Dr. Roy's Everything Grammar Part I

Dr.
Roy‟s
Everything
Grammar
Original text by Dr. Roy Beadle
Redesigned for speaking by Dr. Paul R. Friesen
[1]
Part I
The
Basic Sentence
[2]
To the student,
This book begins with fairly easy lessons, and each succeeding one
will add information or become a little more difficult. . You and your
classmates should try to complete as many units as you can in a class
period. When there are instructions to learn a list of words, you
must be sure that you master them perfectly because they will help
you understand a language problem. Remember that the words are
only examples and that usually there are more like them.
[3]
Unit 1 Basic Sentences
Note:
A basic sentence is a statement that has two parts, a subject and a predicate.
Here are some examples. You will note that in these basic sentences the subject will
always come first.
Note:
Basic sentences are not questions, commands, or exclamations.
Subject Predicate (verb)

Girls play.
The girls play quietly.
That boy hit the ball.
Each bird ate some seeds.
Subject Predicate
Our house was painted.
He likes candy.
She waited for us.
We ate the apples.
A subject = the focus of the sentence

= always a noun ~ person, place or thing.
The predicate = the action words that the subject or object does
that affects the subject or object.
[4]
Directions:
Identify the subjects in the sentences below by drawing a vertical line
between them and writing sub for subject over the subjects.
Identify the predicates by writing pred for predicate over the predicates.
The first sentence is marked for you along with a recommended recitation. This
procedure will be followed in most of this book.
For Example ---

sub. I pred.
1. The boys tried hard.
The boys = the subject and tried hard = the predicate.
Try Some More sub. I pred.

sub pred.
2. My father cut the grass. ___father / cut the grass
Speaking = My father = the subject and cut the grass = the predicate.
3. He waved to me. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
4. A pencil lay on the desk. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
5. John went to the game. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
[5]
6. The fire scorched the earth. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
7. Each boy had a pencil. ___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
8. I wanted a hat. ________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
9. Our camp was in the woods. ________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
10. They lit the lamp quickly. ___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
11. His house is up the street. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
12. Jim enjoyed the pancakes. ___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
13. Many friends met at the concert. _______________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
14. Dogs bark. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
[6]
15. This house is very dark. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
16. Jerry has given me his pencil. _________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
17. That boy is my friend. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
18. Some days seem very long. _________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
19. She cried easily. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
20. A lamp stood on the desk. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
Tell the class about each sentence.

How did you do?
[7]
Unit 2 IDENTIFYING DETERMINERS
In this book, we shall use basic sentences to help us identify different classes
of words. Determiners belong to the first group we shall study.
Determiners tell us that the word following = a noun. This is true only in
basic sentences.
For Example ---

D noun D noun
The man gave me a pencil. The man gave me a pencil.
A determiner is a word like ~ the ~ or ~ a ~ in this sentence.
Memorize
Learn the determiners below and be prepared to write them when your
teacher tells you.
They are in alphabetical order.
a any few many one the those
all each her my our their your
an either his neither some these
another every its no that this
[8]
Directions:
In the sentences below, write a CAPITAL “D” for determiner over
the words that
are from the list above.
Write a CAPITAL “N” for noun over the word that follows the determiner. The
first sentence is done for you along with the recommended way to tell the others how
this works.
For Example ---

D N D N
1 A door opened to the hall. A door opened to the hall.
Speaking: A = a determiner and door a noun.

The = a determiner and hall a noun.
You Try Some More
2. Each girl seemed happy. _________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. An apple stood on the table. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Your hat is near the door. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[9]
5. Their ideas are good. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. These flowers smell good. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Our school is new. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. My brother told the story. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. Your coat is on a hanger. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
How are you doing?
[10]
10. My car went into the ditch. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. That girl gave me an apple. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Either road will do. ________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. An orchard produced the fruit. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. Its tail was a stub. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. Those deer are on the road. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[11]
16. Our plans were very detailed. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. Any idea will help. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. Those girls helped my mother. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. Each camper took his tent. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
20. The men wanted every board. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
21. All men are created equal. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[12]
22. Another boy took her book. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
23. Their book had many pictures. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
24. Neither boy wanted any help. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
25. Her hat was on a hook. _______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
How are you doing?
[13]
Homework
Directions
In the spaces below, write some short sentences and identify the determiners
and nouns,
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______
Read your sentences to the class!
[14]
Unit 3 IDENTIFYING NOUNS
Look at the sentences below.
D N
The boy was happy.
In the last unit we learned that the in this position = a determiner.

The word boy = a noun because of its position after the determiner
the.
Again, this occurs only in basic sentences.
For Example ---

N
Milk tastes good.
In this sentence, milk = a noun because of its position as the subject of the
sentence.
The point to remember is that all nouns do not have determiners before them.
There are many words that can be substituted for milk as the subject of this sentence.
How about candy, bread, sugar, corn, cereal, apples, etc.? These words are called
nouns.
Directions
In the sentences on the next page, write a capital D over the determiners and a
capital N over the nouns. If a word occupies the position of the subject of the
sentence and has no determiner before it, label it as a noun.
For Example ---

D N D N
1. Their pencils were on the floor. Their pencils were on the floor.
Speaking: “Their” = a determiner and pencils a noun. “The” = a determiner and

“floor” a noun.
[15]
N D N
2. John hid behind the tree. John hid behind the tree.
Speaking: “John” = a noun because of its position as the subject of the sentence.
“The” = a determiner and “tree” = a noun.
You Try Some More
3. My father came to our picnic. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Trees give us some shade. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Many parks are quite clean. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. The game was a pleasure. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Jim ran down the street. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[16]
8. The men did their work. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. Susan hid behind a tree. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. A rock rolled down the hill. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Each day gives us some fun. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Cars sped down the road. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. A weasel crossed the creek. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. His cat chased the dog. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[17]
15. My ball hit a window. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. Tom lay inside our hammock. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. Their cabin was among the trees. ____________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. Your dog ran after the rabbit. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. People stood quietly. ______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
20. Every lamp stood on the floor. _____________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[18]
Directions
In the spaces below, see how many words you can substitute for trees in this basic
sentence. These words will be nouns.
Trees grow a little each day.

grow a little each day.

[19]
There are other markers, or signals for nouns.
UNIT 4 THE PLURAL ENDINGS OF NOUNS
Note:
Plural = more than one and Singular = one.
For Example ---

D N
The boys were happy.
The “s” on boys is a signal for the plural ending of not only boys but most nouns.
Examples: does, houses, farms, cars, books, etc.
D N
Their losses were many.
The “es” on losses is also a signal of many nouns. Nouns ending in h, x, z, also a signal for the
plural end, and ~ form their plural by adding “es” to the singular.
Examples: wish ~ wishes, church ~ churches, tax ~ taxes, waltz ~ waltzes.
D N
The oxen pulled hard.
The “en” on oxen also indicates the plural ending of a noun.
D N D N
The deer grazed on the hill.
Nouns like deer are said to have zero endings because they do not change their form from the
singular.
Note:
There are a few nouns that form their plural by internal change within the word.
Example: foot ~ feet; mouse ~ mice; man ~ men.
[20]
Directions
In the sentences below, underline the plural endings like s, es, or en to help you identify
nouns.
Write D for determiner and N for noun.
For Example ---

N D N
1. Benches were stacked in the hall. Benches were stacked in the hall.
Speaking: Benches = a plural noun because of its “es” ending. Hall = a singular noun
because of the determiner before it.
You Try Some More

2. Dogs and cats are our pets. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The boxes lay on the floor. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Lilies bloomed in the valleys. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Cows ate with the calves. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[21]
6. The nights were long. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. The boys served the food. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. The women enjoyed the waltzes. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. Some flies were on the tables. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. The axes stood in the corner. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. My teeth were clean. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[22]
12. Mary gave it to the children. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. Classes passed in the hall. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. The sheep are in the pasture. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. Churches are built yearly. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. The men are the bosses. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. His wishes came true. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[23]
18. Some ladies are waiting. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. John surrendered to his enemies. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
20. The citizens paid the taxes. __________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[24]
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences illustrating the s, es or en plural endings. Label the
determiners and nouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[25]
UNIT 5 THE POSSESSIVE ENDING OF NOUNS
[26]
An apostrophe („) or an apostrophe- s ('s) is a signal of the possessive ending of nouns. The
words are then called possessive nouns.
Possessive means ownership.
For Example ---

The dog's paw was injured.
“dog's” is a possessive noun.
Singular Plural Singular Possessive Plural Possessive A possessive noun

signals another noun.
boy boys boy's hat boys' hats
man men man's coat men's coats In the sentence, “The
child children child's doll children's dolls dog's paw was in the
noun paw.”
The possessive noun “dog's” signals “injured”.
Directions
Identify the determiners and nouns in the sentences below.
Write Poss. N over the possessive nouns.
For Example ---

D N Poss.N N
1. The boys tore Bill's shirt. The boys tore Bill's shirt.
Speaking: “Boys” = a noun because of the determiner “the”. “Bill's” = a possessive noun
because of the apostrophe - s, and “shirt” = a noun signalled by the possessive noun “Bill's”.
[27]
You Try Some More
2. John's sister came with us. ___________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The men's hats were brown. ____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Explorers' maps are available. ____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Joe pulled the pony's mane. ____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. The class read Dickens' prose. ____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. The mothers' tea lasted long. ____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[28]
8. Tim's pencil is on the desk. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. Each class read the author's book. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. Some men pushed Jim's car. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Our home is near Jack's house. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Any boy would like Tom's bike. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. That animal is Joan's cat. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[29]
14. Sally's picture is on the wall. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. The man's wife is here. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. Some girls rode in Jerry's boat. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. My father borrowed Tom's ladders. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. Harry's brother came with the men. ______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. The children's wagons were on the street. _______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[30]
Your Turn
In the spaces below, write sentences which include possessive nouns. Label all determiners and
nouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
________________
[31]
UNIT 6 NOUN SUFFIXES
Suffixes endings like “dom, ness, and ism” are added to words
and are also signals of nouns.
For Example ---

kind-kindness ~ king-kingdom ~ commune – communism
Learn the suffixes below as noun signals.
ism Americanism age shortage

ist artist ful spoonful
er teacher ment judgment
ness likeness dom kingdom
ance remembrance hood manhood
ster )
youngster ence difference
Directions
In the sentences below,
- - look for the suffixes above and underline them.
+ label the determiners and nouns.
D N Poss.N N
1. The man prepared Jim's statement. The man prepared Jim's statement.
Speaking: “Man” = a noun because of the determiner “the”. Jim's is a possessive noun
because of the apostrophe – „s, and “statement” is a noun because of the “ment” suffix,
You Try Some More
2. The singer pleased nearly everyone. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[32]
3. The author was a humorist. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The Russians practice Communism. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. His weakness is evident. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. The preacher was very unhappy. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Some differences are obvious. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. His criticism seems unjust. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[33]
9. The soldiers were terrorists. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. The argument appeared useless. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Some people appreciate your kindness. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Those officers caught the gangster. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. My assistant will help you. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. The man is a pantomimic. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[34]
15. Some annoyances bother the boys. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. His neatness was appreciated. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. Her sister ate a spoonful. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. Your judgment will help the plan. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. The girls studied our government. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
20. One difference seemed clear. _____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
How are you doing?
Tell the class about a sentence!

[35]
You Try
In the spaces below, write some basic sentences in which you try to use some of the
suffixes above. Label all determiners and nouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_______________________________________
How are you doing?
[36]
Summary
Noun Signals
[37]
?
What did we learn?
1. In basic sentences only, determiners tell us that the word following = a noun.
D N D N
Each boy worked the problem.
2. A noun will often occupy the subject position in a basic sentence.
N
Cars raced around the building.
3. Plural endings like s, es, and en often signal nouns,
N N N
The toys of the children were often placed in the churches.
4. An apostrophe („) or apostrophe - s („s) = a signal for a possessive noun.
Poss, N N Poss. N N
The children's work often helped the ladies' projects,
5. Noun suffixes often signal nouns.
His differences were with the government.
6. Although we have had no unit on this, remember that capitalized words also indicate nouns.
N N N N N
It happened in June at Comstock Park near Jackson, Montana.
It is important to understand that there may be more than one clue to discover that a word is a
noun.
We call these structural clues.
[38]
For Example ---
We know that the word “differences” in sentence #5 above is a noun for several reasons.
Noun Clues
(1) It occupies the position of the subject in a basic sentence.
(2) The word “the” = a determiner telling us that a noun follows.
(3) The “s” ending is a plural ending for most nouns.
(4) The “ence” suffix helps us identify the word as a noun.
All these clues operate within the structure of the sentence to help
us identify nouns.
Now write the six clues under , “What did we learn?

?”, for identifying nouns again.
1. ____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________
6._____________________________________________________
Silly Sentence Practice

Sometimes one can write Silly sentences and find the nouns by looking for structural clues.
D N D N D N
Some kirbes took each gobment to the splingness.
We know that kirbes = a noun because of (1) its position, (2) the “es” ending, and (3) the
determiner “some”.
Gobment = a noun because of (1) the determiner “each”, and (2) the “ment” ending.
Splingness = a noun because of (1) the determiner “the”, and the (2) “ness” ending.
[39]
Your Turn to Try
Can you identify the nouns in the following nonsense sentences?
1. His fomps are by the tampster.

____________________________________________
2. My libes walked over the turler.

____________________________________________
3. Some Moden gave me some roxes.

____________________________________________
4. Neither mabes are for either dirgdom.

____________________________________________
5. Our dasks seem near the enden.

____________________________________________
6. Many moshences are by his stooner.

____________________________________________
7. The blibism kept their orgful.

____________________________________________
8. Her keepness is a frug.

____________________________________________
9. That morko walked by Dirneys.

____________________________________________
10. Several koobes told about a drup.

____________________________________________
11. A minnikin fell by your scrops.

____________________________________________
12. All baktion are in your cares.

____________________________________________
[40]
Homework Fun
Write a few of your own silly

sentences and identify the nouns
and determiners
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
___
Did you Have Fun?
[41]
UNIT 8 IDENTIFYING SUBJECT PRONOUNS
[42]
Look at the sentences below.
D N
The boy was happy.
We may substitute the word he for “The boy” in the position of the subject in this sentence.
For Example ---

He was happy. He = called a pronoun.
N
Jane was happy.
We may substitute the word she for Jane.
For Example ---

She was happy. She = called a pronoun.
N
Milk tastes good.
We may substitute the word it for milk.
For Example ---

It tastes good. It = a pronoun.
We have seen that he, she, and it can be substituted in the position of nouns used
as the subject in the sentences above.
Words that regularly occupy noun positions, or that can be substituted for nouns are
called pronouns. For this reason, pronouns are often called substitute words.
The subject forms of pronouns that you should now learn are I, you, she, he, it, and
they.
Directions
[43]
In the sentences below, identify the determiners and nouns in the first sentence of the pair, and
then write pron. for pronoun over the words which substitute for the nouns.
Draw a vertical line between the subject predicate (verb).
For Example ---

D N D N
1. The man went to his car.
Speaking: Man = a noun because of the determiner “the”, and car = a noun because of the
determiner pronoun “his”.
Pron. D N
2. He went to his car.
Speaking: He is a pronoun because it is a substitute for “The man”. Car is a noun because of
the determiner pronoun “his”.
3. A girl sat on the swing.

She sat on the swing.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The dog was lazy.

It was lazy.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. The boys left early.

They left early.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Sharon is my name.
[44]
I am a girl.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. A woman sat on the chair.

She sat on the chair.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. My father helped the man.

He helped the man.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. The money is hidden.

It is hidden.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. The items lay on the desk.

They lay on the desk.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. My teacher came into the room.

She came into the room.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. The water dripped for an hour.

It dripped for an hour.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. Joyce is my name.
[45]
I am a girl.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. Your name is John.

You are John.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. Some cars ran off the road.

They ran off the road.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Write a few to try for Yourself

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________
Are you Having Fun Yet?
UNIT 9 IDENTIFYING OBJECT PRONOUNS

[46]
The object pronouns are I, you, him, her, it, they, and them.
One more time

The object pronouns are I, you, him, her, it, they, and them.
These are VERY IMPORTANT for EVERYTHING in ENGLISH.
Object pronouns occur in the verb/action part of basic sentences.
For Example ---

D N Pron.
The car bumped them.
Them = an object pronoun of the verb “bumped” them.
Pron, D N Pron.
She gave the book to him.
She = a subject pronoun and him an object pronoun.
Directions
Identify the determiners, nouns, and ALL pronouns in the sentences below.
Draw a vertical line between the subject verb first.
For Example ---

Pron. D N Pron.
1. She gave the ball to me. She gave the ball to me.
Speaking: She = a subject pronoun, ball = a noun because of the determiner “the”, and “me”
= an object pronoun
[47]
Do Some More For Fun
2. The ball hit him. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. We met them at the park. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The crowds applauded us. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Ellen saw me at the movie. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. His acts displeased me. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Tom took him to the movie. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[48]
8. I saw them at the game. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. John sold us a ticket. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. She gave me some paper. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. It flew under him. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. They laughed at her. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. You showed me your book. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[49]
14. The grocer sold me a steak. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. He sat by me. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. She pushed us. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. It is for him. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. We ran after them. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. I told him about it. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[50]
Directions
In the spaces below, write basic sentences with subject and object pronouns. Identify
determiners, nouns, and pronouns.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________________________________
Hope you had fun!
[51]
UNIT 10 DETERMINER OR INDEFINITE PRONOUN?
[52]
The words all, any, another, each, either, every, few, many, neither, only and some that we
learned as determiners ~ determiners when they are used before a noun.
We call them function words because they help us identify nouns.
The same words, all, any, another , each, either, every, few, many, neither, one, and only are
called indefinite pronouns when they are used alone. Learn them.
For Example ---

D N
Each boy helped us.
Here each = a determiner; it determines that boy = a noun.
IP = indefinite pronoun
IP
Each helped us. The symbol IP identifies each as an indefinite pronoun.
Directions
In the sentences below, identify determiners, nouns, and indefinite pronouns. Use the symbol
IP for indefinite pronouns.
For Example ---

D N D N
1. Each man had a boat.
Speaking: Man = a noun because of the determiner each; boat = a noun because of the
determiner a.
IP D N
2. Each had a boat. Each had a boat.
Speaking: Each = an indefinite pronoun; boat = a noun because of the determiner a.
[53]
Write your explanation on the Speaking lines. Then take turns in class reading your
explanation out loud to your classmates.
3. Many children like a circus.

