Discussion Draft

Basics of Veda Swaras

and Vedic Recital-04

Avagraha

Version 0.2 November 07, 2017

 Avagraha

Contents
1 Veda Basics – Avagraha ............................................................................. 6
1.1 Introduction: ........................................................................................... 6
2 Avagraha Rules............................................................................................ 8
2.1 Avagraha from Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘a’ sound ......... 8

2.1.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§ )

and the following letter is ‘a’(A, Ü, A) :.................................................... 9

2.1.2 Exceptions to 2.1.1 Rule as an Option........................................... 13

2.2 Avagraha from Vowel Sandhi .............................................................. 15

2.3 Vowel Sandhi- When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the

sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B).................................................................................. 15

2.3.1 Exceptions when ‘a’ does not become an avagraha when it

follows the sound ‘aa’: .............................................................................. 18

2.4 Vowel Sandhi-Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

follows the sound ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B) ............................................................... 22

2.5 Vowel Sandhi - When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows

Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F)...................................................................................... 25

2.6 Swaram change for Dheerga Swaritam ............................................... 29

2.7 Rules from PS for Avagraha application(Elision) ............................... 32
2.8 PS Rules for Exclusions(Exceptions)-Non Elision ............................. 41
2.9 Importance of Avagraha during recital: .............................................. 64

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2.10 Techniques to recite Avagraha ......................................................... 65

2.11 Variation in representation of Avagraha in Books .......................... 66

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Notes:
1. We have started referring to Books like PrAtiSAkhyam, (English Translation
and Comments by Mr. W.D Whitney), PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI published by Sindhu
Charan Bose (originally by Indian Press Benaras in 1891), translated in English
by Shri Chandra Vasu.

2. We are also trying to understand the works of VyAsa SIkshA and PAnini
SIkshA with available English translation.

Our Articles will keep undergoing periodical changes with reference our learning
and understanding. We request readers to check for new versions uploaded in
the www.vedavms.in website.

We note that PrAtiSAkhyA in his work (period much earlier to PAnini) has
recorded the difference in application of grammar rules or different opinions of
other Saints/Sages before or during his time. Some great Rishis whose rules or
differing opinions quoted in Taittriya PrathiSAkhya work are vAlmIki, ArtreyA,
PauSkarasAdi, PlAkSi, KaundinyA, GautamA, SaityAyana, SamkRutya, UkhyA,
KANDamAyanA, AgnivEShyA , PlAksAyanA, HaritA ,SAnkhAyanA,MimAmSA
and few other Rishis.

Abbreviations for reference will be used as below:

PrAtiSAkhyA - PS
PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI – PA
VyAsa SIkshA – VSI
PAnini SIkshA - PSI

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Version Notes: Version 0.2 dated November 7,2017

In this version the Rules from PratiShakyam have been added (Section 2.7
and 2.8) and illustrative examples have been given for various rules.
We have added some examples (Section 2.11) of how varied
representation, of Avagraha, is followed across books.

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1 Veda Basics – Avagraha

1.1 Introduction:
Avagraha is a symbol used in Veda representing the sound of ‘a’ and ‘aa’ where

a Sandhi rule has been applied. The Avagraha symbol used for sound ‘a’ (A,Ü,

A) = Å and for ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) is ÅÅ.

The Avagraha is not an Akshara but a symbol representing the sound.

The Avagrah Å has a maatra value of half and ÅÅ has a maatra value of one.

Avagraha does not acquire any swara during Veda recital.

When the vowel sound ‘a’ or ‘aa’ becomes avagraha the term used in
English texts is ‘elision’.
When an Avagraha comes during recital, it needs to be taken together with the
previous padam/word and cannot be recited separately.
PS 11-19 states “In the opinion of some (indicating Scholars/Rishis),
it becomes half-similar with its predecessor”
This article discusses some rules pertaining to Avagraha and how the Veda
recital is handled.

Please note that in Poetry and Veda the usage of Avagraha is Optional, due to
the sound, swaram applications and the need to stress certain words or padams
effectively to convey either the meaning or sound vibrations. Rules have also
been defined in classic text like PratiSAkhyam and Panini’s AshtAdhyAyI.

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These texts seem have taken the rules as per the practices adopted/followed in
Vedic recitals in those times. A reader conversant with Slokas/Sahasranamams
might have observed extensive usage of Avagraha in these.
Vishnu and Lalitha Sahasranamams have extensive examples of usage of
Avagrahas. Readers are requested to observe/read and understand the same for
enhancing their knowledge on this subject.

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2 Avagraha Rules

Important Notes:
1. The examples, given in this Article, focus on the current Avagrha Rule that
is being taken to keep focus.
2. The Rules for Avagraha is always incorporated and printed in books but
readers must note that sometimes Avagraha may be omitted out due to the
sounding of the letters/padam or the style of representation or differences
in representing Avagraha.
3. Books follow different styles of marking Avagraha and a detailed
explanation is given at the respective Section. We find that the varied
schools have taken different approach to represent the sound.
4. PS 11-1 states that ‘a’ is elided when preceded by ‘ae’ or ‘O’ sounds as a
general rule and provides exceptions and definite inclusions.
PA details the rules of Vriddhi, Guna Sandhis and rules of Avagraha are
found as a part of Book 6 Chapter 1. It lays down various other rules in
great details.

2.1 Avagraha from Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘a’ sound
This has been discussed in our Article on Visarga Sandhi rules and they are
reproduced below again.

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2.1.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§ )

and the following letter is ‘a’(A, Ü, A) :

Let us take Nama: + astute

lÉqÉÈ + AxiÉÑiÉå = lÉqÉÉåÅxiÉÑiÉå (from slokam)

The Visarga “namaha” has vowel sound ‘a’(A,Ü, A). The Visarga stands for

‘s’. (xÉç,ú¢,s§).

The first letter of the word/padam following visargam is also ‘a’ (A, Ü, A).

Rule: The Visarga letter gets converted to ‘O’ sound of that letter, that is qÉ to qÉÉå
and the ‘a’ becomes the symbol Å (Avagraha) representing half ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)
sound which is blended with ‘O’. lÉqÉÈ has become lÉqÉÉå. The Sandhi has

produced the word lÉqÉÉåÅxiÉÑiÉå.

Rule in Vowel Sandhi is “ Letter with sound ‘O’ (ओ, æ, Hx) remains

unchanged when followed by (अ, Ü, A) but (अ, Ü, A) changes to Å

(avagraha).

This is found in a number of places across various Vedic texts, Slokas etc.

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This rule is already incorporated and printed in the Books.

Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

lÉqÉ—È AÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý lÉqÉÉãþÅÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý

ïñ—È Üú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£† Åú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£…

di—J Asy–ib§¥hõx– d¥ix— „sy–ib§¥hõx–

lÉqÉÈ AxrÉþSèprÉÉãý lÉqÉÉãÅxrÉþSèprÉÉãý

ïñÈ Üú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£-Åú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£…
diJ Asõ—b§¥hõx– d¥ix„sõ—b§¥hõx–

lÉqÉ†È AmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÉãþÅmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ

ïñ†È Üð°…3óñ£†í£ò ï«ñ£†Åð°…3óñ£†í£ò
di†J AeM¡–kix—Yxj d¥ix—„eM¡–kix—Yxj

rÉÈ A…xqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý rÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý

òÈ Ü…ú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® «ò£‡-Åú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢®
jJ A…sôx© ¥bûræy– ¥jx˜„sôx© ¥bûræy–

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rÉÈ A…Wû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ rÉÉãþÅWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ

òÈ Ü…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… «ò£†Åý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤…
ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤
jJ A…t-i—sôy– ögÖx–ti—sôy ¥jx—„t-i—sôy– ögÖx–t-i—sôy

xÉýÈ AÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ xÉÉãýÅÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ

úýÈ Üú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ «ú£Å…ú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢

sýJ Asôy–ZxI ¥sx„–sôy–ZxI

uÉ×ý¤ÉÈ AjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ uÉ×ý¤ÉÉãÅjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ

õ¢¼ýþÈ Üî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: õ¢¼…«þ£Åî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†:
p£–±J Aa— gy–mû—J p£–¥±x„a— gy–mû—J

WãûQÈ AuÉþ WãûQûÉãÅuÉþ

«ýìÈ Üõ† «ý«ì£3Åõ†
¥tWJ Ap— ¥t¥Wx„p—

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uÉÂþhÉÈ AÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÉãÅÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ

õ¼†íÈ Üî¤4ó£…ü:
õ¼†«í£Åî¤4ó£…ü:
pk¡—YJ Acykx–RJ
pk¡—¥Yx„cykx–RJ

mÉÔuÉãïþ ÌuɵÉý xÉ×eÉÈ AqÉ×iÉÉÿÈ mÉÔuÉãïþ ÌuɵÉý xÉ×eÉÉãýÅqÉ×iÉÉÿÈ

Ìó¢«õ† õ¤Ÿ¢õ… ú¢¼üÈ Ìó¢«õ† õ¤Ÿ¢õ… ú¢¼«ü£…-
Üñ¢¼î£‡: Åñ¢¼î£‡:
e¢ª¥p— pyqû– s£R–J e¢ª¥p— pyqû– s£¥Rx–„i£Zx˜J
Ai£Zx˜J

