concrete and reinforced concrete structures intended for operation in
special conditions (under seismic impacts, in media with aggressive impact degree on the concrete
and reinforced concrete structures, in hypermoisture conditions, etc.), additional requirements made
to such structures by corresponding normative documents shall be observed.
According to concrete strength indices, concrete has been classified in accordance with
international standards.
Basic letter symbols taken in this code, as well as basic definitions, are given in the
reference appendix 3.

1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS
BASIC PROVISIONS

1.1. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures shall be provided with the calculation,
materials selection, setting dimensions and designing in compliance with the reliability required to
avert the appearance of all forms of marginal states.

APPROVED
By the Resolution of the Ministry of Construction and Date of putting into action
Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan
Turkmenbashi (January) 1, 2005
Garashsyzlyk (October) 22, 2004 № МОК-16
 1.2. The choice of constructive decisions shall be carried out proceeding from technical and
economical expediency of their application in specific conditions of construction, taking into
account maximum reduction of materials consumption, power-consuming, labouriousness, and
construction cost, having been attained by:
- utilization of efficacious building materials and constructions;
- decrease of the weight of constructions;
- the fullest usage of physical and mechanical properties of materials;
- usage of local building materials;
- compliance with the requirements for economic consumption of basic building materials.

1.3. When designing buildings and structures, structural layouts ensuring the required
durability, rigidity and spatial immutability of buildings and structures as a whole, as well as
separate constructions, shall be taken at all stages of erection and operation.

1.4. Prefabricated elements shall meet conditions of automatic manufacture at

specialized enterprises.
When selecting prefabricated elements, one should provide for mainly prestressed
structures made of high-strength concretes and reinforcement, and structures made of light-
weight and cellular concretes in places where their usage isn’t restricted by requirements of
other normative documents.
It is advisable to enlarge prefabricated elements as far as assembly mechanisms
capacity, manufacturing and transportation conditions allow.
1.5. For cast-in-place constructions one should envisage standard sizes, permitting to
utilize reusable forms, and enlarged spatial reinforcing cages.
1.6. In prefabricated structures special attention shall be paid to the strength and
durability of joints.
The constructions of assembly units and joints of the elements shall secure a reliable
exertion transfer, durability of elements themselves in the junction zone, as well as bracing
of the additionally placed concrete at the joint with the concrete of the construction with the
help of various constructive and technological measures.
1.7. Concrete elements are applied:
a) mainly in constructions under compression at low eccentricity of longitudinal
forces, not exceeding values stated in clause 3.3.;
b) in separate cases in constructions under compression at high eccentricities, as well
as in flexible constructions when their destruction present no direct danger to the people’s
life and equipment safety (elements lying on a solid base, etc.).

BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1.8. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures shall satisfy requirements of the
bearing capacity calculation (marginal states of the first group) and normal operational
capability calculation (marginal states of the second group).
a) Calculation for the marginal states of the first group shall protect constructions
against:
 - brittle, ductile or another type of failure (durability calculation taking into account
construction’s deflection before failure, if necessary);
- construction’s form buckling (rigidity calculation of thin-slab structures, etc.) or its
position (overturning and slip calculation of retaining walls; calculation of floating of buried
or subsurface tanks, pump stations, etc.);
- fatigue failure (robustness calculation of constructions being under impact of the
repeated load - mobile or pulsating:
- crane girders, ties, frame foundations and overlapping for some out-of-balance
machinery, etc.;
- failures under the combined impact of power factors and unfavourable influences of
the environment (periodic or constant influences of the corrosive medium, effects of
alternate freezing and thawing, fire impacts, etc.).
b) Calculation for the marginal states of the second group shall protect constructions
against
- cracks formation, as well as their excessive or long-term opening (if by the
operating conditions the formation or long-term opening of cracks is inadmissible);
- excessive shifts (flexures, azimuth error, angular deflections, vibrations).
1.9. As a rule, the calculation for the marginal states of the structure as a whole, as
well as its separate elements, shall be carried out for all stages – manufacture,
transportation, erection and operation, thereat the design models shall meet the constructive
decisions accepted.
It is admissible not to carry out the calculation of the cracks’ opening and the
deformation calculation, if based on testing or practice of utilization of the reinforced
concrete structures it has been ascertained that opening of cracks therein doesn’t exceed
permissible values and at the operation stage the structure’s rigidity is sufficient.
1.10. Values of loads and effects, load reliability factors, combination factors, as well
as subdivision of loads into constant-acting and live ones, shall be taken pursuant to
requirements of Building Code 2.01.07-85 “Loads and impacts”.
Loads taken into account when calculating for the marginal states of the second
group (working loads) should be taken in accordance with clauses 1.14 and 1.18. Thereat,
long-term loads also include a part of the total value of short-term loads, stipulated in
Building Code 2.01.07-85; and the short-term load entered into the calculation should be
taken decreased by the value, taken into consideration in the long-term load. Combination
factors and load reduction factors belong to the total value of the short-term loads.
For structures that are exposed to the solar radiation and intended for the operation in
the climatic subregion IVA pursuant to BCT 2.01.01-98 “Building climatology”,
temperature climatic impacts should be taken into account in the process of calculation.
For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures, their refractoriness shall be also
ensured pursuant to the requirements of Building Code 2.01.02-85 “Fire-prevention
regulations”.
1.11. When calculating prefabricated elements being influenced by forces that
emerge during their lifting, transportation and mounting, the load caused by the element’s
weight should be entered with the dynamic index amounting to:
 when transporting………………………..1,60
when lifting and mounting…..…………..1,40

For the aforementioned dynamic indexes, it is admissible to take lower values,

substantiated in accordance with the order established, but not lower 1,25.
1.12. Composite (prefabricated-cast-in-situ) constructions, as well as cast-in-situ
constructions with the bearing bar, shall be calculated according to durability, formation and
opening of cracks, and deformations for the following two stages of the construction’s
operation:
а) before the concrete, having been placed in the site of the construction usage,
acquires the preset durability – for the influence of the weight of such concrete and other
loads that are effective at this stage of the construction erection;
b) after the concrete, having been placed in the site of the construction usage,
acquires the preset durability – for the loads that are effective at this stage of the
construction erection, and during the operation of the construction.
1.13. As a rule, efforts in the statically indefinable reinforced concrete structures that
are caused by loads and forced displacements (in consequence of fluctuations of
temperature, moisture of concrete, displacement of supports, etc.), as well as efforts in the
statically definable structures when being calculated according to the strained model shall
be determined with due consideration of inelastic deformations of concrete and
reinforcement, and the availability of cracks.
For structures which calculation method with due consideration of inelastic
properties of the reinforced concrete hasn’t been developed, as well as for the intermediary
stages of calculation with due consideration of inelastic properties of the reinforced
concrete, it is admissible to determine efforts in the statically indefinable structures in
supposition of their liner elasticity.
1.14. Requirements of relevant categories are made to the crack-resistance of
structures (or their parts) depending on conditions wherein they operate, and the type of the
reinforcement used::
a) 1st category – crack formation isn’t permissible;
b) 2nd category – a width-limited short-term opening of cracks αcrc1 is admissible
provided that their subsequent reliable closing (bite) is ensured;
c) 3rd category - a width-limited short-time αcrc1 and a long-term αcrc2 opening of
cracks is admissible.
A short-term opening of cracks implies their opening under the combined effect of
constant-acting, long-term and short-term loads, and in case of a long-term opening – under
only constant-acting and long-term loads.
Categories of requirements made to the crack-resistance of the reinforced concrete
structures, as well as values of the tolerance width of opening cracks in conditions of non-
aggressive medium are given: for restricting the structure’s permeability - in Table 1, and for
securing the enforcement’s safety – in Table 2.
Working loads being considered when calculating reinforced concrete structures for
cracks formation, their opening or closing shall be taken in accordance with Table 3.
 If in structures or their parts, to which crack-resistance the requirements of the 2 nd
and the 3rd category are made, no cracks are formed under corresponding loads, stated in
Table 3, their calculation for the short-term opening or closing of cracks (for the 2 nd
category) or for the short-term and long-term opening of cracks (for the 3 rd category) isn’t
carried out.
The aforesaid categories of requirements to the crack-resistance of the reinforced
concrete structures relate to cracks that are standard and inclined to the longitudinal axis of
the element.
To avoid opening of the longitudinal cracks one should take constructive measures
(erect a corresponding transverse reinforcement), and for the prestressed elements, besides
the aforesaid, one should restrict values of compressive stresses in the concrete at the
prereduction stage (see clause 1.27).
1.15. In the terminal sections of prestressed elements with the anchorless
reinforcement, within the bounds of the length of the region of stress transfer (see clause
2.30) the crack formation isn’t admissible under the effect of constant-acting, long-term and
short-term loads, being entered into the calculation with the factor γƒ= 1,0.
Thereat, prestresses in the reinforcement along the length of the region of stress
transfer are taken to be linearly increasing from zero to the maximum calculated values.
The aforementioned requirement is allowed to be neglected for the part of the section
that locates along its height from the level of the center of figure of the modified section up
to the tensile face under the effect of the prereduction force, if no anchorless prestressed
reinforcement is available in this part..
1.16. In case if, as per account, in the region of prestressed elements that has been
compressed during the working loads, at the stages of manufacture, transportation and
erection the cracks, standard to the longitudinal axis, have formed, one should take into
consideration the decrease of crack-resistance of the region of elements, having been
extended during operation, as well as the increase of their curvature. For elements, having
been calculated for the impact of repeated loads, the formation of such cracks is prohibited.
1.17. For the reinforced concrete under-reinforced elements which are characterized by their
bearing capacity to be exhausted simultaneously with the formation of cracks in the concrete
of the tension region (see clause 4.9), the sectional area of the longitudinal tensile
reinforcement shall be increased by not less than 15% as compared with the area required by
the strength calculation.
1.18. Deflections and displacements of the elements of the structure shall not exceed
the established marginal rates.
1.19. When carrying out strength calculations of the concrete and reinforced concrete
components for the effect of the compressive longitudinal force, the stochastic eccentricity
ℓα, stipulated by factors neglected in the calculation, shall be taken into account. In any case
eccentricity ℓα is taken not less than 1/600 of the length of the element or a distance between
its sections, fixed by the displacement, and 1/30 of the height of the section.
In addition, for constructions formed of the prefabricated elements, one should take
into consideration the potential mutual displacement of elements that depends on the type of
the construction, mounting arrangement, etc.
 For the elements of statically indefinable structures, the value of the eccentricity of
the longitudinal force with regard to the center of figure of the modified section ℓ0 is taken
to be equal to the eccentricity, obtained from the static calculation of the structure, but not
less than ℓα,. In the elements of statically definable structures, the eccentricity ℓ0 is found as
a sum of eccentricities – being defined from the static calculation of the structure and
stochastic.
1.20. As a rule, the intervals between the contraction joints shall be determined
through the calculation.

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS TO DESIGNING

OF PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTIONS

1.21. Prestresses σSP, as well as σ'SPin the prestressed reinforcement S and S',
respectively, should be specified considering the admissible deviations of р value of the
prestress in such a way that the following conditions for the bar and wire reinforcement are
met:

σSP + р ≤ Rs, se r σSP – р ≥ 0,3 Rs, se r (1)

In case of mechanical technique of tendon jacking, р value is taken to be 0,05 σSP,

and in case of thermal-electric and thermoelectromechanical techniques it is found by the
formula

р = 30 + 360/l (2)

where p - in MP; l – length of a bar under tension (an interval between the external
faces of abutments), m.
In case of the automated tendon jacking, the value of the numerator – 360 in the
formula (2) is replaced by 90.
1.22. Stress values σсоn1 and σ'соn1in the prestressed reinforcement S and S',
respectively, being controlled on completion of post-tension, are taken to be σSP and σ'SP (see
clause 1.21) deducting deformation losses of anchors and reinforcement friction (see clause
1.23).
Stress values in the prestressed reinforcement S and S', being controlled in the site of
application of tension force during tendon jacking on the hardened concrete, are taken to be
σсоn2 and σ'соn2 , respectively, that are determined under condition of ensuring σSP and σ'SP
tensions in the design section according to formulas:

σсоn2 = σSP – α (P / Ared + Pℓ0P ysp /Ired ), (3)

σ'соn2 = σ'SP - α(P / Ared – Pℓ0P y'sp /Ired ) (4)
 In formulas (3) and (4):
σSP, σ'SP – are determined disregarding prestressed losses;
Pℓ0P – are determined according to formulas (8) and (9) with σSP and σ'SP values,
taking into consideration the first prestressed losses;
ysp , y'sp – the same symbols as in clause 1.26;

а = Es / Eb
Note. In structures made of light-weight concrete of В7,5 - В12,5 grades σсоn1 and
σ'соn2 values shall not exceed 400 and 550 MP, respectively.
1.23. When calculating prestressed elements one should take into consideration
prestressed losses of the reinforcement.
When post-tensioining of the reinforcement one should take into account:
а) the first losses – caused by deformation of anchors, reinforcement friction on
envelope facilities, by stress relaxation in the reinforcement, temperature drop, forms
deflection (form-tensioning of reinforcement), and by fast-accumulating creep of concrete;
b) the second losses – caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete.
When concrete–tensioining of the reinforcement one should take into account:
c) the first losses – caused by deformation of anchors, reinforcement friction on canal
walls or concrete surface of the structure;
d the second losses – caused by stress relaxation in the reinforcement, shrinkage and
creep of concrete, concrete collapse under the reinforcement coils, deflection of joints
between blocks (for structures consisting of block).
Prestressed losses of the reinforcement should be determined according to Table 4.
Thereat, when designing constructions, the total value of losses should be taken not less
than 100 MP.
1.24. When defining prestressed losses caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete
according to position 8 and 9 in Table 4, the following directions should be taken into
consideration:
а) if the term of construction’s loading is known in advance, the losses should be
multiplied by φl factor that is found by the formula

φl = 4t /(100+3t) (5)

where t – time, day, counted when defining losses caused by creep from the day of
the concrete reduction, and by shrinkage – from the day of concreting completion;
b) for structures intended for operation under air moisture lower than 40%, losses
shall be increased by 25%, excluding constructions made of heavy-weight and fine-
aggregate concretes that are intended for operation in the IVA climatic subregion pursuant to
BCT 2.01.01-98 and exposed to the solar radiation for which the aforesaid losses are
increased by 50%;
 c) to define losses more exact methods are permitted that are proved in accordance
with the order established, if the cement grade, concrete composition, manufacturing and
working conditions, etc., are known.
1.25. The reinforcement prestressed value is entered into the calculation with the
accuracy factor of tendon jacking γsp that is found by the formula

γ sp= 1 ± ∆ γsp (6)

"Plus" sign is taken in case of unfavourable effect of prestress (i.e. at this stage of the
structure’s operation or at the element’s site under consideration •prestress decreases the
bearing capacity, facilitates the crack formation, etc.), “minus” sign – under favourable
effect.
In case of mechanical technique of tendon jacking, ∆ γ sp values are taken to be 0,1,
and in case of thermal-electric and thermoelectromechanical techniques they are found by
the formula

 
 sp  0,5 P 1  1 / n p /  sp , (7)

but they are taken to be not less than 0,1;

here p, σSP – see clause 1.21;
nр – number of bars of the prestressed reinforcement in the element’s section .
When defining prestressed reinforcement losses, as well as when making crack
opening calculation and deflection calculation, ∆ γ sp value is permitted to be taken
amounting to zero.
1.26. Concrete and reinforcement stresses, as well as forces of the concrete
prereduction, having been entered into the calculation of prestressed structures, are defined
in compliance of the following directions.
Stresses in sections, standard to the longitudinal axis of the element, are defined
according to the rules of elastic materials calculation. Thereat, one should take the modified
section, including concrete cross-section with an allowance for its slackening by canals,
mortises, etc., as well as the cross-section of the whole longitudinal (prestressed and non-
prestressed) reinforcement, multiplied by the ratio of а modules of elasticity of
reinforcement and concrete. If parts of the concrete cross-section are manufactured of
concretes of different grades or types, they are modified to a single grade and type,
proceeding from the ratio of modules of concrete elasticity.
The prereduction force Р and the eccentricity of its application ℓ0р with respect to the
centre of figure of the modified section (Fig. 1) are found by the formulas:

 Asp
 P   sp Asp   sp    s As   s As ; (8)

0 p   sp Asp у ыз   s As у s   sp
 Asp у sp   s As у s  / P , (9)
 where σs, σ's - stresses in the non-prestressed reinforcement, respectively, S and S,
caused by the concrete shrinkage and creep;
уsp , у'sp , уs and у's – distances from the centre of figure of the modified section to the
points of application of resultant forces in the prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement
S and S', respectively (see Fig. 1).
In case of curvilinear prestressed reinforcement σsp and σ'sp values are multiplied by
cos θ and cos θ', respectively, where θ and θ' – are tilt angles of the reinforcement’s axis to
the longitudinal axis of the element (for the section under consideration).
σsp and σ'sp stresses are taken:
а) at the stage of the concrete reduction - with an allowance for the first losses;
b) at the stage of the element operation - with an allowance for the first and second
losses.
σsp and σ'sp stresses are taken numerically equal:
- at the stage of the concrete reduction – to stress losses caused by the fast-
accumulating creep according to position 6 in Table 4;
- at the stage of the element operation – to the sum of stress losses caused by the
concrete shrinkage and creep according to positions 6, 8 and 9 in Table 4.
1.27. Compressive stresses in the concrete at the prereduction stage σbp shall not
exceed values (in shares of the concrete transfer elasticity Rbp), stated in Table 6.
σbp stresses are estimated at the level of the outer compressed concrete fiber with an
allowance for prestressed losses according to positions 1-6 in Table 4 and at tendon jacking
accuracy factor γsp amounting to one.
1.28. For prestressed constructions wherein the regulation of reduction stresses of
concrete is envisaged in the process of their operation (for example, in reactors, reservoirs,
TV towers), the prestressed reinforcement is used without adhesion with the concrete,
thereat effective measures should be foreseen to protect the reinforcement against corrosion.
Requirements of the 1st category of crack-resistance shall be made to prestressed
constructions without reinforcement adhesion with the concrete.

GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR CALCULATION OF PLANAR AND MASSIVE

STRUCTURES CONSIDERING NONLINEAR PROPERTIES OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.29. The calculation of planar structures (wall-beam, floor slab type) and massive
structures according to the marginal states of the first and second groups should be carried
out for stresses (forces), deflections and displacements, being estimated considering the
physical nonlinearity, anisotropy, and if necessary – creeping, accumulation of failures (in
the long-term processes) and geometric nonlinearity (for thin-slab structures mainly).
1.30. The physical nonlinearity, anisotropy and creeping should be considered in
the defining relationships that interconnect stresses and deflections, as well as in conditions
of the material’s durability and crack-resistance. Thereat, one should single out two stages
of elements deformation – before and after crack formation.
 1.31. As a rule, before crack formation a nonlinear orthotrophic model should be
applied for the concrete that allows to take into account a directed development of the
dilatation effect and deformation inhomogeneity during compression and tension. It is
permitted to make use of quasi-isotropic model of the concrete considering the visualization
of the aforementioned factors on average according to the volume. At this stage, for the
reinforced concrete one should proceed from the compatibility of axial deformations of the
reinforcement and the surrounding concrete, excluding terminal sections of the
reinforcement not supplied with special anchors.
Under danger of reinforcement crippling one should restrict its ultimate compressive
stresses.
1.32. In conditions of the concrete strength one should take into account the
combination of stresses on the sites of different directions, owing to which, in particular, its
resistance to the biaxial and triaxial compression exceeds the strength at uniaxial
compression, and in case of combinations of compression and tension it may be less than
under the effect of one of them. If necessary the duration of tensions’ effect shall be taken
into consideration.
A condition of reinforced concrete strength without cracks shall depend on conditions
of strength of the component materials as a double-base medium.
1.33. The condition of strength of the concrete elements of the double-base medium
should be used as a condition of crack formation.
1.34. After crack formation one should apply a model of a general anisotropic body
with nonlinear expressions of forces or stresses dependences on displacements taking into
account the following factors:
- cracks’ tilt angles to the reinforcement and diagrams of cracks crossing;
- opening of cracks and shift of their faces;
- reinforcement rigidity: axial – with an allowance for adhesion with the concrete
stripes or blocks between cracks; tangential – with an allowance for yielding of concrete
foundation nearby the crack faces and, correspondingly, axial and tangential stresses in the
reinforcement;
- concrete rigidity: between cracks – for axial forces and shift (decreases for a
diagram of intersecting cracks); in cracks - for axial forces and shift owing to cohesion of
the crack faces if their width is sufficiently small;
- partial violation of compatibility of axial deformations of the reinforcement and
concrete between cracks.
In the model of deformation of unreinforced elements with cracks only hardness of
concrete between cracks is taken into account.
In case if inclined cracks appear, one should take into account peculiarities of the
concrete deformation over the inclined cracks.
1.35. The width of cracks opening and reciprocal shift of their faces should be
determined proceeding from the displacement of bars of different directions with respect to
crack faces they intersect, taking into account intervals between the cracks, and on
upholding of the condition of compatibility of these displacements.
1.36. Strength conditions of flat and volumetric elements having cracks should be
based on the following presuppositions:
 - it is accepted that a failure occurs as a result of considerable elongation of the
reinforcement in the area of the most dangerous cracks that generally locate slantwise to the
reinforcement bars, and fragmentation of concrete elements of the structure between or
behind the cracks (for example, in the compression region of slabs over the cracks);
- concrete resistance to compression is decreased because of emerging of an
extension directed perpendicularly that is created by the forces of cohesion with the tensile
reinforcement, as well as owing to transverse displacements of the reinforcement nearby the
crack faces;
- when defining the concrete strength, diagrams of crack formation and tilt angles of
cracks to the reinforcement are taken into account;
- as a rule, in the reinforcement bars normal stresses are taken into account that are
directed along their axis; it is permitted to take into account tangential stresses in the
reinforcement in the place of crack formation (dowel effect) supposing that bars don’t
change their orientation;
- it is accepted that in the failure crack all bars intersecting it reach their design
tensile strengths (for the reinforcement having no yield point stresses shall be controlled in
the process of the deformation calculation).
Concrete strength in its different regions should be assessed according to stresses
therein as in the component of a double-base medium (deducting reduced stresses in the
reinforcement between cracks, being determined with an allowance for stresses in cracks,
cohesion and partial violation of compatibility of the axial deformations of the
reinforcement with the concrete).
1.37. The bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete structures able to flow is
allowed to be determined by the method of limit equilibrium.
1.38. When making structure’s strength, deformation, crack formation and crack
opening calculations by the finite-element method, conditions of strength and crack-
resistance should be checked for all finite elements constituting the structure, as well as
conditions of appearance of excessive displacements of the structure. When assessing
marginal strength states it is allowed to assume separate finite elements to be collapsed, if
the aforesaid doesn’t entail the progressive fracture of the structure, and on the expiry of the
effect of the load under consideration the structure’s service ability maintains or can be
restored.

2. MATERIALS FOR THE CONCRETE

AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CONCRETE

2.1. For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures, being designed in
accordance with the requirements of this code, constructive concretes corresponding to TDS
25192-82 should be foreseen;
- heavy-weight with average density higher than 2200 to 2500 kg/m3 inclusive;
- fine-aggregate with average density higher than 1800 kg/m3;
- light-weigh with dense and porous structure;
 - cellular with autoclave and non-autoclave hardening .
- special concrete - self-stressing.
2.2. When designing concrete and reinforced concrete structures depending on their
purpose and working conditions, concrete quality indexes should be fixed, including the
following basic ones:
а) compression strength class В;
d axial tensile strength class Вt (is fixed in cases when this characteristic is of topping
importance and controlled at the production);
c) freeze-thaw durability grade F (should be fixed for structures exposed to the effect
of alternate freezing and thaw in the moistened state);
d) water impermeability grade W (should be fixed for structures which are required
to have restricted water impermeability);
e) average density grade D (should be fixed for structures which are demanded to
meet heat insulation requirements in addition to constructive ones;
f) self-stressing grade of self-stressing concrete S p (should be fixed for self-stressing
structures when this characteristic is considered in the calculation and controlled at the
production);
Note: 1. Compression strength and axial tensile strength classes of the concrete
meet values of the guaranteed concrete strength, MP, having maintenance of 0,95.
2. Self-stressing grade of self-stressing concrete presents the value of a prestress in
the concrete, MP, being created as a result of its dilatation with the longitudinal
reinforcement factor μ = 0,01.
2.3. For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures concretes of the following
classes and grades should be envisaged:
а) compression strength classes
heavy-weight concrete - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30; В35;
В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
Self-stressing concrete – В20; В25; В30; В35; В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
fine-aggregate concrete of groups:
А – with natural hardening or thermally treated at the atmospheric pressure on sand
having fineness modulus higher than 2,0 - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20;
В25; В30; В35; В40;
Б – the same, with the fineness modulus 2,0 and less than - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10;
В12.5; В15; В20; В25; В30;
В – autoclave treatment -В15; В20; В25; В30; В35; В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
light-weight concrete with grades according to the average density:
D800, D900 - В2,5; В3,5; В5; В7,5;
D1000,D1100-B2,5; В3.5; В5; В7,5; В12,5;
D1200. D1300 – В2,5; В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15;
D1400. D1500 – В3.5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30;
D1600. D1700 – В5; В7,5; В10; В12.5; В15; В20; В25: В30; В35;
D1800. D1900 – В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30; В35; В40;
D2000 – В20; В25; В30; В35; В40;
cellular concrete with grades according to the average density:
 autoclave non-autoclave:
D500 - В1; В1,5; –
D600 - В1; В1,5; В2; В2,5; В1; В1,5;
D700 - В1,5; В2; В2,5; В3,5; В1,5; В2; В2,5;
D800 - В2,5; В3,5; В5; В2; В2,5; В3,5;
D900 - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В3,5; В5;
D1000 - В5; В7,5; В10; В5; В7,5;
D1100 - В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В7,5; В10;
D1200 - В10; В12,5; В15; В10; В12,5;
It is permitted to use concrete of intermediate compression strength classes В22,5
and В27,5, provided that the aforesaid will result in the cement saving as compared with the
usage of the concrete of В25 and В30 classes, respectively, and will not decrease other
technical and economic indexes of the structure;

b) axial tensile strength classes

heavy-weight, self-stressing, fine-aggregate, and light-weight concretes – Вt 0,8;
Вt1,2; В t1,6; Вt2; В t2,4; В t2,8; В t3,2;
c) freeze-thaw durability grades
heavy-weight, self-stressing, and fine-aggregate concretes - F50; F75; F100; F150;
F200; F300; F400; F500;
light-weight concrete -F25; F35;F50; F75; F100; F150; F200; F300; F400; F500;
cellular and porous concrete -F 15; F25; F35; F50; F75; F100;
d) water impermeability grades
heavy-weight fine-aggregate, and light-weight concretes - W2, W4, W6, W8, W10,
W12;
for self-stressing concrete of the water impermeability grade is secured not lower
than W12 and can be not indicated in projects.
e) average density grades
light-weight concrete - D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200; D1300; D1400; D1500;
D1600; D1700; D1800; D1900; D2000;
cellular concrete - D500; D600; D700; D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200;
Note: 1. In this code terms “light-weight concrete” and “porous concrete” are
applied for denominating a light-weight concrete of dense structure and a light-weight
concrete of porous structure (with the range of porosity higher than 6%), respectively.
2. A group of fine-aggregate concrete (А, Б, В) shall be stated in the working
drawings of structures.

2.4. Age of concrete that meets its compression strength and axial tensile strength
class is set in the process of designing, proceeding from possible real periods of structure’s
loading by design loads, technique of erection, conditions of hardening of the concrete. If
the aforesaid data are not available the concrete class is fixed to be 28 days.
The value of handling strength of the concrete in the prefabricated elements should
be set in accordance with BCT 5.01.01-93 (Appendix II), TDS 13015.0-83* and standards
for structures of specific types.
 2.5. For the reinforced concrete structures it is prohibited to use:
- heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes of the compression strength class lower
than В7,5;
- light-weight concrete of the compression strength class lower than В3,5 – for
single-layer structures, and lower than В2,5 – for two-layer structures.
It is recommended to take concrete compression strength class:
- for reinforced concrete elements of heavy-weight and light-weight concretes, being
calculated for the impact of the repeated load – not lower than В15;
- for reinforced concrete compressed bar elements of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate
and light-weight concretes – not lower than В15;
- for heavy-loaded reinforced concrete compressed bar elements (for example, for
columns, reacting considerable crane loads, and for columns of the lower storeys of multi-
storeyed buildings) - not lower than В25.
2.6. For prestressed elements of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight
concretes, the class of the concrete wherein the strained reinforcement is placed should be
taken depending on the type and class of the prestressed reinforcement, its diameter and
availability of anchorage not lower than stated in Table 7.
Transfer concrete strength Rbp (concrete strength by the moment of its reduction
being controlled similarly to the compression strength class of the concrete) is fixed to be 11
MP, and with the bar reinforcement of class А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK
(Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200), high-strength anchorless reinforcing wire and reinforcing
ropes – not less than 15,5 MP. Besides, the transfer concrete strength shall be not less than
50% of the accepted compression strength class of the concrete.
For structures, being calculated for the impact of the repeated load, the minimum
values of the concrete class, given in Table 7, with the prestressed reinforcing wire and
prestressed bar reinforcement of class А-IV (А600), irrespective of diameter, as well as
class А-V (А800) having 10-18 mm diameter, shall increase by one step, i.e. 5 MP with
relevant rise of the transfer concrete strength.
When designing separate types of structures, the decrease of the minimum concrete
class by one step, amounting to 5 MP, against one given in Table 7 with relevant decrease of
the transfer concrete strength is allowed provided that it is justified in accordance with
established procedure.
Notes: 1. When calculating reinforced concrete structures at the prereduction stage,
the design performances of the concrete are taken as for the concrete class numerically
equal to the transfer concrete strength (according to the linear interpolation).
2. When designing protecting single-layer solid structures that function as heat
isolation, at the relative value of the concrete reduction σbp / Rbp not higher than 0,30 it is
permitted to use a prestressed reinforcement of class А-IV, having a diameter not more than
14 mm, with classes of the light-weight concrete В7,5 — В12.5, thereat, the transfer
concrete strength Rbp shall be not less than 80% of the concrete class.
2.7. It is prohibited to use the fine-aggregate concrete without any special
experimental substantiation for the reinforced structures exposed to the repeated load, as
well as for the prestressed span structures higher than 12 m with the reinforcing wire of В-
II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19 classes.
 Compression strength class of the fine-aggregate concrete, being used for the
protection against corrosion and for securing cohesion with the concrete of the prestressed
reinforcement that locates in mortises and on the surface of the structure, should not be
lower than В 12,5, and for the injection of canals – not lower than В25 and, as a rule, on the
basis of nonshrinking Portland cement.
2.8. To build in joints of elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures,
the concrete class should be defined depending on the working conditions of the connection
elements but it should not be lower than the concrete class of the connection elements and,
as a rule, on the basis of nonshrinking Portland cement.
2.9. Freeze-thaw durability grades of the concrete and reinforced concrete structures
depending on the mode of their operation and values of design winter outdoor temperatures
within the area of construction should be taken amounting to:
- for buildings and structures (excluding exterior walls of buildings heated) - not
lower than those indicated in Table 8;
- for exterior walls of buildings heated - not lower than those indicated in Table 9.
2.10. To build in joints of elements of prefabricated structures, which may be
influenced by negative outdoor temperatures in the process of operation or assembling, one
should use concretes of design freeze-thaw durability grades not lower than those applied
for the abutting members.