Many like a circus.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Any day is satisfactory.

Any will do.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. One lay on the floor.

One lay on the floor.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Some boys helped us.

Some helped us.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Few people attended the game.

Few attended the game.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. Both bats were broken.

Both were broken.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[54]
9. Some houses were painted.
Some were painted.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. Two balls floated on the water.

Two floated on the water.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Each child walked in line.

Each walked in line.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Many fans were at the game.

Many were at the game.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. Some birds were on the lawn.

Some were on the lawn.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. Any reading appears satisfactory.

Any appears satisfactory.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. Neither boy tried hard.

Neither tried hard.
Speaking Speaking
=____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[55]
16. Another plane crashed.
Another crashed.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. All cats are animals.

All are animals.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
New Idea
Write your own sentences using the IP.
Tell them to the student beside you (the first sentence) and ask
them to repeat it back to you with the IP (the second sentence).
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Wow!!! That was Fun. I love GRAMMAR

[56]
UNIT 11 DETERMINER OR DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN?
[57]
The words this, that, these, and those are determiners when they stand before a noun.
Their function or task is to tell us that the next word = a noun.
They are called demonstrative pronouns when they are used alone. The word demonstrative
means to point out.
For Example ---

D N
This hat is too large.
Here this is a determiner (this) identifying “hat” as a noun.
DP
This is too large.
In this sentence, this is a demonstrative pronoun because this and that are singular; these and
those are plural. This” is used alone.
Directions
In the sentences below, label the determiners and nouns. When this, that, these, or
those is used alone in the subject position, label it DP for demonstrative pronoun.
D N D N
1. That boy is my friend. “
Speaking: “boy”= a noun because of the determiner “that”.

“friend” = a noun because of the determiner “my”.
DP D N
2. That is my cap. That is my cap.
Speaking: “That” = a demonstrative pronoun;

“cap” = a noun because of the determiner “my”.
[58]
3. These pencils are sharp.
These are sharp.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. That road has many bumps.

That is very true.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. This coat is mine.

This is mine.
Speaking Speaking
=____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Those apples appear spoiled.

Those appear spoiled.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. This lake has many fish.

This is my ball.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. Those buildings are tall.

Those are really tall.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[59]
9. That picture is unusual.
That is unusual.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. These books are dusty.

These are dusty.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Those dresses are too large.

Those are too large.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. That movie was good.

That is my house.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. This page is torn.

This is torn.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[60]
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences using this, that, these, and those as determiners and
demonstrative pronouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
__________________________________________
Wow!!! That was Fun. I love GRAMMAR
[61]
Summary
[62]
In this book you find several pages like this one which will
summarize the previous pages to help you bring together
thoughts covered.
You should study this section carefully and review the other
pages from 1-12 and prepare for Test 1.
The procedure will be followed throughout the book. There will be

a number of pages of explanation followed by a test.
VOCABULARY and SYMBOL Review
SYMBOL WORD PRONUNCIATION
1, sub. subject sub'ject
2. pred. predicate pred'i-cate

3. D determiner de-ter1min-er
4. N noun noun
5. S singular sing'u-lar
6. P plural plu'ral
7. Poss. N possessive noun pos-ses'sive
8. suffix suf'fix
9. structural struct'ur-e.l
10. Pron. pronoun protnoun
11, function func'tion
12. IP indefinite pronoun in-def'in-ite
13. DP demonstrative pronoun de-mon'stra-tive
SUMMARY
Be sure you know how to pronounce these words and how they are spelled.
[63]
?
What did we learn?
1. A basic sentence = a statement that has two parts, a subject and a predicate.
Basic sentences are not questions, commands, or exclamations.
2. A determiner helps signal a noun.

Go back to the Lesson on this topic for the chart.
3. Nouns = words like man, tree, ground, etc.

They may or may not have determiners before them.
One can usually identify a noun by its position as the
subject of a basic sentence.
4. Singular = one.
plural, = more than one,
5. Most nouns form their plural by adding “s”.

Nouns ending in s, x, z, sh, and ch form their plurals
by adding (+) “es” to the singular.
Nouns spelled the same in the singular and plural have NO ADDED endings.
Some nouns have internal changes like man, men.
6. An apostrophe (') and an apostrophe - s ('s)

= signals for the possessive noun.
7. Suffixes like ness, dom, and ance often signal a noun.
8. I, you, he, she, it, we, and they = subject pronouns.

Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them = object pronouns.
9. Some determiners are either indefinite pronouns or demonstrative pronouns

when they stand alone. Go back to this section for REVIEW.
[64]
Part II
Verbs
[65]
Unit 1 IDENTIFYING VERBS (1)
A verb is a word like drive, sing, jump, or throw.
These words show present time and are said to be in the present tense. Tense,
therefore, means time.
One character of a verb = its ability to show past time. The verbs above, if you
write or speak them are; drove, sang, jumped, or threw show past time and we say
they are, ”in the past tense”.
Also, many verbs can be identified because they show action.
DN V D N
A man drives a car.
A word can be identified as a verb by its position after the subject of a basic
sentence. Other words which could fit into the blank _____ = polishes, repairs,
sells, pushes, etc.
These words = all verbs because they can replace the word drives in the basic
sentence we used above.
A man = the complete subject.

drives a car = the complete verb.
Note: The “s” ending on drives is a signal for what is known as the
third person singular form.
The person speaking = First person - I, we [I drive]
Person spoken to = Second person - you [You drive]
Person spoken of = Third person- he, she, it, they

[He drives]
[66]
Directions
In the sentences below, identify the nouns, pronouns, determiners, and present tense verbs.
Use a capital V for verb.
For Example ---

N V Pron D N
1. Joe goes with him each day. Joe goes with him each day.
Speaking: Joe = a noun, goes a verb because of its position.

him = a pronoun, and day a noun because of the determiner each.
2. I go with him on Monday. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. The boy throws well. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Jane buys candy at the store. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. I do my work carefully. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[67]
6. Jerry does his work well. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. You give me that book. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Tom grows apples on his farm. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. The sun rises each morning. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. We write to them on Tuesday. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11. I see your ball on the field. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
12 A deer walks near the fence. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[68]
13. Each boy sings well ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
14. Her brother walks by the church. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
15. My dog barks loudly _______________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
16. She tells that story ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17. That man plays hard ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18. I like pop. ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
19. We enjoy each meal ________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[69]
Directions
See if you can find six verbs to fill the position of the blank in this sentence.
I __________ candy.
I __________ candy.
I __________ candy.
I __________ candy.
I __________ candy.
I __________ candy.
Did you Have Fun?
[70]
UNIT 2 IDENTIFYING VERBS (2)
[71]
Verb forms like sang or jumped are called past tense (V-ed) because they indicate an action
before the moment of speaking.
For Example ---

D N V-ed D N
The girls sang the song.
The verb sang in this position = a verb in the past tense

and is indicated by the symbol V-ed.
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below.
Write V-ed to symbolize the past tense verb.
For Example ---

D N V-ed D N
1. Some boys jumped into the lake.
Speaking: Some = a determiner , boys = a noun, jumped a past tense verb,

the a determiner, and lake a noun.
“cap” = a noun because of the determiner “my”.
[72]
2. He broke the window.
He = _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. A bee stung the man.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Father bought a tire.

____ = ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. The fielder caught the ball.

____ = __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. Each child drew a picture.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. I ate the cake.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. Jerry fell into the puddle

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. Some players fought hard

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. Most people gave a lot.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
[73]
11. A ship went by the pier.
____ = _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
12. Many flowers grew slowly.

____ = ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
13. We hopped up the steps

____ = _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
14. I knew the poem well

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
15. John lay there an hour.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
16. She rose from the bed.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
17. Several students knew about it.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
18. They showed us the pictures.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
19. The boys swam to the dock.

____ = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
[74]
Can you now tell the difference between a past tense verb
and the present tense ?
Mark the present tense V and the past tense V-ed.
For Example ---

D N V D N = present
A. Our team wins each game.
D N V-ed D N = past
B. Our team won each game.
1. I got up early. V-ed = past

I got up early.

=
2. Grace wore a hat. _________________________
=
3. Grace wears a hat. _________________________
=
4. I get up early. _________________________
=
5. I got up early. _________________________
=
6. She springs to the saddle _________________________
=
7. She sprang to the saddle. _________________________
=
8. Most parents pay taxes. _________________________
=
9. Most parents paid taxes. _________________________
=
10. Each boy wants the bicycle. _________________________
[75]
=
11. Each boy wanted the bicycle. _________________________
=
12. A thief stole the money. _________________________
=
13. He tries hard. _________________________
=
14. Judy took the bus this morning. _________________________
=
15. We dive with glee. _________________________
=
16. We dived with glee. _________________________
=
17. Tom took the car that night. _________________________
=
18. Tom takes it each day. _________________________
=
19. Tom took it each day. _________________________
=
20. A thief steals the money. ________________________
How are you doing?

Are you having fun yet?
[76]
UNIT 3 VerbsVERBS
IDENTIFYING auxiliaries, or helpers.
may have(3)
Let me show you
D N Aux. V D N
Each boy may take his bat.
In this sentence, may is an auxiliary verb and along with take, constitute a verb
phrase, may take.
Auxiliaries are like determiners in that the following word often is a verb.
However, we will learn that auxiliaries are sometimes used alone.
Auxiliaries are also called function words because their job = to help identify
the verb. It would be well to remember that there is only one verb or verb
phrase in our basic sentences.
Learn the following auxiliaries.
does ~ has can ~ could may ~ might must ~ shall

do ~ did should ~ will have ~ had would
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below. Write Aux. for
auxiliary over the helping verbs.
For Example ---

D N Aux. V D N
1. The dog may bite the postman.
Speaking: Dog = a noun because of the determiner the,

may bite = a verb phrase,
and “postman” = a noun because of the determiner “the”.
[77]
2. She can sing very well.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Mother has bought the hat
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. The boy might catch us.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Each boy does try hard.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. The boys should draw the pictures.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. He will eat the salad.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[78]
8. The men will hear us
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. Sandy may know about the plans
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. I can prove that story.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11. Most children must rise early.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
12. We shall tear the paper.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
13. Joe might write the letter
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[79]
14. Chris did write the letter.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
15. We shall eat our lunch.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
16. Tom will sing for us.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17. They have played all morning.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18. The skies could clear soon.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
19, Our parents would want it.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[80]
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences using the auxiliaries with the present form of the verb. Label
the other words as you have been doing.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Are you having fun yet?
[81]
Have, has, and had may be verb forms by themselves.
For Example ---

D N V D N
The boys have a football.
Have, has, and had may signal a verb form

called the past participle.
D N Have + en D N
Each boy has bought a football.
In this sentence, “has” signals the past participle form of the verb.
We will use the symbol HB;e+en for the past participle.
Do, does, and did may be verb forms by themselves.
For Example ---

N V D N D N
Jim does his work every day.
Do, does, and did may signal a verb form called the emphatic form.
D N N-Aux. V
The boy did try hard.
[82]
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below.
Identify the verb forms as indicated above.
For Example ---

D N V D NPron.
1. The men have their cars with them.
Speaking: Men = a noun indicated by the determiner “the”,

“have” = a present tense verb.
Cars is a noun indicated by their, and them = a pronoun.
Your Turn ---

2. The men have taken their cars.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. He has the pencil.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. He has taken the pencil.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Jim has the letter. .
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[83]
6. Jim has written the letter.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Some boys have the prize.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Some boys have taken the prize.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. Each child has a book.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Each child has read a book.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11. A man had the key.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
12. A man had taken the key.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[84]
A Little Change ---
Don’t get confused
For Example ---
N V D N D N
1. Joy does the dishes each morning.
Speaking:
Joy = a noun because of its position as the subject
Does = a present tense verb.
Dishes = a noun indicated by “the”
+ Morning = a noun indicated by the determiner each.
Your Turn ---

2. Joy does try hard.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The men do the chore well.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The men do leave early.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[85]
5. I did the lesson easily.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. I did learn the lesson.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. June does the laundry.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. June does rinse the clothes.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. Several boys do the work.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[86]
10. Several boys do loaf in the hall.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Many birds did fly over the house.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. We do go in the afternoon.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[87]
[88]
The verb - to BE - has eight forms: be, was, were, is, am, are, been, and being
Learn and Practice these eight forms now

before you go on.
D N Be D N
The boys are my friends.
In this sentence, are = form of to BE and we label it Be.
D N Be+V+ing D N
The boys are going to the lake.
In this sentence, are going = a verb phrase. Are signals a verb form as the present
participle.
The ing = an ending signalling the present participle form.
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verb forms in the
sentences below.
Mark the verbs like the sentence above.
For Example ---

Pron. Be D N
1. I am a boy.
Speaking: I = a pronoun
Am = a form of be
+ Boy = a noun indicated by the determiner “a”.
Pron. Be+V+ing D N
2. I am going for a walk.
[89]
Speaking:
I = a pronoun
Am going = a present participle verb phrase
+ walk = a noun indicated by the determiner “a”.
Your Turn ---

3. The boy is Tom.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The boy is walking by the house
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. You are in my seat.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. You are sitting in my seat.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. He was cold.
[90]
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. He was buying a hat.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. The men were in the garage.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. The men were going into the house.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. I am a teacher.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. I am teaching you English.
[91]
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. He is my friend.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. He is helping me.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. We are in the house.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
A Little Note ---

How are you doing?

Sometimes we use other helpers with be.
[92]
Pron. Have+Be+V+ing D N
1. I have been helping my mother. I have been helping my mother.
2. The men have been going each day.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Jim has been sleeping late.
____________________________________________________________________
4. Some boys had been trying for an hour.
____________________________________________________________________
5. They could have been trying too hard.
____________________________________________________________________
6. John has been giving me some help.
____________________________________________________________________
7. The divers will be leaving now.
____________________________________________________________________
8. Some pupils have been talking.
____________________________________________________________________
9. Several girls had been drawing all period.
____________________________________________________________________
10. She has been telling us about it.
[93]
____________________________________________________________________
11. You might have been going by now.
____________________________________________________________________
12. They had been singing the song.
____________________________________________________________________
13. Our dogs had been taking the meat.
____________________________________________________________________
14. I could have been telling you a 1ie.
____________________________________________________________________
15. He has been laying the bricks.
____________________________________________________________________
16. Jim has been stopping near the door.
____________________________________________________________________
You Made it.

Now take a deep breath!
[94]
What did you learn
about VERBS?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
____________________________
[95]
Let’s summarize what we have learned in this lesson.
#1
The present tense of a verb = determined mainly by its position after the subject in
a basic sentence.
It = indicated by the symbol~ V.
The boy sings well.
The “s” ending on sings = also a signal for a present tense.
#2
The past tense of a verb also occupies a position after the subject
in a basic sentence.
Its symbol = V-ed.
#3
Auxiliaries like can ~ could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would signal a verb
phrase.
A verb phrase = made up of two or more words. The auxiliaries (helpers) are used with the
present form. The symbol for the auxiliary = Aux.
#4
Have, had, and has may be verb forms by themselves or signal a construction
called the past-participle.
The symbol for this form is Have+en.
Are you confused?

Read it ALL again to help you.
#5
Do, does, and did may be verb forms by themselves or signal the emphatic form.
The symbol is Aux.+V.
[96]
#6
The eight forms of the verb to BE ~
be, was, were, is, am, are, been, and being
may be verb forms by themselves or signal the
present participle form.
The symbol for this construction = Be+V+ing.
Other helpers may be added to this form.
Directions
Try to identify the verb forms in the sentences below. Draw a line to the correct form to match
the symbol.
.
1. Jim sings well. V-ed
2. Jim sang well Aux.V
3. Jim can sing well. Have+en
4. Jim has sung well V
5. Jim does sing well. Be+V+ing
6. Jim is singing well. Have+Be+V+ing
7. Jim has been singing well. Aux.V
[97]
Your Turn ---
Com’on try it
don’t be scared
Directions
Use the symbols you have learned before.
Also label determiners, nouns, and pronouns
8. The boys played for an hour.
_______________________________________________________________
9. He bowls frequently.
_______________________________________________________________
10. We shall walk rapidly.
_______________________________________________________________
11. Jean is trying the problem.
________________________________________________________________
12. He did want the present.
_______________________________________________________________
13. Harry has drowned the ants.
_______________________________________________________________
14. You may go now.
_______________________________________________________________
[98]
15. Our parents gave it to us.
_______________________________________________________________
16. I write every day
_______________________________________________________________
17. She smiles often.
________________________________________________________________
18. I am writing the paper now.
________________________________________________________________
19. Jerry has been going too.
________________________________________________________________
20. You do talk quite loud.
________________________________________________________________
21. He was my friend.
________________________________________________________________
22. We have the supplies.
________________________________________________________________
23. They have ridden the horse.
________________________________________________________________
24. Our helpers are stopping now.
________________________________________________________________
[99]
Part III
Prepositions
[100]
Unit 1 IDENTIFYING PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words like in, over, by, and from. They begin prepositional phrases which
are constructions like in the house, over the bridge, by me, and from him.
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun.
Prepositions are also called function words.
D N V-ed P D N
The boy went (to the lake).
P phrase
In this sentence, to = a preposition and begins the prepositional phrase to the lake.
Use a capital P to identify prepositions and (parentheses) to indicate a
prepositional phrase.
MEMORIZE the following prepositions.

The list is long, but it is important that you master them perfectly. Your teacher will test you on
them. They are in alphabetical order.
about among between during near until
above around beyond except of up
across at but for off with
after before by from on within
against below concerning in over without
along beside despite into to
amid besides down like under
Did You Memorize them?