GýiÉuÉÈ ApÉuÉllÉç GýiÉuÉÉãþ-ÅpÉuÉllÉç

¼…îõÈ Üð4õù¢ù¢ ¼…î«õ£†Åð4õù¢ù¢
E–Zp—J Ahp© E–Z¥px—„hp©

xÉWÈ ApÉuÉiÉç xÉWûÉãþ-ÅpÉuÉiÉç

úýÈ Üð4õî¢ ú«ý£†-Åð4õî¢
st—J AhpZ§ s¥tx—„hpZ§

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xÉ rÉ LýwÉÈ A…liÉ-WØïûþSrÉ AÉMüÉýzÉÈ xÉ rÉ LýwÉÉãÿÅliÉ-WØïûþSrÉ AÉMüÉýzÉÈ

ú ò ã…ûÈ Üï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò ú ò ã…«û£‡Åï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò
Ý装Ÿ: Ý装Ÿ:
s j G–rJ AǪ-t£—bj s j G–¥rx˜„Ǫ-t£—bj
BKx–qJ BKx–qJ

2.1.2 Exceptions to 2.1.1 Rule as an Option

There are exceptions observed, since “Use of Avagraha” is Optional as per
PAnini’s work. We find that the rule is not followed/optional due the specific
sound effect, swaram of the letter. The following table gives such examples from
well known mantras/suktams:

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

xÉ eÉÉýiÉÈ AirÉþËUcrÉiÉ xÉ eÉÉýiÉÉã AirÉþËUcrÉiÉ

ú ü£…îÈ Üî¢ò†ó¤ê¢òî ú ü£…«î£ Üî¢ò†ó¤ê¢òî

s Rx–ZJ AZõ—kyPõZ s Rx–¥Zx AZõ—kyPõZ

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AÉmÉ†È AqÉÏuÉý cÉÉiÉþlÉÏÈ AÉmÉÉãþ AqÉÏuÉý cÉÉiÉþlÉÏÈ

Ýð†È Üñ¦õ… ê£î†ù¦: ݫ𣆠Üñ¦õ… ê£î†ù¦:

Be—J Aizp– PxZ—dzJ B¥ex— Aizp– PxZ—dzJ

kÉëÑýuÉÉxÉ†È AxrÉ MüÐýUrÉÉãý kÉëÑýuÉÉxÉÉãþ AxrÉ MüÐýUrÉÉãý

î¢4¼…õ£ú†È Üú¢ò 覅ó«ò£… î¢4¼…õ£«ú£† Üú¢ò 覅ó«ò£…

öc¡–pxs—J Asõ Kz–k¥jx– öc¡–px¥sx— Asõ Kz–k¥jx–

lÉ…È ApÉþrɃ¡ÙûhÉÉãiÉÑ lÉÉãý ApÉþrɃ¡ÙûhÉÉãiÉÑ

ï…È Üð†4òé¢ è¢¼«í£¶ «ï£… Üð†4òé¢ è¢¼«í£¶

d…J Ah—j ´£¥YxZ¡ ¥dx… Ah—j ´£¥YxZ¡

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¤ÉÉqÉþ¬ãýuÉÈ AÌiÉþ ¤ÉÉqÉþ¬ãýuÉÉã AÌiÉþ

þ£ñ†î¢3«î…3õÈ Ü þ£ñ†î¢3«î…3«õ£ Ü

±xi—¥Å–pJ AZy— ±xi—¥Å–¥px AZy—

mÉÉýuÉýqÉÉýlÉÏýrÉïÈ Aýý®rÉãÌiÉþ mÉÉýuÉýqÉÉýlÉÏýrÉÉãï Aýý®rÉãÌiÉþ

ð£…õ…ñ£…ù¦ó¢òÈ Ü…î¢3î¢4«ò ð£…õ…ñ£…ù¦ó¢«ò£ Ü…î¢3î¢4«ò

ex–p–ix–dz–kõJ A–¥ÆõZy— ex–p–ix–dz–¥kõx A–¥ÆõZy—

2.2 Avagraha from Vowel Sandhi

Avagraha is also used when there is a Sandhi (combination) of a Vowel following
sound of ‘a’ and ‘aa’. The rules are explained in the following sections.

2.3 Vowel Sandhi- When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound

‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) ,

‘a’ that follows ‘aa’ is represented through an Avagraha.

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Note: There is no visargam involved here

Example:

Mü¨ÉÉïþ + AÍxÉ = Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ ,

mÉëýÌiÉý¸É+ AÍxÉ =mÉëýÌiÉý¸ÉÅÍxÉþ,

èó¢î¢î£+ Üú¤ =èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤

ð¢ó…û¢ì£+Üú¤ = ð¢ó…û¢ì£Å2ú¤

KªÀx+ Asy = KªÀx—„sy

öe–Zy–rçx+ Asy = öe–Zy–rçx„sy—

The sound of both Mü¨ÉÉïþ and mÉëýÌiÉý¸É is ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

it is followed by ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) hence a Avagraha is formed after sound of

the letter with ‘aa’.

Effect on Maatra: ‘a’ has one maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of
time. Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 2.5. With Avagrah, the ‘a’

is truncated to ‘Å’ with only 0.5 maatra.

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This helps correct extension of rendering Vedas or reading slokas with intended
meaning and time scale.
Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before The Resultant Words/Padam
Sandhi after Sandhi

NûÉýrÉÉ AqÉ×iÉÇ… NûÉýrÉÉÅqÉ×iÉÇ…

ꣅ2ò£ Üñ¢¼î…ñ¢ ꣅ2ò£Åñ¢¼î…ñ¢

jsõ— Qx–jx Ai£Z–I jsõ— Qx–jx„i£Z–I

xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉ AxÉþÌSýÌ¹È xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉÅxÉþÌSý̹È

ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£ Üú†î¤…3û¢®: ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£Åú†î¤…3û¢®:

s¡–bydx–-sx As—by–ræyJ s¡–bydx–-sx„s—by–ræyJ

xÉÉ AÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ xÉÉÅÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ

ú£ Üè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£ ú£Åè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

sx A²ydx— qx–Çx sx„²ydx— qx–Çx

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±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-AliÉËUþ¤ÉÇ ±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-ÅliÉËUþ¤ÉÇ

î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Üï¢îó¤†þñ¢ î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Åï¢îó¤†þñ¢

p—ky–Yx-AÇky—±I p—ky–Yx-„Çky—±I

iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ AmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ ÅmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ

î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Üð£†ð裟¤ù¤ î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Åð£†ð 裟¤ù¤

Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx Aex—Kxqydz Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx „ex—eKxqydz

iÉrÉÉý AxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý iÉrÉÉýÅxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý

îò£… Üú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî… îò£…Åú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…

Zjx– Asôx© py–qûZ– Zjx–„sôx© py–qûZ–

2.3.1 Exceptions when ‘a’ does not become an avagraha when it follows the
sound ‘aa’:
This is due to the Swarm and sound effect that is desired by the Rishi who
composed or propounded that Mantra. General observation is “Where two words

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give distinct logical meanings which can flow smoothly as a sound with the
respective swaram, they donot combine”

Some Examples from Standard Krishna Yajur Veda Suktams:

No Avagraham is used.

iÉxqÉÉý AU…¡ûþqÉÉqÉuÉÉ

îú¢ñ£… Üóé¢è† ñ£ñ«õ£…

Zsôx– AkO§M—ixi¥px–

pÉý¤ÉÇÆrÉÉ AýliÉËUþ¤Éã

ð…þñ¢ Æò£ Ü…ï¢î󤆫þ

h–±I Æjx A–Çky—¥±

EmÉýýqÉÉ AþxrÉ ÌuÉýý¸ÉÈ

àð……ñ£ ܆ú¢ò õ¤……û¢ì£

De––ix A—sõ py––rçxJ

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mÉëÉxqÉÉý AÉzÉÉþ AzÉ××huɳÉç

ð¢ó£ú¢ñ£… ÝŸ£† ÜŸ¢¼í¢õù¢ù¢

öexsôx– Bqx— Aq£Yû˧

lÉ ½þxrÉÉ AmÉýUÇcÉýlÉ

ï ý¢ò†ú¢ò£ Üð…óë¢ê…ù

d tõ—sõx Ae–kIP–d R–ksx–

AþTüýsÉÉ AþmÉÑýwmÉÉrÉɶÉþ

܆ð…2ô£ ܆¹…û¢ð£ò£Ÿ¢ê†

jx A—f–mx A—e¡–rðxjxÒ—

AÉãwÉþkÉÏUýxqÉÉ AþËUý¹ iÉÉþiÉrÉ

æû†î¦4ó…ú¢ñ£ ܆ó¤…û¢ì î«ò

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Hxr—czk–sôx A—ky–ræ Zx—Z¥j

ÍzÉZÉÉ AýhÉÏrÉÉãÿSèkuÉÉï

Ÿ¤è£2 Ü…í¦«ò£‡ó¢î¢3î¢4õ£

qyLx A–Yz¥jx˜ªÆûx

iÉSþwÉÉýRûÉ AýÍpÉxÉÇrÉþliÉÑ rÉý¥É

îî†3û£…ì£4 Ü…ð¤4úñ¢Æò†ï¢¶ ò…ü¢ë

Zb—rx–Xx A–hysIj—Ç¡ j–¹I

pÉÔËUýSÉ AþxiÉÑý qɽÿÇ

Ì4ó¤…î£3 ܆ú¢¶… ñý¢ò‡ñ¢

h¢ky–bx A—së¡– itõ˜I

qÉÑýWÕûý¨ÉÉïÈ mÉëãýwrÉÉþ ApÉuÉlÉç

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º…ý¨…ó¢î£: ð¢«ó…û¢ò£† Üð4õù¢ù¢

i¡–t¢–ªÀxJ ¥öe–rõx— Ahp©

2.4 Vowel Sandhi-Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) follows

the sound ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B)

Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ AÉ, Ý, B follows the sound ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B ,

‘aa’ that follows ‘aa’ sound becomes or is represented through an

Avagraha as ÅÅ.