Standard and design performances of the concrete

2.11. Standard concrete resistances include prisms’ axial compression resistance

(prism strength) Rbn and axial tensile resistance Rbtn.
Design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the first Rb, Rbt and the second
Rb,ser, Rbt,ser groups are estimated through dividing standard resistances by relevant reliability
factors of the concrete during compression γbc or tension γbt.
2.12. Standard concrete resistances Rbn (with rounding) are given in Table 10,
depending on the concrete compression strength class.
In cases when the concrete tensile strength is not controlled, the standard tensile
resistance of the concrete Rbtn is taken depending on the concrete compression strength class
according to Table 10.
In cases when the concrete tensile resistance is controlled at the production, the
standard axial tensile resistance of the concrete Rbtn is taken to be equal to its guaranteed
axial tensile strength (class).
2.13. Depending on the compression strength class and axial tensile strength class of
the concrete, design concrete resistances Rb, Rbt,, Rt,ser, Rbt,ser (with rounding) are given: for
the marginal states of the first group – correspondingly in Tables 11 and 12, and the second
group – in Table 10.
Design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the first group Rb, and Rbt
decrease (or increase) through multiplying by the concrete working conditions coefficients
γbi, taking into account peculiarities of the concrete properties, duration of effects,
repeatability of the load, conditions and operation stage of the structure, technique of its
manufacture, section dimensions, etc. Values of the working conditions coefficients γbi are
given in Table 13.
Design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the second group Rb,ser and Rbt,ser
are entered into the calculation with the concrete working conditions coefficient γbi = 1,0,
excluding cases indicated in clauses 4.10-4.12.
For separate types of light-weight concretes it is permitted to take other values of
design resistances, having been agreed in accordance with established procedure.
Note. When using intermediate concrete compression strength classes as per clause
2.3 in calculations, values of characteristics, given in Tables 10, 11 and 16, are taken
according to the linear interpolation.
2.14. Values of initial elasticity module of the concrete Eb during compression and
tension are taken according to Table 16. For structures that are exposed to the solar radiation
and intended for the operation in the climatic subregion IVA pursuant to BCT 2.01.01-98, Eb
values stated in Table 16 should be multiplied by factor 0,85.
For concretes, exposed to the alternate freezing and thaw, Eb values stated in Table
16 should be multiplied by the working conditions coefficient γb6, taken as per Table 15.
When data concerning the cement grade, concrete composition, manufacturing
conditions (for example, centrifuged concrete), etc. are available, it is allowed to take other
Eb values, having been agreed in accordance with established procedure. .
2.15. When temperature fluctuates from minus 40 to plus 50°С, depending on the
concrete type the coefficient of linear temperature deformation αbt is taken to be:
- for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate concretes, and light-weight concrete with fine
dense aggregate - 1·10-5 ˚C-1;
- for light-weight concrete with fine porous aggregate – 0,7·10-5 °С-1;
- for cellular concrete – 0,8·10-5 °С-1.
When data concerning mineralogical composition of aggregates, cement
consumption, extent of concrete water saturation, freeze-thaw durability, etc. are available,
it is allowed to take other αbt values, having been agreed in accordance with established
procedure. For the design temperature below minus 50°С αbt values are taken as per
experimental data.
2.16. The initial lateral deformation factor of the concrete υ (Poisson's ratio) is
taken to be 0,2 for all types of concretes, and concrete shear modulus G – to be 0,4 of
relevant Eb values stated in Table 16.

REINFORCEMENT

2.17. For armouring reinforced concrete structures one should use the reinforcement,
meeting requirements of relevant state standards or technical specifications approved in
accordance with established procedure and belonging to one of the following types:
bar reinforcing steel:
а) hot-rolled – smooth of А-I (А240) class, die-rolled section of А-II (А300), А-III
(А400), А-IV (А600), A-V(А800), А-VI (А1000) and Аc-II (А300) classes;
b) thermally and thermomechanically strengthened - die-rolled section of Ат-IIIС
(Ат400С), Ат-IV(Ат600), Ат-IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК (Ат600К), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК
(Ат800К), Ат-VСК (Ат800СК), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII"
(Ат1200”) classes;
wire reinforcing steel:
c) reinforcing cold-drawn wire:
- ordinary – die-rolled section of Вр-1 class;
- high-tensile – smooth of В-II class, die-rolled section of Вр-II class
d) reinforcing ropes – helical seven-wire of К-7 class, nineteen-wire of К-19 class.
As a rule, finished carbon steel of relevant grades as per the obligatory appendix 2 is
taken for embedded parts and junction slabs.
In the reinforced concrete structures it is allowed to use bar reinforcement of А-IIIв
(А400в) class (with elongation and stresses control or sole elongation control) that is draw-
strengthened at the enterprises of the building industry.
The utilization of new types of reinforcement being developed by the industry shall
be agreed in accordance with established procedure.

Notes: 1. In this code the designations of the reinforcement classes are taken as per
TDS (GOST) for the reinforcing steel that are in force in Turkmenistan.
2. To the designation of the classes of thermally and thermomechanically
strengthened bar reinforcement with the increased tolerance to stress-corrosion cracking
letter K is added (for example, Ат-IVК (Ат-600К)); of the welded one – letter C (for
example, Ат-IVС (Ат-600С));of the welded one with the increased tolerance to stress-
corrosion cracking – letter CK (for example, Ат-VСK (Ат-800СК)).
3. In the designation of the hot-rolled bar reinforcement letter „в" is used for the
draw-strengthened reinforcement , А-IIIв (А400в), and letter „с" – for the reinforcement of
special purpose, Ас-II.
4. In this code the following terms are used for short: “bar” – for the designation the
reinforcement of any diameter, type and section irrespective of whether it is supplied in bars
or bundles; “diameter”(d ), unless other wise has been stipulated, implies a standard
diameter of a bar.
2.18. The reinforcing steel should be selected depending on the structure’s type, the
availability of prestress, as well as conditions of erection and operation of a building or a
structure in accordance with the directions of clauses 2.19-2.24 and considering necessary
unification of the reinforcement’s structure according to classes, diameters, etc.
2.19. The following should be used as nonprestressed reinforcement of the reinforced
concrete structures:
а) bar reinforcement of Ат-IVС (Ат600С) class – for the longitudinal reinforcement;
b) bar reinforcement of А-III (А400) and Ат-IIIС (Ат400С) classes – for the
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement;
c) reinforcing wire of Вр-I class – for the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement;
d) bar reinforcement of А-I (А240), А-II (А300) and Ас-II (Ас300) classes – for the
transverse reinforcement, as well as for the longitudinal reinforcement if other types
nonprestressed reinforcement can’t be used;
e) bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600) and Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes
– for the longitudinal reinforcement in the tied cages and tied-wire fabrics (see clause 5.33);
 f) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIК (Ат1000К), Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes
- for the longitudinal compression reinforcement, as well as for the longitudinal
compression and tensile reinforcement with the mixed armouring of the structure (the
presence of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement therein) in the tied cages and tied-
wire fabrics.
Reinforcement of А-III (А400), Ат-IIIС (Ат400С), Ат-IVС (Ат400С), Вр-I, А-I
(А240), А-II (А300) and Ас-II (Ас300) classes is recommended to be used in the form of
welded frames and fabrics.
Reinforcement of А-IIIв (А400в), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes made of steel grades
10ГС2 and 08Г2С, and Ат-V (Ат800) class of steel grade 20ГС is permitted to be used in
the welded fabrics and frames when implementing cruciform joints by resistance spot
welding (see clause 5.33).
2.20. Bar reinforcement of А-II (А300) and А-I (А240), А-III (А400) and Ат-IIIС
(Ат400С)В classes and reinforcing wire of Вр-I class should be used in structures with
nonprestressed reinforcement that are under pressure of gases, fluids and granular materials.
2.21. The following should be used as prestressed reinforcement of the prestressed
structures:
а) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes;
b) ) reinforcing wire of В-II, Вр-II classes and reinforcing ropes of К-7 and К-19
classes.
Bar reinforcement of A-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК
(Ат600С) and А-IIIв (А400в) classes is allowed to be used as the prestressed reinforcement.
In structures up to 12 m inclusive one should use mainly the bar reinforcement of
classes Ат-VII (Ат1200), Ат-VI (Ат1000) and Ат-V (Ат800) of graduated length.
Note. For armouring the prestressed structures of light-weight concrete of В7,5–В
12,5 classes, one should use the bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-
IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) and А-IIIв (А400в) classes.
2.22. The following should be used as the prestressed reinforcement of the
prestressed reinforced concrete components that are under the influence of gases, fluids and
granular materials.
a) reinforcing wire of В-II, Вр-II classes and reinforcing ropes of К-7 and К-19
classes;
b) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIК (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes;
c bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600) and Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVК (Ат600К), Ат-IVС
(Ат600С) classes.
The reinforcement of А-IIIв (А400в) class is also allowed to be used in such
structures.
One should mainly use reinforcement of А-IV (А600) class, as well as Ат-VIК
(Ат1000К), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК (Ат800СК), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes and the
reinforcement of other types in accordance with BCT 2.03.11-99 as the prestressed
reinforcement of structures intended for operation in aggressive medium.
2.23. When selecting type and grade of steel for the reinforcement, being fixed
according to the calculation, as well as finished steels for the embedded parts, temperature
working conditions of structures and the nature of their loading should be taken into account
as per obligatory appendixes 1 and 2.
2.24. Hot-rolled reinforcing steel of Ас-II (Ас300) class of 10ГТ grade and А-I
(А240) class of ВСтЗсп2 and ВСтЗпс2 grades should be used for hairpins of the elements
of prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structures.
2.25. Hereinafter, in cases when it is unnecessary to state a specific type of the bar
reinforcement (hot-rolled, thermomechanically strengthened) the designation of the
corresponding class of the hot-rolled reinforcing steel is applied to denote it (for example,
А-V (А800) class implies the reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК
(Ат800К) and Ат-VСК Ат800СК) classes).

Standard and design performances of the reinforcement

2.26. Lower-range controlled values are taken as standard resistances of the

reinforcement Rsn:
- for the bar reinforcement, high-tensile wire and reinforcing ropes – yield point,
physical or conventional one (amounting to the value of stresses corresponding to the
residual percent elongation 0,2%);
- for the ordinary reinforcing wire – a stress amounting to 0,75 of the point of
maximum load, being defined as a ratio between the breaking strength and nominal
sectional area.
The aforementioned controlled performances of the reinforcement are taken
pursuant to state standards or technical specifications for the reinforcing steel, and are
guaranteed with the probability not less than 0,95.
Standard resistances Rsn for the basic types of the bar and wire reinforcement are
given in Tables 17 and 18, respectively.
2.27. Design tensile strength of the reinforcement Rs for the marginal states of the
first and second groups are found by the formula

Rs = Rsn / γs (10)

and are given in Tables 17 and 18.

where γs – reliability factor for the reinforcement.
2.28. Design compression strength of the reinforcement Rsс, applied when calculating
structures according to the marginal states of the first group, should be taken as per Tables
17-18 if the reinforcement’s cohesion with the concrete is available.
When calculating at the stage of structures’ reduction, Rsс values should be taken not
higher than 330 MP, and for the reinforcement of А-IIIв (А400в) class – equal to 170 MP.
If the reinforcement’s cohesion with the concrete is not available Rsс = 0.
 2.29. Design reinforcement resistances for the marginal states of the first group
decrease (or increase) through multiplying by relevant working conditions coefficients γsi,
considering either fatigue failure hazard, nonuniform stress distribution in the section,
anchorage conditions, low strength of surrounding concrete, etc., or reinforcement operation
under stresses higher than the conventional yield point, alteration of steel properties
associated with the manufacturing conditions, etc.
Design reinforcement resistances for the marginal states of the second group Rs,ser are
included into the calculation γs=1,0.
Design resistances of the transverse reinforcement (stirrups and bend-up bars) Rsw
decrease as compared with Rs through multiplying by working conditions coefficients γs1
and γs2:
а) irrespective of the reinforcement type and class – by factor γs1 = 0,8, taking into
account nonuniformity of stress distribution in the reinforcement longwise the section under
consideration;
b) for the bar reinforcement of А-III (А400) class, having diameter less than 1/3 of
the diameter of the longitudinal bars, and for the wire reinforcement of Вр-I class in the
welded frames – by factor γs2 = 0,9, considering the possibility of brittle failure of the
welded joint.
Design tensile strength of the transverse reinforcement (stirrups and bend-up bars)
Rsw taking into account the aforementioned working conditions coefficients γs1 and γs2, given
in Tables 17 and 18.
Besides, if appropriate, design resistances Rs, Rsc, Rsw, should be multiplied by
working conditions coefficients of the reinforcement as per Tables 19-22.
2.30. The length of the stress transfer region 1р for the prestressed anchorless
reinforcement should be found by the formula

l p   p  sp / Rbp   p  d (11)

where ωp and λp are taken as per Table 23.

If necessary, working conditions coefficients, excluding γb2, are entered to Rbp.
σsp in formula (11) is taken to be equal:
- when making strength calculations for elements – to the highest of values of Rs and
σsp;
- when making crack-resistance calculations for elements – to σsp. Here, σsp is taken
with an allowance for the first losses according to position 1-5 in Table 4.
In elements made of the fine-aggregate concrete of Б group and of light-weight
concrete with fine porous aggregate (excluding В7,5—В 12,5 classes) ωp and λp increase 1,2
times versus those given in Table 23.
In case of instantenous transfer of the reduction force to the concrete, for the bar
reinforcement of die-rolled section, ωp and λp values increases 1,25 times. If bars’ diameter
is higher than 18 mm instantenous transfer of forces is prohibited.
For the bar reinforcement of die-rolled section of all classes lp value is taken not less
than 15d.
 In case of instantenous transfer of the reduction force to the concrete, for the wire
reinforcement (excluding high-tensile wire of Вр-II class with internal anchors longwise the
embedment) the beginning of the zone of stress transfer is taken to be at distance of 0,25 lp
from the element’s butt.
2.31. Values of reinforcement elasticity module Es are taken according to Table 24.

3. CALCULATION OF ELEMENTS OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THE MARGINAL STATES OF THE
FIRST GROUP

STRENGTH CALCULATION OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS

3.1. Strength calculation of concrete elements shall be carrired out for sections,
normal to their longitudinal axis. Depending on the working conditions of the elements,
they are calculated both disregarding and considering concrete resistance to the tension
region.
Disregarding concrete resistance to the tension region, the calculation of eccentrically
compressed elements, stated in clause 1.7a, is carried out on the supposition that the
attainment of the marginal state is characterized by the concrete disintegration. Concrete
compression strength is conventionally presented by stresses equal to Rb that are evenly
distributed on the part of the section compression region – a conventional compression
region (Drawing 2), hereinafter shortly referred to as the compression region of the
concrete.
Considering concrete resistance to the tension region, the calculation of elements,
stated in clause 1.7b, is carried out as well as elements wherein cracks are prohibited
according to operation conditions of structures (elements under the pressure of water,
cornices, parapets, etc.). Thereat, it is supposed that the attainment of the marginal state is
characterized by the concrete disintegration of the tension region (the occurrence of cracks).
Ultimate efforts are defined proceeding from the following preconditions (Drawing 3):
- sections remain flat after deformations;
- the highest percent elongation of the concrete outer tensile fiber equals to 2Rbt / Eb
- stresses in the concrete of the compression region are estimated with an allowance
for elastic (and in some cases inelastic) concrete deformations;
- stresses in the concrete of the tension region are evenly distributed and equal to Rbt
In cases when the formation of inclined cracks is possible (for example, H section
and T section components when transverse forces are available) the calculation of concrete
elements shall be carried out from conditions of (141) and (142) through replacement of
design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the second group Rb,ser and Rbt,ser by
corresponding values of design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the first group
Rb and Rbt.
Besides, the calculation of elements for the load’s local effect (collapse) shall be
carried out as per directions of clause 3.39.
 Eccentrically compression members

3.2. When calculating eccentrically compression concrete members, accidental

eccentricity of the longitudinal force e0, being found as per directions of clause 1.19, shall
be taken into consideration.
3.3. In case of elements flexibility l0 / i >14, one has to take into account the
influence of deflections in the eccentricity plane of the longitudinal force and in the plane
normal to it on their bearing capacity through multiplying e0 values by η factor (see clause
3.6). When basing upon the eccentricity plane of the longitudinal force, e0 value is taken to
be equal to the value of accidental eccentricity.
The utilization of eccentrically compression concrete members (excluding cases
envisaged in clause 1.76) is prohibited in case of eccentricities of application of the
longitudinal force with an allowance for deflections e0 η, exceeding:
а) depending on the loads’ combination:
in case of the basic combination ………………0,9у
in case of especial combination ………………0,95у
6) depending on the concrete type and class:
for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concrete class higher
than В 7,5…у-1
for other concrete types and classes ………….у-2
(here у is a distance from the centre of figure of the section to the most compressed concrete
fiber, cm).
3.4. In cases stated in clause 5.49 one should envisage a structural reinforcement in
eccentrically compression concrete members.
3.5. The calculation of the eccentrically compression concrete members (see
Drawing 2) shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
N ≤ αR bAb
(12)
where Ab — the area of the concrete compression region, being defined from the
condition that its centre of figure coincides with the point of application of resultant outer
forces.
For elements of the rectangular section Ab is found by the formula
Ab = bh (1-2e0 η / h) (13)
The eccentrically compression concrete members wherein the crack formation is
prohibited under the operation conditions, irrespective of the calculation proceeding from
the condition (12), shall be examined with an allowance for the resistance of the
compression region concrete (see clause 3.1 and Drawing 3) proceeding from the condition
that
N ≤ αRbt Wpl /(e0 η - r) (14)
For the elements of the rectangular section the condition (14) looks as below
N ≤ 1,75 αRbt bh / [( 6 e0 η / h) – φ] (15)
The calculation of the eccentrically compression concrete members, stated in clause
1.76, shall be carried out proceeding from the condition s of (14) and (15).
 In formulas (12)-(15):
η – a factor found by the formula (19);
α – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight ……………1,00
cellular autoclave ……………….………………………….0,85
nonautoclave …………..…………………………………...0,75
Wpl – section modulus for the outer tensile fiber with an allowance for inelastic
deformations of the tensile concrete, being estimated on the supposition of the lack of the
longitudinal force by the formula

Wpl =2Ib0 /(h - x)+S b0 ; (16)

r – a distance from the centre of figure of the section to the core point, the
farthermost from the tension region, being found by the formula

r = φW/A (17)
φ – see clause 4.5.
The position of the zero line is defined from the condition that
S' b0 =(h – x)Аbt / 2. (18)
3.6. The value of η factor, taking into account the deflection impact on the value of
eccentricity of the longitudinal force e0 should be found by the formula
η = 1 / (1 – N / Ncr) (19)
where Ncr – a conventional critical force being estimated by the formula

Ncr =6,4ЕbI /φl l02 [0,11 / (0,1+ δe) + 0,1], (20)

In formula (20):

φl – a factor, considering the influence of the long-term effect of the load on the
element’s deflection in the marginal state, equal to:
φl, =1+ β Ml / M (21)
but not higher than 1+ β,
here β – a factor that is taken depending on the concrete type according to Table 25;
М – a moment of relatively tensile or less compressed section face under the effect of
constant, long-term and short-term loads;
Ml – the same under the effect of constant and long-term loads;
l0 – is defined according to Table 26;
δe – a factor taken to be equal to e0 / h, but not less than
δe, min = 0,5 – 0,01 l0 / h – 0,01Rb (22)
If bending moments (or eccentricities) caused by full load and sums of constant and
long-term loads have different signs, then at the absolute value of the eccentricity of full
load e0, exceeding 0,1h, it is accepted that φl, =1,0; if the aforesaid condition is not satisfied,
then φl value is taken to be equal to φl = φl1 +10(1 - φl1) e0 / h, where φl1 is found by the
formula (21) taking М to be equal to the product of the longitudinal force N under the effect
of constant, long-term and short-term loads by the distance from the centre of the figure to
the tensile or less compressed section face under the effect of constant and long-term loads.
3.7. The calculation of elements of concrete structures for local compression
(collapse) shall be carried out as per directions of clauses 3.39 and 3.40.

Flexural members

3.8. The calculation of flexural concrete members (see Drawing 3) shall be carried
out proceeding from the condition that
М ≤ αRbt Wpl, (23)
where α – a factor taken as per directions of clause 3.5;
Wpl – is estimated by the formula (16); for elements of rectangular cross section Wpl is
taken to be equal to:
Wpl = bh2 / 3,5. (24)

STRENGTH CALCULATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS

3.9. Strength calculation of reinforced concrete components shall be carried out for
sections, normal to their longitudinal axis, as well as for sections inclined thereto and having
the most dangerous direction. When turning moments are available, one should check the
strength of spatial sections, being restricted in the tension region by a spiral crack having the
most dangerous direction of all possible ones. In addition, one should carry out the local
load effect calculation of elements (collapse, punching shear, abruption).

Strength calculation of sections, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component

3.10. Limit forces in the section, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
should be found proceeding from the following preconditions:
- concrete tensile strength is taken to be zero;
- concrete compression strength is presented by stresses equal to Rb and evenly
distributed on the concrete compression region;
- deformations (stresses) in the reinforcement are defined depending on the height of
the concrete compression region with an allowance for deformations (stresses) caused by
prestress (see clause 3.28);
- tensile stresses in the reinforcement are taken not higher than the design tensile
strength Rs;
- compressive stresses in the reinforcement are taken not higher than the design
compression strength Rsc.
3.11. The calculation of sections, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
when the outer force affects in the plane of the section symmetry axis and the reinforcement
is concentrated nearby the faces of the component perpendicular to the aforesaid plane,
should be carried out depending on the ratio between the value of the relative height of the
compression region ξ = x / h0, being found from the corresponding equilibrium conditions
and the value of the relative height of the compression region ξR (see clause 3.12), at which
the marginal state of the component occurs simultaneously with the attainment of the stress,
equal to the design strength Rs, in the tensile reinforcement with an allowance for
corresponding coefficients of the working conditions of the reinforcement, excluding γs6
factor (see clause 3.13).
3.12. ξR value is found by the formula
ξR = ω/[ 1 + σsR (1– ω / 1,1) / σ sc, u] , (25)
where ω — a characteristic of the concrete compression region, being found by the
formula
ω = α - 0,008Rb , (26)
here α – a factor taken to be the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight…………………………………….0,85
fine-aggregate of groups:
А………………………………………………..0,80
Б and В…………………………………………0,75
Light-weight, cellular ………………………….0,80
For heavy-weight and light-weight concretes, having been treated in the autoclave, α
factor decreases by 0,05;
σsR – stress in the reinforcement, MP, taken to be the following for the reinforcement
of the following classes:
А-I (А240), А-II (А300), А-III (А400), А-IIIв (А400в), Вр-I…..σsR =
Rs – σsp ;
А-IV (А600), А-V (А800), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VII (Ат1200)…...σsR =
Rs + 400–σsp– Δσsp;
В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19…………………………………………...σsR
= Rs + 400–σsp ,
here Rs – design tensile strength of the reinforcement with an allowance for the
corresponding coefficients of the reinforcement working conditions γsi, excluding γs6 (see
clause 3.13);
σsp – is taken at γsp < 1,0;
Δσsp – see clause 3.28;
σsc, u – limit stress in the reinforcement of the compression region, taken for structures
of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes, depending on loads considered
in the calculation, from Table 13: for position 2a equals to 500 MP, for position 26 – 400
MP. For structures of cellular concrete in all cases σ sc, u = 400 MP. When calculating
components at the reduction stage, σsc, u = 330 MP.
For components made of the cellular concrete ξR values, having been found by the
formula (25), should be taken not higher than 0,6.
3.13. When making strength calculation for the reinforced concrete components with
high-tensile reinforcement of А-IV (А600), А-V (А800), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VII (Ат1200),
В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19 classes, if the condition ξ < ξR is observed, the design strength of
the reinforcement Rs shall be multiplied by factor γs6 (see position 6 in Table 19), found by
the formula

γs6 = η – (η – 1) (2ξ / ξR– 1) ≤ η , (27)

where η; – factor, taken to be the following for the reinforcement of the following
classes:
А-IV (А600)……………………………………1,20
А-V (А800), В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19…………..1,15
А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200).…………….1,10
For the case of central tension as well as eccentric tension caused by the longitudinal
force that locates between the resultant of forces in the reinforcement, γs6 value is taken to
be equal to η.
In case if welded joints are available within the region of the component with
bending moments, exceeding 0,9Мтах (where 0,9Мтах – a maximal design moment), the
value of γs6 factor is taken for the reinforcement of А-IV (А600) and А-V (А800) classes to
be not higher than 1,10, and for А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes – not higher
than 1,05.
γs6 factors shouldn’t be considered for the components:
- being calculated for the effect of the repeated load;
- being armoured with a high-tensile wire located tightly (without clearances) ;
- exploited in the aggressive medium.
3.14. For the prestressed reinforcement, located within the compression region under
the effect of the outer forces or at the reduction stage and having cohesion with the concrete,
design compression strength Rsc (see clauses 3.15, 3.16, 3.20, 3.27) shall be replaced by σsc
stress equal to (σsc, u – σ'sp), MP, but not higher than Rsc, where σ'sp is estimated at factor γsp >
1,0, σsc, u – see clause 3.12.

Flexural members of rectangular sections, T sections, H sections and circular sections

3.15. Design of rectangular sections of flexural members, stated in clause 3.11

(Drawing 4), at ξ = x / h0 ≤ ξR shall be carried out proceeding from the condtition that
М ≤ Rb bx (h0 – 0,5x) + Rsc A's (h0 – a') , (28)
thereat the height of the compression region х is found by the formula
Rs As – Rsc A's = Rb bx (29)
3.16. At ξ = x / h0 ≤ ξR the design of sections, having a table in the compression
region, shall be carried out depending on the position of borders of the compression region:
а) if the border crosses the table (Drawing 5, а), i.e the following condition is
observed

Rs As ≤ Rb b'f h'f + Rsc A's , (30)

the design is carried out as for the rectangular section, having b'j width, as per
directions of clause 3.15;
 b) if the border crosses the rib (Drawing 5, б), i.e. condition (30) isn’t observed, the
design is carried out proceeding from the condition that

М ≤ Rb bx (h0 – 0,5x) + Rb (b' f –b) h'f (h0 –0,5 h'f) + Rsc A's (h0 – a'), (31)
thereat, the height of the concrete compression region х is found by the formula

Rs As – Rsc A's = Rb bx+ Rb (b'f –b) h'f (32)

The value of b' f, being entered into the calculation, is taken proceeding from the
condition that the overhanging length of the table on both sides of the rib shall be not more
than 1/6 of the member’s span and not higher than:
а) in the presence of transversal ribs or at h' f ≥ 0,1h–1/2 clear distance between
longitudinal ribs;
b) in the absence of transversal ribs or if distances between them are longer than
distances between the longitudinal ribs, and h' f < 0,1h–-6 h' f;
в) in case of canterlivered overhangs of the table:
at h'f ≥ 0,1h………………………………………6 h'f
" 0,05 h ≤ h'f > 0,1h…………………………..3 h'f
" h'f < 0,05 h……………. overhangs are not taken into account
3.17. When making strength calculation of the flexural members, the condition of x ≤
ξRh0 is recommended to be observed. When for constructive reasons or from the calculation
of the marginal states of the second group the sectional area of the tensile reinforcement is
taken higher than it is required to observe the condition of x ≤ ξRh0, the design should be
carried out according to formulas given for a general case (see clause 3.28).
If from calculation of formulas (29) or (32), the value of x > ξRh0 it is allowed to
make calculations from conditions of (28) and (31), defining the height of the compression
region by the formulas:

σsAs – Rsc A's =Rb bx (33)

σsAs – Rsc A's =Rb bx + Rb (b' f – b) h' f (34)
where σs = (0,2 + ξR ) Rs / [ 0,2 + ξ + 0,35 σsp / Rs (1– ξ / ξR)] , (35)
here ξ = x/h0 ( х is calculated at Rs values taking into account corresponding
coefficients of the working conditions of the reinforcement);
σsp – is found at γsp > 1,0.
For members made of the concrete of В 30 class and lower with nonprestressed
reinforcement of A-I (А240), A-II (А300), A-III (А400) and Вр-I classes at x > ξRh0 it is
also permitted to make calculations from conditions of (28) and (31), substituting x = ξRh0
therein.
3.18. The calculation of flexural members of the circular section at the ratio between
the inner and outer radiuses r1 / r2 > 0,5 with the reinforcement evenly distributed along the
perimeter of circle (when the number of longitudinal bars is not less than 6) shall be carried
out as for the eccentrically compressed members as per directions of clause 3.21, supposing
that the value of the longitudinal force N= 0 in formulas (41) and (42) and substituting the
value of the bending moment М instead of Ne0 in formula (40).

Eccentrically compression members of rectangular and circular sections

3.19. When calculating eccentrically compression reinforced concrete members, one

should take into account the accidental initial eccentricity as per directions of clause 1.19, as
well as the impact of deflection on their bearing capacity as per directions of clause 3.24.
3.20. The calculation of rectangular sections of eccentrically compression members,
stated in clause 3.11, should be carried out:

а) at ξ = x/h0 ≤ ξR (Drawing 6) from the condition that

Ne ≤ Rbbx (h0 – 0,5x) + Rsc A's (h0 – α'), (36)
thereat the height of the compression region is found by the formula
N + R s As – Rsc A's = Rbbx , (37)
б) at ξ = x/h0 > ξR –also from the condition (36), but in this case the height of the
compression region is found:
for members of the concrete of В 30 class and lower with nonprestressed
reinforcement of A-I, A-II,
A- III (А400) classes – by the formula
N + σs As – Rsc A's = Rbbx , (38)
where σs = (2 (1 – x/h0) / (1 – ξR) – 1) Rs (39)
for members of the concrete of the class higher than В30, as well as for members
with the reinforcement of the class higher than A-III (nonprestressed and prestressed one) –
by the formulas (66) and (67) or (68).
3.21. The calculation of eccentrically compression members of the circular section at
the ratio between the inner and outer radiuses r 1 / r2 ≥ 0,5 with the reinforcement evenly
distributed along the perimeter of circle (when the number of longitudinal bars is not less
than 6) shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that

Ne0 ≤ (РbАrm+ Rsc As,tot rs) sin π ξcir /π + Rs As,tot φs zs (40)

thereat the value of the relative area of the concrete compression region is found by
the formula

ξcir = [N+ (σsp + ω1Rs) As,tot] / [RbA + (Rsc+ ω2 Rs) As, tot] (41)
If from calculations under formula (41) ξcir < 0,15, ξcir value found from the following
formula is substituted into condition of (40)
ξcir = [N+ (σsp + φs Rs ) As,tot ] / (RbA + Rsc As,tot) (42)
thereat φs and zs values are found by the formulas (43) and (44), supposing ξcir = 0,15.
In formulas (40) - (42):
rm – a half-sum of inner and outer radiuses;
 rs – a circle radius crossing the centres of gravity of the reinforcement’s bars;
As,tot – a sectional area of the whole longitudinal reinforcement;
φs – a factor found by the formula
φs = ω1– ω2 , ξcir ; (43)
zs – a distance from the resultant force in the reinforcement of the tension regions to
the centre of figure of the section found by the formula

zs = (0,2+1,3 ξcir) rs, (44)

but the value taken is not higher than rs;
σsp – is found at γsp > 1,0;
ω1 – a factor found by the formula
ω1 = ηr – σsp / Rs (45)
here ηr – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the reinforcement of the
following classes:

A-I (А240), A-II (А300), A-III (А400) ………………………………1,0

A-IV (А600), A-V (А800), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VII (Ат1200), B-II, Bp-II, К-7 and К-
19…1,1
ω2 – a factor found by the formula
ω2 = ω1 δ , (46)
where δ value is taken to be equal to:
=1,5 + 6 Rs 10-4 (47)
If being calculated by the formula (43) the value φs ≤ 0, then φs = 0 and ξcir value,
obtained by the formula (41) at ω1= ω2 = 0, are substituted in the condition of (40).
3.22. The calculation of members of the solid cross section made of heavy-weight
and fine-aggregate concretes with confinement reinforcement should be carried out as per
directions of clauses 3.20 and 3.28, entering into the calculation only a part of the area of
the concrete section Aef, being restricted by axes of extreme bars of the fabric or spiral, and
substituting the reduced prism strength of the concrete R b, red into the design formulas (36) -
(38), (65) and (66) instead of Rb, and with the high-tensile reinforcement the value R sc, red
instead of Rsc.
Flexibility l0 / ief of members with confinement reinforcement should not exceed in
case of confinement reinforcement with fabrics – 55, with spiral – 35, where ief is the radius
of inertia of a part of section, being entered into the calculation. R b, red values are found by
the formulas:
а) when armouring with the welded transversal fabrics
R b, red = Rb + φμ xy R s,xy , (48)
where R s,xy – a design strength of fabrics’ reinforcement;
μ xy = (nx Asx lx + nyAsyly) l A ej s , (49)
here nx, Asx, lx – number of bars, the cross-sectional area and the length of the fabric’s
bar, respectively, (calculating in axes of the extreme bars) in one direction;
 ny ,Asy, ly – the same in another direction;
A ej – sectional area of the concrete contained inside the fabric contour;
s – a distance between fabrics;
φ – a factor of the confinement reinforcement efficiency, being found by the formula
φ = 1/(0,23 + ψ), (50)
where ψ = μ xy + R s,xy / (R b + 10); (51)
For members made of the fine-aggregate concrete the value of φ factor should be
taken not higher than one.
Sectional areas of the fabric’s bars per unit of length in one and another direction
should not differentiate more than 1,5 times.
b) when armouring with the helical or hoop reinforcement
R b, red = Rb +2μcir Rs,cir (1–7,5ℓ0 /def ) (52)
where Rs,cir – a design strength of the spiral reinforcement;
μcir – the reinforcement ratio that is equal to:
μcir =4 As,cir / def s , (53)
here As,cir – the cross-sectional area of the spiral reinforcement
def – section diameter inside the spiral;
s – a jaw;
ℓ0 – an eccentricity of application of the longitudinal force (disregarding the impact
of deflection).
For the members made of the fine-aggregate concrete values of the reinforcement
ratio, being found by the formulas (49) and (53), should be taken not higher than 0,04.
For the members made of the heavy-weight concrete with confinement reinforcement
by welded fabrics the design compression Rsc,cir of the longitudinal high-tensile
reinforcement of А- IV (А600), A-V (А800), А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes is
found by the formula