[101]
The 6 Step Method
Steps 1 - 2 - 3
You will now begin using the first three steps of a six step method.
THIS METHOD IS OF EXTREME IMPORTANCE.
It will help you understand the relationships of words in sentences.
BE SURE YOU FOLLOW IT WHENEVER YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO.
Step 1
Identify the subject. (Sub.)
Step 2
Identify the verb.(V)
Step 3
Place (parentheses) around prepositional phrases.
Directions
Apply this method to the sentences below.
Note: It is assumed that you now know determiners, nouns, etc.
Don’t get confused.

Keep going.
[102]
For Example ---
sub. V
1. The man sat (in the boat).
Speaking: Man = the simple subject
sat = the verb
+ in the boat = a prepositional phrase.
Note: A prepositional phrase may occur anywhere in a sentence.
How are you doing?

Try These
2. He jumped over the log.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The book dropped on the floor.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. He sang for me.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[103]
5. Harry drove into the garage.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Judy sat near us.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. We dove off the board.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. They fought for their liberty.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. She smiled at him.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[104]
10. The men walked for hours.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. The boy with the candy was happy.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. The house near us is old.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. The facts of the matter were obvious.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. A deer stood amid the trees.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[105]
15. That road beyond us is long.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. Several boys were missing from school.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. The robin in the nest flew away.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. The cover of the book was attractive.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
How did you do?
[106]
Unit 2 More about PREPOSITIONS
In a prepositional phrase such as to the hill,

“to” = the preposition
hill” = the object of the preposition.
The object of a preposition may be compound (more than one).
For Example ---

sub. V-ed P OP + OP
We did it (for Jim and Bill).
We will label the object of a preposition = OP.
There are also phrasal prepositions.

Some of the more common ones are listed below.
You need not learn them, but try to remember what they look like.
phrasal prepositions ~~
ahead of according to in opposition to because of
contrary to by means of in spite of instead of
For Example ---

sub. V-ed P OP
The boys ran (ahead of us).
~~ The two words “ahead of” are just like

a single word preposition.
Help is coming on the next page
[107]
Directions
Apply the three steps of the method to the sentences below.
For Example ---

sub V-ed P OP
1. He went (with Tom).
Speaking: He is the subject

went the verb
and with Tom a prepositional phrase.
2. They talked to him.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The boys left with Gary.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Some men laughed at her.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[108]
5. Each pole stood near a house.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Scott played with Tom.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. She walked through the house.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. Ted ran through the store.
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
How did you do?
[109]
A Little Change ---
There may be more than one prepositional phrase in a sentence.
Let ME show yoU ---

sub V-ed P OP P OP
1. He ran (into the house) and (to his bedroom)
Your Turn ---

2. They walked over the hill to the mill.
3. She sat by me near the door.
4. Jim talked to us from the front of the room.
5. I left for the game at dawn.
~~~
Now look for compound objects of the preposition.
sub. Be P OP OP
1. It was (from Nancy and Betty). It was (from Nancy and Betty).
2. Jack went with him and me.

__________________________________________
[110]
3. Mother looked for shoes and a dress.
__________________________________________
4. He read about cowboys and cattle.

__________________________________________
5. It depends upon him and me.

__________________________________________
6. It looked like rain or snow.

__________________________________________
7. We played against Tom and Bill.

__________________________________________
8. I sat behind Sue and Jane.

__________________________________________

In these sentences, watch for phrasal prepositions.
sub. V-ed P OP
1. It went according to our plans. It went (according to our plans).
2. I did it in spite of her. _______________________________________
3. It happened because of him. _________________________________________
4. He went by means of a car. _________________________________________
5. They sat ahead of us. _________________________________________
6. We left in spite of the weather. _______________________________________
[111]
What did you learn about
Prepositions?
VOCABULARY REVIEW
SYMBOL SPELLING PRONUNCIATION

l. V present tense pres'ent tense
2. V-ed past tense past tense
3. Aux. auxiliary aux-il'ia-ry
4. Have+en past participle past par'ti-ci-ple
5. emphatic tense em-phat'ic tense
6. Be+V+ing present participle pres'ent par'ti-ci-ple
7. P preposition prep-o-si' tion
8. (__) prepositional phrase prep-o-si' tion-al phrase
9. OP object of the preposition ob'ject of prep-o-si'tion
10. CMPD compound com-pound'
11. phrasal prepositions phras'al prep-o-si'tions
Be sure you review the above symbols and know their spelling and pronunciation.
You will be TESTED on them later.



SUMMARY
#1
Present tense verbs are words like drive, jump, sing.
We identify them by the symbol V.
#2
The first person = the person speaking (I,we),
the second person is the person spoken to (you),
and the third person is the person spoken of (he, they).
#3
Past tense verbs are words like drove, jumped, sang.
They indicate an action before the moment of speaking. Their symbol = V-ed.
[112]
#4
Some auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
They are function words and their job = to help identify the verb.
#5
Have, has, and had may be verbs by themselves
or may serve as helpers to indicate the past participle.
#6
Do, does, and did may be verbs by themselves or signal the emphatic form.
#7
The verb to BE has eight forms: be, am, are, is, was, were, been, being.
#8
The verb to BE may be a verb by itself
or may signal a verb form known as the present participle.
#9
Prepositions are words like in, over, and by.
# 10
Prepositions begin prepositional phrases
which are constructions like in the house and over the bridge.
# 11
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun.
The noun or pronoun is then known as the object of the preposition.
# 12
Phrasal prepositions are constructions like:
contrary to, ahead of, in spite of.
BE SURE YOU KNOW THE FIRST

THREE STEPS
OF OUR METHOD!
1. Identify the subject.

2. Identify the verb.
3. Place (parentheses) around prepositional phrases.
[113]
Part IV
Adjectives
And
Sentence Patterns
[114]
Unit 1 IDENTIFYING THE ADJECTIVE
[115]
Beginning with this unit, we will classify our basic sentences into
five sentence patterns which
= the great majority of sentences which we use.
With these five patterns,

you can make thousands of sentences that are
written or spoken in English.
We will use our method to help us understand these patterns.

So far we have learned three steps.
1. Identify the subject.
2. Identify the verb.
3. Place parentheses around prepositional phrases.
Step 4
~~ check the verb to see if it is a linking verb followed by a
predicate adjective, predicate noun, or predicate pronoun.
The following are the most common linking verbs.
Learn them perfectly now!!!
1. The verbs of being

am, is, are, was, were, will be, shall be, has been, have been,
had been, would be, should be, and could be.
2. The verbs of the senses

taste, smell, feel(felt), sound.
3. The verb of appearance

appear, look, seem.
4. The verbs of change or its opposite

turn, grow, become, remain, continue.
Pattern One:
[116]
D N LV Adj
The boy seems happy.
Happy = a predicate adjective because it is in the predicate part of the

sentence and tells us about “boy” in the subject.
“Seems” links happy to boy.

You can substitute or insert many words for happy in Pattern One.
sad, glad, lonesome, old, sullen, cold, etc.

A word which will fit into this position in this sentence pattern
is called an adjective.
Directions
Apply the four steps of the method to the sentences below. Use the symbols LV for
linking verb and Adj. for adjective.
For Example ---

sub. LV Adj.
The cake (on the table) tastes good. The cake (on the table) tastes good.
Speaking: Cake = the subject,

tastes = the verb,
on the table = a prepositional phrase.
Tastes is in our list followed by good which = a predicate adjective

which helps us understand the subject cake.
Are you confused?
[117]
Do you have a headache?
Don’t give up.
Take a deep breath.
Try a few of these
to see if you understand.
2. The clouds in the sky are pretty.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. She has been quiet for a minute.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. It does smell good to me.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. The dress looks lovely on you.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
[118]
6. That horn sounds awful to us.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. He will be good for an hour.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
8. The children are noisy.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Note: Every sentence does not have a prepositional phrase

method to the sentences below.
9. The food on the table was delicious.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
10. Tom is handsome.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
[119]
11. The picture on the wall is pretty.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
12. The problems seem hard.

___________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
13. Tommy has been ill for a week.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
14. She remained quiet during the class.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
15. I feel good in the morning.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
[120]
16. Some men look old at thirty.
_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
17. The problems could be hard for us.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
18. Joe had been noisy in the room.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
19. Some girls appear selfish.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
20. The boys continued confident.

_________________________________________
Speaking =_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
How are you doing?

[121]
Unit 2 THE PREDICATE NOUN PATTERN
Our second sentence pattern is called the predicate noun pattern.
Predicate nouns may follow a linking verb.
D N LV D PN
The boy became a scout.
In this sentence,
“scout” = a noun indicated by the determiner “a”.
It (scout) = a predicate noun because

it is in the predicate part of the sentence;
and refers to, or means the same as, the subject “boy”.
“Became” links scout boy.
Directions
Apply your method to the sentences below.
Use the symbol PN to indicate a predicate noun.
Let ME show yoU ---

That lamp appeared a loss(to me).
sub. LV PN
That lamp appeared a loss(to me).
Speaking: Lamp = the subject,

appeared = the verb,
and “to me” is a prepositional phrase.
Appeared is in our list of linking verbs and is followed by loss, a predicate noun
that tell us about or refers to the subject, lamp.
[122]
Try these !
2. The boy on the raft is Jerry.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
3. It was Judy with me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
4. Helen is the mother in the play.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
5. That is Shirley at the door.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
6. He will be the hero of the hour.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
7. I am a player on the team.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[123]
8. Those men are friends of mine.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
9. The boy continued my helper.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
10. Harold seemed a stranger to us.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
11. I remained his friend for years.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
12. The car looked a wreck to him.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
13. That was Jane in the hall.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
14. Joe will be a friend of mine.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[124]
15. Jim appeared a liar to the man.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
16. That man became a beggar.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
17. She became the hostess for the day.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
18. The cat on the fence was Tammy.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
19. Joe seemed a stranger to them.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
20. The building appeared a success.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
And These ~~
[125]
21. The dog became my pal for the day.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
22. The boy has been a neighbour to me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
Because pronouns = substitute words for nouns, pronouns may be substituted in

the predicate noun position.
Even though this substitution may be made,

the sentence is still called the predicate noun pattern.
sub. LV Pron
It was he (near the door). It was he (near the door).
2. That was they by the house.
3. The man was he by the car.
4. The man by the car was he.
5. That is he with my father.
6. It is they near the school.
7. It was she on the stage.
[126]
8. This is I.
9. It was they beyond the hill.
10. This is he.
11. That was she in the kitchen.
12. It is they behind us.
Tell me what you learned in a paragraph and see if you can get rid of that
headache.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
_____________
[127]
Unit 3 THE DIRECT OBJECT PATTERN
[128]
Our third sentence pattern = the direct object pattern.
We need to LEARN Step five to understand this pattern.
Step 1. Identify the subject.
Step 2. Identify the verb.
Step 3. Place parentheses around prepositional phrases.
Step 4. Check the verb to see if it is linking

followed by a predicate word.
(Adjective, noun, or pronoun).
Step 5. If the verb is not linking,

look for a something or someone after the verb,
the direct object.
If there is a direct object, the verb is transitive.
For Example ---

D N V-t D DO
The boy hit the ball. The boy hit the ball.
“Boy” = the subject,

“hit” = the verb,
There are no prepositional phrases,

the verb is not in our list of linking verbs.
There = a something, “ball”, after the verb.
Ball = therefore the direct object
+ “hit” = a transitive verb.
Did you Understand all that?

Directions
[129]
Apply your method to the sentences below.
Use the symbols DO for direct object and

V-t for the transitive verb.
For Example ---

The referee blew the whistle.
sub. V-t DO
The referee blew the whistle.
Speaking: Referee = the subject,

Blew = the verb.
There are no prepositional phrases the verb is not linking.
+ It is transitive followed by the direct object, whistle.
You Try a few ~~

2. An accident caused the trouble for us.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
3. Jack threw a curve at me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
4. He hit the ball across the field.

_______________________
[130]
_______________________
__________________________
5. The fielder caught the fly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
6. Jim recited his piece at home.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
7. She studied her lesson at noon.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
8. Father burned the papers.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
9. Tom sold his bicycle to him.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
10.The boys built a dam across the pond.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
11. Some girls picked the daisies.

_______________________
[131]
_______________________
__________________________
12. The men grabbed their axes.
______________________
_______________________
__________________________
13. He shot a deer in the woods.

_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
14. The child found his mother.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
15. Fred drove the nails.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
16. The maid served tea at night.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
17. She lost a dime at the store.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
18. Tom tore his paper into shreds.
_______________________
[132]
_______________________
__________________________
19. Sue baked a cake for me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
20. He threw the eraser to me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
Because pronouns can substitute for nouns, pronouns can substitute for nouns in
the direct object position.
For Example ---

sub. V-t DO
The men saw them (near the house). The men saw them (near the house).
2. A bee stung me on my arm.
3. He pushed us into the water.
4. Sue told them about it.
5. Joe grabbed him by the collar.
Unit 4 THE INDIRECT OBJECT PATTERN
[133]
Our fourth sentence pattern = the indirect object pattern.
If there is a direct object in a sentence, there may be an indirect object in a

position between the transitive verb and the direct object.
D N V-g I0 D DO
The man gave John an apple. The man gave John an apple.
The indirect object = a noun or pronoun

in the position of John in this basic sentence.
Rules for Indirect Objects

You need a direct object in order to have an indirect object.
As a test, one may substitute “to” or “for” before the indirect object, but these
words are never written before the indirect object.
In a sentence with an indirect object, the verb will be transitive.
We label the indirect object verb V-g to denote its separate class.
Directions
Apply this method to the sentences below.
Use the symbols I0 for indirect object
and V-g for the give type of verb.
sub V-g I0 DO
He told the class a story (about war). He told the class a story (about war).
Speaking: He = the subject,

told = the verb,
about war = a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking but it is transitive
with story the direct object
and class the indirect object.
[134]
Note:
Pronouns may be indirect objects because pronouns substitute for nouns.
2. She gave me an apple at noon.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
3. The man at the dock showed us a boat.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
4. Father carved John a whistle.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
5. He told them the lesson for the day.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
6. Mary wrote Jane a letter about home.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
7. The usher found us a seat in front.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[135]
8. The girl near us gave me the book.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
9. Father bought Tom a suit.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
10. June gave her sister a dime for pop.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
11. We sent Sue a note about the meeting.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
12. The boy near us gave me a ball.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
13. Harry gave Jim a push into the water.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
14. Hazel typed me a letter of thanks.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[136]
15. I told her the story at night.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
16. My father found me the job.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
17. I have given him a picture of me.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
18. He owes me the money for it.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
19. He gave me the painting.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
20. The baker sold us a cake.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[137]
Homework
In the spaces below, try to make some sentences with indirect objects. Label them as
you have been doing.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
How are you doing?
[138]
Unit 5 THE ADVERB PATTERN
The fifth and last sentence pattern is the adverb pattern.
To understand this pattern, we need to know Step six of our method.
Step 3. Place parentheses around prepositional phrases.
Step 4. Check the verb to see if it is linking followed by a

predicate word.
Step 5. Check the verb to see if it is transitive followed

by a direct object.
Step 6.
Look for adverbs which are words that answer the questions
of how, when, where, or to what extent.
They often end in “ly”. Learn the partial list of adverbs below. These words are
called adverbs or intensifiers.
How?
slowly quietly quickly fast sweetly merrily
When?
now then soon never always often
Where?
here there out in
To what extent?
not quite too very almost partly
[139]
Pattern Five:
D N VI Adv.
The boy ran (out). The boy ran (out).
In this pattern the adverb is in (parentheses) to indicate that it may or may not
be included.
The verb is called an intransitive complete verb which means that it does not
carry action from the subject to an object.
In other words, it is complete in itself.

Directions
Apply your method to the following sentences.
Use the symbols VI for intransitive verb and Adv. for adverbs.
For Example ---

sub. VI Adv
The boy stayed there. The boy stayed there.
Speaking: Boy = the subject, stayed = the verb.
There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive,
followed by the adverb there.
2. The chipmunk chattered loudly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
3. Harry walked in.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[140]
4. We traveled slowly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
5. Tom ran quickly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
6. Tom ran fast.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
7. The students danced merrily.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
8. They will leave soon,
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
9. She laughed quietly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
10. The boy stumbled onward.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
[141]
11. Many boys waited patiently.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
12. The sun rises slowly.
_______________________
_______________________
__________________________
How are you doing?

Note:
Remember that the word lists in this book are only examples and that usually there
are many more words like them.
Now see how many adverbs you can write to fit in the blank below.
The boy ran ____________ The boy ran ____________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
[142]
SUMMARY OF SENTENCE PATTERNS
We have now completed our study of the

five most important sentence patterns.
As we said earlier, thousands of sentences can be written based upon them. In the
next sections, you will see how these basic sentences can change into an unlimited
variety of ways to express our thoughts.
Pattern ONE: Predicate adjective pattern.
D N LV Adj
Example: The boy seems happy.
Pattern TWO: Predicate noun pattern.
D N LV D N
Example: The boy became a scout.
Pattern THREE: Direct object pattern.
D N V-t D DO
Example: The boy hit the ball.
Pattern FOUR: Indirect object pattern.
D N V-g I0 D DO
Example: The man gave John an apple.
PATTERN FIVE: Adverb pattern.

D N VI Adv
Example: The boy ran (out).
[143]
Directions
Using your six-step method, analyse the sentences below and determine the basic sentence
patterns.
The sky seemed blue (to me).
sub. LV P.Adj.
The sky seemed blue (to me).
Speaking: Sky = the subject,

seemed =the verb,
to me = a prepositional phrase.
Seemed is in our list of linking verbs followed by

blue a predicate adjective.
This is the predicate adjective pattern.
2. My father was the president of the club

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. The ship at the dock bumped our boat.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. A man told Tom the story of the event.
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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[144]
5. The pencil lay there.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
6. His dog trotted quietly down the street.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. He gave us a lecture about safety.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Jean appeared happy about our plans.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. Each boy took his book to the library.

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____________________________________
10. Jim was the leader of the group.

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[145]
11. She walked gracefully to him.
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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
12. The bread tastes good to the boys.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. We wanted the paper by noon.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14. The girl near me is Susan.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
15. We left early for the fair.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
16. Grace drove the car to church.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[146]
17. Mother told Harold about it.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
18. You look unhappy.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
19. He became the leader of the boys.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
20. June talked happily.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
21. Birds fly.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
22. Sue gave me the information.

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____________________________________
[147]
23. He remained my friend for years.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
24. I pushed him into the lake.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
25. Some trees seem tall.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
26. Some trees fell down.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
27. The trees hit the ground.

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____________________________________
28. The bread smells good to us.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[148]
Unit 6 When Linking VERBS Don‟t Link
Understanding the Problem

The verbs in the list of linking verbs are not always linking.
Example:
The boy was (in the room).
“Was” is in the list, but there is no word after it which describes or

refers to the subject.
Therefore, “Was” is not a linking verb in this sentence.
Remember that two conditions must be true before the verb is called a linking
verb.
(1) The verb should be from our list.

(2) There must be a word after it which describes or refers to the subject.
If either of these conditions does not exist,

the verb is not linking.
Below is a list of sentences which contain verbs from the list of linking verbs.
Directions
See if you can tell when they are or are not linking.
Example: ~~
The bread was tasty.
D N LV P.Adj
Speaking: Bread = the subject,
was = the verb,
and there are no prepositional phrases.
[149]
“Was” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “tasty”
which describes the subject.
“Was” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Example: ~~
D N VI
The man was (in the house).
Speaking: Man = the subject,

was =the verb.
“In the house” = a prepositional phrase.
“Was” = in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it which
describes or refers to the subject.
“Was” therefore is not linking in this sentence
Apply your method

3. She is lovely.
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. She is in the pool.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. The candy tastes good.

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____________________________________
[150]
6. The boys tasted the candy.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. Jim has been our chairman.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Jim has been with me.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. They are young.

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____________________________________
10. They are in the kitchen.

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____________________________________
11. The clock on the wall was large.

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____________________________________
[151]
12. The clock was on the wall.
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____________________________________
13. The boys feel happy.

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____________________________________
14. The salesman felt the cloth.

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____________________________________
15. It sounds good to me.

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________________________________________________
________________________________________________
16. John sounded the horn.

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____________________________________
17. The perfume smells good.

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____________________________________
[152]
18. He smelled the perfume.
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
19. His father grew old.

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____________________________________
20. His father grew some tomatoes.

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____________________________________
21. The weather continued cold.

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____________________________________
22. The students continued the lesson.

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____________________________________
23. She turned the switch on the stove.

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____________________________________
[153]
24. The weather turned cold.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
25. It could be the man.

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____________________________________
26. Jerry could be outside.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
27. He could be in the house.

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____________________________________
28. It was he near us.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Remember that the VERB needs

to help us understand
what the SUBJECT is doing to be
linked.
[154]
REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL MEMORIZATIONS
One of the most important methods of helping students understand our language is
the insistence in this book that
certain categories of words be memorized.
Most of them are called function words (auxiliaries, determiners, prepositions,

etc.) because they signal structural meaning.
Others are learned because we use them very often and are important to an
understanding of the Syntax, or the arrangement of words to show their mutual
relationships.
Review the lists below and write them if your teacher tells you.
Remember that the words are only examples and usually there are
more like them.
DETERMINERS
a all an another any each either every
few her his its many
my neither no one our some that the
their these this those your
LINKING VERBS
am is are was were will be
shall be has been have
been had been would be should be could be
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I you she he it we you they

taste feel smell sound appear look
seem turn grow become remain continue
OBJECT PRONOUNS
me you her him it
us you them
[155]
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
all any another each either every
few many neither one some
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
can could do did does has have had

may might must shall should will would
PREPOSITIONS
ADVERBS + about above across after against along

amid among around at
before below beside besides between
beyond but by concerning despite down during except
for from in into like near of off on
over to under until up with within without
HOW?
slowly quietly quickly fast sweetly merrily
WHEN?
now then soon never always often
WHERE?
here there out in
INTENSIFIERS
not too almost very partly quite
AUXILIARIES OR HELPING WORDS

Can could do did does has have had may might must shall
should will would
[156]
Unit 7 ADVERBS MODIFING VERBS
We have learned in the patterns that we can use Pattern Five to identify the adverb.
However, the adverb may be found moving freely in any of our patterns.
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE:
The boy usually seems happy.

usually = the adverb.
PREDICATE NOUN:
The boy then became a scout.

then = the adverb.
DIRECT OBJECT:
The boy hit the ball hard.

hard = the adverb.
INDIRECT OBJECT:
Frequently the man gave John an apple.

Frequently = the adverb.
ADVERB:
The boy ran swiftly.

Swiftly = the adverb.
The word “modify” means to limit or restrict the meaning of another word.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

In this unit we will find that adverbs modify verbs most of the time.
[157]
Apply your method
Identify the adverb in the sentence and tell what it modifies.
Example: ~~
He talked loudly (to us).
sub VI Adv
He talked loudly (to us).
(modifies talked)
Speaking: He = the subject.

talked =the verb
+ “to us” = a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive.

Loudly is a how adverb modifying the verb talked.
You Try a few ~~

3. The boys left the house early.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. John fell down by the steps.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. Quickly he ran up the hill.
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____________________________________
[158]
6. Mary worked rapidly for her mother.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. They talked to each girl quietly.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Slowly the dog scratched his ear.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. Our baby cried loudly for an hour.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
10. She is playing ball now.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
11. He laughed merrily at the kitten.

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____________________________________
[159]
12. Then she gave them the ball.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. I shall walk down the hall slowly.

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____________________________________
14. Quietly Jean gave them the candy.

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____________________________________
15. Gracefully the deer loped up the hill.

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____________________________________
16. Joe now seems hungry.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
17. The rabbits ran fast by me.

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____________________________________
[160]
18. Sharon went leisurely on her way.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
19. Soon he will be a man.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
20. The bird fell there by the tree.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
21. Quickly he gave him the pencil.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
22. The plane flew over us swiftly.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
23. I jumped down on the ground.

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____________________________________
[161]
24. Immediately she left us.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
25. Mary was often the chairman.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
26. The boxer hit his opponent hard.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
27. He walked past the house rapidly.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
28. Suddenly the dog became friendly.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
29. Laboriously he copied the letter.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
See that wasn’t so hard!

[162]
Unit 8 ADVERBS MODIFING ADJECTIVES
[163]
Adverbs may also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
When called intensifiers. Intensifiers usually occupy a position before an adverb
or adjective.
Example: ~~
D N LV Int. PA
Pattern One: The cake tastes very good.
Very = an intensifier which to what extent the cake was good.
Very modifies good, an adjective.
D N VI Int. Adv
Pattern Five: The boys ran very fast.
Very again = an intensifier.

How fast they ran.
Very modifies fast, another adverb.
Use the symbol “int.” for intensifier.
Apply your method

The pie smells very good.
sub LV Int. PA
The pie smells very good.
Speaking: Pie = the subject

smells = the verb.
There are no prepositional phrases.
Smells is in our list of linking verbs followed by good,
a (PA) predicate adjective.
“Very” = an intensifier modifying good, an adjective.

You Try a few ~~
[164]
2. It was too thin.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. Bob is quite handsome.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. We shall be very happy with it.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. She is too proud for us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
6. The cake was very delicious.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. Sue felt very good about it.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Tom was quite healthy for a boy.
[165]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. Darlene is very pretty.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
10. We were unusually glad about it.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
11. He is not cheerful around us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
12. The water looked quite clear to me .

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. It is too cold in the room.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14. Jane has been unusually sad about it.
[166]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
15. His clothes looked quite dirty.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
16. He seems extremely angry with us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
17. The boy became really happy.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
How are you doing?
Change your idea a little bit