Example:

pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ + AÉÌuÉýuÉãzÉ = pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ ÅÅÌuÉýuÉãzÉý

¹4õ†ù£ + Ýõ¤…«õŸ = ¹4õ†ù£ ÅÅõ¤…«õŸ…

h¡p—dx + Bpy–¥pq = h¡p—dx „„py–¥pq–

lÉÉ has ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B vowel sound. This is followed by ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

resulting in the Sandhi with avagraha.

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Effect on Maatra: ‘aa’ has two maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of

time. Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 3.0. With Avagrah, the

‘aa’ is truncated to ‘ÅÅ’ with only 1 maatra.

Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before The Resultant Words/Padam
Sandhi after Sandhi

oÉë¼Éþ AÉaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ oÉë¼ÉþÅÅaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ

ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-Ýè…3î-ÿ†¼…î ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-ÅÅè…3î-ÿ†¼…î î¢õò£‡

î¢õò£‡ ögÖx—„„M–Zöqz—
k¡–Z Zûjx˜
ögÖx— BM–Zöqz—
k¡–Z Zûjx˜

xÉÉ AÉÌSýirÉãlÉþ xÉÉÅÅÌSýirÉãlÉþ

ú£ Ý3òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£ ú£ÅÅ3òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£

sx Bby–¥Zõd— qx–Çx sx„„by–¥Zõd— qx–Çx

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ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ AÉeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ ÅÅeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ,

õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ Ýó¢ü¦†è¦«ò õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ ÅÅó¢ü¦†è¦«ò

py–Zsë–jx BªRz—Kz¥j py–Zsë–jx „„ªRz—Kz¥j

SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ ÅÅlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ

3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ Ýï…ù¢«î£3 3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ ÅÅï…ù¢«î£3

«ñ£î†3: «ñ£î†3:

bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx Bd–¥Éx bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx„„d–¥Éx

¥ixb—J ¥ixb—J

xÉæwÉÉ AÉlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþ xÉæwÉÉÅÅlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþ

¬úû£-Ýùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è ¬úû£-ÅÅùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è

¤¤srx BdÉsõ izixóè— ¤¤srx„„dÉsõ izixóè—

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xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÈ xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉÅÅlÉýlSÈ

úãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£Ýù…ï¢î3È ú ãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£ÅÅù…ï¢î3È

s GK CöÉ—sõx Bd–ÉJ s GK CöÉ—sõx„„d–ÉJ

xiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ AÉrÉÑýwÉÉ-AÉrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ xiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ

ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-Ý»…û£ ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-

Ý»†û¢ñï¢îé¢ ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†û¢ñï¢îé¢

¥sëd–Zûx Bj¡–rx- ¥sëd–Zûx „„j¡–rx„„j¡—rôÇI

Bj¡—rôÇI

2.5 Vowel Sandhi - When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’

( L, ã F)

Rule: When the letter ‘a’ follows letters with sound ‘ae’, the ‘ae’ retains it form

and the ‘a’ which follows becomes an avagraha Å. (PS 11-1)

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Example:

eÉlÉãþ + AÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû = eÉlÉãþÅÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû

ü«ù† + Üð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢ = ü«ù†Åð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢

R¥d— + Ahy¥öbx–tI = R¥d—„hy¥öbx–tI

UÉý¹íãý + AÎxqÉlÉç = UÉý¹íãýÅÎxqÉlÉç

ó£…û¢ì¢«ó… +Üú¢ñ¤ù¢ = ó£…û¢ì¢«ó…Åú¢ñ¤ù

kx–¥öræ– + Asôy© = kx–¥öræ–„sôy©

This rule is observed in Chamakam at many places since ‘me’ in ‘Cha me’
combines with following ‘a’.

Table of Examples

Basic Words/Padams before The Resultant Words/Padam

Sandhi after Sandhi

SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, AlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, ÅlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã,
ApÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã ÅpÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã
î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ,

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Üïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê… «ñ, Üð†4òë¢ê Åïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê… «ñ,Åð†4òë¢ê «ñ,

«ñ,
bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i,
Adiy–öZI P– ¥i,Ah—jI P ¥i, „diy–öZI P– ¥i, „h—jI P ¥i,

mÉëmÉþ±ã AsÉý¤qÉÏqÉãï mÉëmÉþ±ã ÅsÉý¤qÉÏqÉãï

ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Üô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Åô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ

öee—¥bõ Am–±§izª¥i öee—¥bõ „m–±§izª¥i

SãurÉÌSiÉãý-AÎalÉ SãurÉÌSiÉãý-ÅÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS

«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Üè¢ù¤ «î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Åè¢ù¤-

¥bpõby¥Z–-A²y ¥bpõby¥Z–-„²y

ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-A³ÉÉþlÉÉÇ ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-ųÉÉþlÉÉÇ

õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Üù¢ù†ù£ñ¢ õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Åù¢ù†ù£ñ¢

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pypõx–cy¥d-AËx—dxI pypõx–cy¥d-„Ëx—dxI

xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã AuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã ÅuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ

úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù

Üõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤ Åõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤

stös¥jxR–¥d stös¥jxR–¥d

Ap–cdûx—dy „p–cdûx—dy

ÌuɱýiÉã ArÉþlÉÉrÉ ÌuɱýiÉãÅrÉþlÉÉrÉ

õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Üò†ù£ò õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Åò†ù£ò

pybõ–¥Z Aj—dxj pybõ–¥Z„j—dxj

qÉþWûýirÉþhÉïýuÉþã AliÉËUþ¤Éã qÉþWûýirÉþhÉïýuÉãÿ-ÅliÉËUþ¤Éã

ñ†ý…î¢ò†ó¢í…«õþ-Üï¢î󤆫þ ñ†ý…î¢ò†ó¢í…«õ‡-Åï¢î󤆫þ

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i—t–Zõ—ªY–¥pþ-AÇky—¥± i—t–Zõ—ªY–¥p˜-„Çky—¥±

lÉqÉÉãýÅalÉrÉãþ AnxÉÑýqÉiÉã lÉqÉÉãýÅalÉrÉãÿ ÅnxÉÑýqÉiÉã

ï«ñ£…Åè¢3ù«òþ Üð¢2ú§…ñ«î ï«ñ£…Åè¢3ù«ò‡ Åð¢2ú§…ñ«î

d¥ix–„²¥j˜ „fþ¡–i¥Z
d¥ix–„²¥jþ Afþ¡–i¥Z

ÍqÉWûÉrÉÑwÉãþ A¨ÉÑ SãýuÉÈ ÍqÉWûÉrÉÑwÉãÿŨÉÑ SãýuÉÈ

-ñ¤ý£»«ûþ Ü «î…3õ: -ñ¤ý£»«û‡Å «î…3õ:

iytxj¡¥r˜„À¡ ¥b–pJ
iytxj¡¥rþ AÀ¡ ¥b–pJ

2.6 Swaram change for Dheerga Swaritam

If the letter prior to Avagraham is a Dheerga letter (long) with a Swaritam and
the aksharam after the Avagraha, is a Conjunct Consonant (joint letter),
the Dheerga Swarita rule applies. The letter before avagraha becomes a
Dheerga Swaritam as per rules of Dheerga Swaritam.

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Rules from PS
12-9 When the elided ‘a’ is grave, the preceding diphthong (misra swara), if
udAtta (acute), becomes Swarita (circumflex).
12-10 When it is udAtta (acute) the preceding diphthong/misra swara, if anudAtta
(grave) becomes udAtta (acute).