Rsc,cir = Rsc [1+δ1((Rs / Rsc)2 – 1)]/[1+ δ1(Rs / Rsc-1)] (54)

and taken not higher than Rs
In formula (54):
δ1 = 8,5Es ψθ/Rs·103 , (55)
where θ = 0,8 + ηA s,tot /Aef (1Rb /100) ,
here η – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the reinforcement of the
following classes:

A-IV (А600)……………………………………………………10
A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and Aт-VII (Ат1200)…..……….25
A s,tot – a sectional area of the whole longitudinal high-tensile reinforcement;
Aef – the same denomination as in formula (49).
θ value is taken not less than 1,0 and not higher than:
1,2………..with reinforcement of A-IV (А600) class
1,6………..A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and Aт-VII (Ат1200) classes
 When defining the limit value of the relative height of the compression region for
sections with the confinement reinforcement, formula (25) is entered

ω = α – 0,008Rb + δ2 ≤ 0,9 , (56)

where α – a factor, taken as per directions of clause 3.12;
δ2 – a factor that is equal to 10µ, but taken not higher than 0,15,
here µ – a reinforcement ratio µху or µcir that is found by the formulas (49) and (53),
respectively, for fabrics and spirals.
For the members with high-tensile reinforcement σsc,u value in formula (25) is taken
to be equal to:
σsc,u = (2 + 8,5 ψθ) Es∙10-3, (57)
but not higher than 900 MP for the reinforcement of A-IV (А600) class, 1200 MP –
for the reinforcement of A-V (А800), A- VI (А1000) and Aт –VII (АТ1200) classes.
When considering deflection effect on the bearing capacity of members with
confinement reinforcement, one should make use of directions of clause 3.24, determining
the moment of inertia according to the part of section, restricted by the bars of fabrics or
contained inside the spiral. N cr value that has been got by the formula (58) shall be
multiplied by factor φ1= 0,25 + 0,05 l0 /сef ≤ 1,0, where сef equals to the height or diameter
of the part of concrete section considered, and when defining δe,min the second term of the
right part of formula (22) is replaced by 0,01(l0 /сef) φ2, where φ2 =0,1 l0 /сef – 1 ≤ 1,0 .
The confinement reinforcement is taken into consideration in the calculation
provided that the bearing capacity of the member, having been defined as per directions of
this clause (entering Aef and Rb,red into the calculation), exceeds its bearing capacity, having
been defined according to the full section А and the value of the design concrete strength Rb
disregarding the confinement reinforcement.
Besides, the confinement reinforcement shall satisfy structural requirements of clause
5.25.
3.23. When calculating eccentrically compression members with confinement
reinforcement, along with the strength calculation as per directions of clause 3.22 one
should make calculations ensuring the crack growth resistance of the concrete cover.
The calculation is carried out as per directions of clauses 3.20 or 3.28 according to
the operational values of design loads (γf = 1,0), taking into account the whole concrete
sectional area and taking the design strengths Rb,ser and Rs,ser for the marginal states of the
second group and the design compression strength of the reinforcement to be equal to R s,ser
but not higher than 400 MP.
When defining the limit value of the relative height of the compression region, in
formulas (25) and (69) it is taken that σ sc,u = 400 MP, and in formula (26) the factor of 0,008
is replaced by 0,006.
When taking into account the flexibility effect, one should make use of directions of
clause 3.24, defining values of δе by the formula (22) with replacement of 0,010 Rb by 0,008
Rb,ser-.
3.24. When calculating eccentrically compression members, one should take into
account the impact of deflection on their bearing capacity, as a rule, through calculating
structures according to the strained model (see clause 1.13).
 It is allowed to design structures according to the strainless model, taking into
account at flexibility of l0 / i > 14 the impact of the member’s deflection on its strength,
found from conditions of (36), (40) and (65), by multiplying e0 by factor η. Thereat, for the
calculation of η the conventional critical force in formula (19) is taken to be equal to:

Ncr= (6,4Eb / l02 ) [I (0,11/(0,1+δe / φp)+0,1)/φ1 + α·Is] , (58)

where l0 – is taken as per directions of clause 3.25;
δe – a factor taken as per directions of clause 3.6;
φ1 – a factor, being estimated by the formula (21), thereat М and М1 moments are
found relative to the axis that is parallel line, restricting the compression region and crossing
the centre of the most tension or least compression (at entirely contracted section)
reinforcement bar, accordingly, under the effect of the full load and under the effect of
constant and long-term loads. If bending moments (or eccentricities) under the effect of the
full load and under the effect of constant and long-term loads have different signs, then
directions of clause 3.6 should be taken into consideration.
φp – a factor considering the impact of reinforcement’s prestress on the member’s
rigidity; at the uniform reduction of the section by the prestressed reinforcement φp is found
by the formula
φp =1 +l2 σbp /Rb·e0 / h , (59)
here σbp – is found at factor γsp < 1,0;
Rb – is taken disregarding factors of the concrete working conditions;
in formula (59) the value of e0 / h is taken not higher than 1,5; α= Es / Еb .
For members made of the fine-aggregate concrete of Б group the value 5,6 is
substituted instead of the value 6,4 into formula (58).
When calculating from the plane of effect of the bending moment, the eccentricity of
the longitudinal force ео is taken to be equal to the value of the accidental eccentricity (see
clause 1.19).
3.25. It is recommended to define the design length l0 of eccentrically compression
reinforced concrete members as for the members of the framed structure with an allowance
for its deformed state at the most disadvantageous arrangement of the load for this member,
paying attention to inelastic deformations of materials and the availability of cracks.
For members of the most frequently occurring structures it is allowed to take the
design length l0 to be equal to:
a) for columns of multi-storeyed buildings when spans number is not less than two
and binding of girders and columns, being calculated as rigid ones, if structures of bridging
are:
prefabricated…………………….H
cast-in-situ…………………..0,7H
where Н – height of the building (a distance between the centres of joints)
b) for columns of one-storey buildings with the hinged support of the bearing roof
structures, rigid in their plane (that are able to transfer horizontal efforts), as well as for
trestles – according to Table 27;
c) for the members of trusses and arches – according to Table 28.
 Centrally tension members

3.26. When calculating sections of centrally tension reinforced concrete members,

one shall observe the condition that
N ≤ Rs∙ As, tot , (60)
where As, tot – sectional area of the whole longitudinal reinforcement.

Eccentrically tension members of the rectangular section

3.27. The calculation of rectangular sections of eccentrically tension members, stated

in in clause 3.11, shall be carried out depending on the arrangement of the longitudinal force
N:
a) if the longitudinal force N is applied between the resultant of forces in the
reinforcement S and S' (Drawing 7, а ) - from the conditions that

Ne ≤ Rs A's(h0 – а' ) (61)

Ne' ≤ Rs As (h0 – а' ), (62)
b) if the longitudinal force N is applied the beyond bounds of distances between the
resultant of forces in the reinforcement S and S' (Drawing 7, 6 ) - from the condition that

Ne ≤ Rb bx (h0 – 0,5х) + Rsc A's (h0 – а'), (63)

thereat the height of the compression region х is found by the formula
Rs As.– Rsc A's – N = Rb bx (64)
If having been calculated by the formula (64) the value of х >ξR h0, then х = ξR h0,, is
substituted into condition (63), where ξR is defined as per directions of clause 3.12.

General case of calculation (with any sections, external forces and any type of
reinforcement)

3.28. Calculation of sections in the general case (Drawing 8) shall be made

proceeding from the condition that
M ≤ ± (Rb Sb – Σσsi Ssi), (65)
thereat “plus” sign before brackets is taken for eccentrically compression and flexure,
and “minus” sign – for tension

In formula (65):
. М – in the flexible members – is a moment projection of external forces on the
plane that is perpendicular to the straight line restricting the compression region of the
section;
 in the eccentrically compression and tension members – a moment of the longitudinal
force N relative to the axis that is parallel to the straight line restricting the compression
region, and crossing:
in the eccentrically compression members – the centre of figure of the section of the
most tension or least compression bar of the longitudinal reinforcement;
in the eccentrically tension members – the point of the compression region that is
farthermost from the aforesaid straight line;
Sb – a static moment of the sectional area of the concrete compression region relative
to one of the aforementioned axes, thereat in the flexural members the position of the axis is
taken to be the same as in eccentrically compression ones;
Ssi – a static moment of the sectional area of i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement
relative to one of the aforementioned axes;
σsi – stress in the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement, being defined as per
directions of this clause.
The height of the compression region х and tension о;, are found from the conjoint
solution of equations:
Rb Аb –Σ σsi Asi ± N = 0 ; (66)
σsi = [σsc,u /(1– ω/1,1)](ω/ξi – 1)+ σspi. (67)

In equation (66) “minus” sign before N is taken for the eccentrically compression
members, and “plus” sign – for the eccentrically tension ones.
Besides, to determine the position of the border of the compression region in case of
unsymmetrical flexure the observance of additional condition of parallelism of the plane of
the effect of the moments of external and internal forces is required, and in case of
asymmetric eccentrical compression or tension – the condition that the points of application
of the external longitudinal force, the resultant of compressive forces in the concrete and
reinforcement and resultant of forces in the tensile reinforcement (or the external
longitudinal force, the resultant of compressive forces in the concrete and the resultant of
forces in the whole reinforcement) shall lie on one straight line (see Drawing 8).
If value c-si, being got by the formula (67), for the reinforcement of A-IV (А600),
A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000), Aт –VII (Ат1200), В-II, Bp-II, K-7 and К-19 classes exceeds
βRsi, then the stress σsi should be found by the formula
σsi = [β + (1– β) (ξel – ξi )/(ξeli – ξRi)]Rsi . (68)
In case if the stress in the reinforcement, found by the formula (68), exceeds Rsi ,
disregarding factor γs6, in conditions (65) and (66) the value of σsi that is equal to Rsi
considering the corresponding factors of the working conditions, including γs6, is substituted
(see clause 3.13).
Stress σsi is entered into the design equations with its sign, having been got in
calculation of formulas (67) and (68), thereat the following condition should be observed:
in all cases Rsi ≥ σsi ≥ Rsci ;
for prestressed members σsi ≥ σsci, here σsci – stress in the reinforcement that is equal
to the prestress σsci , being reduced to the value of σsc,u (see clauses 3.12 and 3.22) .
In formulas (66) - (68) :
 Asi, – a sectional area of the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement;
σspi – prestress in the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement, taken at factor γsp,
being fixed depending on the arrangement of the bar;
ξi – a relative height of the concrete compression region that is equal to ξi = x/h0i,
where h0i – a distance from the axis, crossing the centre of figure of the section of the i-th
bar of the reinforcement under consideration, and a parallel straight line, restricting the
compression region, to the farthermost point of the section compression region (see
Drawing 8);

ω – a performance of of the concrete compression region, being found by the

formulas (26) or (56);
ξRi, ξeli – a relative height of the compression region, satisfying the attainment of
stresses in the bar under consideration that are equal to Rsi and βRsi, respectively; values of
ξRi and ξ eli are found by the formula
ξRi ( eli) = ω /[ 1+( σs,Ri (eli) /σsc,u ) (1– ω/1,1)] (69)
here σs,Ri = Rsi + 400 – σspi, – ∆ σspi – when defining ξRi;
σs, eli = βRsi – σspi – when defining ξeli ;
σsc,u – see clauses 3.12 and 3.22.
Values of ∆ σspi and β factor are found:
at mechanical as well as automated thermal-electric and electrothermomechanical
methods of prestress of the reinforcement of A-IV (А600), A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and
Ат-VII (АТ1200) classes by the formulas:
∆ σspi = 1500 σspi, / Rsi – 1200 ≥ 0 ; (70)
β = 0,5 σspi / Rsi + 0,4 ≥ 0,8 ; (71)
at other methods of prestress of the reinforcement of А-IV (А600), А-V (А800); А-
VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes, as well as for the reinforcement of B-II, Bp-II, K-
7 and К-19 classes at any methods of prestress, the value ∆ σspi , = 0, factor β = 0,8.
In formulas (70) and (71) σspi is taken at factor γsp < 1,0 with an allowance for losses
according to positions 3-5 in Table 4.
Note. Index i implies a sequential number of the bar of the reinforcement.

Strength calculation of sections inclined to the longitudinal axis of the member

3.29. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components in the oblique sections
shall be carried out to ensure durability:
– for the effect of the transverse force along the inclined stripe between the oblique
cracks (see clause 3.30);
– for the effect of the transverse force along the oblique crack (see clauses 3.31-
3.33);
– for the effect of the transverse force along the inclined compressed stripe between
the load and support (for short cantilevers of columns; see clause 3.34);
– for the effect of the bending moment along the inclined crack (see clause 3.35).
 3.30. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components for the effect of the
transverse force in order to ensure durability along the inclined stripe between the oblique
cracks shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
Q ≤ 0,3φw1 φb1 Rb bh0 . (72)
Factor φw1, considering the effect of stirrups, normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component, is found by the formula

φw1 =1 + 5 α μw, (73)

but not higher than 1,3,
where α = Es / Еь,, μw =Asw /bs .
Factor φb1 is found by the formula
φb1= 1– βRb , (74)
where β – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and cellular …………….…0,01
light-weight …………………….………………………...0,02
3.31. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components with the transverse
reinforcement (Drawing 9) for the effect of the transverse force in order to ensure the
durability along the oblique crack shall be carried out in the most dangerous oblique section
proceeding from the condition that
Q ≤ Qb + Qsw + Q s,inc. (75)
The transverse force Q in condition (75) is defined from the external load located on
one side from the oblique section under consideration.
The transverse force Qb, perceived by the concrete, is found by the formula

Qb = φb2 (1+φf + φп) Rbt bh20 /c , (76)

where с – the length of projection of the most dangerous oblique section on the
longitudinal axis of the component.
Factor φb2, considering the effect of the concrete type, is taken to be equal to the
following for the concrete:
heavy-weight, and cellular...................2,00
fine-aggregate…….. ...........................1,70
light-weight with the following grade according to the average density

D1900 and higher................................1,90

D1800 and less with pebble gravel:
dense ……………………….......1,75
porous .……………………........1,50
Factor φf , considering the effect of the compressed table in T section and H section
components, is found by the formula

φf =0,75 [(b'f – b)h'f ] /bh0 (77)

 but not higher than 0,5.
Thereat, b'f is taken to be not higher than b + 3 h'f, and the transverse reinforcement
shall be end-anchored in the table.
Factor φп, considering the effect of the longitudinal forces, is found by the formulas:
during the effect of the longitudinal compressive forces

φп =0,l (N /Rbt bh0), (78)

but not higher than 0,5;
for the prestressed components the prereduction force Р is substituted instead of N in
formula (78), the positive influence of the longitudinal compressive forces is not taken into
account if they create the bending moments that have like signs with the moments caused by
the effect of the lateral load;
during the effect of the longitudinal tensile forces

φп = -0,2 (N /Rbt bh0), (79)

but not higher than 0,8 at absolute magnitude.
In all cases the value of 1 + φf + φп is taken to be not higher than 1,5.
The value of Qb, having been calculated by the formula (76), is taken to be not less
than φb3 (1+φf +φп) Rbt bh0.
Factor φb3 is taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight, and cellular......................0,6
fine-aggregate………..............................0,5
light-weight with the following grade according to the average density:

D1900 and higher....…….................... 0,5

D1800 and less… ..........…….............. 0,4

When calculating reinforced concrete components with the transverse reinforcement,

the durability in the oblique section within the sector between stirrups, between the support
and bending, and between bendings shall be also provided.
The transverse forces Qsw and Qs,inc are defined as a sum of projections of the limit
strains in stirrups and bendings, crossing the dangerous oblique crack, respectively, on the
normal to the longitudinal axis of the component.
The length c0 of the projection of the dangerous oblique crack on the longitudinal
axis of the component is found from the minimum of expression Qb + Qsw + Qs,inc where c0 is
substituted instead of с into the value of Qb;
the obtained value of c0 is taken to be not higher than 2h0 and not higher than the value of с,
as well as not less than h0, if с > h0.
For the elements with the transverse reinforcement in the form of stirrups, normal to
the longitudinal axis of the component and having a constant pitch within the oblique
section under consideration, the value of Со corresponds to the minimum of expression of
Qb + Qsw, being found by the formula
 с0   b 2 1   n   f  Rbt bh02 / q sw
, (80)
where qsw – a force in the stirrups per unit of the component’s length, being found by
the formula
qsw=Rsw Asw / s. (81)
For such components the transverse force Qsw is found by the formula
Qsw = qsw с0. (82)
Thereat for the stirrups, being installed in accordance with the calculation, the
following condition shall be satisfied
qsw≥ [φb3 (1 + φf + φn ) Rbtb]/2 . (83)
Besides, the transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the requirements of clauses of
clauses 5.27-5.29.
When calculating structures in which a bar reinforcement of A-IV (А600) and А-IIIв
(А400в) classes or reinforcement of A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (АТ1200)
classes (in case of combined armouring) is used as nonprestressed longitudinal tensile
reinforcement, factors φb2 φb3 as well as φb4 (clause 3.32) should be multiplied by 0,8.
3.32. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components without the transverse
reinforcement for the effect of the transverse force in order to ensure the durability along the
oblique crack shall be carried out in the most dangerous oblique section proceeding from the
condition that
Q ≤[ φb4 (1 + φn)Rbt b h02]/c . (84)
where the right part of the condition (84) is taken not higher than 2,5Rbt bh0 and not
less than φb3 (1 + φn) Rbt bh0. Factor φb4 is taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight, and cellular ......................1,5
fine-aggregate...............................1,2
light-weight with the following grade according to the average density:
D1900 and higher............................…..1,2
D1800 and less. ...........................….1,0
Factors φb3 and φn , as well as values of Q and с in condition (84) are taken as per
directions of clause 3.31.
If no normal cracks are available in the considered effective region of the transverse
forces, i.e. the condition (124) is met with replacement of Rbt,ser by Rbt, it is allowed to take
into account the increase of the component’s durability according to the calculation from
condition (141) with replacement of Rbt,ser and Rb,ser by Rbt and Rb., respectively.
3.33. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components with the oblique
compressed faces (Drawing 10) for the effect of the transverse force in order to ensure the
durability along the oblique crack is carried out as per directions of clauses 3.31 and 3.32.
Thereat, within the bounds of the oblique section under consideration the following is
entered into the calculation as the working height: for components with the transverse
reinforcement – the highest value of h0, for the components without the transverse
reinforcement – the average value of h0.
3.34. The calculation of the reinforced concrete short cantilevers of columns (l ≤ 0,9
h0; Drawing 11) for the effect of the transverse force in order to ensure the durability along
the oblique compressed stripe between the load and the support shall be made proceeding
from the condition that

Q ≤ 0,8φw2 Rb blb sinθ , (85)

where the right part of the condition (85) is taken not higher than 3,5Rbt bh0 and not
less than the right part of the condition (84);
θ – a tilt angle of the design compressed stripe to the horizontal.
The width of the oblique compressed stripe lb is found by the formula
lb =lsup sinθ, (86)
where lsup – length of the surface of the load transfer along the cantilever span.
When defining the length lsup one should take into consideration the peculiarities of
the load transfer at different models of structures’ support on the cantilevers (simply
supported or restrained beams, being arranged along the cantilever span; beams, being
arranged crosswise the cantilever span, etc.)
Factor φw2, considering the impact of stirrups, being arranged along the height of the
cantilever is found by the formula

φw2 =1 +5 αμw1 , (87)

where α =Es / Eb ; μw1 = Asw /bsw ;

Asw – sectional area of stirrups in one plane;
sw – a distance between stirrups, having been measured along normal to them.
Thereat, both horizontal and oblique stirrups at an angle not higher than 45° to the
horizontal are taken into account.
The transverse armouring of short cantilevers of columns shall meet requirements of
clause 5.31.
3.35. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components for the effect of the
bending moment (Drawing 12) in order to ensure the durability along the oblique crack shall
be carried out in the dangerous oblique section proceeding from the condition that
M≤ Ms+Msw+Ms,inc . (88)

Moment М in condition (88) is defined from the external load, being arranged on one
side of the oblique section under consideration relative to the axis that is perpendicular to
the plane of the moment effect and crosses the point of application of resultant of forces Nb
of the compression region.
Moments Ms, Msw and Ms,inc are defined as a sum of moments relative to the same axis
caused by the forces in the longitudinal reinforcement, stirrups and bendings, respectively,
that cross the tensile region of the oblique section.
When defining forces in the reinforcement, crossing the oblique section, one should
take into account its anchorage behind the oblique section.
The height of the compression region of the oblique section is defined from the
condition of equilibrium of the forces’ projections in the concrete of the compression region
and in the reinforcement, crossing the tensile region of the oblique section, on the
longitudinal axis of the component.
The calculation of the oblique sections for the moment effect is carried out in the
spots of rupture or bending of the longitudinal reinforcement, as well as within the
supporting region of beams and nearby the free edge of cantilevers. Besides, the calculation
of oblique sections for the moment effect is carried out in spots of abrupt change of the
component’s configuration (trimming, etc.).
Within the supporting regions of the components the moment Ms, perceived by the
longitudinal reinforcement, crossing the tensile region of the oblique section, is found by the
formula
Ms =Rs As zs , (89)

where As – a sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement, crossing the oblique

section;
zs – a distance from the resultant of forces in the longitudinal reinforcement to the
resultant of forces in the compression region.
If the longitudinal reinforcement has no anchorage, the design tensile strengths of the
reinforcement Rs in the places of its crossing of the oblique section are taken to be reduced
as per position 5 in Table 19.
For structures made of the cellular concrete, forces in the longitudinal reinforcement
shall be defined according to the calculation only with an allowance for the function of the
lateral anchors within the supporting regions.
Moment Msw , perceived by stirrups, normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component, having even pitch within the tensile region of the oblique section under
consideration is found by the formula

Msw =qswc2/2 (90)

where qsw – a force in stirrups per unit of the component’s length, being found by the
formula (81);
с – a length of projection of the most dangerous oblique section on the longitudinal
axis of the component.

Strength calculation of spatial sections

(components under torsion with flexure )

3.36. When calculating spatial sections, forces are found proceeding from the
following preconditions:
- concrete tensile strength is taken to be equal to zero;
- the compression region of the spatial section is conventionally supposed to be a
plane, being arranged at an angle of θ to the longitudinal axis of the component, and
concrete compression strength – to be stresses Rb sin2 θ that are evenly distributed along the
compression region;
 tensile stresses in the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, crossing the tension
region of the spatial section under consideration, are taken to be equal to the design
strengths Rs and Rsw, respectively;
stress in the reinforcement, being arranged in the compression region, is taken to
equal to Rsc for the nonprestressed reinforcement, and for the prestressed one – as per
directions of clause 3.14.
Components of the rectangular cross section

3.37. When calculating components under torsion with flexure, the following
condition shall be observed
Т ≤0,1Rbb2h , (91)
where b, h the smallest and the largest dimensions of the component’s faces,
respectively.
Thereat, for the concrete of classes higher than В30 the value of R{, is taken as for the
concrete of В30 class.
3.38. Strength calculation of spatial sections (Drawing 13) shall be carried out
proceeding from the condition that
Т ≤ RsAs[(1 + φwδλ2) / (φqλ + χ)](h0 – 0,5х). (92)
The height of the compression region х is found from the condition that
RsAs – RscA's = Rbbx. (93)
The calculation shall be made for three design models of arrangement of the
compression region of the spatial section:
1st model – nearby the component’s face, having been compressed because of flexure
(Drawing 14, а);
2nd model – nearby the component’s face that is parallel to the plane of effect of the
bending moment (Drawing 14, б);
3rd model – nearby the component’s face that is tensile because of flexure (Drawing
14, в).
In formulas (92) and (93):
Rs ,A's – cross-sectional areas of the longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged at the
given design model within the tension and compression regions, respectively;
b, h – dimensions of the component’s faces that are parallel and perpendicular,
respectively, to the line, restricting the compression region;

δ = b/(2h + b) ; (94)
λ = c/b; (95)
here с – a length of the projection of the line, restricting the compression region, on
the longitudinal axis of the component; the calculation is made for the most dangerous value
of с, being defined by a progressive approximation and taken not higher than 2h + b.
In formula (92) the values of x and φq, specifying the correlation between the active
forces Т, М and Q, are taken to be the following:
in the absence of the bending moment χ=0 φq= 1;
 when calculating for the 1st model χ = М/Т φq= 1;
nd
when calculating for the 2 model χ =0 φq =1+Qh/2T;
when calculating for the 3rd model χ = - M/T φq = l.
The torsional moment Г, the bending moment М and the lateral force Q are taken in
the section, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component and crossing the centre of
gravity of the compression region of the spatial section.
Values of the factor φw, specifying the correlation between the transverse and
longitudinal reinforcement are found by the formula
φw = (Rsw Asw) / RsAs·b/s (96)
where Asw – a sectional area of one bar of a stirrup, being arranged nearby the face
that is a tensile one for the design model under consideration;
s – a distance between the aforesaid stirrups.
Thereat, the values of φw are taken to be:
not less than
φw,min = 0,5/ (1 + M/2φw Mu ) (97)
and not higher than
φw,max =1,5(1 – M/Mu), (98)
nd
where М – the bending moment taken to be equal to zero for the 2 model, and for
rd
the 3 model – with a “minus” sign;
Ми – a limit bending moment, being perceived by a normal section of the component.
If the value of φw, having been calculated by the formula (96), is less than φw,min, then
the value of the force RsAs·, being entered into formulas (92) and (93), is multiplied by the
ratio of φw/φw,min .
In case if the following condition is satisfied
T ≤ 0,5 Qb, (99)
nd
instead of the calculation for the 2 model, the calculation is carried out proceeding
from the condition that
Q ≤ Qsw+ Qb –3T /b . (100)
In formulas (99) and (100): b – a width of the face of the section that is perpendicular
to the plane of flexure;
Qsw and Qь – are found as per directions of clause 3.31.

Calculation of reinforced concrete components for the local effect of loads

Local compression calculation

3.39. When making local compression (collapse) calculation for components without
the transverse armouring, the following condition shall be met

N ≤ ψR b,loc A loc1 , (101)

where N – a longitudinal compressive force caused by the local load;
A loc1 – a collapse area (Drawing 15);
 Ψ – a factor depending on the nature of distribution of the local load along the
collapse area and taken to be equal to:
at the even distribution of the load .......................1,0
at the uneven distribution of the load (under the ends of beams, purlins, crosspieces):
for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes.....….0,75
for the cellular concrete ……...........................................................0,50
R b,loc – a design collapse strength of the concrete, being found by the formula
R b,loc = αφb Rb, (102)
here αφb ≥ 1,0;
α = 1,0 for the concrete of the class lower than В25;
α = 13,5 Rbt / Rb for the concrete of В25 classes and higher;
  3 Аloc 2 / Aloc1 ,
but not higher than the following values:
at the model of load application according to Drawing 15 а, в, г, е, и and for the
concrete:
of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight classes:
higher than В7,5............................................................2,5
В3,5; В5; В7,5 ……......................................................1,5
cellular and light-weight of В2,5 classes and lower......1,2
at the model of load application according to Drawing 15, б, д, ж irrespective of the
type and class of the concrete ......................................................1,0
Rb, Rbt – are taken as for the concrete structures (see position 9 in Table 13);
Aloc2 – a design collapse area, being found as per directions of clause 3.40.
3.40. The design area Aloc2 is included a sector that is symmetrical with respect to the
collapse area (see Drawing 15).
Thereat, the following rules shall be performed:
- at the local load along the entire width of the component Ь, the design area is
included a sector having length not longer than b in each direction from the border of the
local load (see Drawing 15, а),
- at the local edge load along the entire width of the component, the design area Aloc2
equals to the collapse area Aloc1 (see Drawing 15, б);
- at the local load in the spots of supporting of ends of purlins and beams, the design
area is included a sector having the width that equals to the depth of embedding of purlins
and beams and the length not longer than the distance between midspans abutting on the
beam (see Drawing 15, в);
- if the distance between the beams exceeds the double width of the component, the
length of the design area is found as a sum of the width of the beam and the doubled width
of the component (see Drawing 15, г);
at the local edge load on the component’s corner (see Drawing 15, д), the design area
Aloc2 equals to the collapse area Aloc1;
- at the local load, being applied on the parts of the length and width of the
component, the design area is taken to be as per Drawing 15, е. If several loads of the
aforementioned type are available, the design areas are restricted with the lines, crossing the
middle of distances between the points of application of two adjacent loads;
 - at the local edge load, being arranged within the wall jut (pilasters) or a pier of T
section, the design area Aloc2 equals to the collapse area Aloc1 (see Drawing 15, ж);
- when defining the design area for sections having a complex shape, sectors which
binding with the loaded sector isn’t provided with the necessary reliability shall not be taken
into account (see Drawing 15, и).
Note. At the local load caused by beams, purlins, crosspieces and other components
under flexure, when defining Aloc1 and Aloc2 the depth of the support, being considered in the
calculation, is taken to be not higher than 20 cm.
3.41. When making local compression calculation for the components made of the
heavy-weight concrete with the confinement reinforcement in the form of the welded lateral
fabrics, the following condition shall be satisfied

N ≤ Rb,red Aloc1 , (103)

where Aloc1 – a collapse area;
Rb,red – a modified prism strength of the concrete when making local compression
calculation that is found by the formula
Rb,red= Rbφb + φµxy Rs,xy φs ; (104)
here Rs,xy , φ, µxy – denominations are the same as in clause 3.22;
  3 Аloc 2 / Aloc1 , (105)
but not higher than 3,5;
φs – a factor, considering the influence of the confinement reinforcement within the
local compression region; for models of Drawing 15, б, д, ж it is supposed that φs = 1,0,
thereat the confinement reinforcement is taken into account in the calculation provided that
the lateral fabrics are mounted on the area not less than the area restricted by dot lines in the
relevant models of Drawing 15; for models of Drawing 15, а, в, г, е, и factor φs is found by
the formula

φs = 4,5- 3,5 Aloc1/Aef , (106)

here Aef – the area of the concrete, contained inside the fabrics contour of the
confinement reinforcement, calculating for their end bars, for which the condition Aloc1 <
Aef ≤ Aloc2 shall be met.

Punching shear calculation

3.42. The calculation of punching shear of slab structures (without the transverse
reinforcement), being caused by the effect of forces evenly distributed on the restricted area,
shall be made proceeding from the condition that

F ≤ αRbt um h0 , (107)
where F – a unching shear force;
α – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight...................................1,00
fine-aggregate ……….....................0,85
 light-weight .....................................0,80
um – the arithmetical mean value of perimeters of the uper and lower bases of a
pyramid that is formed during the punching shear within the bounds of the working height
of the section.
When defining um and F it is supposed that the punching shear occurs on the lateral
surface of the pyramid which smallest base serves as an area of effect of the punching shear
force, and the lateral faces are inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizontal (Drawing 16, а).
The punching shear force F is taken to be equal to the force, affecting the punching
shear pyramid with the deduction of loads, having been applied to the largest base of the
punching shear pyramid (calculating according to the plane of arrangement of the tensile
reinforcement) and resistant to the punching shear.
If the supporting model is such that the punching shear can occur only on the surface
of the pyramid with the tilt angle of the lateral faces more than 45° (for example, in pile
grillages, Drawing 16, б), the right part of condition (107) is found for the actual punching
shear pyramid with multiplying by h0/с. Thereat, the value of the bearing capacity is taken
not higher than the value corresponding to the pyramid at с = 0,4h0, where с – a length of
the horizontal projection of the lateral face of the punching shear pyramid.
When stirrups, normal to the slab plane, are mounted within the punching shear
pyramid, the calculation shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that

F≤ Fb+0,8Fsw , (108)
but not higher than 2Fb. The force Fb is taken to be equal to the right part of the
inequation (107), and Fsw is defined as a sum of all lateral forces, perceived by stirrups,
crossing the lateral faces of the design punching shear pyramid, by the formula

Fsw =ΣRswAsw (109)

where Rsw shall not exceed the value corresponding to the reinforcement of A-I
(А240) class.
When taking into account the transverse reinforcement, the value of Fsw shall not be
less than 0,5 Fb.
When placing stirrups on a restricted sector nearby the concentrated load, an
additional calculation of the punching shear of a pyramid with the upper base, being
arranged along the contour of the sector with the transverse reinforcement, is to be carried
proceeding from the condition (107).
The transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the requirement of clause 5.30.

Disengagement calculation

3.43. The caluclation of disengagement of the reinforced concrete components

caused by the effect of the load applied to their lower face or within the height of their
section (Drawing 17) shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that

F (l – hs/h0) ≤ ΣRswAsw, (110)

 where F – a disengaging force;

hs – a distance from the level of transfer of the disengaging force to the

component to the centre of figure of the section of the longitudinal reinforcement;
ΣRswAsw – a sum of lateral forces, perceived by stirrups, being mounted additionally
longwise the disengaging region that is equal to:

α=2hs+b, (111)
here b – a width of the surface of transfer of the disengaging force.
Values hs and b are fixed depending on the nature and conditions of application of the
disengaging load on the component (through cantilevers, adjacent components, etc.).