~~~
[167]
Example: ~~
sub VI. Int. Adv
He talks too fast (for us).
Speaking: He is the subject,

talks the verb,
and for us the prepositional phrase.
The verb = neither linking nor transitive.

Fast = a “how” adverb modifying- the verb talks.
“Too” = an intensifier modifying the adverb fast.
Apply your method

2. Jim works quite fast.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. She skates unusually well.

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__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. He sang very well in the play.

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____________________________________
5. Pat jumped almost perfectly over it.
[168]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
6. The boy in front reads too slowly.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. Some girls dance quite well.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Tim talked almost constantly.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. A car sped very quickly by us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
10. He listened to me very eagerly.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
11. Jim has eaten too quickly.
[169]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
12. A squirrel dashed very fast by us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. The tenor sang unusually well.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14. She read too slowly for the part.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
15. He proved the problem very easily.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Wipe the sweat off your head and

take a break.
Unit 9 ADVERBIAL NOUNS (PATTERN)
[170]
The adverb pattern will help us understand adverbial nouns.
Adverb or intransitive complete pattern
Example: ~~
D N VI Adv
The boy ran (out).
D N VI Adv. N.
The boy ran this morning.
In this sentence, “this morning” = an adverbial noun.
It is called an adverbial noun because it fits the position of an adverb and answers
the question of when but looks like a noun with its determiner this.
Other constructions used as adverbial nouns = next month, tomorrow morning,

two miles, and ten cents.
The predicate adjective pattern is also used frequently with adverbial nouns.
Example: ~~
sub LV PA Adv. N.
His pencil was worth ten cents.
Adverbial nouns express ideas of

time, distance, or value.
Do you understand this idea?
Apply your method
[171]
Use the symbol Adv. N. for adverbial noun.
Example: ~~
John ran fifty yards.
sub VI Adv. N.
John ran fifty yards.
Speaking: John = the subject,

ran= the verb,
and there are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive.
“fifty yards” = an adverbial noun.
You Try a few ~~

2. He jumped ten feet over the brook.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. Our dog was worth fifty dollars.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. I saw him last week.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. He met me last night at the park.
[172]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
6. She walked ten miles to town.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. He was there in the house that day.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. We drove over the roads all morning.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. Three times the car ran around the track.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
10. John waited two hours in the depot.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
11. We shall go this afternoon to him.
[173]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
12. He sat quietly five minutes.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. We backed up one inch.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14. Four days it rained.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
15. The book was worth five dollars.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
16. The butter was worth sixty cents.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
17. We offered it to him five times.

[174]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
18. His hat was worth ten dollars.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
19. She went to town this morning.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
20. I shall pay you next month.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
21. It dropped six inches.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
22. You must walk two miles during the day.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
23. He will come to me tomorrow morning.

[175]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
24. Jim came last night.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
25. The car was worth ninety dollars.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Homework
In the spaces below, write some sentences with adverbial nouns and label them.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
[176]
Part V
Adjectives
And
Sentence Patterns
Section 2
[177]
Unit 1 ADJECTIVE POSITION
The predicate adjective position
The adjective has been identified in Pattern One.
D N LV Adj.
Example: The boy seems happy.
The boy seems very happy. A further test is to place “very” before it.
The pre-noun position
Example: Use this type of sentence to prove that a word is an adjective.

Another common position for the adjective is just before the noun it modifies
regardless of where the noun is in the sentence.
D Adj N VI
Example: The small boy ran.
Small = an adjective modifying “boy”-- a noun.
Example: We walked (to the sandy beach).

“sandy” = an adjective modifying beach,
a noun within a prepositional phrase.
The post-noun position
A third position which is somewhat infrequent for the adjective

is immediately after the noun it modifies.
D N Adj VI
Example: A fish, silver-gray, swam (up the stream ).
Silver-gray = an adjective modifying fish, a noun.
The test is: The fish seemed silver-gray.
[178]
Apply your method
The blue sky was unusual that day.
D Adj N LV P.Adj Adv. N

The blue sky was unusual that day.
Speaking: Sky = the subject,

was = the verb.
There are no prepositional phrases. The verb = linking followed by unusual,

a predicate adjective.
“That day” = an adverbial noun.
“Blue” modifies sky, a noun.
Identify the adjectives using the symbol Adj.

You Try a few ~~
2. A red sun disappeared below the distant horizon.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. A white cake sat on the round table.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. An ordinary man can do it.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[179]
5. Some poles were on the green grass.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
6. Many little ants crawled away.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. We talked to the athletic boy.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. Each easy problem baffled him.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
9. A vivid color appeared on the screen.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
10. We called the anxious parents.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[180]
11. The puppy wobbled on the clean floor.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
12. He fell on the slippery ice.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
13. The white snow fell slowly.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14. A large house stood there.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
15. He looked in the open door.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
16. The man had a full stomach.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[181]
Below are some adjectives in the post ¬ noun position.
1. The boy, afraid, retreated.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
2. A beast, unsightly, frightened us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. His accent, foreign, was strange.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
4. The idea, brilliant, amazed us.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. Her gift, expensive, seemed too much.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
[182]
6. The climb, dangerous, challenged me.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
7. The children, unhappy, refused the candy.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
8. The hikers, weary, rested after the trip.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
How are you doing?
[183]
Unit 2 NOUN ADJUNCT OR APPOSITIVE?
Note:
In previous units, we have found that
the adjective occupies three basic positions:
(1) the predicate adjective position.

(2) the pre-noun position
(3) the post-noun position.
Often, a noun adjunct is confused with the pre-noun position of the adjective.
Pre-noun adjective:
The small boy ran.
Small = a true adjective because it makes sense when it is placed in the
predicate adjective position.
Example:
The boy seemed very small.
Noun Adjunct:
NA
The gas station was on the corner.
If we test “gas” in the predicate adjective position, we get

The station seemed very gas.
This tells us gas = not a true adjective.

However, it will make sense in a noun position, such as,
“The gas exploded” or “We bought some gas.”
The word gas, we call a noun adjunct.
[184]
Post-noun:
A noun in this position = called an appositive.
It is placed after a noun or pronoun to explain it,

and it is usually set off by commas.
Example:
App. N
The man, a salesman, talked to us.
“Salesman” is a word in the post-noun position which

adds something to our knowledge of “man” and = an appositive.
Apply your method
Identify the nouns in the sentences below and then decide whether the words in
the pre-noun or post-noun positions are noun adjuncts or appositives.
Use the symbols NA for noun adjunct and App.N for appositive noun.
Example:
The lamp light glowed brightly.
D NA N VI Adv
The lamp light glowed brightly.
Speaking:
Light = a noun because of the determiner “the” and
its position as the subject of the sentence.
Lamp = a noun because it will fit into a noun position.
The lamp went out.
[185]
Example:
N D App.N VI
John, my friend, came (with us).
Speaking:
John = a noun because of its subject position.
Friend = an appositive noun signalled by the determiner “my”
and meaning the same thing as John or adding to our
knowledge of John.
You Try a few ~~

3. The picture frame was painted.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. The football coach talked to us.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. I knew Tim, the boy with the hat.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[186]
6. Rollo the clown ran toward us.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7. A wall chart revealed the information.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8. We went to summer school.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
9. We talked with the man, our teacher.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[187]
10. The freight train rumbled by.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
11. His chair, a wreck, was thrown away.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Can you now tell the difference between an adjective and a
noun adjunct?
Apply the predicate adjective test for the adjective

and the subject position for the noun adjunct.
What is the predicate adjective test for the adjective

and the subject position for the noun adjunct?
_______________________________________________________________
[188]
Just a few more~~
1. The handsome boy turned toward me.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. The mountain top seemed quite high.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. He borrowed my red pencil.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. Sue looked at my stamp collection.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[189]
5. A sweet taste was in his mouth.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6. The delivery boy came to the door.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7. Your foolish actions are not wanted.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8. We bought a gun rack at the store.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
9. It was a desolate country.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[190]
Unit 3 DEGREE with ADVERBS and ADJECTIVES
Note:
There are three degrees in comparing adjectives and adverbs:
positive, comparative and superlative.
Example:
Positive=old;
Comparative= older
Superlative =oldest.
The “er” and “est” endings = signals for degree with both adjectives and adverbs.
With words of more than one syllable,
add more or less for the comparative
and most or least for the superlative.
Examples:
Positive~~ necessary;
Comparative ~~ more or less necessary
Superlative~~ most or least necessary.
Some two - syllable adjectives are compared like glossy;

glossy, glossier, glossiest.
[191]
Directions: Write the comparative and superlative degrees of
the adjectives below.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Bright brighter brightest

Difficult
Majestic
Brown
Tasty
Blissful
Fruitful
Wide
Costly
Shrill
Directions:
Write the comparative and superlative degrees for these adverbs.
Soon sooner soonest

Bravely
Merrily
Quickly
Slowly
Freely
Loyally
Fast
Sadly
Honestly
Truthfully
Wisely
Devoutly
Broadly
[192]
Unit 4 ADJECTIVE or ADVERB?
Pattern One
a test sentence for an adjective.
D N LV PA
A word which can be substituted in the position of “happy” = an adjective.
Pattern Five
a test sentence for an adverb.
D N VI Adv
The boy ran out.
A word which can be substituted for “out” = an adverb.
Note:
If you are in doubt about a word being an the adjective or adverb, try substituting it
in the adjective or adverb positions in our basic sentences.
Apply your method

sub. VI Adv
1. The men spoke quietly about it.
Speaking:
Men = the subject
spoke = the verb
and about it = the prepositional phrase.
“Spoke” is not linking nor transitive.
“Quietly” = a how adverb modifying spoke, the verb.