Example:

qÉÉ A…alÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè qÉÉÿÅalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè

ñ£ Ü…è¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè† ñ£‡Åè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†

ix A…¥² hx–Mydóè ix˜„¥² hx–Mydóè

lÉqÉÉãýÅalÉrÉãþ AnxÉÑýqÉiÉã lÉqÉÉãýÅalÉrÉãÿ ÅnxÉÑýqÉiÉ

ï«ñ£…Åè¢3ù«òþ Üð¢2ú§…ñ«î… ï«ñ£…Åè¢3ù«ò‡ Åð¢2ú§…ñ«î…

d¥ix–„²¥jþ Afþ¡–i¥Z–
d¥ix–„²¥j˜ „fþ¡–i¥Z–

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rÉÈ A…mÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ rÉÉåþÅmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ |

òÈ Ü…ð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4 «ò£†Åð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4
jJ A…exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— ¥jx—„exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb—
(yO gets swaritam as it had udAttam,
but does not become Dheega Swaritam

since letter following’Å’ is a normal

consonant ‘pAm’

qÉÉ A…qÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç qÉÉÅqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç

ñ£ Üñ¢¼î£‡î¢ ñ£Åñ¢¼î£‡î¢

ix Ai£Zx˜Z§ ix„i£Zx˜Z§

(here ‘mA’ is not a Misra swaram

retains it swaram does not acquire
dheerga swaritam)

Please refer to the Article/Discussion note on Dheerga Swaritam.

Please analyse the other examples also which acquire Dheerga Swaritam from
the Table under 2.5.

Note: The following two Sections are examples of the application of

Avagraha Rules from PratiSakhyam. We have provided examples wherever
it is easily found from regular Sukthams or common mantras. Where the

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rule applicability is found in mantras from TaittirIya Samhita, the reference

is given as TS n.n.n.n. These examples are indicative and not every word or
padam indicated in PratiSakhyam has been included.
(a reader may optionally skip the two sections if the reader does not want
to get into too many details)

2.7 Rules from PS for Avagraha application(Elision)

PS 12-2 - The ‘a’ of asi, AÍxÉ, Üú¤, Asy is elided

iuÉqÉãýuÉ MãüýuÉsÉÇý Mü¨ÉÉïþ AÍxÉ iuÉqÉãýuÉ MãüýuÉsÉÇý Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ

î¢õ«ñ…õ «è…õô…ñ¢ î¢õ«ñ…õ «è…õô…ñ¢

èó¢î¢î£† Üú¤ èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤

Zû¥i–p ¥K–pmI– Zû¥i–p ¥K–pmI–

KªÀx—Asy KªÀx—„sy

iuÉÇ qÉÔsÉÉkÉÉU-ÎxjÉiÉÉãþ AÍxÉ ÌlÉýirÉÇ iuÉÇ qÉÔsÉÉkÉÉU-ÎxjÉiÉÉãþÅÍxÉ ÌlÉýirÉÇ

î¢õñ¢ Íô£î£4ó-ú¢î¤2«î£† î¢õñ¢ Íô£î£4ó-

Üú¤ 串î¢òñ¢ ú¢î¤2«î£†Åú¤ 串î¢òñ¢

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ZûI i¢mxcxk-Óy¥Zx— ZûI i¢mxcxk-Óy¥Zx—„sy

Asydy–ZõI dy–ZõI

PS 12-3 - But not when garbhaH, aÉpÉïÈ, è3ó¢ð:, Mk§hJ,

saMnaddhaH, xÉÇlÉ®È, úï¢ïî¢3î4:, sIdÆJ,

yamaH, rÉqÉÈ, òñ:, jiJ,or bhadraH pÉSìÈ, ð4î¢ó: , höbJ

precedes the letter ‘a’

Ref TS 4.1.4.2

xÉ eÉÉýiÉÉã aÉpÉÉãïþ AÍxÉý xÉ eÉÉýiÉÉã aÉpÉÉãïþ AÍxÉý

ஸ ஜா…ேதா க3 ேபா†4 அஸி ஸ ஜா…ேதா க3 ேபா†4 அஸி

s Rx–¥Zx Mª¥hx— Asy– s Rx–¥Zx Mª¥hx— Asy–

PS 12-5 - Before j and gn, eÉç, alÉ, ü¢, è¢3ù, R§§, ², ‘a’ is elided if acute.

Note: Check examples available with ‘agna’ given below

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PS - 12-6 Before gn, alÉ, è¢3ù, ² also when preceded by maH, qÉÈ, ñ:,

iJ, vacaH, uÉcÉÈ, õê:, pPJ, dadhAnaH SkÉÉlÉÈ, î3î£4ù:, bcxdJ,

and sthe. xjÉã. ú¢«î2., ¥Ó.

TS 4.1.3.1

xÉýkÉxjÉãý AÎalÉÇ xÉýkÉxjÉãýÅÎalÉÇ

ஸ…த4 ேத…2 அ 3ன ஸ…த4 ேத…2 Å 3ன

s–c¥Ó– A²yI s–c¥Ó–„²yI

TS 4.1.3.4

SkÉÉþlÉÉãý AÅÎalÉUç.WûÉãiÉÉý SkÉÉþlÉÉãýÅÎalÉUç.WûÉãiÉÉý

த3தா†4ேனா… அ 3ன .ேஹாதா த3தா†4ேனா… Å 3ன .ேஹாதா

bcx—¥dx– A²yª ¥txZx– bcx—¥dx–„²yª ¥txZx–

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PS 12-7 - The ‘a’ is elided in abhyAvartin, apUpam, api dadhAmi, adyAnu,

aditiH Sarma, agner jihvAm, agnayaH, paprayaH, asmAkam, asme dhatta,
aSmA, aSvA aSyAma, amA, aryaman, asmatpASAn, asmin yaj~je, astA,
avyathamAnA, abhidroham, adhAyi, adaH, atho, adugdhAH, ariShTAH,
arathAH, arcanti, antar asyAm, atra stha, annAya, a~ggirasvat, and akaram.
wherever found.

AprÉÉuÉÌiÉïlÉç, AmÉÔmÉqÉç, AÌmÉ SkÉÉÍqÉ, A±ÉlÉÑ, AÌSÌiÉÈ zÉqÉï, AalÉãUç ÎeÉÀûÉqÉç,

AalÉrÉÈ , mÉmÉërÉÈ, AxqÉÉMüqÉç, AxqÉã kɨÉ, AzqÉÉ, AµÉÉ, AzrÉÉqÉ, AqÉÉ,

ArÉïqÉlÉç, AxqÉimÉÉzÉÉlÉç,AÎxqÉlÉç rÉ¥Éã, AxiÉÉ, AurÉjÉqÉÉlÉÉ, AÍpÉSìÉåWûqÉç,

AkÉÉÌrÉ, ASÈ, AjÉÉå, ASÒakÉÉÈ, AËU¹ÉÈ, AUjÉÉÈ, AcÉïÎliÉ,AliÉUç AxrÉÉqÉç,

A§É xjÉ, A³ÉÉrÉ, AÌ…¡ûUxuÉiÉç, AMüUqÉç.

Üð¢4ò£õó¢î¤ù¢, ÜÌðñ¢, Üð¤ î3î£4ñ¤, Üî¢3ò£Â,

Üî¤3î¤: Ÿó¢ñ, Üè¢3«ùó¢ ü¤ý¢õ£ñ¢, Üè¢3ùò: , ðð¢óò:,

Üú¢ñ£èñ¢, Üú¢«ñ î4î¢î, ÜŸ¢ñ£, ÜŸ¢õ£, ÜŸ¢ò£ñ,

Üñ£, Üó¢òñù¢, Üú¢ñî¢ð£Ÿ£ù¢,Üú¢ñ¤ù¢ òü¢«ë,

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Üú¢î£, Üõ¢òî2ñ£ù£, Üð¤4ó£3ýñ¢, Üî£4ò¤, Üî3:,

Ü«î£2, ܶ3è¢3î£4:, Üó¤û¢ì£:, Üóî£:, Üó¢êï¢î¤, Üï¢îó¢

Üú¢ò£ñ¢, Üî¢ó ú¢î, Üù¢ù£ò, Üé¢è¤3óú¢õî¢, Üèóñ¢.

Ahõxpk§Zyd§, Ae¢ei§, Aey bcxiy, Abõxd¡,

AbyZyJ qk§i, A¥²k§ Rytûxi§, A²jJ , eöejJ,

AsôxKi§, A¥sô cÀ, Aqôx, Aqûx p§¤t¤k¤pk§ H¦É§,

Aqõxi, Aix, Akõid§, AsôZ§exqxd§, Asôyd§ j¥¹,

Asëx, Apõaixdx, Ahy¥öbxti§, Acxjy, AbJ, A¥ax,

Ab¡M§cxJ, AkyræxJ, AkaxJ, Ak§PÇy,AÇk§ Asõxi§,

AöZ Ó, AËxj, AO§MyksûZ§, AKki§.