Calculation of embedded parts

3.44. The calculation of anchors with T-joint welding to the flat components of steel
embedded parts, for the effect of the bending moments, normal and shearing forces, caused
by the static load, that locates in one plane of symmetry of the embedded part (Drawing 18)
shall be carried out according to the formula
  Qan /   / Rs , (112)
2
Аan  1,1 N an
2

where Aan – a total area of the cross-section of anchors of the most strained series;
Nan – the highest tensile strain in one row of anchors that is equal to:

Nan = M/z +N /nan ; (113)

Qan – a shear, falling at one row of anchors that is equal to:

Qan = (Q – 0,3N'an)/ nan (114)

N'an – the highest compressive force in one row of anchors that is found by the
formula
N'an = M/z –N/nan; (115)
In formulas (112)-(115):
M, N, Q – a moment, a normal and a shear, respectively, affecting the embedded part;
the moment is defined relative to the axis that locates in the plane of the outer face of the
slab and crosses the centre of gravity of all anchors;
nan – a number of anchors’ rows along the direction of the shear; if the even transfer
of shear Q to all rows of anchors isn’t ensured, then when defining the shear Qan , not more
than four rows of anchors are taken into account;
z – a distance between the extreme rows of anchors;
λ – a factor, being defined with the anchor bars having diameter of 8-25 mm for
heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes of В 12,5 — В50 classes and light-weight
concretes of В 12,5 – В30 classes by the formula
 
  4,753 Rb  / 1  0,15 Aan1  Rs  (116)
but it os taken to be not higher than 0,7; for heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes of
classes higher than В50 the factor λ is taken as for В50 class, and for the light-weight
concrete of classes higher than В30 - as for В30 class;
Аап1 – the area of the anchor bar of the most strained rows, cm2;
β – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight................................1,0
fine-aggregate of groups:
А........................................….0,8
Б and В.............................…..0,7
light-weight .......................... Pm/2300
(рm the average density of the concrete, kg/m3);
δ – a factor found by the formula
  1/ 1   , (117)
but it is taken not less than 0,15;
here ω = 0,3Nan / Qan at N'an >0 (pressing is available);
ω = 0,6N/Q at N'an ≤ 0 (no pressing is available); if there are no tensile strains in the
anchors, the factor δ is taken to be equal to one.
The sectional area of anchors of other rows shall be taken to be equal to the sectional
area of anchors of the most strained row.
In formulas (113) and (115) the normal force N is considered to be positive, if it is
directed from the embedded part (see Drawing 18), and negative if it is directed towards it.
In cases when, being calculated in formulas 113) – (115), the normal forces Nan and N'an, as
well as the shear Qan get negative values, in formulas (112) – (114) and (117) they are taken
to be equal to zero. Besides, if Nan gets the negative value, then in formula (114) it is taken
that N'an =N.
When the embedded part locates on the upper (during concreting) surface of the
product, the factor λ decreases by 20%, and the value N'an is taken to be equal to zero.
3.45. In the embedded part with anchors, having overlapped welding at an angle of
15 to 30°, the inclined anchors are calculated for the shear effect (at Q > N, where N – a
disengaging force) by the formula

Aan,inc=(Q – 0,3N'an)/Rs (118)

where Aan,inc – a total cross-sectional area of the inclined anchors;

N'an – see clause 3.44.

Thereat, normal anchors shall be mounted that have been calculated by the formula
(112) at δ = 1,0 and at values Qan equal to 0,1 of shear, having been found by the formula
(114).
3.46. The construction of the welded embedded parts with the components, welded
to them and transferring the load to the embedded parts, shall ensure the involvement of
anchor bars into the operation in accordance with the accepted design model. The exterior
components of the embedded parts and their welded joints are calculated as per Building
Code II-23-81*. When calculating sheets and structural shapes for the disengaging force, it
is taken that they are hingedly connected with the normal anchor bars. Besides, the sheet
thickness t of the design embedded part to which anchors are welded T-joint shall be
verified from the condition that

t ≥ 0,25 dan(Rs/Rsq) , (119)

where dan – a diameter of the anchor bar required in accordance with the calculation;
Rsq – a design cut resistance of steel taken as per Building Code II-23-81*.
In case of utilizing welded joints’ types that secure a large region of the sheet’s
involvement into the operation when an anchor bar is plucked out of it, and relevant
substantiation, the correction of condition (119) for such welded joints is possible.
The sheet thickness shall also satisfy the technological welding requirements.

ENDURANCE CALCULATION OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE

COMPONENTS

3.47. Endurance calculation of the reinforced concrete components is carried out by

comparing stresses in the concrete and reinforcement with the relevant design resistances,
being multiplied by the working conditions coefficients γb1 and γs3, taken from Table 14 and
20, respectively, and if welded joints of the reinforcement are available – also by the
working conditions coefficient γs4 (see Table 21).
Stresses in the concrete and reinforcement are calculated as for the elastic body (for
the modified sections) under the effect of the external forces and the prereduction force Р.
Inelastic deformations in the concrete compression region are taken into account by
decrease of the modulus of elasticity of the concrete, supposing that factors of coercion of
reinforcement to the concrete α' equal to 25, 20, 15 and 10 for the concretes of В15, В25,
В30, В40 classes and higher, respectively.
In case if condition (140) isn’t observed when value Rbt.ser is substituted by value Rbt
therein, the modified sectional area is determined disregarding the concrete tension region.
3.48. The endurance calculation of sections that are normal to the longitudinal axis of
the component shall be carried out proceeding from the conditions that:
for the compressed concrete σ b,тах ≤ Rь;
(120)
for the tensile reinforcement σs,тах ≤ Rs ,
(121)
where σ b,тах , σs,тах – maximum normal stresses in the compressed concrete and
tensile reinforcement, respectively.
In the region, tested for the compressed concrete, under the effect of the repeated
load one should avoid the appearance of the tensile stresses. The compression reinforcement
isn’t calculation for the endurance.
3.49. The endurance calculation of sections that are inclined to the longitudinal axis
of the component shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that the resultant of the
main tensile stresses, functioning at the level of the centre of figure of the modified section,
longwise the component, shall be completely perceived by the transverse reinforcement at
stresses therein equal to strength Rs,, being multiplied by the working conditions coefficients
γs3 and γs4 (see Tables 20 and 21).
For the components wherein the transverse reinforcement isn’t foreseen,
requirements of clause 4.11 shall be fulfilled with the replacement of design concrete
strengths Rb,ser and Rbt,ser by the design strengths Rь and Rbt, being multiplied by the working
conditions coefficient γb1, respectively, (see Table 14) in conditions (141) and (142).

4. CALCULATION OF COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES FOR MARGINAL STATES OF THE SECOND GROUP

CALCULATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS

FOR CRACK FORMATION

4.1. Reinforced concrete components are calculated for crack formation:

- normal to the longitudinal axis of the component;
- inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component.

Calculation of crack formation normal to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.2. For flexural, tensile and eccentrically compression reinforced concrete

components the strains perceived by sections that are normal to the longitudinal axis during
the crack formation are defined proceeding from the following provisions:
- after deformation sections remain flat;
- the highest percent elongation of the outer tensile fibre of the concrete equals to
2 Rbt,ser /Eb;
- stresses in the concrete of compression region (if available) are estimated with an
allowance for elastic or inelastic deformations of concrete, thereat the availability of
inelastic deformations is taken into account by decrease of the core distance r (see clause
4.5)
- stresses in the concrete of the tension region are evenly distributed and equal to the
value of Rbt,ser;
- stresses in the nonprestressed reinforcement are equal to the algebraic sum of
stresses responding to deformation increment of the surrounding concrete, and stresses
caused by the concrete shrinkage and creepage;
- stresses in the prestressed reinforcement are equal to the algebraic sum of its
prestress (with an allowance for all losses) and the stress, responding to deformation
increment of the surrounding concrete.
Directions of this clause are not to be applied to the components, being calculated for
the impact of the repeated load (see clause 4.10).
4.3. When defining strains perceived by sections of the components with the
prestressed anchorless reinforcement, in the process of calculation for crack formation on
the length of the stress transfer region lp (see clause 2.30) one should take into consideration
the decrease of prestress in the reinforcement σsp and σ'sp through multiplying by factor γs5 as
per position 5 in Table 19.
4.4. The calculation of prestressed centrally reduced reinforced concrete components
at central tension by force N shall be made proceeding from the condition that
N ≤ Ncrc , (122)
where Ncrc – a strain perceived by the section that is normal to the longitudinal axis of
the component during the crack formation and found by formula
Ncrc = Rbt,ser (А+2αАs )+Р. (123)
4.5. The calculation of flexural, eccentrically compression, as well as eccentrically
tension components for the crack formation is carried out proceeding from the condition that
Мr ≤ Mcrc , (124)
where Мr – a moment of external forces being arranged on one side of the section
under consideration relative to the axis that is parallel to the zero line and crossing the core
point, the farthermost from the tension region, which crack formation is being examined;
Mcrc – a moment perceived by the section that is normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component during the crack formation and found by the formula
Mcrc = Rbt,ser Wpl ± Мrр , (125)
here Мrр – a moment of strain Р relative to the same axis as for the definition of Мr;
the moment sign is defined by the direction of rotation (“plus” – when directions of rotation
of the moments Мrр and Мr are opposite; “minus” – when directions coincide).
Strain Р is considered:
- for prestressed components – as an external compressive force;
- for components manufactured without prestress – as an external tensile force, found
by the formula (8), supposing that stresses σs and σ's in the nonprestressed reinforcement are
numerically equal to the values of losses, caused by the concrete shrinkage according to
position 8 in Table 4 (as for the tendon jacking on abutments)
The value of Mr is found from the following formulas:
for flexural components (Drawing 19, а)
Mr = М , (126)
for eccentrically compression components (Drawing 19, б)
Mr = N(e0 – r) ; (127)
for eccentrically tension components (Drawing 19, в)
Mr = N(e0 + r). (128)
The values of Mr are found:
when making calculations for crack formation in the section region that is tension
under the effect of external loads, but compression under the effect of the prereduction force
(see Drawing 19), by the formula

Mr = P (e0p + r); (129)

 when making calculations for crack formation in the section region that is tension
under the effect of the prereduction force (Drawing 20), by the formula
Mr = P(e0p – r). (130)
In formulas (127) -(130):
r – a distance from the centre of figure of the modified section to the core point, the
farthermost from the tension region, which crack formation is being examined.
The value of r is found for the components: eccentrically compression, flexural
prestressed, as well as eccentrically tension, if the following condition is met:

N ≤ P, (131)
by the formula
r = φ (Wred /Ared); (132)
for eccentrically tension, if the condition (131) is not met, by the formula

r = Wpl /[A+2α(As+A's)], (133)

for flexural, being manufactured without prestress of the reinforcement, by the
formula

r = Wred /Ared. (134)

In formulas (132) and (133):
φ=1,6 – (σb /Rb,ser), (135)
but is taken to be not less than 0,7 and higher than 1,0;
here σb – a maximum stress in the compressed concrete that is caused by the external
load and prestress, being calculated as for the elastic body for the modified section;
Wpl – is found as per directions of clause 4.7;
α =(Еs /Еb).
When calculating the crack formation (the beginning of joints opening) for butt
sections of composite and block constructions that are performed using no adhesive in
joints, the value of Rbt,ser in formulas (123) and (125) are taken to be equal to zero.
4.6. When calculating crack formation of components in the sectors with initial
cracks in the compression region (see clause 1.16), the value of Mcrc for the region, being
tension under the effect of the external load, that has been found by the formula (125),
should be decreased by Δ Mcrc = λ Mcrc -
Factor А is found by the formula
λ = (l,5 – 0,9/δ)·(l – φm), (136)
thereat, when negative values are got it is taken to be equal to zero.
In formula (13 б):
φm – is found by the formula (168) for the region with initial cracks, but taken to be
not less thah 0,45;
δ=y/(h-y)As /( As+ A's) (137)
 but not higher than 1,4;
here у – a distance from the centre of figure of the modified section to the outer fibre
of the concrete being tension under the external load.
For structures, having been armoured with the wire and bar reinforcement of А-VI
(А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200) class, the value of δ that has been got by the formula (137)
decreases by 15%.
4.7. For the outer tension fibre (with an allowance for inelastic deformations of the
tensile concrete) the modulus of modified section Wpl is found from the following formula
on the supposition of the lack of the longitudinal force N and the prereduction force Р

Wpl = 2(Ib0+ α Is0+ α I's0) /(h -х) + S b0 , (138)

The position of the zero line is defined from the condition
S'b0 + αS's0 – αSs0 = (h – х)Аbt / 2 , (139)
4.8. In structures, having been armoured with the prestressed components (for
example, fixing blocks), when defining strains perceived by sections during the crack
formation in the prestressed components, the sectional area of the concrete tension region
that is not subject to the prestress is neglected in the calculation.
4.9. When examining the possibility of exhaustion of the bearing capacity
simultaneously with the crack formation (see clause 1.17), the strain perceived by the
section during the crack formation is found by the formulas (123) and (125) with
replacement of value Rbt,ser by 1,2 Rbt,ser at factor γsp =1,0 (see clause 1.25).
4.10. The calculation of the crack formation under the effect the repeated load is
made proceeding from the condition that

σbt ≤ Rbt,ser . (140)

where σbt – a maximum normal tension stress in the concrete, being defined as per
directions of clause 3.47.
The design concrete tensile strength Rbt,ser is entered into formula (140) with the
working conditions coefficient γb1 taken from Table 14.

Calculation of crack formation inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.11. The Calculation of crack formation inclined to the longitudinal axis of the
component shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
σmt ≤ γb4 Rbt,ser (141)
where γb4 – the working conditions coefficient of the concrete (see Table 13), being
found by the formula
γb4 = (1 – σmc / Rbt,ser)/(0,2 + αВ), (142)
but not higher than 1,0;
here α – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight............................................................0,01
fine-aggregate, light-weight and cellular……...........0,02
 В – concrete compression strength class, MP.
Value αВ should be taken not less than 0,3.
The values of main tensile and main compressive stresses in the concrete σmt and σmc
are by the formula

    y 
2

 mt ( mc )  ( x   y ) / 2   х    2 ху  , (143)
 2  

where σх – a normal stress in concrete on the surface that is perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of the component under the external load and prereduction force;
σy – a normal stress in concrete on the surface that is parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the component under the local effect of the support reactions, concentrated forces and a
distributed load, as well as a reduction strain as a result of prestress of stirrups and bend-up
bars;
τху – a tangential stress in the concrete under the external load and prereduction force
as a result of prestress of bend-up bars.
Stresses σх , σy and τху are found as for the elastic body, excluding tangential stresses
under the effect of the torsional moment, being found by the formulas for the plastic stage of
the component.
Stresses σх and σy are substituted in formula (143) with the “plus” sign if they are
tensile, and with the “minus” sign if they are compressive. Stress σmc in formula (142) is
taken according to the absolute value.
Testing of condition (141) is carried out in the centre of figure of the modified
section and in the points of abutment of compressed tables to the wall of the component of T
section and H section.
When calculating components with the prestressed anchorless reinforcement, one
shall take into consideration the decrease of prestress σsp and σ'sp on the length of the stress
transfer region lр (see clause 2.30) through multiplying by factor γs5 as per position 5 in
Table 19.
4.12. Under the effect of the repeated load the calculation of crack formation shall be
made as per directions of clause 4.11, thereat the design concrete strengths Rbt,ser and Rb,ser are
entered with working conditions coefficient γb1 taken from Table 14.

CALCULATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS

FOR CRACK OPENING

4.13. Reinforced concrete components are calculated for crack opening:

- normal to the longitudinal axis of the component;
- inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component.

Calculation of crack opening normal to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.14. The width of crack opening normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
αcrc, mm, should be found by the formula
  crc  l   s / E s  20 3,5  100  3 d , (144)
where δ – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the components:
flexural and eccentrically compression...........1,0
tension ……....................................................1,2
φl – a factor taken to be equal to the following when considering:
short-term loads and a nondurable
effect of constant and long-term loads ...................1,00
a repeated load, as well as a durable effect of constant and long-term loads
for constructions made of the following concrete:
heavy-weight:
of natural moisture..................................…………….... φl = 1,60 –15µ
in the water-saturated state...................................................1,20
at alternate water saturation and desiccation ..................... 1,75
fine-aggregate of groups:
А....................................................1,75
Б...................................…..........…2,00
В..............................…..................1,50
light-weight..............not less than 1,50
cellular ….......…...........................2,50
the value of φl, for the fine-aggregate, light-weight and cellular concretes in the
water-saturated state is multiplied by factor 0,8, and in case of the alternate water saturation
and desiccation - by factor 1,2;
η— a factor taken to be equal to the following:
with bar reinforcement of die-rolled section.............................1,0
with bar smooth reinforcement....................................................…1,3
with wire reinforcement of die-rolled section and ropes ……........1,2
with smooth reinforcement .........................................................…1,4
σs – a stress in bars of the extreme row of reinforcement S or (if prestress is available)
stress increment under the effect of the external load, being defined as per directions of
clause 4.15;
Μ – a factor of section armouring that is taken to be equal to the ratio of the sectional
area of the reinforcement S to the sectional area of the concrete (at the working height ho
and disregarding the compressed overhangs of tables), but not higher than 0,02;
d – a diameter of the reinforcement, mm.
For components, which crack growth resistance is made requirements of the 2 nd
category, the width of crack opening is defined under the total effect of constant, long-term
and short-term loads at factor φl = 1,0.
For components, which crack growth resistance is made requirements of the 3 rd
category, the width of durable crack opening is defined under the effect of constant and
long-term loads at factor φl > 1,0. The width of nondurable crack opening is defined as a
sum of the width of durable crack opening and the opening width increment under the effect
of short-term loads at factor, being defined at factor φl = 1,0.
The width of crack opening, having been found by the formula (144), is corrected in
the following cases:
 a) if the centre of figure of the section of bars of the extreme row of the
reinforcement of flexural, eccentrically compression, eccentrically tension at e0tot ≥0,8 h0
components is distant α2 >0,2h from the most tensile fibre, the value αcrc shall be increased
through multiplying by factor δ0 that equals to:
δ0 =[(20 α2 /h-1)] /3. (145)

and is taken to be not higher than 3;

b) for flexural and eccentrically compression components made of heavy-weight and
light-weight concretes at µ≤ 0,008 and Мr2 < М0, the width of crack opening under
nondurable effect of all loads is allowed to be defined according to the linear interpolation
between the value of αcrc= 0 at the moment Mcrc and the value of αcrc, having been calculated
as per directions of this clause at the moment
М0 = Mcrc + ψbh2Rbt,ser, where ψ= 15µα / η, but not higher than 0,6. Thereat, the width
of durable crack opening under the effect of constant and long-term loads is defined through
multiplying of the found value αcrc under the effect of all loads by the ratio
φl1 (Mr1 – Mrp)/( Mr2 – Mrp).
where φl1 = 1,8 φl (Mcrc / Mr2), but not less than φl.
Here µ,η – the same as in formula (144);
Mr1, Mr2 – moments Mr under the effect of constant and long-term and all loads,
respectively (see clause 4.5);
c) for components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5 classes and lower, the
value of αcrc shall be increased by 20%.
4.15. Stresses in the tensile reinforcement (or stress increment) σs; shall be found
from the following formulas for the following components:
eccentrically tension σs = (N – P) /As , (146)
flexural σs = [М- P(z - esp)]/As z; (147)
eccentrically compression , as well as eccentrically tension at e0,tot ≥ 0,8 h0
σs =[N(es± z) – P(z-esp)]/As z. (148)
For eccentrically tension components at e0,tot < 0,8 h0 the value of σs; is found by the
formula (148), taking z = zs (where zs – a distance between centres of gravity of the
reinforcement S and S').
For the components, being manufactured without the prestress of the reinforcement,
the value of the prereduction force Р is allowed to be equal to zero.
In formula (148) the “plus” sign is taken at the eccentrical tension, and the “minus”
sign – at the eccentrical compression. If the tensile longitudinal force N is between the
centres of gravity of the reinforcement S and S', the value еs is taken with the “minus” sign.
In formulas (147) and (148):
z – a distance from the centre of figure of the sectional area of the reinforcement S to
the point of application of the resultant of forces in the compression region of the section
over the crack, being defined as per directions of clause 4.28.
If the tensile reinforcement is arranged in several rows in height of the section of
flexural, eccentrically compression, as well as eccentrically tension components at e0,tot ≥ 0,8
h0 , the values of σs, having been calculated by the formulas (147) and (148), shall be
multiplied by the factor δп that equals to:

δп =(h – x –a2 )/( h – x – a1), (149)

where х = ξh0 , value ξ is found by the formula (161);

a1, a2 – distances from the centre of figure of the sectional area of the whole
reinforcement S and the extreme row of bars, respectively, to the most tensile fibre of the
concrete.
The value of stress σs + σsp, and in case of multirow tensile reinforcement δпσs + σsp
shall not exceed Rs,ser.
In the sectors of the components, having initial cracks in the compression region (see
clause 1.16), the value of the prereduction force Р should be decreased by the value of ΔР,
being found by the formula

ΔР = λP, (150)

where λ is found by the formula (136).

4.16. The depth of initial cracks here in the compression region (see clause 1.16)
shall be not more than 0,5 h0. The value of hcrc is found by the formula
hcrc = h – (1,2 +φm) ξ h0 . (151)
The value of ξ is found by the formula (161), φm – by the formula (168) for the region
with initial cracks.

Calculation of crack opening inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.17. The width of crack opening inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component,
in case of armouring with stirrups, normal to the longitudinal axis, shall be found by the
formula

αcrc = φ1 0,6 σsw dw η /[Esdw /h0 + 0,15Eb (1+2 αμw)], (152)

where φ1 – a factor taken to be equal to the following if considering:
short-term loads and a nondurable
effect of constant and long-term loads ..........................1,00
a repeated load, as well as a durable effect of constant and long-term loads
for constructions made of the following concrete:
heavy-weight:
of natural moisture.....................................................…...1,50
in the water-saturated state.........................................…...1,20
at alternate water saturation and desiccation ….........…..1,75
fine-aggregate, light-weight, cellular – the same as in formula (144);
 η – the same as in formula (144);
dw – a diameter of stirrups;
α = Es /Еь ; μ = Asw/ bs.
Stress in stirrups is found by the formula
σsw= [(Q – Qb1 ) /Aswh0 ]s; (153)
the value of stress σsw shall not exceed Rs,ser ;
here Q and Qb1 – the left and the right parts, respectively, of condition (84) when
substituting Rbt by R bt,ser thereat factor φb4 is multiplied by 0,8.
If normal cracks are not available in the effective region of lateral forces under
consideration, i.e. if the condition (124) is performed, it is allowed to take into account the
increase of the lateral strain Qb1 perceived by the component according to the calculation of
condition (141).
Design strengths Rbt,ser and Rb,ser shall not exceed the values corresponding to the
concrete of В30 class.
For the components made of the light-weight concrete of В 7,5 class and lower, the
value of dcrc, having been found by the formula (152), shall be increased by 30 %.
When defining the width of nondurable and durable opening of inclined cracks, the
directions of clause 4.14, concerning the accounting of duration of the loads’ effect, shall be
taken into consideration.

CALCULATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS

FOR CRACK CLOSURE

4.18. Reinforced concrete components are to be calculated for crack closure

(clamping):
- normal to the longitudinal axis of the component;
- inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component.

Calculation of crack closure normal to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.19. To ensure a reliable crack closure, normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component, under the effect of constant and long-term loads, the following requirements
shall be observed:
a) in the prestresed reinforcement S irreversible deformations shall not appear under
the effect of constant, long-term and short-term loads, what is secured through observance
of the following condition
σsp+σs ≤ 0,8 Rs,ser , (154)
where σs – a stress increment in the tensile reinforcement S under the effect of
external loads, being found by the formulas (146)—(148);
b) the section of the component with a crack in the tension region, having been
caused by the effect of constant, long-term and short-term loads, shall remain compressed
under the effect of constant and long-term loads with normal compression stresses σb on
component’s face, tensile by external loads, to be not less than 0,5 MP, thereat, the value of
σb is found as for the elastic body under the effect of external loads and prereduction force.
4.20. For sectors of components, having initial cracks in the compression region (see
clause 1.16), the value of σsp in formula (154) is multiplied by the factor that is equal to 1 –
λ, and when defining the stress σb, the value of Р is multiplied by the factor that is equal to
1,1 (1 – λ), but not higher than 1,0, where values of λ are found as per directions of clause
4.6.

Calculation of crack closure inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component

4.21. To ensure a reliable crack closure, inclined to the longitudinal axis of the
component, both main stresses in the concrete, being found as per directions of clause 4.11
at the level of the centre of figure of the modified section under the effect of constant and
long-term loads, shall be compressive ones and not less than 0,5 MP.
The aforesaid requirement is provided with the help of prestressed transverse
reinforcement (stirrups or bend-up bars).

CALCULATION OF COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES FOR DEFORMATIONS

4.22. Deformations (deflections, rotation angles) of the components of the reinforced

concrete structures should be calculated according to formulas of building mechanics,
defining the values of curvatures they include as per directions of clauses 4.23 – 4.30.
The value of curvature and deformations of the reinforced concrete components is
counted from their initial state, and if prestress is available – from the state prior the
reduction.
4.23. The curvature is defined:
a) for sectors of the component where no cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis of
the component, are formed in the tension region – as for a solid body;
b) for sectors of the component where cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis, are
available in the tension region – as a ratio of difference of average deformations of the outer
fibre of the concrete compression region and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement to the
working height of the component’s section.
The components or sectors of the components are considered without cracks in the
tension region if cracks are not formed under the effect of constant, long-term and short-
term loads, or if they are closed under the effect of constant and long-term loads, thereat,
loads are entered into the calculation with a load reliability factor γƒ= 1,0.

Curvature estimation of the reinforced concrete components

in the crack free sectors of the tension region

4.24. In the sectors where no cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis, are formed a
complete curvature value of flexural, eccentrically compression, and eccentrically tension
components shall be found by the formula
 l/r = (l /r)1+(l/r)2 – (l/r)3 – (l/r)4, (155)

where (l /r)1, (l/r)2 – a curvature caused by short-term (being defined as per directions
of clause 1.10) and by constant and long-term loads (disregarding force Р), respectively,
being found from the following formulas:}
(l /r)1= M / φb1 Eb Ired;

(l /r)2= M φb2 / φb1 Eb Ired;

here М – a moment of corresponding external load (short-term, long-term) relative to
the axis, normal to the plane of effect of the bending moment and crossing the centre of
figure of the modified section;
φb1— a factor, considering the impact of a short-term concrete creeping and
taken to be the following for the following concretes:
heavy-weight, fine-aggregate, light-weight with dense pebble gravel,
as well as cellular (for two-layer prestressed constructions
made of cellular and heavy-weight concretes)........................................ 0,85
light-weight with porous pebble gravel …………………...................... 0,70
φb2 – a factor, considering the impact of a long-term concrete creeping on
deformations
of the component free of cracks and taken from Table 29;
(l/r)3 – a curvature, specified by the component’s flexure under the short-term effect
of the
prereduction force Р and found by the formula
(l/r)3= Pe0 p / φb1 Eb Ired ; (157)
(l/r)4 – a curvature, specified by the component’s flexure as a result of the concrete
shrinkage and creeping under the effect of the prereduction force and found by the formula

(l/r)4 = (εb – ε'b) / h0 , (158)

here εb , ε'b – relative deformations of the concrete, having been caused by its
shrinkage and creeping under effect of the prereduction force and found from the following
formulas at the level of the centre of gravity of the tensile longitudinal reinforcement and
the outer compressed concrete fibre, respectively:
εb = σb /Es ; ε'b = σ'b /Es,. (159)
The value of σb is taken to be numerically equal to the sum of losses of the prestress
caused by the concrete shrinkage and creeping according to positions 6, 8, and 9 in Table 4
for the reinforcement of the tension region, and σ'b – also for the prestressed reinforcement,
if it had been available at the level of the outer compressed concrete fibre.
Thereat, the sum (l/r)3+ (l/r)4 is taken to be not less than (Ре0р φb2 ) / (φb1EbIred). For
components without prestress the curvature values (l/r)3 and (l/r)4 are allowed to be taken to
be equal to zero.
 4.25. When estimating the curvature of components with initial cracks in the
compression region (see clause 1.16) the values of (l/r)1, (l/r)2 and (l/r)3, having been found
by the formulas (156) and (157), shall be increased by 15%, and the value of (l/r)4, having
been found by the formula (158), by 25%.
4.26. In the sectors where normal cracks are formed in the tension region, but under
the effect of the load under consideration their closure is secured, the curvature values (l/r)1,
(l/r)2 and (l/r)3, by the formula (155) are increased by 20%.

Curvature estimation of the reinforced concrete components

in the sectors, having cracks in the tension region

4.27. In the sectors where cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
are formed a curvature of flexural, eccentrically compression, and eccentrically tension at
e0tot ≥ 0,8h0 components of a rectangular section, T section and H section (box-like sections)
shall be found by the formula
1/r = (M /h0 z) [ψs /EsAs + ψb /(φƒ + ξ)bh0 Ebν] – Ntotψs / h0EsAs , (160)
where М – a moment relative to the axis, normal to the plane of the effect of the
moment and crossing the centre of figure of the sectional area of the reinforcement S,
caused by all external forces that are arranged on one side of the section under
consideration, and by the prereduction force Р;
z – a distance from the centre of figure of the sectional area of the reinforcement S to
the point of application of the resultant of forces in the compression region of the section
over the crack, being defined as per directions of clause 4.28.
ψs – a factor considering the work of the tensile concrete in the sector with cracks and
being defined as per directions of clause 4.29;
ψb – a factor considering the nonuniformity of distribution of deformations of the
outer compressed concrete fibre longwise the sector with cracks and taken to be equal to the
following:
for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes of the
class higher than В7,5 …………………………………………………............... 0,9
for light-weight and cellular concretes of В7,5 class and lower .............................. 0,7
for structures, being calculated for the effect of repeated loads,
irrespective of the concrete type and class …………………………....................... 1,0
φƒ – a factor, being found by the formula (164);
ξ – a relative height of the concrete compression region, being defined as per
directions of clause 4.28;
v — a factor, specifying an elastoplastic state of the concrete of the compression
region and taken from Table 30;
Ntot – a resultant of the longitudinal force N and the prereduction force Р (at
eccentrical tension the force N is taken with the “minus” sign). For elements, being
manufactured without prestress of the reinforcement, the force Р is allowed to be taken to be
equal to zero.
 When estimating the curvature of components in the sectors with initial cracks in the
compression region (see clause 1.16), the value of Р is decreased by the value ΔР, being
found by the formula (150).
For flexural and eccentrically compression components made of the heavy-weight
concrete at Мсrс<Мr2<(Мсrс + ψbh2Rbt,ser) the curvature of the moment Мr2 is allowed to be
found according to the linear interpolation between the curvature values, being defined at
the moment Мсrс as for a solid elastic body pursuant to directions of clauses 4.24 - 4.26 and
at the moment Мсrс + ψbh2Rbt,ser as per directions of this clause. The factor ψ is taken as per
directions of clause 4.146 with its value two times less, when considering the durable effect
of constant and long-term loads.
4.28. The value of ξ , is calculated by the formula
ξ = 1 / [β+ (1 + 5(δ + λ) /10µα] ± (1,5 + φƒ) / (11,5es,tot / h0)  5), (161)
but is taken not higher than 1,0.
For the second summand of the right part of formula (161) the upper signs are taken
at the compressive strain, and the lower signs – at the tensile strain Ntot (see clause 4.27).
In formula (161):
β – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight and light-weight..........................1,8
fine-aggregate…………............................... 1,6
cellular …………......................................... 1,4
δ=M/(bh20 Rb,ser) ; (162)
λ=φƒ(1h’ƒ / 2h0); (163)
φƒ = [(b’ƒ – b)h’ƒ + (α /2ν)A’s] /bh0; (164)
es,tot – eccentricity of the force Ntot relative to the centre of figure of the sectional area
of the reinforcement S; corresponds to the moment М (see clause 4.27) and is found by the
formula
es,tot = | M/Ntot | . (165)
The value of z is calculated by the formula
z = h0 [1– (h'ƒφƒ / h0 + ξ2 )/2(φƒ + ξ)]. (166)
For eccentrically compression components the value z shall be taken not higher than
0,97 es,iot .
For the components of the rectangular section and T section with a table in the
tension region formulas (163) and (166) are substituted the values of 2а' or h'ƒ = 0 instead of
h'ƒ if reinforcement S' is available or not available, respectively.
The calculation of sections, having a table in the compression region, at ξ<h'ƒ/h0 is
carried out as for the rectangular sections with b'ƒ width.
The design width of table b'ƒ is estimated as per directions of clause 3.16.
4.29. Factor ψs for the components made of the heavy-weight, fine-aggregate, light-
weight concretes and two-layer prestressed constructions made of cellular and heavy-weight
concretes is found by the formula
ψs = 1,25 – φlsφm – (1 – φ2m) / [(3,5 - 1,8 φm) es,tot / h0] , (167)
but not higher than 1,0, thereat one should take that
 es,tot / h0 ≥ 1,2 /φls.
For flexural components, being manufactured without prestress of the reinforcement,
the last term in the right part of formula (167) is allowed to be taken to be equal to zero. In
formula (167):
φls – a factor, considering the impact of duration of the load’s effect and taken from
Table 31;
es,tot – see formula (165);
φm = Rbt,ser Wpl / | ± Mr Mrp | , (168)
but not higher than 1,0;
here Wpl – see formula (138);
Mr, Mrp – see clause 4.5, thereat, moments causing tension in the reinforcement S are
taken to be positive.
For one-layer constructions made of the cellular concrete (without prestress) the
value of ψs is calculated by the formula
ψs = 0,5+φl (M / Mser), (169)
where Mser – a moment, perceived by the component’s section from the strength
calculation at design resistances of the reinforcement and concrete for the marginal states of
the second group;
φl – a factor taken to be equal to the following:
at nondurable effect of the load
for the reinforcement of the die-rolled section....................0,6
the same for the smooth reinforcement...............................0,7
at durable effect of the load
irrespective of the reinforcement’s section..........................0,8
For structures, being calculated for the endurance, in all cases the value of factor ψs is
taken to be equal to 1,0.
4.30. A total curvature — for the sector with cracks in the tension region shall be
found by the formula

l/r = (l /r)1– (l/r)2 + (l/r)3 – (l/r)4, (170)

(l /r)1 – a curvature, caused by a nondurable effect of the whole load, which is
calculated for deformations as per directions of clause 1.18;
(l/r)2 – a curvature, caused by a nondurable effect of constant and long-term loads;
(l/r)3 – a curvature, caused by a durable effect of constant and long-term loads;
(l/r)4 – a curvature, specified by the component’s flexure as a result of the concrete
shrinkage and creeping under the effect of the prereduction force and being found by the
formula (158) as per directions of clause 4.25.
Curvature (l /r)1,(l/r)2 and (l/r)3 is found by the formula (160), thereat (l /r)1 and (l/r)2;
are calculated at values ψs and v, responding to a nondurable effect of the load, and
(l/r)3 – at ψs and v , responding to a durable effect of the load. If values (l/r)2 and (l/r)3 are
found to be negative, they are taken to be equal to zero.