[193]
You Try a few ~~
2. Jane seemed sad that day.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. The boys drove later to the farm.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. His house appeared old to us.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. Jean sewed neatly.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6. The boy jumped high over the fence.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[194]
7. Grace seemed happy about it.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8. It tasted delicious to me.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
9. Our room continued cold for an hour.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
10. The dog ran quickly into the house.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
11. She sang well for us.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[195]
12. The student appeared confident.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
13. He is glad about the outcome.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
14. His car veered sharply to the left.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
15. My boots seemed new to him.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
16. Your father walked quickly past me.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
17. Your father seems businesslike.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[196]
18. We swam bravely up the river.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
19. A deer walked slowly to the fence.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
20. It seemed inquisitive.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2I. The graceful deer walked away.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
22. I saw a graceful deer.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
23. A cold wind blew hard.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[197]
24. The white snow drifted lazily.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
25. A brilliant sun shone that day.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
26. The swift sleds zipped along.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
27. I ran fast.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
28. I was moody.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
29. That noise sounded harsh.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[198]
30. Some harsh noises are offensive.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3I. The blue rug looked dirty.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
32. We walked silently over it.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
33. The dim lights flickered.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
34. He ran swiftly to school.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
35. His book lay on the clean floor.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
[199]
36. The lion suddenly sprang.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
37. Your pie smells delicious to me.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
38. Peter seemed unhappy.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
39. We slid easily that day.

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

take a break.
[200]
Unit 5 FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS
We need to be sure that we know the difference

between the identification of a noun
and its function, or use.
It is like knowing not only what a car is but also what its purposes are.
Nouns are identified by certain formal characteristics.

Do you remember them?
1. A determiner helps signal a noun.
D N
Each day came slowly.
2. A noun can be identified by its position as the subject in a basic sentence.
D sub
Some boys walked with us
.
3. Nouns can be identified by their plural endings at times.
Boy - boys; church ¬ churches; tax - taxes; business - businesses.
4. Nouns can be identified by the „s.

The boy's hat was on the floor.
5. Suffixes sometimes give us a hint that a word is a noun.

Likeness, kingdom, remembrance, youngster.
Nouns function or are used as subjects, indirect objects, direct objects, predicate
nouns, and objects of the preposition.
There are other uses which we will learn later.
We have seen nouns with these functions in our basic patterns.
[201]
sub.
Pattern One: The boy seemed happy.
sub. LV PN
Pattern Two: The boy became a scout.
sub V-t DO
Pattern Three: The boy hit the ball.
sub V-fl IO DO
Pattern Four: The man gave John an apple.
Apply your method
~~Above each sentence identify each word.
~~ Below the sentence write the symbol that identifies the use or
function of the noun.
SAMPLE
~~ D N V-g N D N N
The boy wrote Tom a letter (on Tuesday)
~~ sub IO DO OP
~~
2. Jean makes Joe some cookies each week.
~~
~~
3. The artist painted the picture.
~~
~~
4. The boy found a puppy by the lake.
~~
~~
5. Bill washed the coat with soap.
~~
[202]
~~
6. The man was a leader of men.
~~
~~
7. Father took the dog into the woods.
~~
~~
8. Linda wrote Sue a note of thanks.
~~
~~
9. My mother baked a cake that week.
~~
~~
10. Some kites sailed high in the air.
~~
~~
11. The usher found Mary a seat.
~~
~~
12. The bird built a nest in the tree.
~~
~~
13. John became president of the class.
~~
~~
14. Joe is the chairman of the group.
~~
~~
15. Jan hit the ball over the fence.
~~
[203]
~~
16. Susan became an actress.
~~
~~
17. Each boy took his book.
~~
~~
18. The monkey learned the trick.
~~
~~
19. The boy near me is Tom.
~~
~~
20. Our teacher read Jim the story.
~~
~~
21. Tom was a friend.
~~
~~
22. The coach injured his leg.
~~
~~
23. The boy on the grass is Tim.
~~
~~
24. Many games entertained the men.
~~

take a break.
[204]
Unit 6 SUMMARY OF FORM CLASS CLUES
In traditional grammar, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs were called parts
of speech.
In modern grammar, these are said to belong to form classes.
Therefore in the sentence

The boy seemed very hungry,
“boy” is in the noun form class,
“seemed” in the verb form class,
“very” in the adverb form class
(also identified as an intensifier),
and hungry is in the adjective form class.
Below is a summary of the form class clues which will help you identify words.
Learn them !!!
NOUN FORM CLASS CLUES
1. Determiners.
2. Position as the
subject,
direct object,
indirect object,
predicate noun,
and object of a preposition.
3. Plural endings.
4. Possessive form.
5. Noun suffixes.
6. Capitalization.
7. Internal change (man-men).
[205]
VERB FORM CLASS CLUES
1. Position after the subject in a basic sentence.

2. ”s” ending in the present tense.
3. “ed” ending in the past tense.
4. “ing” ending for the present participle.
5. Auxiliaries.
6. Often are action words.
7. Internal change (rise, rose, risen).
ADJECTIVE FORM CLASS CLUES
1. Position after a linking verb.

2. Pre-noun position.
3. Post-noun position.
4. Endings like er, est.
5. Signal words like more, less, most, and least.
ADVERB FORM CLASS CLUES
1. Position after an intransitive complete verb.

2. “ly” ending.
3. Answer the questions of
how,
when,
where,
why,
and to what extent.
4. Intensifiers.
5. Prepositions used alone are usually adverbs.
6. Endings like er and est.
7. Signal words like more, less, most, and least.
Learn them !!!
How are you doing?

[206]
Unit 7 CONTRASTING FORMS
In the next three units we will try to determine the part of speech a word is by its
position or other structural clue in the sentence.
You are to choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and over it identify its
part of speech. Use what you have learned to help you.
NOUN OR VERB?
N
1. The teacher told me about it.
v-t
She will teach me about it.
----- teach-teacher
Review --
Teacher = a noun because of its position as the subject of the sentence
and because of the determiner “the”.
Teach = a verb because of its position and because “will” acts as a signal for a verb.
2. She _________ to me often.
I want to be a ___________.
writes - writer
3. The _________ of the toys is Tom.
He will_________ me a toy.
maker - make
4. I've had enough of his __________.
The bully will _________ you.

abuse - abuse
5. A _________ occurred there.
The cars will _________ there.

collide - collision
[207]
6. I was _________down the hall.
The _________was satisfying.

walk - walking
7. Jim mixed the _________.
Jim did _________the wall.

paint - paint
8. This should _________ you.
We paid for the _________.

amuse - amusement
NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
N
1. The sheep were in the meadow.
Adj
He had a sheepish smile.
sheepish - sheep
Review --
Sheep = a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner “the”.
Sheepish = an adjective because “the smile” seemed sheepish,

the predicate adjective pattern.
2. The _________ boy stayed after school.
He acted like a ___________

child - childish
3. Our knew no bounds to _________
It was a _________ affair.

joy - joyous
[208]
4. It was a real _________
The _________ table was cleaned.
messy - mess
5. The _________children walked home.
Their _________seemed evident.

happy - happiness
6. Much _________fell that day.
We climbed a _________ hill.

snow - snow
7. Jerry was a tall _________
A _________ boy came into the room.

mannish - man
8. His _________spread far.
A _________ person lives there.

fame - famous
Now that wasn’t so hard was it?
[209]
Unit 8 CONTRASTING FORMS (2)
[210]
What to do:
over
Choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and it identify its
part of speech. Use structural clues to help you.
VERB OR ADJECTIVE?
Practice
Adj
1. A ripe peach was on the table.
V
The peach will ripen.
ripen - ripe
Review --
Ripe = an adjective because it fits the predicate adjective pattern.
Ripen = a verb because of its position and because of “will” as a signal for a verb.
2. The boy was _________
The strain will _________the rope.

weaken - weak
3. We should _________ the bread.
Our car was on a _________shoulder.

soft - soften
4. That color __________
He fell into the_________ water.

deepens - deep
5. Jerry is a _________student.
The sun will _________ the room.

brighten - bright
[211]
6. The _________ substance was rock.
It will soon___________.
hard - harden
7. Mother will _________the gravy.
It was _________ gravy.

thick - thicken
8. A _________ house was on the lot.
He will _________ the picture.

enlarge - large
9. That is a _________rope.
Jim will _________the rope.

shorten - short
[212]
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
adj
1. The open door invited us.
adv
He cheated openly.
Review --
Open = an adjective because it fits the predicate adjective pattern.

Openly = an adverb because it fits the adverb pattern.
2. We were __________about the incident.
He will________ do it.
glad - gladly
3. They ________ talked about it.
It was a ________story.
sad - sadly
4. The ________ lady appeared.
They talked _________ .

politely - polite
5. A ________ sun shone on the roof.
The sun shone ________.

bright - brightly
6. We led ________lives.
They talked _________

normally - normal
7. ________hands get one into trouble.
The boys sat ________ in their chairs.

idly - idle
[213]
8. A ________ smile is an asset.
She smiled________ at us.

cheerful - cheerfully
9. He did it ________.
He gave UB an ________answer.
immediate - immediately
Only one More

Left!
[214]
Unit 9 CONTRASTING FORMS (3)
What to do:
over it
Choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and identify its part of
speech. Use the position of the word and our other clues.
ADVERB OR NOUN?
Practice
N
1. The hour was long.
Adv
We worked hourly during the week.
hourly - hour
Review --
Hour = a noun because of its position as the subject and because of the
determiner “the”.
Hourly is an adverb because it fits the position of an adverb in our adverb pattern.
2. The ship went to _________.
The ship went ________.

seaward - sea
3. Tom's ________ is hurt.
It left him _________.

afoot - foot
4. We sat on the hard ________.
The ship ran _________.

ground - aground
[215]
5. We worked each _________.
We worked ________.
daily - day
6. Every________ was a bore.
We tried _______.
weekly - week
7. My________ was long.
They drifted _________.

part - apart
8. Each boy bore a ________.
They took the boat _________.

across - cross
9. Some ________ are dark.
Sharon came ________.

nights - nightly
[216]
ADVERB OR PREPOSITION?
Practice
P
1. He jumped out the window.
Adv
They threw the soup out.
out - out
Review --
“Out” = a preposition because it begins a prepositional phrase.
“Out” = an adverb because it fits the adverb position in the adverb pattern.
2. The boys moved ________.
The boys moved ________the room.

about - about
3. The boys looked ________.
They ran ________the street.

up - up
4. He notified us ________.
We left ________noon.
before - before
5. The girls slowly walked ________.
They passed ________ the hall.

in - in
6. He threw the ball ________the alley.
He threw the ball ________.

down - down
7. The children tagged ________.
They walked ________ the shore.

along - along
[217]
8. A plane flew ________.
A plane bounced ________the runway.

up - up
9. The sun went ________in the evening.
We traveled ________the road.

down - down
So Easy ~~ I Love Grammar
[218]
SUMMARY of ADJECTIVES
VOCABULARY REVIEW
SYMBOL SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
1- Adj adjective – ad'jec-tive
2. LV linking verb link'ing verb
3. PN predicate noun pred'i-cate noun
4. DO direct object di-rect' ob'ject
5. V-t transitive verb tran'si-tive verb
6. IO indirect object in-di-rect' ob'ject
7. V-g transitive verb transi-tive verb
(give type)
8. Adv adverb ad'verb
9. VI intransitive verb in-trantsi-tive verb
10.int intensifier in-ten i si-fi-er
11. Adv. N adverbial noun ad-ver'bi-al noun
12. positive pos i-tive
13. comparative com-par a-t i ve
14. superlative su-per'la-tive
15. NA noun adjunct noun ad' junct
16. App.N appositive noun ap-pos'i-tive noun
Review --
1. The adjective is identified by the predicate adjective pattern.
D N LV PA
2. Predicate nouns or pronouns may follow a linking verb.

They are identified by the predicate noun pattern.
D N LV D N (PN)
The boy became a scout.
[219]
3. Direct objects follow transitive verbs.
They are identified by the direct object pattern.
D N V-t D N (DO)
The boy hit the ball.
4. An indirect object may be in the position

between the verb and direct object.
D N V-g IO D DO
The man gave John an apple.
5. Adverbs may be identified by the adverb pattern.

They also answer the questions of how, when, where, or to what extent
(sometimes why) and modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
D N VI Adv
The boy ran (out).
6. Adverbial nouns express ideas of time, distance, or value and may be identified
by the adverb pattern. They also are found with other patterns.
7. Adjectives and adverbs may be compared in

degree; positive, comparative, and superlative.
Noun adjuncts may occupy the pre-noun position; appositives, post-noun.
8. BE SURE YOU KNOW THE 6 METHODS.
Step 3.Put parentheses around prepositional phrases.
Step 4. Check for a linking verb followed by a predicate word.
Step 5. Check for a transitive verb followed by a direct object

and possibly an indirect object.
Step 6. Look for adverbs.

[220]
Part VI
Transformations
[221]
Unit 1 FORMING THE QUESTION SENTENCE
Our basic sentences have been statements embodied in five different patterns.
There are many other kinds of sentences that we can make from basic sentences.
Note:
In the next four units you will write simple sentences that are called
transformations of basic sentences.
The word “generate” means to produce or yield.
FORMING THE QUESTION SENTENCE
Directions: Using the basic sentences in the left column, rewrite them into
questions by reversing the position of the subject and auxiliary verb as indicated in
the first sentence. Don't forget the question mark. (?)
Easy idea ~~
BASIC SENTENCE QUESTION
1. He will try now. (transforms into) 1. Will he try now?
2. The man will hit the ball.
________________________________________________
3. The man has taken the car.
________________________________________________
4. The boy did seem tall.

help
(seemed)
________________________________________________
[222]
5. Joe has given David the ball.
________________________________________________
6. Jane should leave the house.
________________________________________________
7. He is walking slowly.
________________________________________________
8. The boys have enjoyed the trip.
________________________________________________
9. The children have seemed happy.
________________________________________________
10. The class will give him a present.
________________________________________________
Note:
If the verb has no helper (auxiliary), to make a question,
add (+) do, does, or did before the subject.
Don't forget the question mark-?.
[223]
You Try a few ~~
1. The boys know her. (transforms into)
1. Do the boys know her?
2. John tried hard.

help
(did try)
________________________________________________
3. Dick ate his soup.

help
(did eat)
________________________________________________
4. The man seemed strange.

help
(did seem)
________________________________________________
Do you understand how to do it?

5. He gave Helen the ball.
________________________________________________
6. My friend became president.
________________________________________________
7. Jean seems happy.
________________________________________________
8. The men work hard.
________________________________________________
9. He performed his work well.
________________________________________________
[224]
Unit 2 FORMING THE NEGATIVE SENTENCE
Note:
To form a negative statement from a basic sentence, put the negative after the
helper (auxiliary).
Example:
BASIC SENTENCE FORM THE NEGATIVE
1. The boys could go now. (transforms into)
l. The boys could not go now.
2. The pitcher would hit the ball.
________________________________________________
3. He will become president.
________________________________________________
4. Father will tell us a story.
________________________________________________
5. They will avoid him.

________________________________________________
6. June does seem happy.

help
(seems)
________________________________________________
7. The farmer has ploughed all day.
________________________________________________
[225]
8. Peter has driven the car.
________________________________________________
9. Jane should leave soon.
________________________________________________
10. He would give me the book.
________________________________________________
[226]
Unit 3 FORMING THE "THERE" SENTENCE
[227]
Note:
To make a "there" sentence from a basic sentence, begin the sentence with “There”
and reverse the position of subject and verb.
Remember that “There” is not the subject of the sentence. Another good way to
find the subject is to ask who or what is doing the verb or action.
BASIC SENTENCE MAKING THE “THERE” SENTENCE
1. The boys were by the tree. 1. There were boys by the tree.
(TRANSFORMS INTO)
2. The pencil was on the floor.
There________________________________________________
3. A lady is at the door.
________________________________________________
4. The dishes were on the table.
________________________________________________
5. My friend is in the boat.
________________________________________________
6. The baby is on the floor.
________________________________________________
7. A fire has been here.
________________________________________________
8. Your coat is on the table.
[228]
________________________________________________
9. A girl is in the hall.
________________________________________________
10. Some boys are in the gym.
________________________________________________
Note:
The basic sentence here has -- is, are, was -- which makes A = B. A = the subject
most of the time. B = the object and you can find it very easily because it shows
the place of the subject with the words -- on or in -- or just place like “here”.
[229]
Unit 4 FORMING THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN SENTENCE
[230]
Note:
An interrogative = a word used in asking a question. Who, Whom, What, How,
Where, When, Which, and Why are interrogatives.
How to do it!
To make the interrogative pronoun sentence from a basic sentence, change the
order so that the interrogative comes first. Remember the question mark. (?)
BASIC SENTENCE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
1. He did buy a car. (Which) Which car did he buy?

help
(bought) (TRANSFORMS INTO)
2. Jim has told the truth. (Why)
Why ____________________________________________?
3. The ball did hit the ground. (When)
________________________________________________?
4. Father went to town. (Who)
________________________________________________?
5. He did work there. (Where)

help
(worked)
________________________________________________?
6. He has done it. (How)
________________________________________________?
7. John has taken the car. (Which)
[231]
________________________________________________?
8. The man did call someone. (Whom)

help
(called)
________________________________________________?
9. He did sing at the concert. (What)

help
(sang)
________________________________________________?
10. You were there. (When)
________________________________________________?
[232]
Note:
Unit 5 FORMING THE PASSIVE SENTENCE
The word “passive” means not active, but acted upon.
If the subject does the acting = the direct object receives the action,
and the verb is called transitive active.
If the subject is acted upon, the verb is called transitive passive.
To make a passive sentence, rewrite the basic sentence so that the direct object
becomes the subject.
BASIC SENTENCE PASSIVE SENTENCE
1. John found the pencil. The pencil was found by John.

(TRANSFORMS INTO)
2. Jim did the work.
The work was_____________________________________
3. The boys worked the problem.
________________________________________________
4. I have taken the book.
________________________________________________
5. My brother cut the grass.
________________________________________________
[233]
6. The keeper has closed the cage.
________________________________________________
7. Mary has sewn the dress.
________________________________________________
8. Her mother baked the cake.
________________________________________________
9. His dog chewed the bone.
________________________________________________
[234]
Unit 6 FORMING DELETION SENTENCE
[235]
ote:
The word “delete” means to erase, or in this case, leave out.
Deletion sentences are formed from basic sentences by omitting words.
We sometimes call these words that we cut out as understood. Therefore we often talk about
understood subjects and objects of a sentence.
In conversation it is most common NOT to use EXTRA WORDS when the topic is the same. It
becomes very boring. The same idea is in writing. If you use the same word too many times the
essay or story also becomes very boring.
Rule of Thumb ~~
If the topic does NOT change
delete the extra words which
are the same.
BASIC SENTENCE DELETION SENTENCES
1. That is Harry's book. (becomes) That is Harry's.
2. These apples taste good.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Those bats are mine.
______________________________________________________________________
4. His drawings are best.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Those pencils are red.
______________________________________________________________________
6. We wanted Jim's bicycle.