(Only indicative examples are given for few words)

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uÉþÂhÉý SæurÉãý eÉlÉãþ AÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû uÉþÂhÉý SæurÉãý eÉlÉãþÅÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû

Æõ†¼í… ¬î3õ¢«ò… ü«ù† Æõ†¼í… ¬î3õ¢«ò…

Üð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢ ü«ù†Åð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢

Æp—k¡Y– ¤¤b¥põ– Æp—k¡Y– ¤¤b¥põ–

R¥d— Ahy¥öbx–tI R¥d—„hy¥öbx–tI

aÉ×hÉÉýlÉÉãÿ AxqÉÉMÇü oÉÉãkrÉÌuÉýiÉÉ iÉýlÉÔlÉÉÿÇ aÉ×hÉÉýlÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉMÇü oÉÉãkrÉÌuÉýiÉÉ iÉýlÉÔlÉÉÿÇ

è¢3¼í£…«ù£‡- Üú¢ñ£èñ¢ è¢3¼í£…«ù£‡-Åú¢ñ£èñ¢

«ð£3î¢4òõ¤…î£ î…Ûù£‡ñ¢ «ð£3î¢4òõ¤…î£ î…Ûù£‡ñ¢

M£Yx–¥dx˜ AsôxKI M£Yx–¥dx˜„sôxKI

¥gxcõpy–Zx Z–d¢dx˜I ¥gxcõpy–Zx Z–d¢dx˜I

xÉiuÉÉþlÉÉãýÅWÇû iÉãprÉÉãþ AMüUý³ÉqÉþÈ xÉiuÉÉþlÉÉãýÅWÇû iÉãprÉÉãþ ÅMüUý³ÉqÉþÈ

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úî¢õ£†«ï£…Åýï¢ «îð¢4«ò£ úî¢õ£†«ï£…Åýï¢ «îð¢4«ò£

Üèó…ï¢ ïñ:† Åèó…ï¢ ïñ:†

sZûx—¥dx–„tI ¥Z¥hõx— sZûx—¥dx–„tI ¥Z¥hõx—

AKk–ËiJ— „Kk–ËiJ—

TS 4.1.1.4

SþSã AÌ…¡ûUýxuÉSè-oÉÍpÉëþUÍxÉý
SþSãÅÌ…¡ûUýxuÉSè-oÉÍpÉëþUÍxÉý
த†3ேத3 அ கி3ர… வ 3-
த†3ேத3Å கி3ர… வ 3-ப3 4 †ரஸி

ப3 4 †ரஸி

b—¥b AO§Myk–sûb§- b—¥b„O§Myk–sûb§-

göhy—ksy– göhy—ksy–

TS 4.1.9.3

pÉÔýiuÉÉ qɽþqÉýalÉã AjÉÉãþ pÉÔýiuÉÉ qɽþqÉýalÉãÅjÉÉãþ

…4 வா ம ய†ம… 3ேன அேதா†2 …4 வா ம ய†ம… 3ேனÅேதா†2

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h¢–Zûx itõ—i–¥² A¥ax— h¢–Zûx itõ—i–¥²„¥ax—

PS 12-8 - An ‘a’ is elided when preceded by gAhamAnaH, jAyamAnaH,

hetayaH, manyamAnaH, vanaspatibhyaH, patE, sridhaH, tapasaH, svadhAvaH,
bhAmitaH, agnayaH, Ayo, adhvaryo, and krato.

aÉÉWûqÉÉlÉÈ, eÉÉrÉqÉÉlÉÈ, WãûiÉrÉÈ, qÉlrÉqÉÉlÉÈ, uÉlÉxmÉÌiÉprÉÈ, mÉiÉã, ÍxÉëkÉÈ, iÉmÉxÉÈ,

xuÉkÉÉuÉÈ, pÉÉÍqÉiÉÈ, AalÉrÉÈ, AÉrÉÉå, AkuÉrÉÉåï, ¢üiÉÉå.

è£3ýñ£ù:, ü£òñ£ù:, «ýîò:, ñù¢òñ£ù:,

õùú¢ðî¤ð¢4ò:, ð«î, ú¢ó¤î4:, îðú:, ú¢õî£4õ:, ð£4ñ¤î:,

Üè¢3ùò:, Ý«ò£, Üî¢4õó¢«ò£, è¢ó«î£

MxtixdJ, RxjixdJ, ¥tZjJ, idõixdJ, pdsðZyhõJ, e¥Z,

ösycJ, ZesJ, sûcxpJ, hxiyZJ, A²jJ, B¥jx,

Acû¥kõx, öK¥Zx.

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xÉýWûxÉëóèþ WãûýiÉrÉýÈ AlrÉ-qÉýxqÉͳÉþ xÉýWûxÉëóèþ WãûýiÉrÉÉãýÅlrÉ-qÉýxqÉͳÉþ

ú…ýú¢óóè† «ý…îò…È – ú…ýú¢óóè† «ý…î«ò£…-

Üù¢ò-ñ…ú¢ñ Åù¢ò-ñ…ú¢ñ

s–tösóè— ¥t–Zj–J s–tösóè— ¥t–Z¥jx–„dõ-

Adõ-i–sôËy i–sôËy

aÉÉWûþqÉÉlÉÈ ASÉýrÉÉã uÉÏýUzzÉýiÉqÉþlrÉÑýËUlSìþÈ aÉÉWûþqÉÉlÉÉãÅSÉýrÉÉã uÉÏýUzzÉýiÉqÉþlrÉÑýËUlSìþÈ

è£3ý†ñ£ùÈ- Ü3«ò£ è£3ý†ñ£«ù£-Å3«ò£

õ¦…óŸ¢-Ÿ…îñ†ù¢»…-ó¤ï¢î¢3ó†: õ¦…óŸ¢-Ÿ…îñ†ù¢»…-ó¤ï¢î¢3ó†:

Mxt—ixd—J Abx–¥jx Mxt—ix¥dx„bx–¥jx

pz–kqü–Zi—dõ¡–kyöÉ—J pz–kqü–Zi—dõ¡–kyöÉ—J

TS 2.4.14.1

eÉÉrÉþqÉÉýlÉÉã A»ûÉÿÇ MãüýiÉÑÂýwÉxÉÉ eÉÉrÉþqÉÉýlÉÉãÅ»ûÉÿÇ MãüýiÉÑÂýwÉxÉÉ

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ஜாய†மா…ேனா அ னா‡ ஜாய†மா…ேனா Å னா‡

ேக…!"…ஷஸா
ேக…!"…ஷஸா

Rxj—ix–¥dx AÕx˜I Rxj—ix–¥dx„Õx˜I

¥K–Z¡k¡–rsx— ¥K–Z¡k¡–rsx—

TS 4.2.3.1

A³ÉþmÉýiÉã A³ÉþxrÉ A³ÉþmÉýiÉãųÉþxrÉ

அ$ன†ப…ேத அ$ன† ய அ$ன†ப…ேத Å$ன† ய

AË—e–¥Z AË—sõ AË—e–¥Z„Ë—sõ

2.8 PS Rules for Exclusions(Exceptions)-Non Elision

PS 11-3 - The ‘a’ is not elided in the following sections:
those beginning with dhAtA rAtiH and upa; juSHTa and SyenAya; dhruvakShitiH,
iyam eva sA yA, and agnir mUrdhA;

kÉÉiÉÉ UÉÌiÉÈ EmÉ; eÉѹ ,zrÉãlÉÉrÉ; kÉëÑuÉͤÉÌiÉÈ, CrÉqÉç LuÉ xÉÉ rÉÉ,

AÎalÉUç qÉÔkÉÉï;

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î£4î£ ó£î¤: , àð; ü§û¢ì, Ÿ¢«òù£ò, î¢4¼õþ¤î¤:, Þòñ¢

ãõ ú£ ò£, Üè¢3ù¤ó¢ Íó¢î£4

cxZx kxZyJ De; R¡ræ ,¥qõdxj; öc¡p±yZyJ,,

Cji§ Gp sx jx, A²yk§ i¢k§cx;

those styled vAjapeya; ukhya; vikarSha, vihavya, hiraNyavarNIya, yAjyA, and

mahApRuShThya.

uÉÉeÉmÉãrÉ; EZrÉ; ÌuÉMüwÉï, ÌuÉWûurÉ, ÌWûUhrÉuÉhÉÏïrÉ, rÉÉerÉÉ, qÉWûÉmÉ×wœ.

õ£ü«ðò; àè¢2ò; õ¤èó¢û, õ¤ýõ¢ò, ý¤óí¢òõó¢í¦ò,

ò£ü¢ò£, ñý£ð¢¼û¢ì¢ò

pxR¥ej; DLõ; pyKk§r, pytpõ, tykYõpk§Yzj,

jxRõx, itxe£rçõ.

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TS 1.5.2.1

rÉÉerÉÉ AlÉÑuÉÉýYrÉÉþ pÉuÉÎliÉý rÉÉerÉÉlÉÑuÉÉýYrÉÉþ pÉuÉÎliÉý

யா%யா அ&வா… யா† ப4வ'தி யா%யா&வா… யா† ப4வ'தி

jxRõx Ad¡px–Kõx— hpÇy jxRõxd¡px–Kõx— hpÇy

Note: since ‘a’ is not elided, it

becomes a part of vowel sandhi of
(A+a) resulting in “A’

(PS 11-3) with the first and the next to the last (anuvakam 10) of the rudra
chapter;
The rule highlighted in yellow above is a general exemption to elision in the
Rudra Anuvakams (1 and 10) for all non-elision of letter ‘a’ to avagraha
wherever found.

lÉqÉ†È AxiÉÑý lÉÏsÉþaÉëÏuÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÉãþ AxiÉÑý lÉÏsÉþaÉëÏuÉÉrÉ

ïñ†È Üú¢¶… ï¦ô†è¢3ó¦õ£ò ï«ñ£† Üú¢¶… ï¦ô†è¢3ó¦õ£ò

di—J Asë¡– dzm—öMzpxj d¥ix— Asë¡– dzm—öMzpxj

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rÉxiÉÉýqÉëÈ AþÂýhÉ EýiÉ rÉxiÉÉýqÉëÉã AþÂýhÉ EýiÉ

òú¢î£…ñ¢óÈ Ü†¼…í à…î òú¢î£…ñ¢«ó£ ܆¼…í à…î

jsëx–öiJ A—k¡–Y D–Z jsëx–¥öix A—k¡–Y D–Z

PS 11-4 - Also in a(gm)hasaH, a(gm)hatiH, aniShTRutaH, avantv asmAn,

avadyAt, and ahani. |

A(aqÉç)WûxÉÈ,A(aqÉç)WûÌiÉÈ,AÌlɹØiÉÈ,AuÉliuÉxqÉÉlÉç, AuɱÉiÉç, AWûÌlÉ. |

Ü(è¢ñ¢)ýú:, Ü(è¢ñ¢)ýî¤:, Üù¤û¢ì¢¼î:,

Üõï¢î¢õú¢ñ£ù¢, Üõî¢3ò£î¢, Üýï¤.

