Ohm’s Law

by:
Muhamad Abdul Jalil (09330271)
• Standart of competence:

5. To apply electricity concept in various

problem and a variety technology product.

• Basic competence :

5.1. To Formulates the mulberry of electricity is

closed series ( one loop)
• Indicator :

• To formulate the mulberry of electric current strength

inclosed series (the electric current strength).
• To formulate the mulberry of electric resistance
strength series (the electric resistance strength).
• To formulate the mulberry of tension insimple closed
series uses Kirchof Law II.
 Ohm’s Law
Current through an ideal conductor is
proportional to the applied voltage
– Conductor is also known as a resistor
– An ideal conductor is a material whose resistance does not change
with temperature

For an ohmic device,

Voltage = Current × Resistance

V = I×R
V = Voltage (Volts = V)
I = Current (Amperes = A)
R = Resistance (Ohms = Ω)
 Current and Voltage Defined
Conventional Current: (the current in electrical circuits)
Flow of current from positive terminal to the negative
terminal.
- has units of Amperes (A) and is measured using
ammeters.

Voltage:
Energy required to move a charge from one point to another.
- has units of Volts (V) and is measured using voltmeters.

Think of voltage as what pushes the electrons

along in the circuit, and current as a group of
electrons that are constantly trying to reach a
state of equilibrium.
 Ohmic Resistors
• Metals obey Ohm’s Law linearly so long
as their temperature is held constant
– Their resistance values do not fluctuate with
temperature
• the resistance for each resistor is a constant

Most ohmic resistors will behave

non-linearly outside of a given range of
temperature, pressure, etc.
 Voltage and Current Relationship
for Linear Resistors
Voltage versus Current
for a 10 ohm Resistor
0.6
0.5
Current (A)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Voltage (V)

Voltage and current are linear when resistance is held constant.

 Ohm’s Law continued
The total resistance of a circuit is dependant on
the number of resistors in the circuit and their
configuration

Series Circuit Rtotal = R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1 1
Parallel Circuit = = + + ...
Rtotal R R1 R2
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Current into junction = Current leaving junction
I in = I out
The amount of current that enters a junction is
equivalent to the amount of current that leaves the
junction
Iin I1

I in = I1 + I 2 = I out
I2 I1
I in − I out = 0
I2 Iout
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Sum of all voltage rises and voltage drops
in a circuit (a closed loop) equals zero

Vin = ∑ VoltageAcrossEachResistor
Vin = V1 + V2 + ...
Net Voltage for a circuit = 0
V1 V2

V = V1 + V2
V − V1 − V2 = 0
V
 Series Circuit

Current is constant
• Why?
– Only one path for the
current to take
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = I×R I = I1 = I 2 = I 3
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Series Equivalent Circuit

V1 = I × R1 V2 = I × R2 V3 = I × R3
R = R1 + R2 + R3

V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = I × R1 + I × R2 + I × R3
V = I × ( R1 + R2 + R3 )
V = I×R
 Parallel Circuit

V = I×R
V = V1 = V2 = V3
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = I1 + I 23
Voltage is constant where I 23 = I 2 + I 3
1 1 1 1
• Why? = + +
– There are 3 closed R R1 R2 R3
loops in the circuit
 Parallel Equivalent Circuits

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
= + + let = + so =  + 
R R1 R2 R3 R 23 R2 R3 R  R1 R23 
1 1 1 1
and = + = ⇒ R = R123 I = I1 + I 2 + I 3
R123 R1 R23 R
1 I1 + I 2 + I 3
V = I × R = ( I1 + I 2 + I 3 ) × =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
We’ve now looked at how basic electrical
circuits work with resistors that obey
Ohm’s Law linearly.

We understand quantitatively how these

resistors work using the relationship V=IR,
but lets see qualitatively using light bulbs.
 Matur
tHaNKYOu