[236]
______________________________________________________________________
7. They tried Tom's pencils.
______________________________________________________________________
8. This apple is sour.
______________________________________________________________________
9. That is Joe's coat.
______________________________________________________________________
10. These roads are rough.
______________________________________________________________________
Unit 7 FORMING POSSESSIVE SENTENCE

[237]
Note:
To make the possessive sentence, one needs a basic sentence + an included sentence.
The word “include” here means to become a part of the basic sentence.
How to do it!
You will write the transformed sentence below the basic sentences.
BASIC SENTENCE + BASIC SENTENCE

= TRANSFORMED POSSESSIVE
1. Jim did the work. + The boy has work.

= TRANSFORMED POSSESSIVE
Jim did the boy's work.

2. The student has a problem. + The boy worked the problem.
= ______________________________________________________
3. The girl has a book. + I have the book.
= ______________________________________________________
4. The men have a car. + The cars are outside.
= ______________________________________________________
5. He took the apple. + The child has an apple.
= ______________________________________________________
6. The purses were on the table. + The ladies have a purse.
= ______________________________________________________
Unit 8 Summary of Transformation Sentences
[238]
NAME BASIC SENTENCE WE MADE A “?”
1. Question Sentence He will try now. Will he try now?
2. “Do" Question The boys know her. Do the boys know her?
3. Negative Sentence The boys could go now. The boys could not go now.
4. “There” Sentence The boys were by the tree. There were boys by the tree.
5. Interrogative Pronoun He did buy a car. Which car did he buy?

IP help
(bought) IP +
6. Passive Sentence John found the pencil. The pencil was found by John.
7. Deletion Sentences That is Harry's book. That is Harry's. (book)
8. Possessive Sentence Jim did the work. + The boy has work. = Jim did the boy's work.
How to do it!
In the spaces below make one sentence for each of the Kinds of Sentences we have learned.
1. ______________________________ change to
_____________________________?
2. ______________________________ change to
_____________________________?
3. ______________________________ change to
______________________________.
4. ______________________________ change to
[239]
______________________________.
5. ______________________________ change to
______________________________.
6. ______________________________ change to
______________________________.
7. ______________________________ change to
______________________________.
8. ______________________ + __________________________
= ____________________________.
How did you do?
This is so easy I English Grammar!
Unit 9 FORMING COMPOUND SUBJECTS
[240]
THE COMPOUND SUBJECT
Conjunctions = connecting words like and, or, and but.
Special Note:
Connection means that you need at least two ideas so you can think like
1 idea + 1 idea = 1 Compound Sentence
BASIC SENTENCE + BASIC SENTENCE = COMPOUND SUBJECT
1. Joe ran out. + Jim ran out. = Joe and Jim ran out.
2. She went to the show. + I went to the show. = ______________________________.
3. Mary left yesterday. + She left yesterday. = ______________________________.
4. Jeff went. + He went. = ______________________________.
5. Chicago is a city. + Detroit is a city. = ______________________________.
6. Dad started for town. + Terry started for town. = ______________________________.
7. We had books. + They had books. = _____________________________.
8. John fished all day. + Fred fished all day. = ______________________________.
9. Trees lined the road. + Bushes lined the road. = ______________________________.
10. She went to the room. + He went to the room. = _____________________________.
Don’t get confused with the Pronouns “he, she, they, or them?”
Unit 10 FORMING COMPOUND VERBS
[241]
THE COMPOUND VERBS
To make the compound predicate or VERB, connect the verbs with a conjunction.
Let’s try it!!!

= COMPOUND VERB
1. He stopped. + He talked to me.

= He stopped and talked to me.
2. I lost my hat. + I found it later.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. He raked the leaves. + He burned the leaves.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. Jean yelled with glee. + Jean shouted.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. The rain came. + It flooded the creek.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
6. He read a book. + He outlined the lesson.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
7. Dave sang all day. + Dave whistled all day.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. I looked at him. + I smiled at him.
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= ________________________________________________________________________.
9. He worked hard. + He played hard.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
10. My hat fell there. + My hat lay there.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
11. We swam in the pool. + We played in the poo1.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
How did you do?
Unit 11 FORMING COMPOUND DIRECT OBJECTS
[243]
Note:
To make the compound direct object,

combine the direct objects
of two basic sentences with a conjunction.
(connector)
Let’s try it ~~
BASIC SENTENCE + BASIC SENTENCE = COMPOUND DIRECT OBJECT
1. Joe hid the ball. + Joe hid the bat. = Joe hid the ball and bat.
Special Note:
When you have two articles like “the” it is good to drop one and not use two.
Example ----- the ball and bat

NOT the ball and the bat
~~ Your Turn ~~
2. We had books. + We had pencils.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. They took the boy. + They took the girl.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. We wanted a cow + We wanted a horse.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5 Grace likes bread. + Grace likes cream.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
Unit 12 FORMING COMPOUND INDIRECT OBJECTS

[244]
Note:
To make the compound INdirect object,
combine the INdirect objects of
two basic sentences with a conjunction.
Let’s try it ~~

= INdirect OBJECTS
1. He gave me a book. + He gave her a book.
= He gave her and me a book.
2. I told him the story. + I told her the story.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. Joe sold Tom the pen. + Joe sold Jim the pen.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. She made her a dress. + She made me a dress.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. We bought them a ring. + We bought her a ring.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
Note: The INdirect objects here are personal pronouns. They are common on a test.
Unit 13 FORMING COMPOUND OBJECTS OF A PREPOSITION
[245]
Note:
To make a compound object of a preposition, combine two objects of a preposition
in two basic sentences.

= OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION
1. He gave it to him. + He gave it to me.
= He gave it to him and me.
2. They played for him. + They played for us.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. We did it for John. + We did it for him.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. The boys went with him. + The boys went with me.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. She went into the room. + She went into the hall.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
6. I sat behind Sue. + I sat behind Jane.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
7. They ran after him. + They ran after her.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. I left without paper. + I left without a pen.

= ________________________________________________________________________.
[246]
Special Note:
When you have two of the same preposition it is good to drop one
and not use two.
Example -- I ….to him + to me. = to him and to me
How did you do?
Unit 14 FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES

[247]
Note:
Compound sentences are made from
any two of our basic patterns
connected by a conjunction.
Learn and, but, and or as coordinating conjunctions

coordinate because they connect sentences of the same value.

= COMPOUND SENTENCE:
1. We looked for our ball. + We could not find it.
= We looked for our ball, but we could not find it.
2. He did his work. + It was done very well.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. The boys waited patiently. + He did not come.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. You must study these lessons. + You will not pass.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. Joe looked for his pencil. + Harry had hidden it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
How are you doing?
Special Note:
[248]
When you have two of the same value sentence you do not need to
change them. Just use the conjunction to join them.
6. The men pushed the stalled car. + They were on their way.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
7. We called you on Tuesday morning. + You were not at home.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. You may go with us to the store. + You may stay at home.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
9. He must run very fast to school. + He will surely be late.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
10. The teacher gave us an assignment. + The students tried quite hard.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
11. Tim was here. + He left.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
12. You may go to the dance. + You must be home early.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
13. The men looked everywhere. + He was not anywhere near.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
14. Jim and Bill have gone to New York. + We heard from them yesterday.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
[249]
15. We wrote the sentences. + The students erased them.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
16. Tom wants his baseball. + He will leave the game.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
17. The weather has been bad. + It should improve.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
18. She dialled the number. + The line seemed busy.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
19. We stopped to see you last night. + You were gone.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
How did you do?
Take a BREAK before you get a headache!
Unit 15 FORMING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
[250]
Note:
Two basic sentences may be made into a compound sentence
by using the conjunctive adverbs.
Learn the list below and write them on the lines under the words.
however still therefore accordingly yet
_________ __________ __________________ ________________ _________
moreover hence consequently nevertheless
________________ _________ ____________________ ____________
How to do it!
When however or moreover connects the basic sentences,
it is preceded by a semi-colon
and followed by a comma.
Example:
He was my friend; moreover, he often helped me.
When the rest of the conjunctive adverbs

begin the second clause of the compound sentence,
they are preceded by a semi-colon
and not followed by a comma.
[251]
Example:
It was my turn; consequently I began immediately.
(NO COMMA)
1. The flag was torn. It was flown from the flagpole.
= COMPOUND SENTENCE:
The flag was torn; still it was flown from the flagpole.
Let’s try it ~~
2. Frank received the correct change. He counted it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. We knew the truth. + We would tell it at the right time.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. The knife quivered in the tree. + The hunter would not pull it out.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. His car was old. + It still ran quite well.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
6. The work may be hard. + You shall be rewarded for it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
[252]
7. The flower is not my favourite. + I do not want it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. We have been waiting for two hours. + We haven't seen him.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
9. I received a low mark in history. + I must now study hard.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
10. The tree fell on the car. + We were not injured.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
11. You must study now. + You must go to your room.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
12. It was not his fault. + I saw the accident.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
13. You know your lesson well. + You should review it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
[253]
Unit 16 FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES
WITHOUT CONJUNCTIONS
Note:
A compound sentence sometimes does not have any conjunction
between the two basic sentences.
This type of sentence is punctuated with only a semi-colon.

= COMPOUND SENTENCE
My brother is old. + I am young.
= My brother is old; I am young.
2. We left early. + They arrived later.
= ______________________________________________________
3. Some were jumping rope. + Others were playing ball.
= _______________________________________________________
4. Today is cool. + Yesterday was warm.
= _______________________________________________________
5. A few went with us. + The rest stayed home.
= _________________________________________________________
6. The girls liked the beach. + The boys liked the raft.
= _________________________________________________________
7. Father gave me a ball. + Tom gave me his glove.
= __________________________________________________________
[254]
8. We stopped at the gas station. + They drove by us.
= __________________________________________________________
9. Jerry played with the children. + I watched from the sidelines.
= __________________________________________________________
10. Our house was painted blue. + Theirs was white.
= __________________________________________________________
11. The desk was covered with paper. + The floor was untidy too.
= __________________________________________________________
12. The robin seemed ready for flight. + The sparrow still jumped around.
= __________________________________________________________
13. He seemed very tired. + She seemed quite fresh.
= __________________________________________________________
14. His ruler was lost. + His pencil was stolen.
= __________________________________________________________
15. Sarah laughed quietly. + Jim smiled sadly.
= __________________________________________________________
16. The grass was green. + The sky was blue.
= __________________________________________________________
[255]
Part VII
Phrases
And
Clauses
[256]
Unit 1 PHRASE OR CLAUSE?
Definitions:
A phrase = a group of words like a prepositional phrase.
Example:
~ in the room.
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and verb.
Example:
~ when we left.
Clauses may be independent which means that they can stand alone; that is, just
like a basic sentence.
Example:
The boy ran to the house.
Clauses may be dependent which means that they can not stand alone. The clause
needs more words to make a sentence complete.
Independent clauses can be short sentences which do not need anything extra.
Example:
because I was alone,
How to do it!
Write phrase, dependent clause, or independent clause
after the sentence pieces below.
The first three are done for you.
l. over the hill. = phrase

2. if you bought this. = dependent clause
3. She talks loudly. = independent clause
[257]
4. to me. = ________________________
5. when she talks = ________________________
6. during the day. = _________________________
7. after the ball game. = ________________________
8. after the ball game was over. = _________________________
9. We went to the game. = ________________________
10. within the room. = ________________________
11. while she was dancing. = ________________________
12. before the noon hour. = ________________________
13. since the game began. = ________________________
14. The game began. = ________________________
15. in the kitchen. = ________________________
16. I went into the kitchen. = ________________________
17. after we went into the kitchen. = ________________________
18. when he saw us. = ________________________
19. which you know. = _______________________
20. by him. = _______________________
21. I know him. = _______________________
[258]
Unit 2 COMPLEX SENTENCES
Definition:
A complex sentence is made up of
an independent or principal clause
+ one or more dependent,
or subordinate clauses.
Another way of saying this is that a complex sentence is made up of

a basic sentence + an included sentence.
If the included sentence begins with who, whom, which, that, or whose, and
stands after a noun or pronoun, the dependent or subordinate clause is called an
adjective or relative clause.
Learn who, whom, which, that, and whose as signals for a relative clause.
What to do!
Substitute who, whom, which, or that for the subject of the included sentence and
rewrite both clauses as a complex sentence.
The first one is completed for you.

Identify the adjective or relative clause and what it modifies.
BASIC SENTENCE + INCLUDED SENTENCE

= COMPLEX SENTENCE
1. Tom was the boy. + The boy ran out.
= Tom was the boy who ran out.
“Who ran out” = an adjective or relative clause modifying boy.
[259]
2. I know the person. + He painted that picture.
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________
3. This is the picture. + It was the best.
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________
4. The judges will choose a man. + The man is strong and healthy.
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. That is the person. + You know him.

= _______________________________________
________________________________________________________
6. This book is good. + This book is for sale.
= This book which is for sale is good.
Which is for sale = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.
Note:
This sentence shows that adjective or relative clauses may be included at different
places. However, adjective or relative clauses should be placed immediately
after the word they modify.
7. Mary likes the book. + The book is about animals.

= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
[260]
8. Jane gave it to Tim + Tim really appreciated it.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
9. He is a pilot. + We can trust him.

= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. Here is the book. + I read it.

= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
11. The man told us a story. + The man talked to us.

= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
12. The horse appeared tired. + The horse won the race.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
[261]
Unit 3 COMPLEX SENTENCES 2
Definitions:
A complex sentence may also consist of a principal clause + one or more adverb
subordinate clauses.
The words below often begin adverb clauses and can be identified as signals for an adverb
clause
after as as if as though although because before even though if lest
since so that than that though unless until when where while
To make a complex sentence with an adverb clause

just add one of the subordinating conjunctions from the list above
to the included sentence.
Remember the Patterns?

Pattern Five: The boy ran out.
+ Pattern Five: The men worked.
= The boy ran out where the men worked.
Where the men worked = an adverb clause modifying the verb ran in the main clause.
Adverb clauses may also begin a sentence on time.

 Because she left early she arrived on time. modifies
(tells us about the time she arrived)
Because she left early, she arrived, the verb in the main clause.
[262]
What to do!
Step 1 ~ Look at the two sentences (Basic + Included)
Step 2 ~ Choose the right signal word and write it in the

(parenthesis)
Step 3 ~ Write the new sentence structure with the signal

word you chose.

= COMPLEX SENTENCE
1. The boy was happy. + The boy was a leader. (because)
= Because the boy was a leader, he was happy.
2. We told nobody about it. + We knew it. (although)
= Although _________________________
3. It was a long ride. + We got home. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
4. We rode along. + Nothing happened. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
5. The children have gone. + The air is cooler. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
6. He knew about it. + He told the teacher. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
[263]
7. You buy me some oranges. + You go to the store. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
8. You tell me about it. + You go. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
9. We stopped at Jim's house. + We left the game. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
10. Jim put it back. + He found it. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
11. You will be happy. + You will hear about him. (__________)
= _______________________________________________
[264]
Unit 4 SENTENCE SIGNALS QUIZ
[265]
DO YOU KNOW YOUR SENTENCE SIGNALS?
In learning to recognize compound and complex sentences and kinds of clauses, one must be
sure he knows the signals of these constructions.
Re-learn the words below, their names, and what they signal.
After you have done this, cover the left column with a sheet of paper and test yourself by
writing the names and what they signal in the right columns. Abbreviate as much as possible.
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS (Connect clauses of compound sentence.)
and but or
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS (Connect clauses of compound sentence)
however moreover still hence therefore
consequently accordingly nevertheless yet

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Signal relative or adjective clauses.)
who whom which that whose

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (Signal subordinate clauses.)
after although as as if as though because before even though
if lest since so that than that though
unless until when where while
[266]
Test yourself
by writing the names and what they signal in the right columns.
NAME WORD SIGNALS? NAME WORD SIGNALS?
1. who _____________ 18. before _____________
2. after _____________ 19. than _____________
3. however _____________ 20. therefore _____________
4. and _____________ 21. nevertheless _____________
5. as _____________ 22. because _____________
6. still _____________ 23. until _____________
7. accordingly _____________ 24. consequently _____________
8. while _____________ 25. since _____________
9. but _____________ 26. though _____________
10. whom _____________ 27. moreover _____________
11. hence _____________ 28. unless _____________
12. as though _____________ 29. although _____________
13. if _____________ 30. that _____________
14. yet _____________ (Two uses ) _____________
15. so that _____________
16. which _____________
17. or _____________
[267]
Unit 5 ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB CLAUSE?
Note:
To identify the adjective clause, look for the adjective clause
signal who, whom, which, or that + the noun or pronoun before the clause.
Make complex sentences below with both adjective and adverb clauses.
To identify the adverb clause, look for one of the adverb clause signals you learned
(after, while, since, etc.).
One other clue that may help you is this: of the two kinds of clauses,
only adverb clauses begin complex sentences.
When they do, they will tell you about the verb in the main clause. Identify the clauses
below and the word they modify.