A(³§)tsJ, A(³§)tZyJ, Adyræ£ZJ, ApÇûsôxd§,

ApbõxZ§, Atdy. |

ÍqÉþ§ÉqÉWûÉã AuÉý±ÉiÉç ÍqÉþ§ÉqÉWûÉã AuÉý±ÉiÉç

ñ¤†î¢óñ«ý£ Üõ…î¢3ò£î¢ ñ¤†î¢óñ«ý£ Üõ…î¢3ò£î¢

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iy—öZi¥tx Ap–bõxZ§ iy—öZi¥tx Ap–bõxZ§

TS 4.4.12.1

zÉÑý¢ãü AWûþlrÉÉãeÉýxÉÏlÉÉÿ zÉÑý¢ãü AWûþlrÉÉãeÉýxÉÏlÉÉÿ

ஶு… ேர அஹ†$ேயாஜ…*னா ஶு… ேர அஹ†$ேயாஜ…*னா

q¡–¥öK At—¥dõxR–szdx˜ q¡–¥öK At—¥dõxR–szdx˜

(it is Sandhi of ahani+OjasInA)

TS 2.6.12.3

oÉëÑuÉliÉÑý iÉã AþuÉliuÉýxqÉÉlÉç oÉëÑuÉliÉÑý iÉã AþuÉliuÉýxqÉÉlÉç

3"வ'!… ேத அ†வ' வ… மா$ 3"வ'!… ேத அ†வ' வ… மா$

ög¡pÇ¡– ¥Z A—pÇû–sôx© ög¡pÇ¡– ¥Z A—pÇû–sôx©

(it is sandhi of avantu+asmAn)

PS 11-5 Also in anu, AlÉÑ, ÜÂ, Ad¡,when preceded by gharmAsaH,

ApaH, martaH, rathaH, tvaH, datte, and vAtaH. ||

bÉqÉÉïxÉÈ, AÉmÉÈ, qÉiÉïÈ, UjÉÈ, iuÉÈ, S¨Éã, uÉÉiÉÈ. ||

è4ó¢ñ£ú:, Ýð:, ñó¢î:, óî:, î¢õ:, î3î, õ£î:.

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Nk§ixsJ, BeJ, ik§ZJ, kaJ, ZûJ, b¤À, pxZJ. ||

rÉýiÉÏ-xiÉxqÉÉý-SÉmÉÉãý AlÉÑþ xjÉlÉ rÉýiÉÏ-xiÉxqÉÉý-SÉmÉÉãý AlÉÑþ xjÉlÉ

ò…î¦ú¢-îú¢ñ£…-î£3«ð£… ܆ ò…î¦ú¢-îú¢ñ£…-î£3«ð£… ܆

ú¢î2ù ú¢î2ù

j–Zz-sësôx–-bx¥ex– Ad¡— j–Zz-sësôx–-bx¥ex– Ad¡—

Ód Ód

PS 11-6 Also (after vAtaH) in abhi, vAtu and apaH. ||

AÍpÉ, uÉÉiÉÑ , AmÉÈ, Üð¤4, õ£¶, Üð:, Ahy pxZ¡ AeJ.

TS 7.4.20.1

rÉSè-uÉÉiÉÉãþ AýmÉÉ rÉSè-uÉÉiÉÉãþ AýmÉÉ

ய 3-வாேதா† அ…ேபா ய 3-வாேதா† அ…ேபா

jb§-px¥Zx— A–¥ex jb§-px¥Zx— A–¥ex

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TS 7.4.17.1

qÉýrÉÉãýpÉÔuÉÉïiÉÉãþ AýÍpÉ uÉÉþiÉÔýxÉëÉ qÉýrÉÉãýpÉÔuÉÉïiÉÉãþ AýÍpÉ uÉÉþiÉÔýxÉëÉ

ம…ேயா… 4 வாேதா† அ…ப+4 ம…ேயா… 4 வாேதா† அ…ப+4

வா†,… ரா வா†,… ரா

i–¥jx–h¢ªpx¥Zx— A–hy i–¥jx–h¢ªpx¥Zx— A–hy

px—Z¢–ösx px—Z¢–ösx

PS 11-7 - Also (after apaH) in anu and agamat.

AlÉÑ AaÉqÉiÉç. ÜÂ, Üè3ñî¢, Ad¡ , AMiZ§.

TS 1.4.45.3

kÉã½ýmÉÉã AluÉþcÉÉËUwÉýóèý kÉã½ýmÉÉã AluÉþcÉÉËUwÉýóèý

ேத4 ய…ேபா அ$வ†சா ஷ…óè… ேத4 ய…ேபா அ$வ†சா ஷ…óè…

¥ctõ–¥ex Adû—Pxkyr–óè– ¥ctõ–¥ex Adû—Pxkyr–óè–

(dhehyapO is the sandhi of (anvacAriSham is the sandhi of anu+

dhehi+apaH) acAriSham)

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PS 11-8 - Also in adbhiH, apAM napAt, and asmAn, when preceded by ApaH

AÉmÉÈ Ýð:, BeJ. ,AΰÈ, AmÉÉÇ lÉmÉÉiÉç, AxqÉÉlÉç,Üî¢3ð¤4:, Üð£ñ¢

ïð£î¢, Üú¢ñ£ù¢,Ab§hyJ, AexI dexZ§, Asôxd§, .

TS 1.2.1.1

xuÉýxirÉѨÉþUÉhrÉzÉÏýrÉÉÅÅmÉÉãþ xuÉýxirÉѨÉþUÉhrÉzÉÏýrÉÉÅÅmÉÉãþ

AýxqÉÉlÉç AýxqÉÉlÉç

வ… . த†ரா/யஶ…ய
ீ ா- வ… . த†ரா/யஶ…ய
ீ ா-

ÅÅேபா† அ… மா$ ÅÅேபா† அ… மா$

sû–sëõ¡À—kxYõqz–jx„„¥ex— sû–sëõ¡À—kxYõqz–jx„„¥ex—
A–sôx© A–sôx©

PS 11-9 In asmAn, AxqÉÉlÉç, Üú¢ñ£ù¢, Asôxd§, also, if followed by a,

when rAye, saH, and indraH precede.

UÉrÉã, xÉÈ, ClSìÈ ó£«ò, ú:, Þï¢î¢3ó: kx¥j, sJ, CöÉJ

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AalÉãý lÉrÉþ xÉÑýmÉjÉÉþ UÉýrÉã AýxqÉÉlÉç AalÉãý lÉrÉþ xÉÑýmÉjÉÉþ UÉýrÉã AýxqÉÉlÉç

Üè¢3«ù… ïò† ú§…ð2 ó£…«ò Üè¢3«ù… ïò† ú§…ð2 ó£…«ò

Ü…ú¢ñ£ù¢ Ü…ú¢ñ£ù¢

A¥²– dj— s¡–eax— kx–¥j A¥²– dj— s¡–eax— kx–¥j

A–sôx© A–sôx©

TS 3.1.9.2

qÉýÂiÉý ClSìÉãþ AýxqÉÉlÉýÎxqÉlÉç qÉýÂiÉý ClSìÉãþ AýxqÉÉlÉýÎxqÉlÉç

ம…"த… இ' 3ேரா† ம…"த… இ' 3ேரா†

அ… மான… மி$ அ… மான… மி$

i–k¡Z– C¥öÉx— A–sôxd–sôy© i–k¡Z– C¥öÉx— A–sôxd–sôy©

PS - 11-10 Also in adya, andhaH, a(gm)SuH, and agne, when tE, iÉã, «î, ¥Z

precedes A±, AlkÉÈ, A(aqÉç)zÉÑÈ, AalÉã,

Üî¢3ò, Üï¢î4:, Ü(è¢ñ¢)Ÿ§:, Üè¢3«ù,

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AÊJ, A(³§)q¡J, A¥²,

AýrÉÉ iÉãþ AalÉã xÉýÍqÉkÉÉ AýrÉÉ iÉãþ AalÉã xÉýÍqÉkÉÉ

Ü…ò£ «î† Üè¢3«ù ú…ñ¤î£†4 Ü…ò£ «î† Üè¢3«ù ú…ñ¤î£†4

A–jx ¥Z— A¥² s–iycx A–jx ¥Z— A¥² s–iycx

xÉýmiÉiÉãþ AalÉã xÉýÍqÉkÉþÈ xÉýmiÉiÉãþ AalÉã xÉýÍqÉkÉþÈ

ú…ð¢î«î† Üè¢3«ù ú…ñ¤î†4 ú…ð¢î«î† Üè¢3«ù ú…ñ¤î†4

s–eë¥Z— A¥² s–iyc—J s–eë¥Z— A¥² s–iyc—J

TS 1.2.6.1

AýóèýzÉÑlÉÉþ iÉã AýóèýzÉÑÈ AýóèýzÉÑlÉÉþ iÉã AýóèýzÉÑÈ

அ…óè…ஶுனா† ேத அ…óè…ஶு: அ…óè…ஶுனா† ேத அ…óè…ஶு:

A–óè–q¡dx— ¥Z A–óè–q¡J A–óè–q¡dx— ¥Z A–óè–q¡J

TS 1.4.4.1

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EmÉÉãþ iÉãý AlkÉÉãý EmÉÉãþ iÉãý AlkÉÉãý

உேபா† ேத… அ'ேதா…4 உேபா† ேத… அ'ேதா…4

D¥ex— ¥Z– A¥Êx– D¥ex— ¥Z– A¥Êx–

TS 2.2.12.5

mÉë iÉiÉç iÉãþ Aý± ÍzÉþÌmÉÌuɹý mÉë iÉiÉç iÉãþ Aý± ÍzÉþÌmÉÌuɹý

ர த ேத† அ… 3ய ஶி†ப+வ+3ட ர த ேத† அ… 3ய ஶி†ப+வ+3ட

öe ZZ§ ¥Z— A–bõ qy—eypyræ– öe ZZ§ ¥Z— A–bõ qy—eypyræ–

PS 11-11 In agne, AalÉã, Üè¢3«ù, A¥², also, when preceded by me qÉã,

«ñ, ¥i.

TS 1.6.2.1

rÉlqÉãþ AalÉã AýxrÉ rÉlqÉãþ AalÉã AýxrÉ

ய$ேம† அ 3ேன அ… ய ய$ேம† அ 3ேன அ… ய

j¥Í— A¥² A–sõ j¥Í— A¥² A–sõ

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PS 11-12 As also, in asya, AxrÉ, Üú¢ò, Asõ, aSvinA, A͵ÉlÉÉ,

ÜŸ¢õ¤ù£, Aqûydx, and aparA,AmÉUÉ,Üðó£,Aekx.

TS 1.5.10.3

SãýuÉÉ WûýÌuÉwÉÉãþ qÉã AýxrÉ SãýuÉÉ WûýÌuÉwÉÉãþ qÉã AýxrÉ

ஹ…வ+ேஷா† ேம அ… ய ஹ…வ+ேஷா† ேம அ… ய

t–py¥rx— ¥i A–sõ t–py¥rx— ¥i A–sõ

TS 3.2.5.4

mÉÑlÉþqÉãï A͵ÉlÉÉ rÉÑýuÉÇ mÉÑlÉþqÉãï A͵ÉlÉÉ rÉÑýuÉÇ

5ன† ேம அ6வ+னா .…வ7 5ன† ேம அ6வ+னா .…வ7

e¡d—ª¥i Aqûydx j¡–pI e¡d—ª¥i Aqûydx j¡–pI

TS 6.6.7.2

ÆrɲÉþ qÉãý AmÉþUÉaÉiÉÇ ÆrɲÉþ qÉãý AmÉþUÉaÉiÉÇ

Æய 3வா† ேம… அப†ராக3த Æய 3வா† ேம… அப†ராக3த

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Æjbûx— ¥i– Ae—kxMZI Æjbûx— ¥i– Ae—kxMZI

PS -11-13 Also in asat, AxÉiÉç, Üúî¢, AsZ§, agniH, AÎalÉÈ,

Üè¢3ù¤:, A²yJ, agha, AbÉ, Üè4, AN, antamaH, AliÉqÉÈ,

Üï¢îñ:, AÇiJ, abhi, AÍpÉ, Üð¤4, Ahy, asmin, AÎxqÉlÉç,

Üú¢ñ¤ù¢, Asôyd§, and adya pathi, A± mÉÍjÉ, Üî¢3ò ðî¤,Abõ

eay,when preceded by naH. lÉÈ, ï:, dJ

ÍzÉzÉÉþlÉÉã AýÎalÉÈ ¢üiÉÑþÍpÉ ÍzÉzÉÉþlÉÉã AýÎalÉÈ ¢üiÉÑþÍpÉ

Ÿ¤Ÿ£†«ï£ Ü…è¢3ù¤: è¢ó¶†ð¤…4 Ÿ¤Ÿ£†«ï£ Ü…è¢3ù¤: è¢ó¶†ð¤…4

qyqx—¥dx A–²yJ öKZ¡—hy– qyqx—¥dx A–²yJ öKZ¡—hy–

TS 1.2.3.1

xÉÑmÉÉýUÉ lÉÉãþ AxÉýSè uÉzÉãÿ xÉÑmÉÉýUÉ lÉÉãþ AxÉýSè uÉzÉãÿ

ஸுபா…ரா ேநா† அஸ… 3வேஶ ஸுபா…ரா ேநா† அஸ… 3வேஶ

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s¡ex–kx ¥dx— As–b§ p¥q s¡ex–kx ¥dx— As–b§ p¥q

TS 1.3.4.1

xuÉÉWûÉýÅrɳÉÉãþ AýÎalÉuÉïËUþuÉÈ xuÉÉWûÉýÅrɳÉÉãþ AýÎalÉuÉïËUþuÉÈ

வாஹா…Åய$ேனா† வாஹா…Åய$ேனா†

அ… 3ன வ †வ: அ… 3ன வ †வ:

sûxtx–„j¥Ëx— sûxtx–„j¥Ëx—

A–²yªpky—pJ A–²yªpky—pJ

PS 11-14 Also in agre, AaÉëã, Üè¢3«ó, A¥öM, aSvebhyaH,

ÜŸ¢«õð¢4ò:, A¥qûhõJ, AµÉãprÉÈ, and agriyAya, AÌaÉërÉÉrÉ,

Üè¢3ó¤ò£ò, AöMyjxj, when preceded by namaH. lÉqÉÈ, ïñ:, diJ.

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lÉqÉ…È AµÉãýprÉÈ AµÉþmÉÌiÉprÉ¶É lÉqÉÉãý AµÉãýprÉÉã ŵÉþmÉÌiÉprɶÉ

ïñ…È ÜŸ¢«õ…ð¢4òÈ ï«ñ£… ÜŸ¢«õ…ð¢4«ò£

ÜŸ¢õ†ðî¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê ÅŸ¢õ†ðî¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê

di–J A¥qû–hõ—J d¥ix– A¥qû–¥hõx

Aqû—eZyhõÒ „qû—eZyhõÒ

lÉqÉýÈ AÌaÉëþrÉÉrÉ cÉ mÉëjÉýqÉÉrÉþ lÉqÉÉãý AÌaÉëþrÉÉrÉ cÉ mÉëjÉýqÉÉrÉþ

ïñ…È Üè¢3ó¤†ò£ò ê ï«ñ£… Üè¢3ó¤†ò£ò ê

ð¢óî…2ñ£ò† ê… ð¢óî…2ñ£ò† ê…

di–J AöMy—jxj P d¥ix– AöMy—jxj P

öea–ixj— P– öea–ixj— P–

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lÉqÉþÈ AaÉëãuÉýkÉÉrÉþ cÉ lÉqÉÉãþ AaÉëãuÉýkÉÉrÉþ cÉ

ïñ†È Üè¢3«óõ…î£4ò† ê ï«ñ£† Üè¢3«óõ…î£4ò† ê

di—J A¥öMp–cxj— P d¥ix— A¥öMp–cxj— P

PS 11-15 Also when AvinnaH AÉÌuɳÉÈ Ýõ¤ù¢ù: BpyËJ or somaH

xÉÉåqÉÈ «ú£ñ: ¥sxiJ precedes and agni AÎalÉ Üè¢ù¤ A²y

follows.
TS 3.2.4.1

MüýsÉzÉýÈ xÉÉãqÉÉãþ AýÎalÉÂmÉþ MüýsÉzÉýÈ xÉÉãqÉÉãþ AýÎalÉÂmÉþ

க…லஶ…: ேஸாேமா† அ… 3ன "ப க…லஶ…: ேஸாேமா† அ… 3ன "ப

K–mq–J ¥sx¥ix— A–²yk¡e— K–mq–J ¥sx¥ix— A–²yk¡e—

PS 11-16 Also ‘a’ is retained when preceded by dhIrAsaH, adabdhAsaH,

ekAdaSAsaH, RuShINAM putraH, SAryAte, aShAdhaH, pitAraH, pRuthivI yaj~je,
Asate ye, gRuhNAmy agre, vA(gm) eShaH, jaj~je, sa(gm)sphAnaH,