Deflections’ estimation
 4.31. Deflection fm, specified by the flexure deformation, is found by the formula
l 
fm =  M x 1 / r  x dx , (171)
0


where M x – a bending moment in section х under the effect of a unit force, having
been applied towards the direction of the target displacement of the component in section х
longwise the span for which the deflection is being estimated;
(l /r)x — a total curvature of the component in section х caused by the load, at which
the deflection is estimated; values of 1/r are found by the formulas (155) and (170) for
sectors free of cracks and with cracks, respectively; the sign of 1/r is taken in accordance
with the curvature diagram.
For flexural components of constant section without prestress of the reinforcement,
having cracks, at each sector, within which bounds the bending moment doesn’t change the
sign, the curvature is allowed to be estimated for the most strained section, taking it for the
rest sections of such sector to be changeable pro rata values of the bending moment
(Drawing 21).
4.32. For bending components at l/h < 10 one should take into account the impact of
lateral forces on their deflection. In this case, a total deflection ftot equals to a sum of
deflections, specified by the flexure deformation and shear deformation fq, respectively.
4.33. Deflection fq, specified by the shear deformation, is found by the formula
l 
fq =  Q x  x dx ,
0

(172)

where Q x – a lateral force in section х under the effect towards the direction of the
target displacement of the unit force, applied in the section wherein the deflection is being
estimated;
γx – a shear deformation, being found by the formula

γx =1,5 Qxφb2 φcrc / Gbh0 , (173)

here Qx – a lateral force in section х under effect of the external load;
G — a shear modulus of the concrete (see clause 2.16);
φb2 – a factor, considering the impact of a long-term concrete creeping and taken
from Table
29;
φcrc – a factor considering the influence of cracks on the shear deformations and taken
to be equal to: 1,0 - in sectors longwise the component wherein cracks normal and inclined
to the longitudinal axis of the component are not available; 4,8 - in sectors wherein only
cracks inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component are available; according to the
formula - in sectors wherein only cracks normal or normal and inclined to the longitudinal
axis of the component are available;

φcrc = (3 EbIred / Mx) (1/r)x , (174)

 where Mx , (1/r)x – a moment caused by the external load and a total curvature in
section х caused by the load, at which the deflection is being estimated, respectively.
4.34. For solid slabs, having thickness not less than 25 cm (excluding those
supported contour-direction) and being armoured by flat fabrics, with cracks in the tension
region, the values of deflections, having been estimated in formula (171), are multiplied by
factor [h0 /(h0 – 0,7)]3, taken to be not higher than 1,5, where h0 is in cm.
4.35. When calculating components with a single-row armouring (Drawing 22) by
the finite-element method (or other mathematical methods), it is permitted to use a
symmetrized system of physical dependences in the following form instead of equation
(160):

1/r = B11M + B12N

(175)
ε0 = B12M + B22N
where
М =Mact  Рe0p ; (176)
N = ± Nact –P; (177)
2 ~
В11 = [1 / (zs + zb) ][ψb / (φƒ+ ξ) bh0 Eb  + ψs / EsAs]; (178)
В12 = [1 / (zs + zb)2][ψs zb / EsAs - ψb zs / (φƒ+ ξ) bh0 Eb ~ ]; (179)
~
В22 = [1 / (zs + zb)2][ψb zs2 / (φƒ+ ξ) bh0 Eb  + ψs zb2 / EsAs]; (180)
~
  2 ; (181)
ε0 – truncations or contractions along axis у ;
Mact – a moment of external forces, being arranged on one side of the section under
consideration, relative to axis у;
Nact – an external longitudinal force, applied at the level of axis у and taken to have
“plus” sign during tension;
zs , zb – distances from axis у to the point of application of the resultant of forces in
the tensile reinforcement and compressed concrete, respectively;
ξ—is estimated as per directions of clause 4.28;
v – a factor, taken from Table 30;
φf – a factor, being found by the formula (164) disregarding reinforcement that is
arranged in the compression region of section;
ψs – is estimated as per directions of clause 4.29;
ψb – is estimated as per directions of clause 4.27.
Axis у is situated within the working height of the section, proceeding from the ease
of the design model. If axis у is situated above the centre of figure of the sectional area of
the compression region, then the value of zb should be taken to be negative.
For the second summand in formula (176) the “minus” sign is taken if the strain Р is
applied below axis у; if the strain Р is applied above axis у, then one should take the “plus”
sign.
For the first summand in formula (177) the “plus” sign is taken at the tensile strain,
and the “minus” sign – at the compressive Nact.
 4.36. When calculating components with a multirow arrangement of the
reinforcement (Drawing 23), it is recommended to use a general system of physical
dependences of the following form:

М = D111/r + D12 є0
(182)
N= D121/r + D22 ε0
n k
where D11   E A z 2 /    E A z 2      bh E ~z 2 /  (183)
i 1 si si si si
j 1
sj sj sj  f 1 0 b b b

n k
D12   E A z /    E A z      bh E ~z /  (184)
i 1 si si si si
j 1
sj sj sj  f 1 0 b b b

n k
D 22   E A /    E A      bh E ~ /  (185)
i 1 si si si
j 1
sj sj  f 1 0 b b

i – a sequential number of the bar of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement;

j – the same, of compression reinforcement;
ξ1 – a relative height of the compression region of section that is equal to ξ1 = x/h01;
φf – is calculated by the formula (164) disregarding reinforcement S';
zsi , zsj – distances from the centre of gravity of the i-th and j-th reinforcement to axis
у.
In formula (184) values of zsi , zsj , zb are taken to be positive, if they are laid off
below axis у. Otherwise, they should be taken to have a negative sign.
Values of ξ1 and ψsi for dependences (183) - (185) are allowed to be estimated as per
directions of clauses 4.28 and 4.29, replacing in the design equations h0 by h01, Fa by ΣFai(h0i
– l,3x)/(h01 – 1,3x:) (when finding Μ), φт by φтi = φт h01 / h0i.

5. CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1. When designing concrete and reinforced concrete structures, in order to secure
conditions for their manufacture, the required life and monolithic behaviour of the
reinforcement and concrete one has to implement the constructional requirements stated
hereunder.

MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF THE COMPONENTS’ SECTION

5.2. Minimum dimensions of section of concrete and reinforced concrete

components, being estimated from calculation according to effective forces and
corresponding to groups of the marginal states, shall be fixed with an allowance for
economic demands, the necessity of unification of formworks and armouring, as well as
conditions of the accepted technology of structures’ manufacture.
Besides, dimensions of section of concrete and reinforced concrete structures shall be
taken such a kind that requirements concerning the reinforcement’s arrangement in the
section (thickness of the concrete covers, distances between bars, etc.) and the anchorage of
the reinforcement are to be observed.
5.3. The thickness of monolithic slabs shall be taken, mm, not less than:
for covers..................................................................................……………..40
for floors of residential and public buildings……………….......................50
for floors industrial buildings …………………………….............................60
for slabs made of light-weight concrete of В7,5 class and lower in all cases..70
The minimum thickness of precast floor slabs shall be estimated proceeding from the
condition of providing with
the required thickness of the concrete cover and conditions of the reinforcement’s
arrangement along the slab’s thickness (see clauses 5.4 - 5.13).
Dimensions of sections of eccentrically compression components shall be taken such
a kind that their flexibility l0/i in any direction, as a rule, doesn’t exceed:
for reinforced concrete components made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-
weight concretes ……………………………………………………………………...200
for columns, being the components of buildings.........................................120
for concrete components made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate
and light-weight concretes......................................................................... 90
for concrete and reinforced concrete components made of the cellular concrete...70

CONCRETE COVER

5.4. Concrete cover for the effective reinforcement shall ensure a monolithic
behaviour of the reinforcement and concrete at all stages of the structure’s operation, as well
as the reinforcement’s protection against the external atmospheric, temperature and similar
impacts.
5.5. For the longitudinal effective reinforcement the thickness of the cover, mm, shall
not be less than the diameter of a bar or a rope, and not less than:
in components having a direct contact with the earth...............................70
in components exposed to a direct impact of the atmosphere:
cast-in-situ.................................................................................................40
precast..............................................................................................................30
in components not exposed to a direct impact of the earth
and atmosphere ...............................................….....................clauses 5.6÷5.10.
5.6. For the longitudinal effective reinforcement (nonprestressed and prestressed,
abutment tendon jacking), as a rule, the thickness of the cover, mm, shall not be less than
the diameter of a bar or a rope, and not less than:
in slabs and walls having thickness, mm:
up to 100 inclusive .............................................................……..10
above 100 ...........................................................................……..15
in beams and ribs having height, mm:
under 250……..............................................................………15
250 and higher..............................................................………20
in columns....................................................................………20
 in foundation girders……............................................………30
in foundations:
precast ......................................................................………..30
cast-in-situ if a foundation mattress is available …...………35
cast-in-situ if no foundation mattress is available …..……..70
In single-layer structures made of light-weight concrete of В7,5 class and lower the
thickness of the cover shall be not less than 20 mm, and for the external wall panels
(without a surface finish layer) – not less than 30 mm.
In single-layer structures made of cellular concrete, in all cases the thickness of the
cover shall be not less than 30 mm.
5.7. For the transverse, distribution and structural reinforcement the thickness of the
concrete cover shall be taken not less than the diameter of the aforesaid reinforcement and
not less than, mm:
at the height of the component’s section not less than 250 mm ..……10
at the height of the component’s section equal to 250 mm and more...15
In components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5 class and lower, of the
cellular concrete, irrespective of the height of the section, the thickness of the concrete
cover for the transverse reinforcement is taken to be not less than 15 mm.
5.8. The thickness of the concrete cover nearby the ends of prestressed components
on the length of the stress transfer region (see clause 2.30) shall be not less than:
for the bar reinforcement of A-IV (А600), А-IIIв (А400в) classes.............…........2d
for the bar reinforcement of A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000), Aт-VII (Ат1200) classes.3d
for reinforcing ropes (where d—in mm)...………………….........................2d
Besides, the thickness of the concrete cover in the indicated sector of length of the
component shall not be less than 40 mm – for the bar reinforcement of all classes and not
less than 20 mm - reinforcing ropes.
In the following cases, it is allowed to take the concrete cover of the section nearby
the abutment for the prestressed reinforcement with and without anchors to be the same as
for the section in the span:
a) for prestressed components with a concentrated transfer of abutment efforts if a
steel bearing part and confinement reinforcement (welded lateral fabrics or stirrups
emcompassing the longitudinal reinforcement) are available as per directions of clause 5.62;
b) in slabs, panels, plankings and abutments of the power line provided that the
additional transverse reinforcement (trough-shaped welded fabrics or closed stirrups),
envisaged by clause 5.62, is mounted nearby the ends.
5.9. In the components with the prestressed longitudinal reinforcement, concrete
tendon jacking and placed in canals, the distance from the component’s surface to the
canal’s surface shall be taken to be not less than 40 mm and not less than the canal’s width;
in addition, the aforementioned distance to the lateral faces of the component shall not be
less than the half-height of the canal.
When the prestressed reinforcement is arranged in the mortises or from the outside of
the component’s section, the thickness of the concrete cover, having been formed through
the subsequent guniting or another method, shall be taken to be not less than 20 mm.
 5.10. In hollow-core components of the ring or box-like section, the distance from
the bars of the longitudinal reinforcement to the interior concrete surface shall satisfy
requirements of clauses 5.6 and 5.7.
5.11. To have the opportunity of free placing of solid reinforcing bars, fabrics and
cages, running along the full length and width of the product, into the form, the ends of
such bars shall be distant from the component’s face at the cooresponding size of the
product up to 9 m – 10 mm away, up to 12 m – 15 mm away, above 12 m – 20 mm away.

MINIMAL DISTANCES BETWEEN THE BARS OF THE REINFORCEMENT

5.12. Clear distances between the bars of the reinforcement (or canals’ casings) in
height and width of the section shall secure the monolithic behaviour of the reinforcement
and concrete, and shall be fixed with an allowance for the ease of placing and packing of the
concrete mix; for the prestressed constructions one shall also take into account the extent of
the concrete’s local reduction and dimensions of tensioning devices (jacks, clamps, etc.). In
components, being manufactured with the help of vibrostamping machines or rod vibrators,
a free passing between the components’ reinforcing bars by such machines or tips of
vibrators, packing the concrete mix, shall be provided.
5.13. Clear distances between separate bars of the longitudinal nonprestressed
reinforcement or prestressed reinforcement, abutment tendon jacking, as well as between the
longitudinal bars of adjacent flat welded cages shall be taken not less than the largest
diameter of bars, as well as:
a) if during concreting bars occupy a horizontal or oblique position – not less than 25
mm for the lower reinforcement, and 30 mm for the upper reinforcement; when placing the
lower reinforcement in more than two rows in height, they shall be arranged strictly one
under another, and the distance between the bars in the horizontal direction (excluding bars
for two lower rows) shall not be less than 50 mm;
b) if during concreting bars occupy a vertical position - not less than 50 mm;
at systematic control over fractionation of the concrete aggregates this distance may
be decreased up to 35 mm, but in this case it must be not less than 1,5 of the largest size of
the coarse aggregate.
In straitened conditions it is permitted to arrange bars of the reinforcement in pairs
(without gaps between them).
In the components with the prestressed reinforcement, concrete tendon jacking
(excluding continuously armoured constructions), the clear distance between the canals
intended for the reinforcement, as a rule, shall not be less than the canal’s diameter and at
any case not less than 50 mm.
Note. A clear distance between the bars of die-rolled section is taken according to the
nominal diameter disregarding protuberances and ribs.
ANCHORAGE OF NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

5.14. Bars of die-rolled section, as well as smooth bars, utilized in welded cages and
fabrics, are implemented without crooks. The tensile smooth bars of tied cages and tied-wire
fabrics shall end with crooks, tabs or kinks.
 5.15. Longitudinal bars of tensile and compression reinforcement shall be established
behind the section normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, wherein they are taken
into account with a complete design resistance, for a length not less than lan being found by
the formula

lan = (WanRs / Rb +Δλan)d , (186)

but not less than lan = λan d,
where values of Wan, Δλan and λan , as well as permissible minimal values of lan are
defined from Table 32. Thereat, smooth reinforcement bars shall end with crooks or have a
welded transverse reinforcement for the length of embedment. To the value of Rb it is
allowed to enter concrete’s working conditions coefficients, excluding γb2 .
For components made of fine-aggregate concrete of Б group the values of lan being
estimated by the formula (186), shall be increased by 10 d for the tensile concrete and by 5d
– for the compression concrete.
In case if bars being anchored are mounted liberal for the sectional area versus one
required by the strength calculation with a complete design resistance, being estimated by
the formula (186), the anchorage length lan is allowed to be decreased through multiplying
by the ratio of reinforcement’s sectional areas demanded according to the calculation and
actual one.
If according to the calculation cracks, caused by the concrete tension, are formed
along the bars being anchored, then the bars shall be embedded into the compression region
of the concrete for the length of lan, being estimated by the formula (186).
If the aforesaid requirements can’t be performed, measures shall be taken to anchor
the longitudinal bars in order to ensure their work with a complete design resistance in the
section under consideration (erection of the confinement reinforcement, welding of
anchoring plates or embedded parts to the bars’ ends, bending of anchoring bars). Thereat,
the value of lan shall not be less than 10d.
The following peculiarities must be taken into account for the embedded parts. The
length of the tensile anchor bars of the embedded parts, having been built into the tensile or
compression concrete, at σbc / Rb > 0,75 or σbc / Rb < 0,25 should be found by the formula
(186), using values of Wan, Δλan and λan given in position 1а in Table 32. In other cases, the
aforesaid values should be taken according to position 16 in Table 32. Here σbc –
compressive stresses in the concrete, operating perpendicularly to the anchor bar and being
estimated as for the elastic material according to the modified section under the effect of
constantly effective loads at the load reliability factor γƒ = 1,0.
Under the effect of tensile strains and shear on the anchor bars of the embedded part
the right part of formula (186) is multiplied by the factor δ being estimated from thr formula
δ = 0,3/(1+ Qan1 /Nan1)+0,7, (187)
where Nan1 , Q an1 – a tensile strain and shear in the anchor bar, respectively.
Thereat, the length of anchor bars shall not be less than the minimal values of lan as
per requirements of this clause.
Anchors made of smooth reinforcement of A-I (А240) class should be used only if
strengthenings are available at their ends in the form of plates, upset heads and transverse
short plates. The length of such anchors is found by the calculation for the concrete indent
and collapse. It is allowed to use anchors with crooks at the ends made of the aforesaid steel
for the structural parts.
5.16. To ensure anchorage of all longitudinal bars of the reinforcement, being
established behind the face of the abutment, the following requirements shall be performed
on the extreme free abutments of flexural components
a) if conditions of clause 3.32 are observed, the length of embedment of the tensile
bars behind the interior face of the free abutment shall not be less than 5 d;
b) if conditions of clause 3.32 are not observed, the length of embedment of bars
behind the interior face of the free abutment shall not be less than 10 d;
The length of the anchorage region lan on the extreme free abutment, whereon design
resistances of the reinforcement decrease (see clause 2.29 and Table 19), is found as per
directions of clause 5.15 and position 16 in Table 32.
If confinement reinforcement is available, the length of the anchorage region is
decreased through division of factor -Wan by the value 1+12 µv, and decrease of the factor
Δλan by the value σb / Rb.
Here µv – the armouring volume factor, being estimated:
with welded fabrics .................... by the formula (49) (see clause 3.22);
with enveloping stirrups.............. by the formula µv, = Asw / 2as ,
where Asw – a sectional area of the enveloping stirrup that is arranged nearby the
component’s faces; in any case the value of µv is taken to be not higher than 0,06.
Concrete compression on the abutment σb is found through division of the support
reaction by the bearing area of the component and is taken to be not higher than 0,5 Rb.
The confinement reinforcement is distributed longwise the anchorage region from the
butt-end of the component to the normal crack the nearest one to the abutment.
The length of bars’ embedment behind the interior face of the abutment decreases
versus the length required by this clause, if the value lan < 10d, and is taken to be equal to
lan, but not less than 5d. In this case, as well as when the bars’ ends are welded to the
effectively anchored steel embedded parts no decrease of the design resistance of the
longitudinal reinforcement on the supporting region is carried out.

LONGITUDINAL ARMOURING OF COMPONENTS

5. 17. The sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement in the reinforced concrete
components shall be taken to be not less than one stated in Table 33.
In components with the longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged evenly in
contour-direction of the section, as well as in the centrally-tensile components the minimal
sectional area of the whole longitudinal reinforcement shall be taken twice as much the
values, shown in Table 33.
The minimal percentage of availability of reinforcement S and S' in eccentrically
compression components with less than 50% utilization of the bearing capacity at the design
eccentricity, is taken to be equal to 0,05 irrespective of the components’ flexibility.
Requirements of Table 33 are not applied to the armouring, being estimated through
calculation of the component for the transportation and erection stages; in this case the
sectional area of the reinforcement is found only by the strength calculation. If the
calculation has found that the component’s bearing capacity is exhausted simultaneously
with the crack formation in the concrete of the tension region, then requirements for under-
reinforced components of clause 1.17 shall be taken into account.
Requirements of this clause are not taken into account when fixing the sectional area
of the reinforcement, being arranged in contour-direction of slabs or panels on the basis of
flexure in the plane of the slab (panel).
5.18. The diameter, mm, of the longitudinal bars of the compression components
shall not exceed the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight and fine-aggregate of class lower than В25 ..........40
light-weight of classes:
В 12.5 and lower......................................………............16
В15-В25................................................................……...25
В30 and higher....................................................…….....40
cellular of classes:
B10 and lower ………..………………………………..16
B12,5-B15……………………………………………....20
In the flexural components, made of light-weight concrete with the reinforcement of
А-IV (А600) class and lower, the diameter, mm, of the longitudinal bars shall not exceed the
following for the following concrete classes:
B12,6 and lower …..…………………………………..16
B15-B25…………..…………………………………..25
B30 and higher .……………………………………….32
For the reinforcement of higher classes, the extremal diameters of bars shall be
agreed in accordance with established procedure.
In the flexural components, made of cellular concrete of В10 class and lower, the
diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 16 mm.
The diameter of the longitudinal bars of eccentrically compression components of
cast-in-situ constructions shall not be less than 12 mm.
5.19. In the linear eccentrically compression components, in direction that is
perpendicular to the plane of flexure the distances between the axes of bars of the
longitudinal reinforcement shall be taken to be not more than 400 mm, and in the direction
of the plane of flexure – not more than 500 mm.
5.20. In the eccentrically compression components with less than 50% utilization of
the bearing capacity at the preset eccentricity of the longitudinal force, as well as in
components having flexibility l0/i< 17 (for example, in dies) where the compression
reinforcement is not required according to the calculation, and the amount of the tensile
reinforcement doesn’t exceed 0,3%, it is allowed not to erect a longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement, required as per directions of clauses 5.19, 5.23 and 5.24, on faces that are
parallel to the plane of flexure. Thereat, the armouring on faces that are perpendicular to the
plane of flexure is carried out by welded cages and fabrics with the concrete cover having
thickness not less than 50 mm and not less than two diameters of the longitudinal
reinforcement.
 5.21. In beams, having width more than 150 mm, the number of the longitudinal
bearing bars, being embedded behind the face of the abutment, shall not be less than two. In
the ribs of precast panels, plankings, ribbed floors, etc., having width 150 mm and less, one
longitudinal bearing bar is allowed to reach the abutment.
In slabs the distances between the bars, being embedded behind the face of the
abutment, shall not exceed 400 mm, thereat the sectional area of these bars per 1 m of the
slab width shall be not less than 1/3 of the sectional area of bars in the span, being found by
calculating for the highest bending moment.
In prestressed hollow-core (with round hollows) slabs, being manufactured of the
heavy-weight concrete and having height 300 mm and less, the distance between the
prestressed reinforcement, being embedded behind the face of the abutment, is allowed to be
increased up to 600 mm, if for sections that are normal to the longitudinal axis of the slab
the value of the crack formation moment Mсrс, being found by the formula (125), is not less
80% of the value of the moment caused by the external load, being taken with the load
reliability factor γƒ = 1,0.
When armouring continuous slabs with welded coiled fabrics, nearby intermediate
supports all lower bars are allowed to be moved to the upper region.
Distances between the axes of the bearing bars in the midpart of the slab span and
over the abutment (overhead) shall not be more than 200 mm at the slab thickness under 150
mm and not more than 1,5h at the slab thickness higher than 150 mm, where h is the slab
thickness.
5.22. At the section height above 700 mm in the flexural components, structural
longitudinal bars shall be arranged nearby the lateral faces, and distances between them in
height shall not be more than 400 mm and sectional area not less than 0,1% of the sectional
area of the concrete, having dimension that is equal in height of the component to the
distance between these bars, in width – to half-width of the component’s rib, but not more
than 200 mm. The minimal diameter – 10 mm. Structural longitudinal bars shall be bound
with studs, being arranged with 400 mm interval.

TRANSVERSE ARMOURING OF COMPONENTS

5.23. For all surfaces of reinforced concrete components close to which a

longitudinal reinforcement is mounted, a transverse reinforcement encompassing the
extreme longitudinal bars shall also be envisaged. Thereat, for each component’s surface
distances between the transverse bars shall not be more than 600 mm and not more than the
doubled width of the component’s face.
In the eccentrically compression components with the centrally-placed prestressed
longitudinal reinforcement (for example, in piles) no erection of the transverse
reinforcement is required if resistance to the effect of the lateral forces is secured by the
concrete alone.
The transverse reinforcement is allowed not to be arranged nearby the faces of thin
ribs of flexural components (150 mm wide and less) along which width only one
longitudinal bar or a welded cage is situated.
 In the eccentrically compression linear components , as well as in the compression
region of flexural components, if the compression longitudinal reinforcement being
considered in the calculation is available, stirrups shall be placed at the following distances:
in structures made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes:
at Rsc ≤ 400 MP – not more than 500 mm and not more than: at tied cages -
15d, welded - 20d;
at Rsc ≥ 450 MP – not more than 400 mm and not more than: at tied cages -
12d, welded - 15d;
in structures made of the cellular concrete at tied cages - not more than 500 mm and
not more than 40d
(where d – the least diameter of compression longitudinal bars, mm).
Thereat, the construction of the transverse reinforcement shall provide the fastening
of compressional bars against their lateral buckling in any direction.
In places of overlapped butt-jointing of the effective reinforcement without welding
distances between stirrups of eccentrically compression components shall not be more
than10 d.
If the saturation of the component with the compression longitudinal reinforcement
S' required under the calculation is more than 1,5%, and if the whole section of the
component is compressed and total saturation with the reinforcement S and S' is higher than
3%, the distance between stirrups shall not be more than 10d and not more than 300 mm.
When controlling the observance of requirements of this clause, the longitudinal
compressional bars, being neglected in the calculation, shall not be taken into account if the
diameter of these bars doesn’t exceed 12 mm and the half-thickness of the concrete cover.
5.24. The construction of tied stirrups in the eccentrically compression components
shall be such that the longitudinal bars (at least next nearest) are arranged in places of
stirrups’ bend, and such bends – at a distance not exceeding 400 mm along the width of the
component’s face. If the face is not more than 400 mm wide and has not more than four
longitudinal bars, the envelopment of all longitudinal bars by one stirrup is allowed.
When armouring the eccentrically compression components by flat welded cages,
two last cages (that are arranged nearby the opposite faces) shall be connected with each
other in order to form a spatial cage. In view of the aforesaid, nearby the component’s faces
that are normal to the cages’ plane transverse bars being welded by contact welding to the
corner longitudinal bars of the cages or studs, connecting these bars, shall be set at the same
distances as the transverse bars of flat cages.
If the last flat cages have intermediate longitudinal bars, they must be tied by studs
with the longitudinal bars, being arranged nearby the opposite face, not less than next
nearest and not less than every 400 mm along the width of the component’s face. It is
allowed not to set studs if such face of the component is not more than 500 mm wide and
has not more than four four longitudinal bars.
5.25. In the eccentrically compression components with the confinement
reinforcement in the form of welded fabrics, taken into account in the calculation, (made of
reinforcement of A-I (А240), A-II (А300) and A-III (А400) classes having diameter not
more than 14 mm and Вр- I class) or in the form of nonprestressed spiral or hoop
reinforcement the following shall be taken:
 - sizes of the fabric’s cells – not les than 45 mm, but not more than 1/4 of the smallest
side of section of the component and more than 100 mm;
- a diameter of spiral winding or a diameter of coils – not less than 200 mm;
- meshwidth – not less than 60 mm, but not more than 1/3 of the smallest side of
section of the component and more than 150 mm;
- step of spiral winding or step of coils - not less than 40 mm, but not more than 1/5
of the diameter of section of the component and more than 100 mm;
Fabrics and spirals (coils) shall envelop the whole effective longitudinal
reinforcement.
When strengthening end sectors of the eccentrically compression components,
welded fabrics of the confinement reinforcement shall be erected nearby the butt-end
amounting to not less than four fabrics on the length (counting from the component’s butt-
end) not less than 20d, if the longitudinal reinforcement is manufactured of smooth bars,
and not less than 10 d – of bars with the die-rolled section.
5.26. The diameter of stirrups in the tied cages of the eccentrically compression
linear components shall be taken to be not less than 0,25d and not less than 5 mm, where d –
the largest diameter of the longitudinal bars.
The diameter of stirrups in the tied cages of flexural components shall be taken to be,
mm, not less than:
at the height of the component’s section, equal to or less than 800 mm.......5
the same, more than 800 mm ….......................................………….............8
The ratio of diameters of transverse and longitudinal bars in the welded cages and
welded fabrics is fixed proceeding from the condition of welding in accordance with the
normative documents.
5.27. In beam-type constructions with height exceeding 150 mm, as well as in
hollow-core slabs (or analogous ribbed constructions) with height exceeding 300 mm, a
transverse reinforcement shall be erected.
In solid slabs, irrespective of their height, in hollow-core slabs (or analogous ribbed
constructions) with height less than 300 mm and in beam-type constructions with height less
than 150 mm, a transverse reinforcement is allowed not to be erected. Thereat, requirements
of the calculation as per directions of clause 3.32 shall be secured.
5.28. The transverse reinforcement in the beam-type and slab constructions, stated in
clause 5.27, is arranged:
within the supporting regions that are equal to 1/4 of the span at the evenly
distributed load, and at the concentrated loads – to the distance from the abutment to the
nearest load, but not less than 1/4 of the span, with a spacing:
at the height of the component’s section h, equal to or less than 450 mm ....not more
than h/2 and not more than 150 mm
the same, above 450 mm ............. not more than h/3 and not more than 500 mm
on the rest part of the span, at the height of the component’s section h above 300 mm,
the transverse reinforcement is erected with an interval not more than 3/4 h and not more
than 500 mm
 5.29. The transverse reinforcement, envisaged for perceiving the lateral forces, shall
have a reliable anchorage on the ends through welding or enveloping of the longitudinal
reinforcement, ensuring the uniform strength of joints and stirrups.
5.30. In the punching shear region the transverse reinforcement in slabs is erected
with an interval not more than 1/3 h and not more than 200 mm, thereat, the width of the
region of setting a transverse reinforcement shall be not less than 1,5 h (where h – a slab
thickness).
The anchorage of the aforementioned reinforcement shall satisfy requirements of
clause 5.28.
5.31. The transverse armouring of short cantilevers of columns is carried out by
stirrups, being horizontal or oblique at an angle of 45°. Stirrup spacing shall not be more
than h /4 and not more than 150 mm (where h – a height of the cantilever).
5.32. In components under flexure with torsion, tied stirrups shall be closed with a
reliable anchorage on the ends, and with welded cages all transverse bars of both directions
shall be welded to the corner longitudinal bars, forming a closed contour. Thereat, the
uniform strength of joints and stirrups shall be provided.