= _________ complex sentence ______________________
1. He has a bike. + It has two wobbly wheels. (which)
= __________ He has a bike which has two wobbly wheels__________
2. You will be sorry. + You stop now. (if)
= _____________________________________________
3. The man carried the supplies. + They were necessary. (which) (that)
= _____________________________________________
4. He worked on the plans. + He left the room. (after)
= _____________________________________________
5. I took the book. + It was the largest. (which)
= _____________________________________________
[268]
6. He stooped. + His back ached. (because)
= _____________________________________________
7. They walked slowly. + They arrived at the park. (when)
= _____________________________________________
8. John is a person. + John likes apples. (who)
= _____________________________________________
9. This is the lesson. + It caused us trouble. (that)
= _____________________________________________
10. I shall tell you my name. + You don 't know me. (because)
= _____________________________________________
11. It was the place. + It scared us. (that)
= _____________________________________________
12. He ran so fast. + He became tired. (that)
= _____________________________________________
13. You must return it. + You have my hat. (although)
= _____________________________________________
14. He went into the house. + He could eat his lunch. (so that)
= _____________________________________________
15. He met a boy. + He was lame. (who)
= _____________________________________________
[269]
Unit 6 ADJECTIVE MODIFIERS
Definitions:
The word “modify” = to qualify or describe.
Adjectives and adverbs modify or describe.
I. There are adjective word modifiers.
Large = an adjective word modifier
Example:
A large crowd attended the rally.
The word “large” describes the crowd which is a noun.
II. There are adjective phrase modifiers.
Example:
The boy (with the hat) is Jim.
With the hat = an adjective phrase modifier.

The phrase describes “boy”, which is a noun.
Adjective phrases can be found most often just after the noun they modify.
Here again we find the importance of position in English sentences.
III. There are adjective clause modifiers.

Example:
The boy [who fell] was Joe.
Who fell = an adjective clause modifier.
The clause describes the noun, “boy”
Adjective clauses can be found just after the noun they describe.
From this point we will use brackets ~ [ ___ ] ~ to show the clauses.
We will learn a few other parts of speech where we will use the brackets ~ [ ___ ] ~ later.
[270]
What to do!
Identify subjects ~ sub,

verbs V
+ prepositional phrases (___) .
Put brackets ~ [ around clauses].
Write on the line whether there = a word, phrase, or clause modifier.
Example:
sub V-t adj
1. The boy has a new hat.
“New” = an adjective word modifier.
sub LV
2. The boy (with the hat) is Jerry.
“with the hat” = an adjective phrase modifier.
sub LV
3. The boy [who is my friend ] is Jerry.
Who is my friend = an adjective clause modifier.
You Try a few ~~
4. A large boat arrived.
__________________________________________________________.
5. A boat with passengers arrived.

__________________________________________________________.
6. A boat which had passengers arrived.

__________________________________________________________.
7. My little sister likes candy.

__________________________________________________________.
[271]
8. My sister with the glasses likes candy.
__________________________________________________________.
9. My sister who likes candy is here.

__________________________________________________________.
10. We saw a small bird.
__________________________________________________________.
11. We saw a bird with few feathers.

__________________________________________________________.
12. We saw a bird which had a worm.

__________________________________________________________.
13. The football players practiced hard.

__________________________________________________________.
14. The players on the field practiced hard.

__________________________________________________________.
15. The players who practiced hard came in.

__________________________________________________________.
16. The lonesome boy walked slowly.

__________________________________________________________.
17. The boy with the frown walked slowly.

__________________________________________________________.
18. The boy who frowned walked slowly.

__________________________________________________________.
[272]
Unit 7 SIMPLE, COMPOUND, OR COMPLEX?
Remember the Patterns?

Our five basic patterns are called simple sentences.
Definitions:
A compound sentence is made up of
two of our basic sentences connected
by the coordinating conjunctions,
the conjunctive adverbs,
or a semi-colon.
A complex sentence is made up of
two of our basic sentences
with one of them being a
subordinate or dependent clause.
Complex sentences may have more than one subordinate clause.
What to do!
Identify subjects ~ sub,
verbs V
+ subordinate clauses.
Write on the line whether the sentence is simple, compound, or complex.
Example:
sub. V
1. The boy gave Tom an apple. Simple sentence.
sub V-g sub aux V-t

2. The boy gave Tom an apple, but he did not eat it. Compound sentence.
sub V-g
3. [After he gave Tom the apple,] he left. Complex sentence.
[273]
You Try a few ~~
4. I know about his work because he told me. _________________________________
5. Mary knew the story, but she wouldn't tell it. _________________________________
6. When Bob went to the movies, he came home late. ______________________________
7. I have several pencils. _________________________________
8. When she was told, she wiped the silverware. _________________________________
9. Jim expects the boys at noon. _________________________________
10. Bob and Ed ate and laughed. _________________________________
Note: Don't confuse compound constructions for compound sentences.
11. Do you like history, or would you prefer shop?
__________________________________________________________________________
12. Bill thought about it for several hours.
__________________________________________________________________________
13. If I don't take the test now, she will fail me.
__________________________________________________________________________
14. We looked everywhere; however, we could not find her.
__________________________________________________________________________
15. My sister is crabby; my brother usually smiles.
__________________________________________________________________________
[274]
16. I gave him a bat, although I had another nearby.
__________________________________________________________________________
17. The ruler was on the floor, and the pencil was next to it.
__________________________________________________________________________
18. She opened the book and tore the pages.
__________________________________________________________________________
19. When she arrived at home, she started the lunch.
__________________________________________________________________________
20. He must trip the lever, or he must wait for another ten minutes.
__________________________________________________________________________
21. The janitor cleaned the room while I was in the hall.
__________________________________________________________________________
[275]
Unit 8 SUMMARY SECTION
SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
l. transformation trans-form-a-tion
2. negative neg'a-tive
3. passive pas-sive
4. conjunctions con-junc'tions
5. semi-colon sem'i-co-lon
6. independent in-de-pend'ent
7. complex com-plex'
8. subordinate sub-ord'in-ate
9. generate generate
10. interrogative in-ter-rog-a-tive
ll. delete de-lete'
12. conjunctive adverb con-junc-tive ad-verb
13. clause clause'
14. dependent de-pend' ent
15. principal prin-ci-pal
16. relative rel'-a-tive
SUMMARY
I. Transformations = variations of our basic sentence patterns.
Numbers two (2) - sixteen (16) below are transformations.
2. Question Sentence = Will he try now?

3. "DO" Question = Do the boys know her?
4. Negative Sentence = The boys could not go then.
5. "There" Sentence = There were boys by the tree.
6. Interrogative Pronoun Sentence = Which car did he buy?
7. Passive Sentence = The pencil was found by John.
8. Deletion Sentence = That is Harry's.
9. Possessive Sentence = Jim did the boy's work.
10. Compound subject = Joe and Jim ran out.
11. Compound Predicate = He stopped and talked to me.
12. Compound Direct Object = Joe hid the ball and bat.
13. Compound Indirect Object = He gave her and me a book.
14. Compound Objects of a Preposition = He gave it to him and her.
15. Compound Sentence = We looked for our ball, but we could not find it.
[276]
16. Complex Sentences
(1) relative clause. The boy was Tom who ran out.
+
(2) adverb clause: After the game was over, we went home.
17. Adjective clauses are signalled by

who, whom, which, that, and whose,
+ are positioned just after the noun or pronoun they modify.
18. Adverb clauses are signalled by words like

since or because, when, etc.
+ are positioned at the beginning or end of sentences.
19. There are adjective and adverb word modifiers.

adj adv
A large boat sank slowly.
20. There are adjective and adverb phrase modifiers.

A boy (in blue) walked (down the down the street)
“in blue” = an adjective phrase modifier and
“down the down the street” is an adverb phrase modifier.
[277]
Unit 9 FORMING NOUN CLAUSES
Definitions:
Noun clauses are like nouns in that they may be used as subjects, direct objects, objects of a
preposition, and predicate nouns, or subjects.
Example:
Noun as the subject: (sub)

John is my friend. Noun clause as the subject:
sub
[That he is my friend] is obvious. (sub)
Noun as a direct object (DO):

V-t DO
I knew John.
Noun clause as a direct object

V-t DO
I knew [that he was my friend].
Noun as the object of a preposition: (OP)

V-t OP
We knew (about Tom).
Noun clause as an object of a preposition:

V-t OP
We knew of [what he said].
Noun as a predicate noun:

LV PN
His hobby was a success.
Noun clause as a predicate noun:

LV PN
His hobby was [that he could make boats].
[278]
Note:
Noun clauses are usually introduced by
that, how, why, and where and are made by combining a basic sentence pattern
+ an included sentence pattern.
What to do!
Combine the basic and included sentences below as indicated.
1. It is true. + He is my friend. (As subject)

= NOUN CLAUSE SENTENCE:
[That he is my friend] is true.
2. He knew ___________ + Tim was there. (As direct object)

= NOUN CLAUSE SENTENCE:
He knew [ that Tim was there ]
3. We knew ___________ + You spoke of whom. (As obj. of prep.)

= NOUN CLAUSE:
We knew of [whom you spoke ].
4. The problem has been ______ + You will not work. (As pred. noun)
= NOUN CLAUSE:
The problem has been that you will not work.
5. It is beyond me. + He does his work. (As subject ~ use how)
= __________________________how______________________________
6. Father wondered __________ + It happened to us. (As DO ~ use what)
= ____________________________________________________________
7. It is a mystery. + You stare like that. (As sub. ~ use why)
=______________________________________________________________
[279]
8. This is not good. + You choose for whomever. (As OP)
=______________________________________________________________
9. The reason is ___________ + I can not see. (As PN ~ use that)
=______________________________________________________________
10. It is obvious. + He knows his 1esson. (As sub. ~ use that)
=______________________________________________________________
[280]
Unit 10 MORE NOUN CLAUSES
What to do!
In this unit, follow this procedure. (1) Place brackets around noun clauses.
(2) Identify the words in the noun clause by

using your method.
(3) Identify the words in the rest of the

sentence.
(4) Tell how the noun clause is used.
Note:
Noun clauses are different from adjective and adverb clauses in that they are essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
Adjective and adverb clauses may be omitted,

and there still will be a basic sentence left.
Noun clause: [Why he did it] is important.

Can you leave out [Why he did it]?
Adjective clause: He is the person [who knows].

[Who knows] can be omitted.
Adverb clause: He ran slowly [because he was tired].

[Because he was tired] can be omitted.
Example:
sub VI sub VI
1. I shall reply to [what you asked].
Noun clause as the object of a preposition.
[281]
You Try a few ~~
2. That he is my friend is true.
_____________________________________________.
3. The trouble is that she is afraid.

_____________________________________________.
4. We know of whom you speak.

_____________________________________________.
5. He knew that Tim was there.

_____________________________________________.
6. We knew which it was.

_____________________________________________.
7. How he does his work is a mystery.

_____________________________________________.
8. The present will be given to whomever you want.

_____________________________________________.
9. We saw that he was old.

_____________________________________________.
10. The difficulty has been that he will not try.

_____________________________________________.
11. Father wondered what happened to us.

_____________________________________________.
12. This is not good for whomever you choose.

_____________________________________________.
13. Why he does not do his work is a problem.

_____________________________________________.
[282]
14. The reason is that I can not see.
_____________________________________________.
15. That he knows his lesson is a fact.

_____________________________________________.
16. I shall reply to what you requested.

_____________________________________________.
17. How he does it is easy.

_____________________________________________.
18. The mystery was that she went at all.

_____________________________________________.
19. How the boy fell down is funny.

_____________________________________________.
20. She agreed to what I asked.

_____________________________________________.
How did you do?
Take a BREAK before you get a headache!
[283]
Part VIII
Identifying
And
Expanding
[284]
Unit 1 IDENTIFYING INFINITIVES
Definitions:
Infinitives are “verbals”.
This means that they look like verbs but are used as another part of speech.
Infinitives look like this: to fly, to be flying, to have flown.
They nearly always begin with to + a verb form.
Be careful Don’t get Confused!

Do not confuse a prepositional phrase beginning with to and ending with a noun
or pronoun as an infinitive.
Example:
“to go” = an infinitive
“to the house” and “to me” = prepositional phrases.
Infinitives can occupy the position of subject:
~~ [To go] was my plan.
Infinitives can occupy the position of the direct object:
~~ I wanted [to go].
Infinitives can occupy the position of a predicate noun:
~~ His desire was[to go].
Infinitives can occupy the

position of the adjective prepositional phrase:
~~ The boy (with the coat) is Jerry.
[285]
Infinitive as an adjective:
~~ The desire[to go] was strong.
Infinitives can occupy the

position of the adverb prepositional phrase.
~~ The boy ran(to the house).
Infinitive as an adverb:
~~ He hurried [to go].
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple infinitive.
Apply your method
Write how the infinitive is used.
The first one is done for you.
sub LV PN
1. [To watch] was a problem.
[To watch] = an infinitive used as the subject.
You Try a few ~~

2. I wanted to watch.
_______________________________________________________________
3. His plan was to watch.

_______________________________________________________________
4. His desire to watch was evident.

_______________________________________________________________
[286]
5. He hurried to watch.
_______________________________________________________________
6. To sing is fun.
_______________________________________________________________
7. I wanted to sing.
_______________________________________________________________
8. His plan is to sing.

_______________________________________________________________
9. The idea to sing was good.

_______________________________________________________________
10. We waited to sing.

_______________________________________________________________
11. He tried to dance.

_______________________________________________________________
12. Sharon's plan was to dive.

_______________________________________________________________
13. Sharon's plan to dive appeared a failure.

_______________________________________________________________
14. To dive is a real thrill.

_______________________________________________________________
15. Jim went to dive.

_______________________________________________________________
[287]
Unit 2 INFINITIVE PHRASES
Note:
Infinitives are not always so obvious as in the previous unit. They are usually a
part of an infinitive phrase which will look like one of our basic sentence patterns.
Example:
[To be happy] is often difficult.
Adj.
[To be happy] is an infinitive phrase and
is used as the subject like Pattern One, our
predicate adjective pattern.
[To be a friend] is often difficult.
PN
[To be a friend] is an infinitive phrase used as the
subject and is like our
predicate noun pattern.
[To help Tom] is my plan.
DO
[To help Tom] is an infinitive used as the
subject and like our
direct object pattern.
[To give Tom the book] is my plan.
I0 DO
Again, [To give Tom the book] = an infinitive phrase
used as the subject and like our
indirect object pattern.
[288]
[To go slowly] is wise.
Again, [To go slowly] = an infinitive phrase
used as the subject and like our
adverb pattern sentence.
Special Note:
The above infinitive phrase patterns may be used in any of the positions of the
simple infinitive; that is, the subject, the direct object, the predicate noun, the
adjective, and the adverb.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around infinitive phrases.
Apply your method to the infinitive phrase and the rest of the sentence.
Write how the infinitive phrase is used.
The first one is done for you.
sub LV PN
1. [To work hard] is my plan.
[To work hard] is used as the subject

and like the adverb pattern.
You Try a few ~~
2. She is trying [to do it].
________________________________________________________.
3. The desk to be sandpapered is here.

________________________________________________________.
4. Terry is leaving to go to town.

________________________________________________________.
5. Jim's object was to give it to me.

________________________________________________________.
[289]
6. To jump high was out of the question.
_______________________________________________________.
7. We worked to obtain the provisions for the trip.

_______________________________________________________.
8. To sing loudly was not allowed.

_______________________________________________________.
9. We wanted to go to the show in the evening.

_______________________________________________________.
10. My hope is to show Mary a good time.

_______________________________________________________.
11. The leaders to be chosen that night were in the room.

_______________________________________________________.
12. To explain several problems to the class would take much time.
_______________________________________________________.
13. The boys planned to take a trip into the mountains.

_______________________________________________________.
14. Karen told us to eat the apples quickly.

_______________________________________________________.
How did you do?
[290]
Unit 3 IDENTIFYING PARTICIPLES
Definitions:
A participle = a verbal used as an adjective.
This means that it looks like a verb
but is used as an adjective.
A participle usually ends in ed, ing, or en.
Participles look like this. ~~ seeing, having walked, being taken.
We have learned that adjectives occupy three basic positions in a sentence:
~~ in the predicate adjective position,

+ before a noun,
+ after a noun.
Participles may also occupy these positions and

will modify nouns in the same manner as adjectives.
Example:
Adjective in the predicate adjective position:
Adj.
Participle in the predicate adjective position:
Part.
We felt satisfied.
Adjective in the pre-noun position:
Adj.
The small boy cried
Participle in the pre-noun position.
Part.
The laughing boy ran home.
[291]
Adjective in the post-noun position:
Adj.
The man, lonely, sat on the bench.
Participle in the post-noun position.
Part.
The man, crippled, hobbled away.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple participle.
Apply your method to the rest of the sentence.
Write what the simple participle modifies.
Example:
Part. sub LV PA
1. The [dancing] bear seemed funny.
Dancing is a participle modifying bear.
You Try a few ~~

2. He caught the bouncing ball.
_________________________________________________________________________.
3. The frog, jumping, evaded us.

_________________________________________________________________________
4. I saw the picture of the sinking ship.

__________________________________________________________________________
5. The sleeping child stirred.

__________________________________________________________________________
6. They carried water to the burning building.

__________________________________________________________________________
7. The boy, running, fell on the sidewalk.

__________________________________________________________________________
[292]
8. The wrecked car was towed away.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. He set up the folding chairs.

_________________________________________________________________________
10. The teacher gave us our graded papers.

__________________________________________________________________________
11. Diving frogmen recovered the money.

__________________________________________________________________________.
12. He closed the sliding door.

__________________________________________________________________________.
13. We found the stolen necklace.
14. The wall looked painted.

__________________________________________________________________________.
15. They always wanted a sailing ship.

__________________________________________________________________________.
16. The players, tired, lay down to rest.

__________________________________________________________________________.
How did you do?
[293]
Unit 4 PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Special Note:
Very often, participles are not single words

but are participial phrases
that look like our basic sentence patterns.
Example:
The boys, being fair, gave us the money.
“being fair” = a transformation of the predicate adjective pattern.
The boys, being leaders, stepped forward.

“being leaders” = a transformation of the predicate noun pattern.
The boys, pushing the car, helped us.

“pushing the car” = a transformation of the direct object pattern.
The boys, giving Tom the ball, helped us.

“giving Tom the ball” = a transformation of the indirect object pattern.
The boys, walking slowly, got behind.