WELDED JOINTS OF THE REINFORCEMENT AND EMBEDDED PARTS

5.33. As a rule, the reinforcement manufactured of hot-rolled steel of smooth and die-
rolled section, thermally strengthened steel of Ат-IIIС (Ат400С) and Ат -IVC (АТ600С)
classes and of ordinary reinforcing wire, as well as embedded parts must be produced using
a contact welding – spot and butt-seam welding, for joining bars between each other and
with flat components of rolled products. The usage of arc welding – automatic and
semiautomatic is allowed, as well as manual welding as per directions of clause 5.37.
Butt joints with draw-strengthened reinforcement of А-IIIв (А-400в) class shall be
welded prior its strengthening.
One should use only types of welded joints of the bar hot-rolled reinforcement of A-
IV (А600) (made of steel of 20ХГ2Ц grade), A-V (А800) and А-VI (А1000) classes,
thermomechanically strengthened reinforcement of Ат-IIIС (Ат400С), Ат-IVC (Ат600С),
Ат-IVK (Ат600К) (made of steel of 10ГС2 and 08Г2С grades), Ат-VI (Ат1000) (made of
steel of 20ГС grade) and Ат-VCK (Ат800СК) classes, fixed by TDS 14098-91.
Welded joints of the bar hot-rolled reinforcement of A-IV (made of steel of 80С
grade) class, thermomechanically strengthened reinforcement of Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVK
(Ат600К) (made of steel of 25С2Р grade), Ат-V (Ат800) (excluding made of steel of 20ГС
grade), Ат-VK (Ат800К), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes, high-tensile reinforcing wire and reinforcing ropes are prohibited.
5.34. Types of welded joints and ways of welding the reinforcement and embedded
parts should be fixed in accordance with TDS 14098-91, taking into account conditions of
operation of the construction, steel weldability, technical and economic indices of joints and
technological opportunities of the manufacturing enterprise.
Cruciform joints, being performed by the resistance spot welding or arc tack
welding, which must ensure the perception by the reinforcement of fabrics and cages of
stresses not lower than its design resistances (joints with the “rated strength”), must be
shown in the working drawings of reinforcing wares.
Welded cruciform joints with nonnormable strength are used to ensure the positional
relationship of bars of reinforcing wares in the process of their transportation, concreting
and manufacturing of the construction.
5.35. In plant conditions, when manufacturing welded reinforcing fabrics, cages and
joints longwise separate bars, one should use mainly the resistance spot and butt-seam
welding, and when manufacturing embedded parts - an automatic hidden arc welding for T-
joints and resistance projection welding for overlapping joints.
5.36. When assembling reinforcing wares and prefabricated reinforced concrete
structures, first of all semiautomatic ways of welding that secure the opportunity of
controlling the joints’ quality shall be used.
5.37. In the absence of necessary welding equipment it is allowed to carry out in the
plant conditions and during assemblage cruciform, abutting, overlapping and T-shaped
joints of the reinforcement and embedded parts, using methods of arc welding, including
manual welding, that are given in TDS 14098-91 and in normative documents for the
welded reinforcement and embedded parts. It is prohibited to use an arc tack welding in
cruciform joints of bars of the effective reinforcement of А-III (А400) class of 35ГС grade.
When using a manual arc welding in the process of making welded joints, having
been estimated for strength, in fabrics and cages, one should erect additional structural
components in the junctions of bars of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
(gaskets, gussets, hooks, etc.).

REBATED JOINTS OF NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (WITHOUT

WELDING)

5.38. Rebated joints of the nonprestressed effective reinforcement are used when
joining welded and tied cages and fabrics, thereat, the diameter of the effective
reinforcement shall not be more than 36 mm.
It is not recommended to place rebated joints of the bars of the effective
reinforcement in the tension region of flexural and eccentrically tension members in the
places of complete utilization of the reinforcement. Such joints are not allowed in the linear
components which section is completely tensile (for example, in tie bars), as well as in all
cases of utilization of the bar reinforcement of A-IV class and higher.
5.39. Joints of the tensile or compressive effective reinforcement, as well as welded
fabrics and cages in the operating direction shall have the joggle (lapping) length l not less
than the value of lan, being estimated by the formula (186) and Table 32.
5.40. As a rule, welding free rebated joints of welded fabrics and cages, as well as
tensile bars of tied cages and fabrics shall be arranged as alternate joints. Thereat, the
sectional area of the bearing bars, being abutted in one junction or at a distance less than the
lapping length l, shall be not more than 50% of total sectional area of the tensile
reinforcement – with bars of die-rolled section and not more than 25% - with smooth bars.
 Butt-jointing of separate bars, welded fabrics and cages without alternate joints is
allowed in case of structural armouring (without calculation), as well as in sectors where not
more than 50% of the reinforcement is used.
5.41. Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the effective reinforcement of
smooth hot-rolled steel of A-I (А240) class shall be made in such a way that in each fabric,
being abutted in the tension region on the length of lapping, not less than two transverse
bars, welded to all longitudinal bars of fabrics, are arranged (Drawing 24). The same types
of joints are used for the rebated joint of welded cages with a single-sided arrangement of
the bearing bars of all types of reinforcement.
Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the effective reinforcement of A-II (А300)
and A-III (А400) classes are made without transverse bars within the joint in one or both
fabrics, being abutted (Drawing 25).
5.42. Joints of welded fabrics in the inoperative direction are made as joggle lap
joints (counting between the last bearing bars of the fabric):
at the diameter of the distribution (transverse) reinforcement
under 4 mm inclusive........................ 50 mm (Drawing, 26, а, б)
the same above 4 mm ...................... 100 mm (Drawing 26, а. б)
At the diameter of the effective reinforcement 16 mm and more the welded fabrics in
the inoperative direction are allowed to be arranged butt-jointed with each other,
overlapping the joint with special junction fabrics, being arranged with a joggle in each side
not less than 15d of the distribution reinforcement and not less than 100 mm (Drawing 26,
в).
In the following cases welded fabrics in the inoperative direction are allowed to be
arranged butt-jointed without overlapping and additional junction fabrics:
- when arranging welded stripe fabrics in two mutually perpendicular directions;
- when additional structural armouring in the direction of the distribution
reinforcement is available in the junctions.

JOINTS OF COMPONENTS OF PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES

5.43. When joining reinforced concrete components of prefabricated structures,

efforts from one component to another are transferred through the effective reinforcement,
being abutted, steel embedded parts, seals filled with concrete, concrete keys or (for
compression components) directly through the concrete surfaces of components, being
abutted.
As a rule, butt-jointing of prestressed components, as well as structures which are
required to be waterproof shall be made with concrete on the self-stressing cement.
5.44. As a rule, rigid joints of prefabricated structures must be built in by filling seals
between the components with the concrete. If in the process of components’ manufacturing
a compact adjustment of surfaces to each other is ensured (for example, when a butt-end of
one of the components, being abutted, is used as a casing for the butt-end of another), a dry
butt-jointing is allowed if solely a compressive force is conveyed through the joint.
5.45. Components joints, perceiving tensile strains, shall be made by:
a) welding of steel embedded parts;
 b) welding of reinforcing laps;
в) passing bars of reinforcing ropes or bolts through the canals or mortises of
components, being abutted, with their subsequent tensioning and filling seals and canals
with the cement mortar or fine-aggregate concrete;
c) gluing of components with structural polymeric mortars, using joint pieces of the
bar reinforcement;
When designing joints of components of prefabricated structures, one must envisage
such joining of the embedded parts at which unbending of their parts and indents of the
concrete would not occur.
5.46. Embedded parts must be anchored in the concrete with the help of anchor bars
or welded to the effective reinforcement of the components.
As a rule, embedded parts with anchors shall include separate plates (angle bars or
steel shapes) with T-joint or lap welding of anchor bars to them that are manufactured
mainly of the reinforcement of A-II (А300), А-III (А400) classes. Under the effect of tensile
forces the length of the anchor bars of the embedded parts shall not be less than the value of
lan, being estimated as per directions of clause 5.15.
The length of the anchor bars may be contracted under the condition of welding of
anchor plates on the ends of bars or arrangement of anchor heads upset by hot working that
have diameters not less than 2d – for the reinforcement of A-I (А240) and A-II (А300)
classes, and not less than 3d - for the reinforcement of A-III (А400) class. In these cases, the
length of the anchor bar is found by calculation for the concrete indent and collapse, and is
taken not less than 10d (where d – a diameter of the anchor, mm).
If anchors under tension are arranged normally to the component’s axis and cracks
may be formed along them under the main forces, affecting the component, the anchors’
ends shall be strengthened by the welded plates or upset heads.
Pressed embedded parts shall consist of stripe anchors, having strengthening (for
example, in the form of spherical lugs), and sectors carrying out functions of plates
(analogously to the welded parts). As a rule, the pressed embedded parts should be designed
of stripe steel 4-8 mm wide in such a way that wastes after the stripe cutting are minimal.
The part should be calculated for strength of the stripe anchors and plates. The strength of
the part anchorage is tested by calculating the concrete for splitting, indenting and collapse.
The thickness of plates of the embedded parts is found as per directions of clause
3.46 and in accordance with the welding requirements. Depending on the welding
technology, the ratio of the plate thickness to the diameter of the anchor bar is taken in
accordance with requirements of TDS 14098-91.
5.47. On the ends of eccentrically compression components, being abutted, (for
example, on the ends of prefabricated columns) a confinement reinforcement shall be
erected as per directions of clause 5.25.

SEPARATE CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

5.48. As a rule, settlement seams shall be envisaged in case of erection of a building

(structure) on heterogeneous bottom soils (slumping soils, etc.), in spots of abrupt alteration
of loads, etc.
 If no settlement seams are envisaged in the aforementioned cases, foundations shall
possess a sufficient strength and hardness to prevent the damage of the overlying
constructions, or have a special construction that serves for the attainment of the aforesaid
goal.
Settlement seams as well as contraction seams in the solid concrete and reinforced
concrete structures should be made open-end, having cut the construction to the base of the
foundation. Contraction seams in the reinforced concrete cages are made by using double
columns and reaching the top of the foundation.
Distances between contraction seams in the concrete foundations and walls of cellars
are allowed to be taken in accordance with distances between seams accepted for the
overlying constructions.
5.49. In concrete constructions the structural armouring must be envisaged:
a) in places of abrupt alteration of dimensions of the component’s section;
b) in places of alteration of the walls’ height (in the sector not less than 1 m);
c) in concrete walls over and under embrasures of each storey;
d) in constructions under the effect of the dynamic load;
e) for the less strained face of eccentrically compression components if the highest
stress in the section, being estimated as for the elastic body, exceeds 0,8 Rb, and the least one
is less than 1 MP or is found to be a tensile stress, thereat, the reinforcement ratio Μ is taken
to be not less than 0,025 %.
Requirements of this clause are not applied to the components of prefabricated
structures, being tested at the transportation and assembling stages, in this case the
necessary armouring is estimated by strength calculation.
If the calculation has found out that the component’s strength is exhausted
simultaneously with the crack formation in the concrete of the tension region, then
requirements for under-reinforced components of clause 1.17 shall be taken into account
(neglecting the operation of the tensile concrete). If in accordance with the calculation that
has taken into account resistances of the concrete tension region no reinforcement is
required and the experience has proved the possibility of transportation and assembling of
such components without reinforcement, then the structural reinforcement is not foreseen.
5.50. Reinforcement’s arrangement in conformity with its design position shall be
secured by special measures (installation of plastic distance pieces, washers of the fine-
aggregate concrete, etc.).
5.51. Apertures of considerable sizes in renforced concrete slabs, panels, etc. shall be
hemmed with additional reinforcement, having section not less than the section of the
effective reinforcement (of the same direction) which is required under the calculation of the
slab as a solid one.
5.52. When designing components of prefabricated overlaps, one should envisage the
arrangement of seams between them to be filled with the concrete. The width of such seams
is fixed proceeding from the condition of ensuring their qualitative filling, and shall not be
less than 20 mm for components with section height under 250 mm and not less than 30 mm
– for components of considerable height.
5.53. In components of prefabricated structures, fixtures for their capture during their
lifting shall be envisaged: reusable screw hairpins, slinging holes with steel tubes, stationary
hairpins made of the reinforcing bars, etc. Lifting lugs must be manufactured of hot-rolled
steel as per requirements of clause 2.24.

ADDITIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR DESIGING THE

PRESTRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS

5.54. As a rule, in prestressed components a reliable reinforcement adhesion with the

concrete should be ensured through the utilization of steel of die-rolled section, and filling
of canals, mortises and depressions with a cement mortar or the fine-aggregate concrete.
5.55. Models and methods of erecting of statically indeterminate prestressed
structures are recommended to be selected in such a way as to exclude the possibility of
appearing additional efforts in the structure that can worsen its operation when prestressing.
The arrangement of temporary seams or hinges, being built in after tendon jacking, is
allowed.
5.56. In the prefabricated cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structures one should
ensure the adhesion of prestressed components with the concrete laid in the place of the
structure using, as well as the anchorage of their end sectors. Besides, the monolithic
behaviour of the components in the transverse direction shall be provided by relevant
measures (either by the arrangement of the transverse reinforcement or prestressing of the
components in the transverse direction).
5.57. A part of the longitudinal bar reinforcement of the component is allowed to be
used without prestress, if at that requirements of calculations for crack growth resistance
and deformations are satisfied.
5.58. Local strengthening of sectors of prestressed components under anchors of the
prestressed reinforcement, as well as in places of supporting of tensioning devices is
recommended to be done by the arrangement of embedded parts or an additional transverse
reinforcement, as well as by increasing the dimensions of the component’s section in these
sectors.
5.59. Nearby the butt-ends of the component one should envisage an additional
prestressed or nonprestressed transverse reinforcement, if the prestressed longitudinal
reinforcement is lumpedly arranged close to the upper and lower faces.
The prestressed transverse reinforcement must strain prior tensioning of the
longitudinal reinforcement by the effort not less than 15% of the effort of tensioning of the
whole longitudinal reinforcement of the tension region of the support section.
The nonprestressed transverse reinforcement must be reliably built in at the ends by
welding to the embedded parts. Section of this reinforcement in constructions, not being
calculated for the endurance, must be able to perceive not less than 20% of the effort in the
longitudinal prestressed reinforcement of the lower region of the support section, being
found by strength calculation, and in constructions, being calculated for the endurance, - not
less than 30%.
5.60. When wire reinforcement is arranged in the form of a cluster, one should
envisage gaps between separate wires or groups of wires (by installation of spirals inside a
cluster, short plates in anchors, etc.) having dimensions sufficient for passing a cement
mortar or the fine-aggregate concrete between the wires of the cluster when filling canals.
 5.61. As a rule, the prestressed reinforcement (bar reinforcement or ropes) in the
hollow and ribbed components shall be arranged along the axis of each rib of the
component. The exception to this rule is specified in clause 5.21.
5.62. Nearby the ends of prestressed components an additional transverse or
confinement reinforcement (welded fabrics encompassing all longitudinal bars of the
reinforcement, stirrups, etc. with spacing 5-10 cm) must be arranged on the length of the
sector not less than 0,6 lp, and in components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5 – В
12,5 classes – with spacing 5 cm on the length of the sector not less than lp (see clause 2.30)
and not less than 20 cm for the components with the anchorless reinforcement, and if anchor
devices are available – on the sector that equals to two lengths of these devices. Installation
of anchors nearby the ends of the reinforcement is obligatory for the concrete-tension
reinforcement and for the post-tension reinforcement, if its adhesion with the concrete is
insufficient (smooth wire, multistrand ropes), thereat anchor devices must ensure a reliable
embedment of the reinforcement in the concrete at all stages of its operation.
If high-tensile reinforcing wires of the die-rolled section, reinforcing ropes of single
lay, hot-rolled and thermally strengthened bar reinforcement of the die-rolled section with
post tension are used as the prestressed effective reinforcement, as a rule, the installation of
anchors nearby the ends of the prestressed bars is not required.

6. DIRECTIONS FOR CALCULATION AND DESIGNING OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES WHEN RECONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES

GENERAL PROVISIONS

6.1. This chapter specifies requirements to the designing of the formerly exploited
concrete and reinforced concrete structures that have been remained (without or with
strengthening) in the composition of buildings and structures after their reconstruction or
overhaul.
The chapter lays down rules of the calculation of the existing constructions (a
verifying calculation), as well as the calculation and designing of the structures, being
strengthened.
6.2. The verifying calculations of the existing constructions should be carried out in
case of alteration of loads they are affected, the planning-volumetric solutions and
conditions of operation, as well as when flaws and damages in constructions have been
revealed, in order to determine whether the bearing capacity and fitness to the normal
exploitation of the constructions in the changed conditions of their operation are provided.
6.3. Constructions that haven’t met requirements of the verifying calculation are to
be strengthened.
When designing the constructions, being strengthened, one should proceed from the
necessity of implementing works without or with a short-term suspension of production.
6.4. The verifying calculations of the existing constructions, as well as the calculation
and designing of the structures, being strengthened, should be carried out on the basis of the
design materials, data for the manufacture and erection of these constructions and their full-
scale studies.
6.5. If flaws and damages, decreasing the constructions’ bearing capacity are not
available in them, as well as in the absence of inadmissible deflections of constructions and
crack opening therein, the verifying calculations are allowed to be made proceeding from
the design data concerning geometrical dimensions of the constructions’ sections, concrete
strength class (grade), the reinforcing steel class, armouring and design model of the
construction.
6.6. In cases when requirements of the calculations according to the design materials
are not satisfied or in case of the absence of the design materials, as well as if flaws and
damages, decreasing the constructions’ bearing capacity, and inadmissible deflections of
constructions or crack opening therein are available, the verifying calculations should be
made taking into account data of full-scale studies of such constructions.
6.7. The following must be determined on the basis of full-scale studies: geometrical
dimensions of the section, armouring of the construction, concrete strength and
reinforcement type, deflections of the construction and the width of the crack opening, flaws
and damages, loads, a static model of the construction.
6.8. Constructions’ strengthening should be envisaged only in cases if the existing
constructions fail to satisfy the verifying calculations for the bearing capacity or
requirements of the normal exploitation. The existing constructions should not be
strengthened if:
– their actual deflections exceed the maximum permissible ones in accordance with
clause 1.18, but don’t hinder the normal exploitation of the construction and change their
design model;
– there are deviations from the requirements of chapter 5, but the construction has
been exploited for a long time, and its examination has revealed no damages, being caused
by such deviations.
6.9. The calculation and designing of the structures, being strengthened, should be
carried out taking into account data of full-scale studies, stated in clause 6.7.

VERIFYING CALCULATIONS

6.10. Verifying calculations of the concrete and reinforced concrete structures should
be carried out in accordance with the requirements of chapters 1-4 and this subsection.
6.11. The calculation for the marginal states of the second group is not made if
displacements and the width of the crack opening in the existing constructions are less than
the maximum permissible ones, and efforts in the components’ sections under new loads
don’t exceed the values of efforts caused by actual loads.
6.12. During calculations one must verify constructions’ sections having flaws and
damages, as well as sections in which full-scale studies have revealed concrete regions with
the strength lower than the average one by 20% and more. The reckoning of flaws and
damages is carried out by the decrease of the sectional area of the concrete or reinforcement,
being entered into the calculation. One should also take into account the impact of the flaw
or damage on the strength and deformation characteristics of the concrete, on the
eccentricity of the longitudinal force, on the reinforcement’ s adhesion with the concrete,
etc. pursuant to the documents, having been approved in accordance with established
procedure.
6.13.- Design performances of the concrete are determined as per chapter 2
depending on the conditional concrete compression strength class of the existing
constructions.
6.14. When making verifying calculations according to the design materials, in case
if in the project of the existing construction the rated performance of the concrete is its
grade, the value of the conditional concrete compression strength class should be taken to be
equal to:
– 80 % concrete cube strength, corresponding to the strength grade for the heavy-
weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes:
– 70 % - for the cellular concrete.
For the intermediate values of the conditional concrete compression strength class
that differ from the values of the parameters series (see clause 2.3), the design concrete
strengths are found by the linear interpolation.
6.15. When carrying out verifying calculations according to the results of the full-
scale studies, the value of the conditional concrete compression strength class is found in
accordance with clause 6.14, taking in lieu of the concrete grade the actual concrete strength
in the group of constructions, in the construction or its separate region, having been
obtained as a result of nondestructive method tests or tests of concrete samples of the
constructions.
6.16. Depending on the concrete state, type of the construction and conditions of
their operation, as well as the applied methods of the concrete strength determination, after a
special well-grounded substantiation other methods of the concrete class determination may
be applied. When applying statistical methods the concrete strength variation coefficient is
estimated according to TDS 18105-86.
6.17. Design performances of the reinforcement are determined, depending on the
reinforcing steel class of the existing reinforced concrete structures as per chapter 2, taking
into account requirements of clauses 6.18 and 6.19.
6.18. When making verifying calculations according to the design data of the existing
constructions, having been projected pursuant to the formerly functioning normative
documents, the standard resistances Rsn are determined as per chapter 2. Thereat, the
standard resistance of the reinforcing wire of B-I class is taken to be equal to 390 MP.
Design tensile strengths of the reinforcement Rs сshould be found by the formula
Rs = Rsn /γs ,
where γs – reinforcement reliability factor, taken to be equal to the following for the
calculation according to the marginal states of the first group:
for the bar reinforcement of the following classes:
A-I (А240), A-II (А300) and A-III (А400)....…................1,15
 A-IV (А600), A-V (А800) and A-VI (А1000)..............….1,25
for the wire reinforcement of the following classes:
B-I, В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19.........................………...….1,25
Bp-I......................................................................…………1,15
When calculating for the marginal states of the second group, the reinforcement
reliability factor γs is taken to be 1,0.
Design tensile strengths of the transverse reinforcement (stirrups and bend-up bars)
Rsw are found through multiplying the obtained design strengths of the reinforcement Rs by
the relevant working conditions coefficients γsi, given in chapter 2.
Design compression strengths of the reinforcement Rsc (excluding the reinforcement
of А-IIIв (А400в) class) should be taken to be equal to the design tensile strengths of the
reinforcement Rs, but not higher than values stated in chapter 2. For the reinforcement of А-
IIIв (А400в) class the design compression strengths of the reinforcement Rsc should be taken
in accordance with requirements of chapter 2.
In addition, additional working conditions coefficients of the reinforcement should be
entered into the calculation as per clause 2.29.
Values of design strengths of the reinforcement are taken with the rounding to three
significant digits.
6.19. When making verifying calculations according to the test data of the
reinforcement samples, taken from the constructions examined, standard resistances of the
reinforcement are taken to be equal to the average values of the yield point (or the
conventional yield point), having been obtained in the process of the reinforcement samples
testing and divided by the following factors:
1,1 – for the reinforcement of A-I (А240), A-II (А300), A-III (А400), А-IIIв
(А400в), A-IV (А600) classes;
1,2 - for the reinforcement of other classes.
Design strengths of the reinforcement should be taken in accordance with
requirements of clause 6.18.
6.20. Depending on the number of samplings for testing and the state of the
reinforcement, after a special well-grounded substantiation other methods of determination
of the design strengths of the reinforcement may be applied.
6.21. In the absence of design data and impossibility of sampling, design tensile
strengths of the reinforcement Rs are allowed to be fixed depending on the reinforcement
section:
– for smooth reinforcement Rs = 155 MP;
for the reinforcement of die-rolled section, having lugs:
– with identical overhang on both sides of section (“screw”) Rs = 245 MP;
– right overhang on one side, and left overhang (“herring-bone”) on the other Rs =
295 MP.

Thereat, the value of design strengths of the compressive reinforcement is taken to be

equal to Rs, and design strengths of the transverse reinforcement Rsw – to 0,8 Rs.

CALCULATION AND DESIGNING OF STRUCTURES BEING STRENGTHENED

 6.22. Requirements of this subsection are applied to the designing and calculation of
reinforced concrete structures, being strengthened by the rolled iron, concrete and reinforced
concrete.
The reinforced concrete structures, being strengthened, should be projected in
accordance with the requirements of chapters 1-5, Building Code II-23-81* (when
strengthening by the rolled iron) and this subsection.
6.23. When designing the reinforced concrete structures, being strengthened, one
should ensure the involvement of the strengthening elements into the operation and their
combined action with the construction, being strengthened.
6.24. The calculation of constructions, being strengthened, should be carried out for
two stages of operation:
a) prior the involvement of strengthening elements into the operation – for loads,
including the load caused by the strengthening elements (only for the marginal states of the
first group);
b) after the involvement of strengthening elements into the operation – for full
working loads (for the marginal states of the first and second groups). No calculations for
the marginal states of the second group may be carried out, if working loads don’t grow, the
rigidity and crack growth resistance of constructions satisfy the operation requirements, and
strengthening is the consequence of the availability of flaws and damages.
6.25. For the badly damaged constructions (when disintegration of the concrete
section is 50% and more or when damages of the sectional area of the effective
reinforcement are 50% and more) the strengthening elements should be calculated for the
full working load, thereat, the construction, being strengthened, is neglected in the
calculation.
6.26. The cross-sectional area of the reinforcement of the construction, being
strengthened, should be determined with an allowance for actual decrease as a result of
corrosion. The reinforcement, made of high-tensile wire, is neglected in the calculations if
pitting or latent corrosion is available, as well as if the corrosion has been caused by
chlorides.
6.27. Standard and design resistances of steel strengthening elements should be fixed
in accordance with directions of Building Code 11-23-81*.
Standard and design resistances of the concrete and reinforcement of the reinforced
concrete structures, being strengthened, and strengthening elements should be fixed in
accordance with directions of chapter 2 and clauses 6.13.-6.21.
6.28. When designing constructions, being strengthened, as a rule, one should
envisage that in the process of strengthening the load doesn’t exceed 65% of the design
value. If its complicated or impossible to attain the required extent of relief, the
strengthening is allowed to be carried out under high load. In this case, design performances
of the concrete and reinforcement of strengthening are multiplied by the working conditions
coefficients of the concrete γbr1= 0,9; reinforcement γsr1= 0,9.
In any case, the extent of constructions’ relief should be selected proceeding from
the condition of ensuring a safe works conducting.
 6.29. In cases if in the process of strengthening the construction turns into a statically
indeterminate structure, the factors, given in clause 1.13, should be taken into account.
6.30. The value of prestress σsp and σ'sp in the prestressed reinforcement S and S' of
strengthening should be fixed in accordance with clauses 1.21 and 1.22.
Thereat, the maximum value of prestress of the reinforcement should not exceed: for
the bar reinforcement 0,9 Rs,ser,; for the wire reinforcement -0,7 Rs,ser .
The minimum value of prestress of the reinforcement should be taken not less than
0,4 Rs,ser.
6.31. When calculating components, having been strengthened by the prestressed
bars, the losses of prestress should be estimated in accordance with clauses 1.23 and 1.24.
When estimating losses caused but deformations of anchors, being arranged nearby
the tensioning devices, one should take into account the reduction of the thrust devices,
which is taken to be equal to 4 mm in the absence of test data.
6.32. The tension accuracy factor should be found in accordance with clause 1.25
by introducing additional factors γsr that depend on the structural peculiarities of
strengthening:
γsr = 0,85 – for horizontal and trussed tie members;
γsr = 0,75 – for stirrups and oblique tensions bars.
6.33. Flexural and eccentrically compression components, being strengthened by the
concrete or reinforced concrete, are calculated as components of solid section provided that
structural and design requirements for ensuring of joint action of the old and new concretes
are observed. Thereat, nonrepairable damages and flaws of components, being strengthened
(corrosion or rupture of the reinforcement, corrosion, disintegration and damage of the
concrete, etc.) that decrease their bearing capacity, should be taken into account in the
calculation to such extent as in the verifying calculations of the construction prior its
strengthening.
6.34. If in constructions, being strengthened by concrete or reinforced concrete, the
concrete and reinforcement of different classes are available, the concrete and reinforcement
of each class, locating in the section, are entered into the strength calculation with their own
design resistance.
6.35. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components, being strengthened by
concrete, reinforcement and reinforced concrete, should be carried out for strength for
sections that are normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, oblique and spatial
(under the effect of the torsinal moment), as well as for the local effect of the load
(compression, punching shear, abruption) in accordance with requirements of chapter 3 and
taking into account the availability of the concrete and reinforcement of different classes in
the component, being strengthened.
6.36. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components, being strengthened by
concrete, reinforcement and reinforced concrete, should be carried out for crack formation,
opening and closure, and for deformations in accordance with requirements of chapter 4 and
additional requirements, associated with the availability of deformations and stresses in the
reinforced concrete component prior the involvement of strengthening into the operation, as
well as with the availability of the concrete and reinforcement of different classes in the
component strengthened.
 6.37. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components, being strengthened by
the prestressed reinforcement, having no adhesion with the concrete, should carried out for
the marginal states of the first and second groups in accordance with requirements of
chapters 4 and 5, and additional requirements, associated with the lack of adhesion between
the reinforcement and concrete.
6.38. Minimal dimensions of the elements of strengthening of sections by the
concrete and reinforced concrete should be taken from the working efforts calculation,
taking into account technological requirements, and not less than dimensions, required for
the implementation of requirements of chapter 5 as concerns the arrangement of the
reinforcement and thickness of the concrete layer.
6.39. As a rule, the compression strength class of the strengthening concrete should
be taken to be equal to the concrete class of constructions, being strengthened, and not less
than В15 for the surface constructions and В12,5 – for foundations.
6.40. In cases when strengthening is envisaged to be carried out after the relief of the
construction, being strengthened, the loading should be performed after the strengthening
concrete has reached the design strength.
6.41. When strengthening with the cast-in-situ concrete and reinforced concrete, one
should envisage the implementation of measures (cleaning, notching, installation of dowels
on the surface of the construction, being strengthened, etc.), ensuring the strength of the
contact region and joint action of strengthening with the construction, being strengthened.
6.42. When carrying out the local strengthening only on the length of the damaged
sector, as a rule, strengthening should be also spread on the intact parts for the length not
less than 500 mm and not less than:
– fivefold thickness of the strengthening concrete;
– length of anchorage of the strengthening longitudinal reinforcement;
– double width of the largest face of the component, being strengthened (for bar
constructions).
6.43. Strengthening of components with the nonprestressed reinforcement under load
is allowed to be carried out by welding of the additional reinforcement to the existing one, if
under the load that is effective during strengthening in this section, the durability of the
component, being strengthened, is provided disregarding the operation of the additional
reinforcement.
Welded but-joints should be arranged as alternate joints with intervals between them
along the bars not less than 20d.
Table1
Category of requirements to the crack growth
resistance of reinforced concrete structures and
Operating conditions of constructions maximum permissible width αсrc1 and αсrc2 of
crack opening, mm, ensuring the restriction of
permeability of constructions
1. Components, perceiving the pressure of liquids and
gases at section:
completely tensile 1st category1
partially compressive 3rd category;
αсrc1 = 0,3;
 αсrc2 = 0,2
2. Components, perceiving the pressure of granular 3rd category
materials αсrc1 = 0,3;
αсrc2 = 0,2
_________________
1
Constructions should be mainly manufactured with prestress. If a special well-grounded substantiation is
available, these constructions are permitted to be manufactured without prestress, in this case requirements
of the 3rd category are made to their crack growth resistance.

Table 2
Category of requirements to the crack growth resistance of reinforced
concrete structures and maximum permissible width αсrc1 andrc2, mm, f crack
opening ensuring the safety of the reinforcement
Operating conditions of bar of classes bar of classes wire of classes
constructions A-I (А240), A-II A-V (А800) and A-VI B-II, Bp-II and К-7
(А300), A-III (А400) (А1000); wire of classes at wire diameter 3 mm
and A IV (А600); B-II, Bp-II, К-7 and К- and less,
wire of classes 19 at wire diameter 3,5 bar of class
B-I and Bp-I mm and more Aт-VII
1. In the enclosed space 3rd category: 3rd category: 3rd category:
αсrc1 = 0,4; αсrc1 = 0,3; αсrc1 = 0,2;
αсrc2 = 0,3 αсrc2 = 0,2 αсrc2 = 0,1
2. Out of doors, as well as 3rd category: 3rd category: 2nd category:
in the soil above or below αсrc1 = 0,4; αсrc1 = 0,2; αсrc1 = 0,2
the level of the αсrc2 = 0,3 αсrc2 = 0,1
underground waters
3. In the soil with the 3rd category: 2nd category: 2nd category:
variable level of the αсrc1 = 0,3; αсrc1 = 0,2; αсrc1 = 0,1
underground waters αсrc2 = 0,2

Notes: 1. Denomination of the reinforcement classes see in clause 2.25.

2. In ropes the wire of the outer layer is implied.
3. For constructions with the bar reinforcement A-V (А800), being exploited in the enclosed space or out of
doors, if experience of designing and exploitation of such constructions is available, the values of αсrc1 and
αсrc2 are allowed to be increased by 0,1 mm with respect to those given in this Table.

Table 3
Category of Loads and load reliability factors γƒ, taken in the calculation
requirements to for crack opening for crack
the crack growth closure
resistance of for crack formation nondurable durable
reinforced
concrete
structures
1. Constant, long-term and – – –
short-term at
γƒ > 1,0*
2. Constant, long-term and Constant, long-term Constant
short-term at and short-term at – and long-
γƒ > 1,0* (the calculation γƒ =1,0 term at
is carried out to ascertain γƒ =1,0
the necessity of
 verification for
nondurable crack
opening and for crack
closure)

Continuation of Table 3
3. Constant, long-term and The same Constant and long- –
short-term at term at
γƒ = 1,0 (the calculation
is carried out to ascertain γƒ =1,0
the necessity of
verification for crack
opening)
_____________
* As a rule, factor γƒ is taken when making strength calculation.
Notes: 1. Long-term and short-term loads are taken, considering directions of clause 1.10.
2. Special loads are taken into account when making crack formation calculations in cases when the
availability of cracks causes the disastrous situation (explosion, fire, etc.).

Factors, causing losses of
prestress of the reinforcement
1. Relaxation of reinforcement
tension at mechanical method of
tendon jacking:
а) of wire reinforcement
b) of bar reinforcement
at electrical and electro-
mechanical methods of tendon
jacking:
c) of wire reinforcement
d) of bar reinforcement
2. Temperature difference
(difference between temperatures
of the strained reinforcement
within the heating area and the
device, perceiving the tensile
force at concrete heating)
Table 4
Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
on posts on concrete
А. First losses
[0,22 (σsp/Rs,ser) 0,1] σsp –
0,1σsp –20 –
0,05 σsp –
0,03 σsp –
Here σsp is taken, neglecting losses.
If the calculated values of losses are
found to be negative, they should be
taken to be equal to zero.
For concretes of classes В15-В40 –
1,25Δt –
For concrete of В45 class and higher
1,0 Δt,
where Δt–difference between the
heated reinforcement and fixed
abutments (outside the heating area),
perceiving the tensile force, ºС. In the
absence of precise data it is taken that
Δt=65 ºС.
When tightening the prestressed
reinforcement in the process of
thermal treatment to the value,

3.Deformation of anchors, being
arranged nearby the tensioning
devices.
Factors, causing losses of
prestress of the reinforcement
4. Reinforcement friction:
а) on canal walls or concrete
surface of constructions
b) on enveloping facilities
compensating losses, caused by the
temperature difference, the latter are
taken to be equal to zero..
(Δl / l) Еs
Δl – reduction of the molded washers,
collapse of the upset heads, etc.,
taken to be equal to 2 mm;
displacement of bars in reusable
clamps, being found by the
formula
Δl = 1,25 + 0,15d;
d–diameter of the bar, mm;
l – length of a bar, being strained
(distance between the outer faces
of abutments of the form or a test
bench), mm. At electro-thermal
method of tendon jacking, losses
caused by deformations of anchors are
neglected in the calculation, as theyr
are taken into account when finding
the value of the full elongation of the
reinforcement
Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
on posts
– σsp [ 1-1 / ( еωx + δθ )],
σsp(1 – 1/eδθ)
where e– base of natural logarithms;
δ – factor, taken to be equal to 0,25;
θ – cumulative rotation angle of the
reinforcement axis, rad.
σsp – is taken, neglecting losses
[(Δl1 + Δl2)/ l] Еs ,
Δl1 – reduction of washers or
gaskets, located between
the anchors and concrete of
the component, taken to be
equal to 1 mm;
Δl2 – deformations of
anchors of the glass-type,
shoes with stoppers,
anchor nuts and captures,
taken to be equal to 1 mm;
l – length of a bar
(component), being strained,
mm.
Continuation of Table 4
on concrete
where e– base of natural
logarithms;
ω, δ – factors, found from
Table 5;
χ – length of a sector from
the tensioning device to the
design section, mm;
θ – cumulative rotation
angle of the reinforcement
axis, rad;
σsp – is taken, neglecting
losses
5. Deformation of a steel form
when manufacturing prestressed
reinforced concrete structures
Factors, causing losses of
prestress of the reinforcement
6. Fast-accumulating creep for
the concrete:
а) of natural hardening
b) after thermal treatment
η(Δl / l) Еs –
where η – factor, found from the
following formulas:
in case of tendon jacking with a
thruster
η = (n – 1)/2n;
in case of tendon jacking with a
winding machine using the
electrothermomechanical method
(50% is created by the load)
η = (n – 1)/4n;
n – number of groups of bars,
being strained non-simultaneously;
Δl – appoachment of abutments in
the line of the force Р action, being
found from the calculation of the
form deformation;
l – distance between the outer
faces of abutments.
In the absence of data concerning the
technology of the form manufacture
and construction, losses caused by its
deformation are taken to be equal to
30MP.
At electrical method of tendon jacking,
losses caused by the form deformation
are neglected in the calculation as they
have been taken into account when
finding the full elongation of the
reinforcement.
Continuation of Table 4
Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
on posts on concrete
40 (σbp / Rbp) at σbp / Rbp ≤ α;
40α + 85β [(σbp / Rbp)-α] at σbp / Rbp >α
where α and β – factors, taken to be:
α = 0,25 + 0,025 Rbp,, but not higher
than 0,8;
β = 5,25 – 0,185 Rbp, but not higher
than 2,5 and less than 1,1;
σbp are found at the level of centres
of gravity of the longitudinal
reinforcement
S and S' with an allowance for losses
according to positions 1-5 of this
Table.
 For the light-weight concrete at the
transfer strength of 11 MP and lower,
the multiplier 60 is taken instead of the
multiplier 40.
Losses are calculated by the formulas
of position 6а of this Table with
multiplying of the obtained result by
the factor that is equal to 0,85.
B. Second losses
7. Relaxation of tendon jacking:
а) of wire reinforcement
b) of bar reinforcement – [0,22(σsp / Rs,ser) – 0,1] σsp
– 0,1 σsp–20
(see explanation to position 1
of this Table)
8. Concrete shrinkage (see clause Concrete of Concrete after Irrespective of conditions of
1.24): natural thermal treatment at the concrete hardening
hardening atmospheric pressure

heavy-weight of classes 40 35 30
а) В35 and lower 50 40 35
b) В40 60 50 40
c) В45 and higher Losses are found from positions 8а,b
fine-aggregate of groups of this Table with multiplying by 40
d) А factor that is equal to 1,3
Losses are found from position 8а of
this Table with multiplying by factor 50
e)Б that is equal to 1,5
Losses are found from positions 8а – c
of this Table as for the heavy-weight 40
f) В concrete of natural hardening

50 45 40
light-weight with pebble gravel: 70 60 50
g) dense
h) porous

Factors,causing losses of
prestress of the reinforcement
9. Creep of concrete (see clause
1.24):
а) heavy-weight and light-
weight with pebble gravel
Continuation of Table 4
Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
on posts on concrete
150α σbp / Rbp) at σbp / Rbp ≤ 0,75;
300α (σbp / Rbp –0,375) at σbp / Rbp > 0,75,
where σbp– the same as for position 6, but with an allowance for
losses under positions 1-6 of this Table
α– factor, taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
of natural hardening –1,00;
after thermal treatment at atmospheric pressure –0,85

b) fine-aggregate of groups Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
: multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,3.
А Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,5.
Б Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table at
α=0,85
В Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
в) light-weight with porous multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,2.
pebble gravel
10. Concrete collapse under the – 70-0,22dext
coils of spiral or hoop where dext – external diameter
reinforcement (at the diameter of the construction, cm
of the construction up to 3 m).
11. Deformation of reduction of – (nΔl / l)Еs,
butts between blocks (for where n – number of seams of
constructions consisting of the construction and
blocks) accessories lengthwise the
reinforcement, being strained;
Δl – reduction of butts,
taken to be equal for butts,
filled by the concrete –
0,3 mm;
at dry butt-jointing –0,5 mm;
l – length of the
reinforcement, being
strained, mm
Note: Losses of prestress in the reinforcement, being strained, Ѕ' are found in the same manner as in the
reinforcement S.

Table 5
Factors for finding losses, caused by the reinforcement
friction
Canal or surface (see position 4 in Table 4)
δ with reinforcement in the form of
ω
clusters, bars of die-rolled section
ropes
1. Canal:
with metal surface; 0,0030 0,35 0,40

with concrete surface, being formed by rigid 0 0,55 0,65

canal-former 0,0015 0,55 0,65
 the same, by flexible canal-former 0 0,55 0,65
2. Concrete surface

Table 6
Compressive stress in concrete at the
Tendon jacking
prereduction stage in shares of the concrete
method
Stressed state of section transfer strength σbp /Rbp not higher at
reduction
central eccentric
1. Stresses decrease or change under On posts 0,85 0,95*
the effect of external loads On concrete 0,70 0,85
2. . Stresses increase under the effect On posts 0,65 0,70
of external loads On concrete 0,60 0,65

* For components, being manufactured with constant transfer of reduction force, if steel supporting details
and confinement reinforcement with the volume factor μυ ≥0,5% (see clause 5.16) are available on the length
not less than the length of the region of stress transfer lp (see clause 2.30) it is allowed to take the value σbp
/Rbp=100.
Note: For light-weight concrete of В7,5-В12,5 class he values of σbp /Rbp should be taken not higher than
0,30.

Table 7
Type and class of the reinforcement, being strained Concrete class, not lower than
1. Wire reinforcement of the following classes:
В–II (if anchors are available) В20
В–II (without anchors) having diameter, mm:
Up to 5 inclusive В20
6 and higher В30
К-7 and К-19 В30
2. Bar reinforcement without anchors) having
diameter, mm:
10 to 18 inclusive, of the following classes: В15
А-IV (А600) В20
А-V (А800) В30
А-VI (А1000) and AT-VII
20 and higher, of the following classes: В20
А-IV (А600) В25
А-V (А800) В30
А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
Note. Classes of the reinforcement are given in clause 2.25.

Table 8
Concrete freeze-thaw durability grade for
constructions (excluding exterior walls of heated
Conditions of the construction operation buildings) of buildings and structures of the class
of responsibility, not lower than
Design winter
outdoor
 Mode characteristic temperature, ºС I II III
1.alternate freezing and thaw:
а) in conditions of episodic water
saturation (for example, Below minus 5 to F75 F50 F35*
overground constructions under minus
constant weather impacts) 30 inclusive F50 F35* F25*
b) in conditions of air-humid state Minus 5 and
in the absence of episodic water above
saturation (for example,
constructions under constant
impact of the ambient air, but
protected against the influence of
atmospheric precipitation)

Continuation of Table 8
Concrete freeze-thaw durability grade for
constructions (excluding exterior walls of heated
Conditions of the construction operation buildings) of buildings and structures of the class
of responsibility, not lower than
Design winter
outdoor
Mode characteristic temperature, ºС I II III
Below minus 5 to F50 F35* F25*
minus
21 inclusive F35* F25* F15**
Minus 5 and
above

2. Possible episodic impact of

temperature below ºС: Below minus 5 to
а) in water-saturated state (for minus F50 F35* F25*
example, constructions lying in the 21 inclusive
ground or under water) Minus 5 and F35* F25* Not rated
b) in conditions of air-humid above
state (for example, internal Below minus 5 to
constructions of heated buildings minus F35* F25* F15**
during the period of building or 21 inclusive
assembling) Minus 5 and F25* F15** Not rated
above
______________
* Freeze-thaw durability grades are not rated for heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes.
** Freeze-thaw durability grades are not rated for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes.
***Concrete water impermeability grade is rated at the design temperature of the ambient air below minus
21°С.
Note. Concrete freeze-thaw durability and water impermeability grades for constructions of water supply and
sewerage structures, as well as for piles, shelled concrete piles and ties should be fixed as per requirements
of relevant normative documents.
 Table 9
Conditions of the construction Minimal concrete freeze-thaw durability grade for exterior walls of
operation heated buildings made of the concrete
relative inner Design winter light-weight, cellular heavy-weight, fine-aggregate
air humidity outdoor for buildings of the class of responsibility
of premises temperature,ºС
φint I II III I II III
φin t> 75 Below minus 5 to F50 F35 F25 F75 F50 Not rated
minus
21 inclusive F35 F25 F15* F50 Not rated The same
Minus 5 and
above
60<φint ≤ 75 Below minus 5 to F35 F25 F15* Not rated The same
minus
21 inclusive F25 F15* Not rated The same
Minus 5 and
above
φint ≤ 60 Below minus 5 to F25 F15* Not rated The same
minus
21 inclusive F15* Not rated The same
Minus 5 and
above
_________________
* Freeze-thaw durability grades are not rated for light-weight concretes
Note: If vapour sealing and waterproofing of constructions made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-
weight concretes are available, their freeze-thaw durability grades, stated in this Table, are decreased by one
degree.
 Standard concrete resistances Rbn , Rbtn and design resistances of concrete for marginal states of the second group Rb,ser and
Resistance Concrete Rbt,ser under compression strength concrete class, MP
type В1 В1,5 В2 В2,5 В3,5 В5 В7,5 В10 В12,5 В15 В20 В25 В30 В35 В40 В45 В50 В55 В60
Axial Heavy-weight – – – – 2,7 3,5 5,5 7,5 9,5 11,0 15,0 18,5 22,0 25,5 29,0 32,0 36,0 39,5 43,0
compression and fine-
(prism aggregate
strength) Light-weight – – – 1,9 2,7 3,5 5,5 7,5 9,5 11,0, 15,0 18,5 22,0 25,5 29,0 – – – –
Rbn and Rbtn Cellular 0,95 1,4 1,9 2,4 3,3 4,6 6,9 9,0 10,5 11,5 – – – – – – – – –
Axial tension Heavy-weight – – – – 0,39 0,55 0,70 0,85 1,00 1,15 1,40 1,60 1,80 1,95 2,10 2,20 2,30 2,40 2,50
Rbtn and, Rbt,ser Fine-aggregate
– – – – 0,39 0,55 0,70 0,85 1,00 1,15 1,40 1,60 1,80 1,95 2,10 – – – –
of groups: А
Б – – – – 0,26 0,40 0,60 0,70 0,85 0,95 1,15 1,35 1,50 – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – – 1,15 1,40 1,60 1,80 1,95 2,10 2,20 2,30 2,40 2,50
В
Light-weight
with pebble
gravel: – – – 0,29 0.39 0,55 0,70 0,85 1,00 1,15 1,40 1,60 1,80 1,95 2,10 – – – –
dense
porous – – – 0,29 0,39 0,55 0,70 0,85 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,35 1,50 1,65 1,80 – – – –
Cellular 0,14 0.22 0,26 0,31 0,41 0,55 0,63 0,89 1,00 1,05 – – – – – – – – –
Table 10

Notes: 1. Resistance values are given for the cellular concrete having average moisture of 10%.
2. For claydite-perlite-concrete on the bellied perlite sand Rbt and Rbt,ser values are taken as for the light-weight concrete on the porous

СНТ 2.03.02-2004 стр. 191

sand multiplied by 0,85 coefficient.
3. A group of fine-aggregate concretes is given in clause 2.3.
 стр. 192 СНТ 2.03.02-2004
Design resistances of concrete for marginal states of the first group Rb, и Rbtr under compression strength concrete class,
Resistance Concrete MP
type В1 В1,5 В2 В2,5 В3,5 В5 В7,5 В10 В12,5 В15 В20 В25 В30 В35 В40 В45 В50 В55 В60
Axial Heavy-weight 2,1 2,8 4,5 6,0 7.5 8,5 11,5 14,5 17,0 19,5 22,0 25,0 27,5 30,0 33,0
compression and fine-
(prism aggregate
strength) Light-weight 1,5 2,1 2,8 4,5 6,0 7,5 8,5 11,5 14,5 17,0 19,5 22,0
Rb Cellular 0,63 0,95 1,3 1,6 2,2 3,1 4,6 6,0 7,0 7,7
Axial tension Heavy-weight 0,26 0,37 0,48 0,57 0,66 0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20 1,30 1,40 1,45 1,55 1,60 1,65
Rbt Fine-aggregate 0,26 0,37 0,48 0,57 0,66 0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20 1,30 1,40
of groups: А
Б 0,17 0,27 0,40 0,45 0,57 0,64 0,77 0,90 1,00
0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20 1,30 1,40 1,45 1,55 1,60 1,65
В
Light-weight
with pebble
gravel: 0,20 0,26 0,37 0,48 0,57 0,66 0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20 1,30 1,40
dense
porous 0,20 0,26 0,37 0,48 0,57 0,66 0,74 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,20
Cellular 0,06 0,09 0,12 0,14 0,18 0,24 0,28 0,39 0,44 0,46

Table 11
Notes: 1. Values of design resistances are given for the cellular concrete having average moisture of 10%.
2. For claydite-perlite-concrete on the bellied perlite sand Rbt values are taken as for the light-weight concrete on the porous sand
multiplied by 0,85 coefficient.
3. A group of fine-aggregate concretes is given in clause 2.3.
 Table 12
Design concrete strengths for the marginal states of the
Resistance type Concrete first group Rbt at axial tensile strength class of the
concret, MP
Rt0,8 Rt1,2 Rt1,6 Rt2,0 Rt2,4 Rt2,8 Rt3,2
Axial tension Heavy-weight, fine- 0,62 0,93 1,25 1,55 1,85 2,15 2,45
aggregate and light-weight

Table 13
Concrete working conditions
Factors, stipulating the introduction of the concrete working conditions coefficient
coefficient Symbolic Value
notation
1. Repeated load γb1 See Table 14
2. Duration of the load effect:
а) when taking into account constant, long-term and short-term γb2
loads, excluding loads of nondurable effect, which total duration is
negligible for the period of operation (for example, crane loads, loads of
transport vehicles, wind loads, loads that appear in the process of
manufacturing, transportation and erection, etc.), as well as when taking
into account loads that have been caused by deformations of slumping,
swelling, permanently frozen and similar soils for heavy-weight, fine-
aggregate and light-weight concretes of natural hardening and after 1,00
thermal treatment:
in conditions of the construction operation, favourable for rise of the 0,90
concrete strength (for example, under water, in moist soil or at
environment air humidity above 75%) 0,85
in the other cases for the cellular concrete irrespective of conditions of 1,10
operation
3. Concreting in the vertical position (height of the concreting layer is
more than 1,5mм) for γb3
concrete 0,85
heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight 0,80
4. Impact of biaxial complex stress condition “compression-release” on
the concrete strength γb4 See Table 14
5. Concreting of cast-in-situ concrete posts and reincforced concrete
columns with the largest section size less than 30 cm γb5 0,85
6. Alternate freezing and thaw γb6 See Table 15
7. Operation of constructions exposed to the solar radiation in the
climatic subregion IVA pursuant to Building Code 2.01.01-98 γb7 0,85
8. Prereduction stages of the construction: γb8
а) with the wire reinforcement:
for light-weight concrete 1,25
for other types of concrete 1,10
b) with the bar reinforcement:
for light-weight concrete 1,35
for other types of concrete 1,20

9. Concrete constructions γb9 0,90

 10. Concrete constructions of high-tensile concrete with an allowance γb10 (0,3 + ω) ≤ 1
for factor γb9 (value of ω
see clause 3.12)
11. Moisture of cellular concrete, % γb11
10 and less 1,00
above 25 0,85
above 10, but less than 25 At interpolation
12. Concrete for building in butts of prefabricated components at the
seam thickness less than 1/5 of the smallest size of the component’s γb12 1,15
section and less than 10 cm
_______________
1
When introducing an additional working conditions coefficient, associated with accounting of special loads
as per directions of relevant normative documents (for example, when accounting seismic loads), it is taken
that γb2 = 1,0.
Notes: 1. Working conditions coefficient of the concrete under positions 1,2,6,7,9 and 11 shall be
taken into account when finding design resistances Rb and Rbt, under position 4– when finding Rbt,ser, and
under other positions – only when finding Rb.
2. For constructions under the effect of the repeated load, factor γb2 is taken into account when
making durability calculations, and γb1 – when making endurance and crack formation calculations.
3. When calculating constructions at the prereduction stage the factor γb2. is not taken into account.
4. Working conditions coefficients of the concrete are entered independently of one another, but
thereat their product shall be not less than 0,45.

Table 14
Working conditions coefficient of the concrete γb1
Concrete Concrete strength state under the repeated load and at stress ratio ρb equal to
0-0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
1.Heavy- Natural humidity 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00
weight Water-saturated 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0.90 0,95 1,00
2. Light- Natural humidity 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00
weight Water-saturated 0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,00

Table 15
Working conditions coefficient of the
concrete γb6 at alternate freezing and
Conditions of the Design outdoor temperature ºС thaw for the concrete
construction operation heavy-
weight and light-weight
fine-
aggregate
Alternate freezing and thaw:
а) in the water-saturated Below minus 5 to minus 21
state inclusive 0,90 1,00
Minus 5 and above 0,95 1,00
b) in conditions of episodic
water saturation Minus 40 1,00 1,00
Note. When concrete freeze-thaw durability grade is exceeded as compared with one required by
Table 8, the factors of this Table may be increased by 0,05 correspondingly to each degree of excess,
however they can’t be more than one.
 Таблица 16
3
Initial modules of concrete elasticity in compression and tension Eb*10 under compression strength concrete class, MP
Concrete
В1 В1,5 В2 В2,5 В3,5 В5 В7,5 В10 В12,5 В15 В20 В25 В30 В35 В40 В45 В50 В55 В60
Heavy-weight:
natural hardening 9,5 13,0 16,0 180 21,0 23,0 27,0 30,0 32,5 34,5 36,0 37,5 39,0 39,5 40,0
thermally treated at atmospheric 8,5 11,5 14,5 16,0 19,0 20,5 24,0 27,0 29,0 31,0 32,5 34,0 35,0 35,5 36,0
pressure

autoclave treatment 7,0 9,8 12,0 13,5 16,0 17,0 20,0 22,5 24,5 26,0 27,0 28,0 29,0 29,5 30,0
Fine-aggregate of groups:
А– natural hardening 7,0 10,0 13,5 15,5 17,5 19,5 22,0 24,0 26,0 27,5 28,5
thermally treated at 6,5 9,0 12,5 14,0 15,5 17,0 20,0 21,5 23,0 24,0 24,5
atmospheric
pressure
Б– natural hardening 6,5 9,0 12,5 14,0 15,5 17,0 20,0 21,5 23,0
thermally treated at 5,5 8,0 11,5 13,0 14,5 15,5 17,5 19,0 20,3
atmospheric
pressure
В– autoclave hardening 16,5 18,0 19,5 21,0 22,0 23,0 23,5 24,0 24,5 25,0
Light-weight grade according to the
average density D: 800 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
1000 5,0 5,5 6,3 7,2 8,0 8,4
1200 6,0 6,7 7,6 8,7 9,5 10,0 10,5
1400 7,0 7,8 8,8 10,0 11,0 11,7 12,5 13,5 14,5 15,5
1600 9,0 10.0 11,5 12,5 13,2 14,0 15,5 16,5 17,5 18,0
1800 11,2 14,0 14,7 14,7 15,5 17,0 18,5 19,5 20,5 21,0
2000 16,0 17,0 17,0 18,0 19,5 21,0 22,0 23,0 23,5
Cellular one with autoclave
hardening grade according to the
average density D: 500 1,1 1,4
600 1,4 1,7 1,8 2,1
700 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9
800 3,4 4,0

СНТ 2.03.02-2004 стр. 195

900 3,8 4,5 5,5
1000 5,0 6,0 7,0
1100 6,8 7,9 8,3 8,6
1200 8,4 8,8 9,3

Notes: 1. When intermediate values of consistency of concrete are available, for light-weight and cellular concretes initial modules of concrete
elasticity are taken according to the linear interpolation.
2. For the cellular concrete of non-autoclave hardening E b values are taken as for the concrete of autoclave hardening multiplied by 0,8
coefficient.
 Table 17
Standard tensile strengths Design resistances of the reinforcement for the
Bar reinforcement of Rsn and design tensile marginal states of the first group, MP
classes strengths for the marginal Tensile
states of the second group transverse compre
Rsn,ser, MP longitudinal Rs (stirrups and bend- ssive
up bars) Rsw Rsc
А-I (А240) 235 225 175 225
А-II (А300) 295 280 225 280
А-III (А400) having
diameter, mm:
6-8 390 355 285* 355
10-40 390 365 290* 365
А-IV (А600) 590 510 405 450**
А-V (А800) 785 680 545 500**
А-VI (А1000) 980 815 650 500**
Ат-VII (Ат1200) 1175 980 785 500**
А-IIIв (А400в) with
control: 540 490 390 200
of elongation and stress 540 450 360 200
Solely elongation
_____________
* In welded cages for stirrups made of the reinforcement of А-III (А400) class, which diameter is less than
1/3 of the diameter of longitudinal bars, the values of R sw are taken to be equal to 255 MP.
** The aforementioned values of Rsс are taken for constructions made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and
light-weight concretes, taking into account loads, stated in position 2а in Table13, in the calculation; when
taking into account loads, stated in position 26 in Table13, the value of R sс = 400 MP is taken. For
constructions made of the cellular concrete in all cases R sс = 400 MP should be taken.
Note: Classes of the reinforcement are in accordance with clause 2.25.

Table 18
Design resistances of the reinforcement for the marginal states
Standard of the first group, MP
Wire Diameter tensile Tensile
reinforceme strength longitudinal Rs transverse (stirrups and compressiv
nt bend-up bars)Rsw e
Rsс
Вр-I 3 410 375 270;300* 375
4 405 365 265;295* 365
5 395 360 260;290 360
В-II 3 1490 1240 990 400
4 1410 1180 940 400
5 1335 1110 890 400
6 1255 1050 835 400
7 1175 980 785 400
8 1100 915 730 400
Вр-II 3 1460 1215 970 400
4 1370 1145 915 400
5 1255 1045 835 400
6 1175 980 785 400
7 1100 915 730 400
 8 1020 850 680 400
К-7 6 1450 1210 965 400
9 1370 1145 915 400
12 1335 1110 890 400
15 1295 1080 865 400
К-19 14 1410 1175 940 400
* For cases of application in tied cages.

Table 19
Factors, stipulating the
indroduction of the Working conditions coefficient of the
working conditions Reinforcement Reinforcement reinforcement
coefficient of the peformance class
Symbolic Value
reinforcement
notation

1. Work of the Transverse Irrespective of γs1 See clause 2.29

reinforcement in class
response to the effect of
lateral forces
2. Availability of welded А-III (А400) and γs2 The same
junctions during the "" Вр-I
effect of lateral forces
3. Repeated load Longitudinal and Irrespective of γs3 See Table 20
transverse class
4. Availability of welded Longitudinal and А-I (А240), γs4 See Table 21
junctions during the transverse if А-II (А300),
repeated load welded junctions А-III (А400),
of the А-IV (А600),
reinforcement are А-V (А800)
available
5. The the stress transfer Longitudinal Irrespective of γs5 lx / lp
region for the anchorless prestressed class lx / lаp
reinforcement and Longitudinal The same in formulas of position.5:
anchorage region of the nonprestressed lx – distance from the
nonprestressed beginning of the transfer
reinforcement region to the section under
study
lp, lар – length of the stress
transfer region and
anchorage region of the
reinforcement, respectively
(see clauses 2.30 and 5.15.)
6. Work of high-tensile Longitudinal А-IV (А600); γs6 As per directions of clause
reinforcement at stresses tensile А-V (А800); 3.13
higher than the А-VI (А1000);
conventional yield Ат-VII (Ат1200)
strength В-II; Вр-II;
К-7; К-19
7. Components of the Transverse А-I (А240); Вр-I γs7 0,8
light-weigh concrete of
В7,5 class and lower
8. Components of the Longitudinal Irrespective of γs8 (190 + 40В) /Rsc≤1
cellular concrete of В7,5 compressive class
class and lower Transverse The same 25В/ Rsc≤1
9. Protective coat of the Longitudinal "" γs9 See Table22
reinforcement in compressive
components made of the
cellular concrete

Notes: 1. Factors γs3 and γs4 in positions 3 and 4 of this Table are taken into account when making
endurance calculation; for the reinforcement, having welded junctions, the aforementioned factors are taken
into account simultaneously..
2. Factor γs5 in position 5 of this Table is entered, excluding design resistances Rs , to the prestress of
the reinforcement σsp as well.
3. In formulas in position 8 of this Table values R sc and Rsw are given in MP; values
В – see in clause 2.2.

Table 20
Reinforcement class Working conditions coefficient of the reinforcement γs3 under the repeated load
at stress ratio ρѕ equal to
-1,0 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
А-I (А240) 0,41 0,63 0,70 0,77 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-II (А300) 0,42 0,51 0,55 0,60 0,69 0,93 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-III (А400) having
diameter, mm:
6-8 0,33 0,38 0,42 0,47 0,57 0,85 0,95 1,00 1,00
10-40 0,31 0,36 0,40 0,45 0,55 0,81 0,91 0,95 1,00
А-IV (А600) – – – – 0,38 0,72 0,91 0,96 1,00
А-V (А800) – – – – 0,27 0,55 0,69 0,87 1,00
А-VI (А1000) – – – – 0,18 0,53 0,67 0,87 1,00
Ат-VII (Ат1200) – – – – 0,15 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00
Вр-II – – – – – 0,67 0,82 0,91 1,00
В-II – – – – – 0,77 0,97 1,00 1,00
К-7 having diameter, mm:
6 and 9 – –ѕ – – – 0,77 0,92 1,00 1,00
12 and 15 – – – – – 0,68 0,84 1,00 1,00
К-19 having diameter 14 – – – – – 0,63 0,77 0,96 1,00
mm – – 0,56 0,71 0,85 0,94 1,00 1,00 1,00
Вр-I
А-IIIв (А400в) with – – – – 0,41 0,66 0,84 1,00 1,00
control: – – – – 0,46 0,73 0,93 1,00 1,00
of elongation and stress
solely elongation
Denominations, taken in Table 20: ρѕ= σs,min/σs,max,
where σs,min , σs,max, – the least and the highest stress in the reinforcement,
respectively, within the cycle of the alteration of the load, defined as per clause 3.47.
Note. When calculating flexural members made of the heavy-weight concrete with the
nonprestressed reinforcement, the following is taken for the longitudinal reinforcement:
at 0≤ Μmin / Mmax ≤ 0,20 ρѕ = 0,30;
 " 0,20 ≤ Μmin / Mmax ≤ 0,75 ρѕ = 0,15 + 0,8 Μmin / Mmax;
" Μmin / Mmax >0,75 ρѕ = Μmin / Mmax ,
where Μmin / Mmax – the least and the highest bending moments, respectively, in the design
section of the component within the cycle of the alteration of the load.

Table 21
Reinforce Group of Working conditions coefficient of the reinforcement γs4 under the repeated load
ment class welded and at stress ratio ρѕ equal to
junctions 0 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
А-I (А240); 1 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-II (А300) 2 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00
3 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,50 0,65 0,85 1,00
А-III 1 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А400) 2 0,60 0,65 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,85 1,00
3 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,45 0,60 0,80 1,00
А-IV 1 – – 0,95 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А600) 2 – – 0,75 0,75 0,80 0,90 1,00
3 – – 0,30 0,35 0,55 0,70 1,00
А-V 1 – – 0,95 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А800) 2 – – 0,75 0,75 0,80 0,90 1,00
hot-rolled 3 – – 0,35 0,40 0,50 0,70 1,00
Notes: 1. Groups of welded junctions, given in this Table, include the following types of welded
junctions under TDS 14098-91, that are allowable for constructions, being calculated for endurance:
1st group – butt-joints of С3-Км, С4-Кл types;
2nd group – cruciform junctions of К1-Кт types; butt-joints of С1-Ко, С6-Мп, С7-Рв,
С8-Мф, С9-Мп, С10-Рв and С20-Рм types – all junctions with the diameter
ratio of bars equal to 1,0;
3rd group – cruciform junctions of К2-Кт type; butt-joints of С11-Мф, С112-Мп, С13-Рв,
С14-Мп, С15-Рс, С16-Мо, С17-Мп, С18-Мо, С19-Рм, С21-Рн and С22-Ру
types; T-joints of Т6-Кс, Т7-Ко types.
4th group – lap junctions of Н1-Рш, Н2-Кр and Н3-Кп types; T-joints of Т1-Мф,
Т2-Рф and Т12-Р3 types.
2. In the Table values of γs4 are given for the reinforcement, having diamete up to 20 mm.
3. Values of the factor γs4 shall be decreased by 5% at the diameter of bars 22-32 mm and by 10% at
the diameter higher than 32 mm.

Table 22
Working conditions coefficient γs9
Protective cover with the following reinforcement
die-rolled
smooth
section
1. Cement-polystyrene, 1,0 1,0
latex

2. Cement-bituminous
(cold) with diameter,
mm: 6 and higher 0,7 1,0
less than 6 0,7 0,7

3. Bituminous-silicate 0,7 0,7

 (hot)

4. Bituminous -linist 0,5 0,7

5. Shore bitumen, 0,5 0,5
cement

Table 23
Factors for finding the
length of the stress
transfer region lp of the
Reinforcement type and class Reinforceme prestressed
ntdiameter, reinforcement, used
mm without anchors
ωр λр
1. Bar reinforcement of die- Irrespective 0,25 10
rolled section irrespective of of the
class diameter
2. High-tensile reinforcing 1,40 40
wire of die-rolled section of 5 1,40 50
Вр-II class 4 1,40 60
3. Reinforcing ropes of the 3
following classes
К-7 1,00 25
15 1,10 25
12 1,25 30
9 1,40 40
К-19 6 1,00 25
14

Note. For components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5- В12,5 classes the
values ωр and λр are increased 1,4 times versus those given in this Table.