“walking slowly” is a transformation of the adverb pattern.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the participial phrases.
Write what the participial phrase modifies and its sentence pattern.
Example:
IO DO sub adv V-t DO
1. [Giving Jim some help,] Tom then helped others.
[Giving Jim some help] modifies the noun Tom.
This is the indirect object pattern.
[294]
You Try a few ~~
2. Having done his lesson, Jerry left.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Hearing the story, we went home.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. The man, being seen for the first time, impressed us.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Giving the book to his sister, John ran out.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. The child, playing by the brook, fell in.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Walking to school, she felt quite happy.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Seeing the beautiful lake, we jumped in for a swim.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[295]
9. Fred, stopping by the house, waited patiently.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Smiling broadly, she stepped into the room.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11. Taking the hot potato in his hands, he quickly dropped it.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
12. Tom, hearing the noise on the patio, went outside immediately.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
13. Hurrying to the station, Father forgot his suitcase.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
14. The dog, watching us quietly, lay by the door.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
15. Reading the book, Judy relaxed in her chair.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
16. The soldier, carrying the flag high, marched proudly by.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[296]
Unit 5 IDENTIFYING GERUNDS
Definitions:
Gerunds, pronounced jer'unds, verbals used as nouns are used.
They mostly are verb forms ending in ing like
singing, playing, dancing, etc.
Example:
Noun as the subject:
N
The game was fun.
Gerund as the subject:
Ger.
Playing is fun.
Noun as direct object:

N
I liked the game.
Gerund as the direct object:
Ger.
I liked swimming.
Noun as object of a preposition:

N
I knew (about Tom).
Gerund as the object of a preposition:
Ger.
I knew of his [singing].
Noun as a predicate noun:

N
The game was a thrill.
Gerund as a predicate noun:
Ger.
His hobby was [swimming].
[297]
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple gerund
Write how the gerund is used.
Example:
sub LV PN
1. [Playing] is fun.
Playing = a gerund used as the subject.
2. I like camping.
___________________________________________________.
3. She told of his singing.

___________________________________________________.
4. My hobby is fishing.
___________________________________________________.
5. His pleasure is eating.

___________________________________________________.
6. Flying seems difficult.

___________________________________________________.
7. Joe tried rowing.

___________________________________________________.
8. Stealing is unlawful.
___________________________________________________.
9. The artist lived by painting.

___________________________________________________.
10. June tried studying

___________________________________________________.
[298]
11. Her difficulty is spelling.
___________________________________________________.
12. Working requires effort.

___________________________________________________.
13. They liked working.

___________________________________________________.
14. Fishing takes patience.

___________________________________________________.
15. Joe's problem is writing.

___________________________________________________.
16. The teacher complained of his running.

___________________________________________________.
17. Soaking is good for some clothes.

___________________________________________________.
18. Their pastime was golfing.

___________________________________________________.
[299]
Unit 6 GERUND PHRASES
Definitions:
Gerunds may be part of a gerund phrase.
Gerund phrases may illustrate our five basic sentence patterns.
[Being fair] is easy.

The subject “being fair”
= a transformation of the predicate adjective pattern.
[Being a man] is often a problem.

The subject “being a man”
= a transformation of our predicate noun pattern.
[Hitting the ball] seemed easy.

The subject “hitting the ball”
= a transformation of our direct object pattern.
[Giving the boy the ball] was Tom's job.

The subject “giving the boy the ball”
= a transformation of our indirect object pattern.
[Going slowly] seemed advisable.

The subject “going slowly”
= a transformation of our adverb pattern.
Special Note:
The above gerund phrase patterns may be used in
any of the positions of the gerund;
the subject,
the direct object,
the object of a preposition,
the predicate noun.
[300]
What to do!
Place [brackets] around gerund phrases.
Write how the gerund phrase is used,

+ identify the basic pattern in the gerund phrase.
Example:
sub LV Adj. DO
1. Their hobby is [taking different specimens (of trout)].
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.

Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.
2. By cleaning my room every day, I received an allowance.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. We are not good at doing problems.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Singing loudly is a lot of fun.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. Terry wanted golfing as an activity.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
6. I enjoy playing ball with the boys.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[301]
7. We did not know of his coming yesterday.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
8. After giving me the ball, Jane walked away.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
9. Having a new car was a novelty.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10. Talking about people is not wise.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
11. Flying a kite is easy on some days.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
12. In taking our share, we felt satisfied.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
13. He tried diving quickly from the board.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
14. Being a leader has its problems.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[302]
Unit 7 IDENTIFYING VERBALS
Note:
The three verbals we have learned are
infinitives, participles, and gerunds.
We have found that they may be single constructions or part of a phrase.
In identifying the infinitive, look for the to.
They may be used as subjects, direct objects, predicate nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
In identifying the participle, remember that basically it is used as an adjective.
In identifying the gerund, remember that basically it is used as nouns are used, that is,
as subjects,
direct objects,
predicate nouns,
and objects of a preposition.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple verbal or verbal phrase.
Write how the verbal is used.
sub LV Adj PN
1.[Writing] is hard work.
Writing is a gerund used as the subject.
[303]
You Try a few ~~
2. To write is not easy.

___________________________________________.
3. Writing plays seems hard.

___________________________________________.
4. Kicking the ball to left field, Jim then dropped back.

___________________________________________.
5. He wanted to get away from the blockers.

___________________________________________.
6. Tackling players helped on each play.

___________________________________________.
7. The coach tried winning plays.

___________________________________________.
8. His object is to win the game.

___________________________________________.
9. The fumbling fullback was tackled.

___________________________________________.
10. Joe liked being an end.

___________________________________________.
11. He was on the winning side.

___________________________________________.
12. Playing football is my delight.

___________________________________________.
13. We tried to play football every evening.

___________________________________________.
[304]
14. Running, the player dodged his opponents.
___________________________________________.
15. The guard, lunging forward, tackled the fullback.

___________________________________________.
16. They played a passing game in the first half.

___________________________________________.
17. To get to the goal line, Joe ran hard.

___________________________________________.
18. Diving across the line, he scored a touchdown.

___________________________________________.
19. Our side was the winning team.

___________________________________________.
20. Passing and tackling won the game for us.

___________________________________________.
[305]
Unit 8 EXPANDING THE SIMPLE SUBJECT (1)
Note:
In this unit, we will see how a noun used as the simple subject can be expanded into a noun
cluster by adding words before it.
It is possible to repeat this process before nouns used in other positions in a sentence, like
predicate nouns, direct objects, and objects of a preposition.
Some of these expansions (adding words) are not always used very much in English
conversation or writing.
But they will be correct in grammar form. Learning them will help you understand and identify
them when you find them.
Special Note:
A noun cluster is simply a noun head-word with words that tell us about it (modifiers).
Head-word means that which is modified. Or, the focus of the words that tell you about it.
We will use Pattern Five, the adverb pattern, as our basic model.
PATTERN FIVE
The boys ran out.

A determiner “the”, comes before the noun head-word, “boys”.
The school boys ran out.
Pattern Five also confirms “school” as a noun adjunct,

or a noun telling about a noun.
The school left out.
The growing school boys ran out.
“Growing” = a participle,
an adjective form telling about a noun.
[306]
The honest growing school boys ran out.
“Honest” = a true adjective as confirmed
by our predicate adjective pattern.
The boys seemed honest.
The very honest growing school boys ran out.
“very” = an intensifier and can tell us about the adjective “honest”.
The boys seemed very honest.
The man's very honest growing school boys ran out.

“man's” = a possessive noun identified by the apostrophe („).
In summary
the order of the sentences found above may be described as

(1) determiner
(2) possessive noun
(3) intensifier
(4) adjective
(5) participle
(6) noun adjunct
--all are pre-modifiers or EXPANDERS of the noun head-word “boys”.
This group of words makes up a noun cluster.
It also indicates that we have to be careful when we call

all the words before a noun an adjective.
Remember that noun clusters can be found in any position that nouns occur.
Example:
PATTERN TWO. Noun cluster as a predicate noun
sub LV
The boy became [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout].
[307]
PATTERN THREE. Noun cluster as a direct object
sub V-t
The boy helped [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout],
PATTERN FOUR: Noun cluster as an indirect object
sub V-g
The boy gave [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout] an apple.
Assignment. Following the procedure above, try to
expand a noun head-word into a noun cluster.
Explain what your pre-modifiers are.
Write this on the lines below
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________________________________
____________________________________________
[308]
Unit 9 EXPANDING THE SIMPLE SUBJECT (2)
Note:
A simple subject, or noun head-word, can be further expanded
by adding words, phrases, or clauses after it.
Again, we will use Pattern Five as our model.
PATTERN FIVE
simple subject
1. The boys ran out.
+ 2. The boys, happy but tired, ran out.
Happy = a true adjective

as confirmed by our predicate adjective pattern.
tired = a participle,
an adjective that can tell us about a noun.
+ 3. The boys with jackets ran out.

with jackets = an adjective prepositional phrase
telling us about “boys”, a noun.
+ 4. The boys who took the ball ran out.

“who took the ball” is an adjective or relative clause
telling us about the noun “boys”.
It is a transformation of Pattern Four.
The boys took the ball.
+ 5. The boys reporting ran out.

“reporting” = a participle,
It is a transformation of ~~ The boys were reporting.
6. The boys, giving Tom the ball, ran out.

“giving Tom the ball” = a participial phrase,
It is a transformation of Pattern Four.
The boys gave Tom the ball.
[309]
7. The boys, my friends, ran out.
“my friends” = an appositive,
a word which adds to the meaning of boys.
“friends” = a noun as confirmed by the subject position in -- My friends are true.

To be sure that everything is clear and understood, let us list the expansions before
+ some of the expansions after the head-word, “boys”.
Before ~~ [The man's very honest growing school boys] ran out.
After ~~ The boys with jackets, happy but tired, my friends, who took the ball, ran out.
If we play with grammar a little, we can combine the two sentences.
It would look like this ~~
[The man's very honest growing school] boys[ with jackets, happy but tired, my friends, who took the ball]
ran out.
Special Note:
While we would probably never say the above sentence, the point is that it is grammatical and a
rather interesting exercise.
The opposite or reverse of this fact is also true. One may take a relatively long noun cluster and
analyse it by using sentence patterns to determine its grammaticality.
Assignment: Following the procedure above, try to e x p a n d a

simple subject with post-modifiers as indicated above.
[310]
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
How did you do?
[311]
Unit 10 EXPANDING THE PREDICATE
Note:
In this unit, we will see how the simple predicate, or verb, can be e x p a n ded into a
complete predicate, or verb cluster.
PATTERN FIVE
The boy ran (out) •
The boy ran _____ (out).
Adverbs like out, away, and fast may be added.
The boy ____ (may) run out.

The auxiliaries like can, could, may, and might may be added.
The boy is running out.

This is the Be+V+ing addition.
The boy has run out.

This is the Have + en addition.
The boy has been running out.

This is the Have+Be+V+ing addition.
The boy may have been running out.

This is the aux.+Have+Be+V+ing addition.
The boy ran to the store.

A prepositional phrase may be substituted for an adverb
and becomes an adverb prepositional phrase.
The boy ran that day.
The adverbial noun may be substituted for the adverb.
The boy ran when he saw me.

The adverbial clause may be added as a substitute for an adverb.
The boy ran when he saw me because he was afraid.

Two or more adverbial clauses may be added after the verb.
[312]
The boy wanted to go out.
The infinitive phrase with its modifiers may be added to the verb.
The boy liked lending me money.

The gerund phrase may be added after the verb.
The boy often ran out.

One may place an adverb before the verb.
Special Note:
Remember that adverbs move rather freely in sentences.

They are placed into different positions for emphasis.
Some of the constructions above may be combined to
get the effect of a verb cluster.
The boy
[that day often may have been running out into the street
when he saw me because he was afraid].
The constructions within the brackets

constitute the verb cluster in this sentence.
Combining the noun cluster + the verb cluster gives us

good grammar but rarely used sentence.
Combine them =
(noun cluster)
[The man's very honest growing school boys with jackets,
happy but tired, my friends, who took the ball]
+ [that day often may have been running out into the street
when they saw me because they were afraid]. (verb cluster)
Special Note:
Two points ought to be clear from this demonstration.

(1) Our basic patterns may be expanded in many ways
to meet our communication needs.
(2) Proof of the validity of modifiers may be obtained from basic
sentence patterns.
[313]
Assignment:
Using ideas from the constructions above,

try to see how many different additions you can
make to a basic verb pattern.
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
[314]
Unit 11 SUMMARY
VOCABULARY SUMMARY
SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
1. noun clause noun clause
2. verbals verb'als
3. infinitives in fin' i tives
4. infinitive phrase in fin' i tive phrase
5. participle part' i ci pIe
6. participial phrase part i cip'ial phrase
7. gerund jer' und
8. gerund phrase jer' und phrase
9. noun head-word noun head-word
10. noun cluster noun cluster
11. pre-modifiers pre-mod'i fi ers
12. post-modifiers post-mod'i fi ers
[315]
SUMMARY
1. Noun clauses may be used as subjects:

[That he is my friend] is obvious.
2. Noun clauses may be used as direct objects:

I know [that he is my friend].
3. Noun clauses may be used as objects of a preposition:

We knew of [what he said].
4. Noun clauses may be used as predicate nouns:

His desire was [that he should go].
5. Noun clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence

and may not be omitted.
6. Infinitives, participles, and gerunds = verbals.
7. Infinitives may be used as the subject:

[To go] was my plan.
8. Infinitives may be used as the direct object:

I wanted [to go ].
9. Infinitives may be used as a predicate nouns.

His plan was [to go].
10. Infinitives may be used as adjectives:

His plan [to go] was good.
11. Infinitives may be used as adverbs:

He hurried [to go].
12. Infinitive phrases may include our basic patterns.
13. Participles are verbals used as adjectives.
14. Participial phrases may include our basic patterns.

[316]
15. Gerunds are verbals used as nouns.
16. Gerunds may be used as the subject:

[Running] is exhausting.
17. Gerunds may be used as direct objects:

I like [running].
18. Gerunds may be used as objects of a preposition:

We knew of his [singing].
19. Gerunds may be used as predicate nouns:

His pleasure was [eating].
20. Gerund phrases may include our basic patterns.
21. The noun headword may be expanded by pre-and post-modifiers into a noun cluster.
22. The verb may be expanded by pre- and post-modifiers into a verb cluster.
[317]
UnitTERM SYMBOL
12 LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY
TERM
1. subject sub. 34. positive

2. predicate pred. 35. comparative
3. determiner D 36. superlative
4. noun N 37. degree
5. singular S 38. transformation
6. plural PL 39. negative
7. possessive noun Poss. N. 40. passive
8. suffix 41. conjunction
9. noun adjunct NA 42. semi-colon
10. pronoun Pron. 43. independent
11. appositive App 44. complex
12. indefinite pronoun IP 45. subordinate
13. demonstrative pronoun DP 46. generate
14. present tense V 47. interrogative
15. past tense V-ed 48. delete
16. auxiliary Aux. 49. conjunctive adverb
17. past participle Have+en 50. dependent
18. present participle Be+V+ing 51. principal
19. emphatic form 52. relative
20. preposition P 53. noun clause
21. prepositional phrase () 54. clause
22. object of a preposition OP 55. verbals
23. compound CMPD 56. infinitive
24. phrasal preposition 57. infinitive phrase
25. adjective Adj. 58. participle
26. linking verb LV 59. participial phrase
27. direct object DO 60. gerund phrase
28. predicate noun PN 61. noun head-word
29. transitive verb V-t 62. noun cluster
30. indirect object I0 63. verb cluster
31 .adverb Adv. 64. pre-modifiers
32 .intensifier Int. 65. post-modifiers
33. adverbial noun Adv. N 66. grammatical
[318]

Dr. Roy&#39;s Everything Grammar Part I

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Dr. Roy&#39;s Everything Grammar Part I

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Dr.

Redesigned for speaking by Dr. Paul R. Friesen

Subject Predicate (verb)

A subject = the focus of the sentence

For Example ---

The boys = the subject and tried hard = the predicate.

Try Some More sub. I pred.

3. He waved to me. __________________

4. A pencil lay on the desk. __________________

5. John went to the game. __________________

7. Each boy had a pencil. ___________________

8. I wanted a hat. ________________

9. Our camp was in the woods. ________________

10. They lit the lamp quickly. ___________________

11. His house is up the street. __________________

12. Jim enjoyed the pancakes. ___________________

13. Many friends met at the concert. _______________

14. Dogs bark. __________________

16. Jerry has given me his pencil. _________________

17. That boy is my friend. __________________

18. Some days seem very long. _________________

19. She cried easily. __________________

20. A lamp stood on the desk. __________________

Tell the class about each sentence.

For Example ---

A determiner is a word like ~ the ~ or ~ a ~ in this sentence.

They are in alphabetical order.

a any few many one the those

all each her my our their your

an either his neither some these

another every its no that this

For Example ---

Speaking: A = a determiner and door a noun.

3. An apple stood on the table. ________________________

4. Your hat is near the door. ________________________

6. These flowers smell good. ________________________

7. Our school is new. ________________________

8. My brother told the story. ________________________

9. Your coat is on a hanger. _______________________

How are you doing?

11. That girl gave me an apple. _______________________

12. Either road will do. ________________________

13. An orchard produced the fruit. _______________________

14. Its tail was a stub. _______________________

15. Those deer are on the road. _______________________

17. Any idea will help. _______________________

18. Those girls helped my mother. ______________________

19. Each camper took his tent. _______________________

20. The men wanted every board. _______________________

21. All men are created equal. _______________________

23. Their book had many pictures. _______________________

24. Neither boy wanted any help. _______________________

25. Her hat was on a hook. _______________________

How are you doing?

Read your sentences to the class!

Look at the sentences below.

In the last unit we learned that the in this position = a determiner.

Again, this occurs only in basic sentences.

For Example ---

For Example ---

Speaking: “Their” = a determiner and pencils a noun. “The” = a determiner and

You Try Some More

3. My father came to our picnic. ______________________

4. Trees give us some shade. ______________________

Dr. Roy's Everything Grammar Part I

Dr. Roy's Everything Grammar Part I