Table 24
Reinforcement class Modulus of the
reinforcement elasticity
Еs · 10-4, МПа
A-I (А240), A-II (А300) 21
A-III (А400) 20
A-IV (А600), A-V (А800), A-VI
(А1000), 19
Aт-VII (Ат1200) 18
A-IIIв (А400в) 20
B-II, Bp-II 18
K-7, K-19 17
Bp-I

Table 25
Concrete Factor β in formula
(21)
1 Heavy-weight 1.0
 2. Fine-aggregate of groups:
А 1,3
Б 1,5
В 1,0
3. Light-weight:
with artificial coarse
aggregates and pebble
gravel: 1,0
dense 1,5
porous 2,5
with natural aggregates
4. Cellular:
autoclave 1,3
non-autoclave 1,5

Table 26
Design length l0 of
Nature of supporting of walls and posts eccentrically
compression
concrete
components
1. With supports above and below:
а) with hinges on both ends Н
irrespective of the magnitude of
supports’ displacement
b) with fixturing one of the ends
and possible supports’
displacement for buildings :
multispan 1,25Н
single-span 1,50Н
Denominations, taken in Table 26: Н- height of a post (wall) within the storey
deducting the thickness of the floor slab or a height of the free-standing construction

Table 27
Design length l0 of columns
of one-storey buildings
when calculating in the
Performance of buildings and columns plane
Perpendicular to
Of the the transverse
transve bent or parallel to
rse the axis of the
bent or trestle
perpen if if not
available available
 dicular links in the plane
to the of the
axis of longitudinal row
the of columns or
trestle anchor supports
Undercrane (lower) part Split 1,5 Н1 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н1
Accounti of columns at crane
ng loads girders
caused Continuous 1,2 Н1 0,8 Н1 0,8 Н1
With by cranes Overcrane (upper) ) part Split 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 2,0 Н2
bridge of columns at crane
cranes girders
Buil Continuous 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 1,5 Н2
ding Undercrane (lower) part Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н
s of columns of buildings Multi-span 1,2 Н 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н
Disregar
ding Overcrane (upper) ) part Split 2,5 Н2 1,5 Н2 0,8 Н
loads of columns at crane Continuous 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 1,5 Н2
caused girders
by cranes
Without Stepped The lower part of Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
bridge columns columns of buildings Multi-span 1,2Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
cranes The upper part of columns of buildings 2,5 Н2 2,0 Н2 2,5 Н2
Columns of constant section of Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
buildings Multi-span 1,2 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
At crane girders Split 2,0 Н1 0,8 Н1 1,5 Н1
Crane
Trest Continuous 1,5 Н1 0,8 Н1 Н1
les For When connecting columns with the With hinge 2,0 Н Н 2,0 Н
pipelines span structure Rigid 1,5 Н 0,7 Н 1,5 Н

Denominations, taken in Table 27:

Н – overall height of columns from the top of the foundation to the horizontal construction (truss or
secondary beam, bail) in the corresponding plane;
Н1 – height of the undercrane part of the column from the top of the foundation to the bottom of the crane;
Н2 – height of the overcrane part of the column from the step of the column to the horizontal construction in
the corresponding plane;
Note. When there are links to the top of the columns in buildings with the bridge cranes, the design
length of the overcrane part of the column in the plane of the axis of the longitudinal row of columns is taken
to be equal to Н2.

Table 28
Design length
Name of components l0 of components
of frames and
arcs
1. Components of frames:
а) upper field when calculating:
inside the plane of the frame:
at e0 < 1/8h1 0,9 l
at e0 ≥ 1/8h1 0,8 l
 outside the plane of the frame:
for a plot under lantern (at 0,8 l
the lantern width 12 m and
more) 0,9 l
in other cases
b) diagonal web members and
vertical posts when calculating: 0,8 l
inside the plane of the frame:
outside the plane of the frame: 0,9 l
at b1 / b2<1,5 0,8 l
at b1 / b2 ≥1,5
2. Arcs:
а) when calculating inside the plane
of the arc:
three-hinged 0,580 l
two-hinged 0,540 l
hingeless 0,365 l
b) when calculating outside the plane of the L
arc (any)

Denominations, taken in Table 28

l – component’s length between centres of adjacent
units, and for the upper belt of the frame when
calculating inside the plane of the frame – a distance
between points of its fastening;
L – length of the arc along its geometrical axis; when
calculating outside the plane of the arc– length of
the arc between points of its fastening outside the
plane of the arc ;
h – height of section of the upper belt;
b1 , b2 width of section of the upper belt and vertical post
(diagonal web member) of the frame, respectively

Table 29
Factor φb2, considering the impact of the long-term creep of concrete
on deformations of the component free of cracks, for constructions
Duration of the load’s made of concretes
effect
heavy-weight, light-weight, cellular (for fine-aggregate of
two-layer prestressed constructions made of groups
the cellular and heavy-weight concretes) А Б В

1. Nondurable effect 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

2. Durable effect at the

environment air humidity,
%:
а) 40-75 2,0 2,6 3,0 2,0
b) under 40 3,0 3,9 4,5 3,0
 Notes: 1. At alternate water saturation and desiccation of concrete, under the durable effect of the
load, the value φb2 should be multiplied by coefficient 1,2.
2. At the environment air humidity higher than 75% and loading of the concrete in the water-
saturated state the values of φb2 under position 2а of this Table should be multiplied by coefficient 0,8.

Table 30
Factor ν, characterizing the elastoplastic state of the
Duration of the load’s
concrete in the compression region, for constructions
effect
made of concrete

heavy- fine-aggregate of groups cellular

weight,
light-
weight
А Б В
1. Nondurable effect 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45
2. Durable effect at the
environment air humidity,
%

а) 40-75 0,15 0,10 0,08 0,15 0,20

b) under 40 0,10 0,07 0,05 0,10 0,10

Notes: 1. At alternate water saturation and desiccation of concrete of the compression

region, under the durable effect of the load, the value ν should be divided by coefficient 1,2.
2. At the environment air humidity higher than 75% and loading of the concrete in the water-
saturated state the values of ν under position 2а of this Table should be divided by coefficient
0,8.

Table 31
Factor φls at concrete class
Duration of the load’s effect
higher В 7,5 В 7,5 and lower
1. Nondurable effect with
reinforcement:
а) bar:
smooth 1,0 0,7
die-rolled section 1,1 0,8
b) wire 1,0
2. Durable effect (irrespective 0,8 0,6
of the type of reinforcement)

Table 32
Coefficients for estimating the anchorage of nonprestressed
Working conditions of
reinforcement
nonprestressed reinforcement
die-rolled section smooth
ωan Δλan λan lan, мм ωan Δλan λan lan, мм
not less not less
1. Embedment of reinforcement:
 a) tensile in the tensile concrete 0,70 11 20 250 1,20 11 20 250
b) compressive or tensile in the
compressive concrete 0,50 8 12 200 0,80 8 15 200
2. Rebate joints of the
reinforcement: 0,90 11 20 250 1,55 11 20 250
a) in the tensile concrete 0,65 8 15 200 1,00 8 15 200
b) in the compressive concrete

Table 33
Minimal sectional area of the longitudinal
Working conditions of the reinforcement reinforcement in the reinforced concrete
components, % of the sectional area of the
concrete
1. Reinforcement S in flexural, as well as in 0,05
eccentrically tension members when longitudinal
force locates beyond the bounds of the section
height
2. Reinforcement S,S' in eccentrically tension 0,10
members when longitudinal force locates
between reinforcement S and S'
3. Reinforcement S,S' in eccentrically
compression members at:
l0 / i < 17 0,05
17 < l0 / i < 35 0,10
35 < l0 / i < 83 0,20
l0 / i > 83 0,25
Note: Minimal sectional area of the reinforcement, given in this Table, pertains to the
sectional area of the concrete that equals to the product of the width of rectangular section or the
width of the rib of T section (H section) and the working height of section h 0. In components with
longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged evenly in section contour-direction, as well as in
eccentrically tension components, the aforementioned value of minimum armouring pertains to the
overall sectional area of the concrete.
 Drawing 1. Model of prestress forces in the reinforcement in the cross-section
of the reinforced concrete component

Drawing 2. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the
longitudinal axis of eccentrically compression concrete component, being
calculated for durability disregarding resistances of concrete of the tension region

Drawing 3. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the
longitudinal axis of flexural (eccentrically compression) concrete component, being
calculated for durability taking into account resistances of concrete of the tension region
Drawing 4. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of flexural reinforced concrete component, when making its durability calculation

Drawing 5. Position of the border of the compression region in section

of flexural reinforced concrete component
а) – in the table; b) – in the rib
 Drawing 6. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of eccentrically compression reinforced concrete component, when making its durability calculation

Drawing 7. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of eccentrically tension reinforced concrete component, when making its durability calculation
а) – longitudinal force N applied between the resultants of forces in the reinforcement S and S ';
б) – the same, outside of the interval between resultants of forces in the reinforcement S and S '

Drawing 8. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
 axis of the reinforced concrete component, when making its general case durability
calculation I - I – a plane parallel to the plane of effect of the bending moment or a plane
crossing points of application of the longitudinal force and resultants of internal compressive
and tensile stresses; 1 – point of the region; 2 – point of application of the resultant of forces
in the tensile reinforcement

Drawing 9. Model of forces in the section inclined to the longitudinal axis of the reinforced
concrete component, when making its durability calculation for the effect of the lateral force

Drawing 10. Model for the calculation of reinforced concrete beams with oblique compressive faces
 Drawing 11. Model for calculation of short cantilevers

Drawing 12. Model of forces in the section inclined to the longitudinal axis of the reinforced
concrete component, when making its durability calculation for the effect of the bending
moment
 Drawing 13. Model of forces in the spatial section of the reinforced concrete component
under flexure with torsion, when making its durability calculation

Drawing 14. Model of location of the compression region of the spatial section
а – nearby the component’s face being compressed out of bending; б – nearby the component’s face
parallel to the plane of effect of the bending moment; в – nearby the component’s face being tensile out of
bending

Drawing 15. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for the local compression
а – under a local load on the entire width of the component; б - under a local edge
load on the entire width of the component; в, г - under a local load in the places of
 abutting of the ends of purlins and beams; д - under a local edge load on the
component’s corner;
е - under a local load applied to the parts of the length and width of the component;
under a local edge load that locates within the bounds of the ledge of the wall or a
pier; ж - under a local edge load that locates within the bounds of the ledge of the
wall (pilasters); и – sections of a complex shape; / - collapse area; 2 – design
collapse area; 3 – a minimal region of fabric reinforcement at which the confinement
reinforcement is taken into account in the calculation of formula (104)

Drawing 16. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for punching shear
а – with an inclination of the lateral faces of the punching shear pyramid at an angle
45° ;
б – the same, more than 45°

Drawing 17. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for disengagement
Drawing 18. Model of forces affecting the embedded part
Drawing 19. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the transverse section of the component,
when calculating its crack formation that is normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, in the
region of section, being tensile under external loads but compressive under forces of prereduction
а – under bending; б – under eccentric compression; в – under eccentric tension;
1 – core point; 2 – centre of figure of the modified section

Drawing 20. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the transverse section of the component,
when calculating its crack formation that is normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, in the
region of section, being tensile under forces of prereduction
1 – core point; 2 – centre of figure of the modified section

Drawing 21. Stress-strain diagrams of the bending moments and curvature for
reinforced concrete components having constant section
а – model of loads arrangement; б – stress-strain diagram of the bending moments;
в – stress-strain diagram of the curvature
Drawing 22. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of the component with a single-row armouring, when making deformation calculation

Drawing 23. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of the component with a multi-row armouring, when making deformation calculation

Drawing 24. Rebate joints of welded fabrics (without welding) in the direction
of the effective reinforcement made of smooth bars
а – with transverse bars, being arranged in one plane;
б, в – the same in different planes
 Drawing 25. Rebate joints of welded fabrics (without welding) in the direction
of the effective reinforcement made of bars of die-rolled section
а – without transverse bars within the bounds of the joint in one of the fabrics being
butted;;
б – the same, in both fabrics being butted

Drawing 26. Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the distribution reinforcement
а – a rebate joint with the arrangement of the bearing bars in one plane;
б – the same with the arrangement of the bearing bars in different planes;
в – a butt-joint with overlay of additional joint
 APPENDIX 1
Obligatory

Main types of reinforcing steel and the area of its application in the reinforced structures
(depending on the nature of the effective loads and design temperature)

Conditions of the structures’ operation under the load

static dynamic and repeated l
in in the open air and non-heated buildings at the in in the open air and non-heated buildings at the
Reinforcement Rein- Steel grade Reinforce- build- design temperature, ºC build- design temperature, ºC
type and force- ment ings up to lower than lower lower than ings up to lower lower lower
documents, ment diameter, heated minus 30 up to than minus 55 heated minus than 30 than than
regulating its class mm 30 minus 40 minus 40 up to 30 up to minus 40 minus 55
quality inclusive inclusive up to minus 70 inclusive minus 40 up to up to
minus 55 inclusive inclusive minus 55 minus 70
inclusive inclusive inclusive
Bar smooth rolled, А-I Ст3сп3 6-40 + + + + +1 + +
TDS 5781-82 (А240) Ст3сп3 6-40 + + + – – + + – – –
and Ст3сп3 6-40 + + – – – + + – – –
TDS 380-88 ВСт3сп2 6-40 + + + + + + + + + +
ВСт3сп2 6-40 + + + – – + + + – –
ВСт3сп2 6-40 + + – – – + + – – –
ВСт3Гсп2 6-18 + + + + +1 + + + + +1
The same Ст3сп 5,5 + + + + + + + + + +
ТS 14-15-154-86
Bar smooth rolled A-II ВСт5сп2 10-40 + + + +1 + + + +1 – –
having die-rolled (А300) ВСт5сп2 10-40 + + + + – + + +1 – –
section, 18-40 + + – – – + +' – – –
TDS 5781-82
18Г2С 40-80 + + + + +1 + + + + +1
Aс-II 10ГТ 10-32 + + + + + + ·+ + + +
(Ас300
)
A-III 35ГС 6-40 + + + +1 – + + +1 – –
(А400) 25Г2С 6-8 + + + + + + + + + –
10-40 + + + + +1 + + + +1 –
32Г2Рпс 6-22 + + + +1 – + + +1 – –
А-IV 80С 10-18 + + – – – + – – – –
(А600) 20ХГ2Ц 10-32 + + + +2 +2 + + + +2 –
А-V 23Х2 Г2Т 10-32 + + + + +2 + + + + +2

СНТ 2.03.02-2004 стр. 215

(А800)
А-VI 20Х2 Г2СР 10-22 + + + +2 +2 + + + +2 –
(А100 22Х2Г2ТА 10-22 + + + +2 +2 + + + +2 –
0) Ю 10-22 + + + +2 +2 + + + +2 –
22Х2Г2Р
 стр. 216 СНТ 2.03.022004
Continuing appendix 1
Conditions of the structures’ operation under the load
static dynamic and repeated
in in the open air and non-heated buildings at the in build- in the open air and non-heated buildings at
Reinforcement Rein-force- Steel grade Reinforce- build- design temperature, ºC ings the design temperature , ºC
type and ment class ment ings up to lower than lower lower than heated up to lower lower lower
documents, diameter, heate minus 30 up to than minus 55 minus than 30 than than
regulating its mm d 30 minus 40 minus 40 up to 30 up to minus minus
quality inclusiv inclusive up to minus 70 inclusive minus 40 up to 55 up to
e minus 55 inclusive 40 minus minus
inclusive inclusive 55 70
inclusive inclusive
2 2 2
The same, 22Х2Г2С 10-40 + + + + + + + + + –
ТS 14-1-4235-87
Bar, БСт5пс
thermomechanica Ат- IIIС БСт5пс
lly strengthened, (Ат400С) БСт5пс 10-32 + + + +1 – + + +1 – –
having die-rolled БСт5пс
section,
TDS 10884-94
Bar, thermally Ат- IV 20ГС 10-32 + + + + – + + + + –
strengthened, (Ат1000)
having die-rolled Ат-IVС 25Г2С 10-32 + + + +2 +2 + + + +2 –
section (Ат400С) 28С 35ГС 12-32
TDS 10884-94 Ат-IVК 1ОГС2
(Ат600К) О8Г2С 10-32 + + + + – + + + + –
25С2Р
Ат-V 2ОГС
(Ат800) 2ОГС2
10ГС2 10-32
О8Г2С.28
25Г2С + + + + – + + + + –
25С2Р 10-32
35ГС
Ат- VК 2ОГС
(Ат800К) 25С2Р 18-32 + + + + – + + + + –
35ГС
Ат- VСК 20ХГС2 10-28 + + + +2 – + + + +2 –
(Ат800СК
Ат-VI 20ГС2
(Ат1000) 20ГС 10-32 + + + + – + + + + –
25С2Р
Ат-VIК 20ХГС2 10-16 + + + + – + + + + –
(Ат1000К
Ат-VII 30ХС2 10-28 + + + – – + + + – –
(Ат1200)
 Continuing appendix 1
Conditions of the structures’ operation under the load
static dynamic and repeated
in in the open air and non-heated buildings at the in build- in the open air and non-heated buildings at
Reinforcement Rein- Steel Reinforce- build- design temperature, ºC ings the design temperature, ºC
type and force- grade ment ings up to lower than lower lower than heated up to lower lower lower
documents, ment class diameter, heate minus 30 up to than minus 55 minus than 30 than than
regulating its mm d 30 minus 40 minus 40 up to 30 up to minus minus
quality inclusive inclusive up to minus 70 inclusive minus 40 up to 55 up to
minus 55 inclusive 40 minus minus
inclusive inclusive 55 70
inclusive inclusive
Ordinary
reinforcing wire
having die-rolled Вр-I – 3-5 + + + + + + + + + +
section,
TDS 6727
High-tensile В-II: – 3-8 + + + + + + + + + +
reinforcing wire, Вр-II
TDS 7348-81
Reinforcing ropes, К-7 – 6-15 + + + + + + +
TDS 13840
Reinforcing ropes, К-19 – 14 + + + + + + + + + +
ТS 14-4-22-71

Bar, draw- АIIIв 25Г2С 6-40 + + + – – + + – – –

strengthened, (А400в) 35ГС 6-40 + + – – – + – – – –
having die-rolled
section
__________________

СНТ 2.03.02-2004 стр. 217

1
It is allowed to be applied only in tied reinforcement and tied-wire fabrics.
2
It should be used only in the form of integer rods of graduated length.
Notes: 1. In the table «+» implies “is allowed”, and «–-» - “is not allowed”.
2. In this table loads should be attributed to dynamic ones, if when carrying out stress calculations the share of such loads exceeds 0,1 of the static load;
and to the repeated loads – loads when the reinforcement operation conditions factor (see Table 20).
3. The field of application of the hot-rolled and thermomechanically strengthened reinforcements having diameters higher than stated in the table, should
be taken, at relevant substantiation, much as stated in this table for the reinforcing steel of corresponding classes and grades.
4. Welded joints of the reinforcement – according to directions given in clause 5.33.
 APPENDIX 2
Obligatory

The field of application of carbon steel for the embedded parts of the reinforced
concrete and concrete structures

Design temperature, º С
Performance up to minus 30 inclusive below minus 30 to minus 40
inclusive
steel grade rolled iron steel grade rolled iron
under TDS thickness, mm under TDS thickness,
380-88 380-88 mm
1. Being calculated for
stresses under loads:
а) static ВСт-3кп2 4-30 ВСт-3пс6 4-25
b) dynamic and ВСт3пс6 4-10 ВСт3пс6 4-10
repeated ВСт3Гпс5 11-30 ВСт3Гпс5 11-30
ВСт3пс5 11-25 ВСт3пс5 11-25
2. Constructions (not having БСт3кп2 4-10 БСт3кп2 4-10
been calculated for the force БСт3кп2 4-30 БСт3кп2 4-30
impacts))
Notes: 1 When using low-alloy steel, for example of 10Г2С1, 09Г2С, 15ХСНД grades, as
well as at the design temperature below minus 40 ºС, the selection of the steel grade and electrodes
for the embedded parts should be carried out as for the steel welded constructions pursuant to
requirements of Building Code II-23-81* “Steel constructions. Design standards”.
2. Design steel resistances of the aforementioned grades are taken pursuant to Building Code
II-23-81* “Steel constructions. Design standards”.

APPENDIX 3
Refere
nce

Normative references
1. TDS-25192-82 – «Concretes. Classification».
2. TDS-26633-91 – «Heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes. Technical
specifications».
3. TDS-18105-86 – «Concretes. Strength control regulations ».
4. CCT 5.01.01-93 – «Standard norms of cement consumption for manufacturing of
precast and cast-in-situ concretes, concrete and reinforced concrete products and
structures. Ashkhabad. 1995 ».
5. TDS-5781-82 – «Hot-rolled steel for armouring reinforced concrete structures.
Technical specifications».
6. TDS-10884-94 – «Thermomechanically strengthened reinforcing steel for reinforced
concrete structures. Technical specifications».
7. TDS-380-88 – «Carbon steel of ordinary quality, Grades.».
8. TDS-10922-90 – «Welded reinforcing and embedded articles, welded reinforcing
junctions and junctions of embedded articles of the reinforced concrete structures.
General technical specifications.».
9. TDS-14098-91 – «Welded reinforcing junctions and junctions of embedded articles
of the reinforced concrete structures. Types, constructions and dimensions.».
 10. TDS-12004-81 – «Reinforcing steel. Methods of tensile tests.».
11. TDS-14019-80 – «Metals. Methods of bending tests ».
12. TDS-13015.0-83 – «Constructions, concrete and reinforced concrete precast
products. General technical specifications».
13. CCT 3.03.02-2003 – «Concrete and reinforced concrete precast structures. Rules of
manufacture and acceptance. Ashkhabad 2003».
14. CCT 3.03.04-2001 – «Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Cast-in-situ.
Rules of manufacture and works acceptance. Ashkhabad 2001».
15. CCT 2.03.11-99 – «Building Code of Turkmenistan. Building structures’ protection
against corrosion. Ashkhabad 2000».
16. CCT 2.01.01-98 – «Building climatology».
17. Construction rules and regulations 2.01.07-85 – «Loads and impacts ».
18. Construction rules and regulations 2.01.02-85 – «Fire-prevention standards ».
19. Construction rules and regulations II-23-81* - Steel constructions. Design
standards».

Basic definitions

Anisotropy – inequality of properties (here - mechanical) in different directions.

Light-weight concrete – light-weight concrete of dense composition.
Environment air humidity– average relative ambient air humidity of the hottest
month depending on the area of building pursuant to the Building Code of Turkmenistan
2.01.01-98 or a relative inner air humidity of premises of the heated buildings.
Dilatation – increase of the body’s volume during compression, caused by the
development of a great number of microcracks, as well as cracks of significant extension.
Concrete construction – a construction which durability at the stage of operation is
provided by the concrete solely.
Orthotropy – a kind of anisotropy at which three mutually perpendicular planes of
symmetry are available.
Design winter outdoor temperature – an average air temperature of the coldest five-
day week depending on the area of building pursuant to the Building Code of Turkmenistan
2.01.01-98.
Design technological temperature – the temperature having been preset by the
project statement.

BASIC LETTER SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

Stresses under external loads and effects in the transverse section of the component

М– Bending moment;
N– Longitudinal force;
Q– Lateral force;
Т– Torsional moment.
 Performances of the prestressed component

Р – prereduction force, being found by the formula (8) with an allowance

for losses of prestress in the reinforcement, corresponding to the stage
of the component operation under consideration;
σ sp ,σ1sp – prestress in the directive reinforcement S and S', respectively, prior the
concrete reduction (under stress, reinforcement on abutments) or at the
moment of decreasing the value of prestress in the concrete to zero
caused by the effect of external actual or conventional forces on the
component, being found in accordance with clauses 1.21. and 1.26 with
an allowance for losses of prestress in the reinforcement, corresponding
to the stage of the component operation under consideration;
σbp – compressive stresses in the concrete at the prereduction stage, being
estimated as per directions of clauses 1.26 and 1.27 with an allowance
for prestress losses in the reinforcement corresponding to the stage of
the component under consideration;
γsp – tendon jacking accuracy factor, being estimated as per directions of
clause 1.25.

Materials performances

Rb, Rb,ser – design axial compression resistances of the concrete for the marginal
states of the first and second groups, respectively;
Rbt, Rbt,ser design axial tension resistances of the concrete for the marginal states of
– the first and second groups, respectively;
Rb,loc – design collapse resistance of the concrete, being estimated by the
formula (102);
Rbp – concrete transfer strength, being fixed as per directions of clause 2.6;
Rs, Rs,ser – design tension resistances of the reinforcement for the marginal states of
the first and second groups, respectively;
Rsw – design tension resistance of the transverse reinforcement, being found
as per directions of clause 2.29;
Rsс – design compression resistance of the reinforcement for the marginal
states of the first group;
Еb– initial modulus of concrete elasticity under compression and tension;
Еs– modulus of reinforcement elasticity.

Characteristics of location of the longitudinal reinforcement in the transverse

section of the component

S – denomination of the longitudinal reinforcement:

a) if the region of section being compressed and tensile under the effect
of the external load is available – that locates in the tension region;
b) with the region of section being completely compressed under the
effect of the external load– that locates nearby the less compressed face
of the section;
 c) with the region of section being completely tensile under the effect of
the external load:
for eccentrically tensile components – that locates nearby the less
tensile face of the section;
for centrally tensile components – the whole in the transverse section
of the component;
S'– denomination of the transverse reinforcement:
а) if the region of section being compressive and tensile under the effect
of the external load is available – that locates in the compression region;
b) with the region of section being completely compressed under the
effect of the external load– that locates nearby the more compressed
face of the section;
c) with the region of section being completely tensile under the effect of
the external load
eccentrically tensile components – that locates nearby the less tensile
face of the section.

Geometry features

b – width of rectangular section; width of the rib of T section and H section;

bƒ,b'ƒ – width of the table of T section and H section in the tension and
compression regions, respectively;
h – height of rectangular section, T section and H section;
hƒ, h'ƒ – height of the table of T section and H section in the tension and
compression regions, respectively;
a, a' – distance from the resultant of forces in the reinforcement S and S',
respectively, to the nearest face of section;
h0, h'0 – effective depth of section that equals to h –а and h –а', respectively;
x – height of the compression region of concrete;
ξ – relative height of the compression region of concrete that equals to х/ h0;
s – a distance between stirrups, having been measured at the component’s
length;
e0 – eccentricity of the longitudinal force N relative to the centre of figure of
the modified section, being found as per directions of clause 1.19;
e0 р– eccentricity of the prereduction force Р relative to the centre of figure of
the modified section, being found as per directions of clause 1.26;
e0,tot – eccentricity of the resultant of the longitudinal force N and the
prereduction force Р relative to the centre of figure of the modified
section;
e, e' – distances from the point of application of the longitudinal force N to the
resultant of forces in the reinforcement S and S', respectively;
es, esp – distances from the point of application of the longitudinal force N and
the prereduction force Р, respectively, to the centre of figure of the
sectional area of the reinforcement S;
l – component’s span;
l0 – design length of the component under the effect of compressive
longitudinal force; value of l0 is taken from Table 27 and clause 3.25;
 i – radius of inertia of the transverse section of the component relative to
the centre of figure of the section;
d – nominal diameter of bars of the reinforcing steel;
Аs, Аs' – sectional areas of the nonprestressed reinforcement S and S',
respectively; when finding the prereduction force Р - sectional areas of
the nonprestressed part of the reinforcement S and S', respectively;
Аsр, Аsр' – sectional areas of the nonprestressed part of the reinforcement S and S',
respectively;
Аsw – sectional area of stirrups, being arranged in one plane that is normal to
the longitudinal axis of the component and crosses the oblique section;
Аs, inc – sectional area of bend-up bars, being arranged in one plane that is
inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component and crosses the
oblique section;
μ – reinforcement ratio, being defined as a ratio of the sectional area of the
reinforcement S to the cross-sectional area of the component bh0
disregarding overhangs of compressed and tensile tables;
А– area of the whole concrete in the cross-section;
Аb – sectional area of the concrete compression region;
Аbi – sectional area of the concrete tension region;
Аred – area of the modified section of the component, being found as per
directions of clause 1.26;
Аloc1 – concrete collapse area;
Sso, S'so – static moments of sectional areas of the reinforcement S and S',
respectively, relative to the zero line;
S'bo and static moments of sectional areas of the concrete compression and
Sbo – tension regions, respectively, relative to the zero line;
I – moment of inertia of section;
Ired – moment of inertia of the modified section of the component relative to
its centre of figure, being found as per directions of clause 1.26;
Is – moment of inertia of the sectional area of the reinforcement relative to
the centre of figure of the component’s section;
Ibo – moment of inertia of the sectional area of the concrete compression
region relative to the zero line;
Iso,I'so – moment of inertia of the sectional areas of the reinforcement S and S',
respectively, relative to the zero line;
Wred – modulus of modified section of the component for the outer tension
fibre, being defined as for the elastic material pursuant to directions of
clause 1.26;
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS …………………………………………………….. 121

Basic provisions……………………………………………………………… 121
Basic design requirement……………………………………………………… 122
Supplementary requirements to designing of prestressed constructions……… 124
General provisions for calculation of planar and massive structures considering
nonlinear properties of reinforced concrete…………………………….. 127
2. MATERIALS FOR THE CONCRETE
AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ……………. 128
Concrete………………………………………………………………………… 128
Standard and design performances s of the concrete ………………………… 131
Reinforcement ………………………………………………………………… 132
Standard and design performances s of the concrete …………………………… 134
3. CALCULATION OF ELEMENTS OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THE MARGINAL
STATES OF THE FIRST GROUP …………………………………. 136
Strength calculation of concrete elements……………………………………. 136
Eccentrically compression members …………………………………………… 136
Flexural members……………………………………………… 138
Strength calculation of reinforced concrete components………… 138
Strength calculation of sections, normal to the longitudinal axis of the 146
component ....
Strength calculation of spatial sections (components under torsion with flexure) 149
……..
Calculation of reinforced concrete components for the local effect of loads…… 151
Calculation of embedded parts ……………………………………………… 153
Endurance calculation of the reinforced concrete components………………… 155
4. CALCULATION OF COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES FOR THE MARGINAL STATES OF THE SECOND 156
GROUP
Calculation of reinforced concrete components for crack formation…………… 156
Calculation of crack formation normal to the longitudinal axis of the component 156
Calculation of crack formation inclined to the longitudinal axis of the 158
component ….
Calculation of reinforced concrete components for crack opening…. 159
Calculation of crack opening normal to the longitudinal axis of the component 159
Calculation of crack opening inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component 161
Calculation of reinforced concrete components for crack closure……………… 162
Calculation of crack closure normal to the longitudinal axis of the component 162
Calculation of crack closure inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component 162
Calculation of components of reinforced concrete structures for deformations... 162
Curvature estimation of the reinforced concrete components in the crack free
sectors of the tension region ………………………………………………… 163
Curvature estimation of the reinforced concrete components in the sectors,
having cracks in the tension region………………………………. 164
Deflections estimation…………………………………………………………… 166
5. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS………………………………………… 168
Minimum dimensions of the components’ section……………………………… 168
Concrete cover…………………………………………………………… 168
Minimal distances between the bars of the reinforcement …………………. 170
Anchorage of the non[restressed reinforcement……………..…………… 170
Longitudinal armouring of components……………………………………… 171
Transverse armouring of components ………………………………………… 173
Welded joints of the reinforcement and embedded parts ………………………. 175
Rebated joints of nonprestressed reinforcement (without welding) ………… 176
Joints of components of prefabricated structures……………………………… 176
Separate structural requirements …………….………………………………… 177
Additional directions for designing prestressed reinforced concrete components 178
6. DIRECTIONS FOR CALCULATION AND DESIGNING OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WHEN
RECONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS AND 179
STRUCTURES……………………
General provisions…………………………………………………………….. 179
Verifying calculations……………………………………………………... 180
Design and engineering of structures being strengthened …………………… 182
Table ……………………………………………………………………………. 184
Drawings ……………………………………………………………………… 205
Appendix 1Obligatory. 215
Main type of reinforcing steel and the field of its application in the reinforced
concrete structures (depending on the nature of effective loads and design
temperature) …………………………………………………………………… 215
Appendix 2 Obligatory 218
The field of application of carbon steel for the embedded parts of the reinforced
concrete structures ………………………………………… 218
Appendix 3. Reference. 218
Basic letter symbols and definitions ……………………………….. 218
 CONSTRUCTION CODE OF TURKMENISTAN

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CCT 2.03.02-2004

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS

INDUSTRY OF TURKMENISTAN

Ashkhabad 2004
CCT 2.03.02-2004 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures
Design regulations

Developed by: Research Institute of “Seismology” of the Ministry of Construction and

Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan.

Executors in charge: candidate of engineering - Gairov B.K., docent Genin B.S.,

candidate of engineering - Dubayev V.G., candidate of engineering
Rozybayev M.B.

Prepared for approval by the Architecture, Town-planning, Science and New Technology
Department of the Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of
Turkmenistan

After putting in force CCT 2.03.02-2004 “Concrete and reinforced concrete

structures. Design regulations”, Construction Rules and Regulations2.03.01-84
becomes invalid in the territory of Turkmenistan

@Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of

Turkmenistan. – А.: 2004
 Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry
of Turkmenistan

Construction Code of Turkmenistan

CCT 2.03.02 -2004 “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

Design regulations”

Developed by: Research Institute of “Seismology” of the Ministry of Construction and Building
Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Executors in charge – Gairov B.K., Genin B. S.,

Dubayev V.G., Rozybayev M.B.

Technical editing — Yagshimamedov N.A., Lopashov V.A., Dubayev V.G.

Prepared for publication by the Data-computing center

of the Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Signed for printing on 22.11.04. Format 60х84 1/8 printer's sheet

Run of 100 copies