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yuvayor yaH, pRuShThe, patir vaH, go, SuShmaH, puvaH, samiddhaH,

RuShabhaH, pAthaH, vacaH, varShiShThe, juShANo, yo rudraH,
or vRuShNaH. ||

kÉÏUÉxÉÈ, ASokÉÉxÉÈ, LMüÉSzÉÉxÉÈ, GwÉÏhÉÉÇ mÉѧÉÈ, zÉÉrÉÉïiÉã, AwÉÉkÉûÈ, ÌmÉiÉÉUÈ,

mÉ×ÍjÉuÉÏ rÉ¥Éã, AÉxÉiÉã rÉã, aÉ׺ûÉqrÉç AaÉëã, uÉÉ(aqÉç) LwÉÈ, eÉ¥Éã, xÉ(aqÉç)xTüÉlÉÈ,

rÉÑuÉrÉÉåUç rÉÈ, mÉ׸å, mÉÌiÉUç uÉÈ, aÉÉå, zÉÑwqÉÈ, mÉÑuÉÈ, xÉÍqÉ®È, GwÉpÉÈ, mÉÉjÉÈ,

uÉcÉÈ, uÉÌwÉï¸å, eÉÑwÉÉhÉÉå, rÉÉå ÂSìÈ, uÉ×whÉÈ. ||

î¦4ó£ú:, Üî3ð¢3î£4ú:, ãè£î3Ÿ£ú:, ¼û¦í£ñ¢ ¹î¢ó:,

Ÿ£ó¢ò£«î Üû£î4:, ð¤î£ó:, ð¢¼î¤2õ¦ òü¢«ë, Ýú«î

«ò, è¢3¼ý¢í£ñ¢ò¢ Üè¢3«ó, õ£(è¢ñ¢) ãû:, üü¢«ë,

ú(è¢ñ¢)ú¢ð£2ù:, »õ«ò£ó¢ ò:, ð¢¼û¢«ì2, ðî¤ó¢ õ:, «è£,

Ÿ§û¢ñ:, ¹õ:, úñ¤î¢3î4:, ¼ûð4:, ð£î2:, õê:,

õó¢û¤û¢«ì2, ü§û£«í£, «ò£ ¼î¢3ó:, õ¢¼û¢í:. ||

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czkxsJ, AbgîxsJ, GKxbqxsJ, ErzYxI e¡öZJ,

qxkõx¥Z ArxtJ, eyZxkJ, e£aypz j¥¹, Bs¥Z ¥j,

M£t§Yxiõ§ A¥öM, px(³§) GrJ, R¥¹, s(³§)sñxdJ,

j¡p¥jxk§ jJ, e£¥rç, eZyk§ pJ, ¥Mx, q¡rôJ, e¡pJ, siyÆJ,

ErhJ, exaJ, pPJ, pk§ry¥rç, R¡rx¥Yx, ¥jx k¡öbJ, Hk§

p£rêJ. ||

rÉÈ ÂýSìÈ AýalÉÉæ rÉÈ AýnxÉÑ rÉÉã ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ rÉÉã AýnxÉÑ

òÈ ¼…î¢3óÈ Ü…è¢3ªù÷ òÈ «ò£ ¼…î¢3«ó£ Ü…è¢3ªù÷

Ü…ð¢2ú§ «ò£ Ü…ð¢2ú§

jJ k¡–öbJ A–²¦ jJ A–fþ¡ ¥jx k¡–¥öbx A–²¦ ¥jx

A–fþ¡

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 Avagraha

zÉÉýxiÉÉ-ÅÍkÉþmÉÌiÉUç uÉÈ AxiÉÑ zÉÉýxiÉÉ-ÅÍkÉþmÉÌiÉuÉÉãï AxiÉÑ

Ÿ£…ú¢î£-Å4ðî¤ó¢ õÈ Üú¢¶ Ÿ£…ú¢î£-Å4ðî¤ó¢«õ£

Üú¢¶

qx–sëx-„cy—eZyª pJ Asë¡ qx–sëx-„cy—eZyª¥px Asë¡

TS 1.1.9.3

kÉÏUÉþxÉÉã AlÉÑýSØzrÉþ rÉeÉliÉã kÉÏUÉþxÉÉã AlÉÑýSØzrÉþ rÉeÉliÉã

த:4ரா†ேஸா அ&… 3"6ய† த:4ரா†ேஸா அ&… 3"6ய†

czkx—¥sx Ad¡–b£qõ— czkx—¥sx Ad¡–b£qõ—

TS 1.4.18.1

zÉÉrÉÉïýiÉã AÌmÉþoÉÈ xÉÑýiÉxrÉþ zÉÉrÉÉïýiÉã AÌmÉþoÉÈ xÉÑýiÉxrÉþ

ஶா யா…ேத அப+†ப3: ஸு…த ய† ஶா யா…ேத அப+†ப3: ஸு…த ய†

qxkõx–¥Z Aey—gJ s¡–Zsõ— qxkõx–¥Z Aey—gJ s¡–Zsõ—

PS 11-17 Also in aratim, asya yaj~jasya, atidrutaH, ati yanti, anRuNaH,

aviShyan, anamIvaH, anneShu, arciH, ajItAn, ajyAnim, ahniyAH, ambAli,

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 Avagraha

arvantam, astu, akRuNot, a~ggiraH, apsu yaH, askabhAyat, acyutaH,

aSvasaniH,
asthabhiH, aSiSret, a~gge, and aghniya. || 11-17 ||

AUÌiÉqÉç, AxrÉ rÉ¥ÉxrÉ, AÌiÉSìÓiÉÈ, AÌiÉ rÉÎliÉ, AlÉ×hÉÈ, AÌuÉwrÉlÉç,

AlÉqÉÏuÉÈ, A³ÉåwÉÑ, AÍcÉïÈ, AeÉÏiÉÉlÉç, AerÉÉÌlÉqÉç, AÌ»ûrÉÉÈ, AqoÉÉÍsÉ,

AuÉïliÉqÉç, AxiÉÑ, AM×ühÉÉåiÉç, AÌ…¡ûUÈ, AmxÉÑ rÉÈ, AxMüpÉÉrÉiÉç, AcrÉÑiÉÈ,

AµÉxÉÌlÉÈ, AxjÉÍpÉÈ, AÍzÉ´ÉãiÉç, A…¡ãû, AlSè AÎblÉrÉ.

Üóî¤ñ¢, Üú¢ò òü¢ëú¢ò, Üî¤î¢3¼î:, Üî¤ òï¢î¤,

Üí:, Üõ¤û¢òù¢, Üùñ¦õ:, Üù¢«ùû§, Üó¢ê¤:,

Üü¦î£ù¢, Üü¢ò£ù¤ñ¢, Üý¢ù¤ò£:, Üñ¢ð£3ô¤, Üó¢õï¢îñ¢,

Üú¢¶, Ü袼«í£î¢, Üé¢è¤3ó:, Üð¢2ú§ ò:, Üú¢èð£4òî¢,

Üꢻî:, ÜŸ¢õúù¤:, Üú¢î2ð¤:, ÜŸ¤Ÿ¢«óî¢, Ü颫è3,

Üè¢4ù¤ò.

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 Avagraha

AkZyi§, Asõ j¹sõ, AZyöb¡ZJ, AZy jÇy,

Ad£YJ, Apyrõd§, AdizpJ, A¥Ër¡, Ak§PyJ,

ARzZxd§, ARõxdyi§, AÕyjxJ, Ai§gxmy, AkûÇi§,

Asë¡, AK£¥YxZ§, AO§MykJ, Aeþ¡ jJ, AsÜhxjZ§,

APõ¡ZJ, AqûsdyJ, AÓhyJ, Aqy¥öqZ§, AO§¥M, Aɧ

ANïyj. ||

rÉÈ ÂýSìÈ AýalÉÉæ rÉÈ AýnxÉÑ rÉÈ rÉÉã ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ rÉÉã AýnxÉÑ rÉ

òÈ ¼…î¢3óÈ Ü…è¢3ªù÷ òÈ «ò£ ¼…î¢3«ó£ Ü…è¢3ªù÷

«ò£ Ü…ð¢2ú§ ò
Ü…ð¢2ú§ òÈ
¥jx k¡–¥öbx A–²¦
jJ k¡–öbJ A–²¦ jJ A–fþ¡
¥jx A–fþ¡ j
jJ

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 Avagraha

rÉã A³ÉãþwÉÑ ÌuÉýÌuÉkrÉþÎliÉý rÉã A³ÉãþwÉÑ ÌuÉýÌuÉkrÉþÎliÉý

«ò Üù¢«ù†û§ õ¤…õ¤î¢4ò†ï¢î¤… «ò Üù¢«ù†û§ õ¤…õ¤î¢4ò†ï¢î¤…

¥j A¥Ë—r¡ py–pycõ—Çy– ¥j A¥Ë—r¡ py–pycõ—Çy–

rÉÉã AxMüþpÉÉrÉý-SÒ¨ÉþUóè rÉÉã AxMüþpÉÉrÉý-SÒ¨ÉþUóè

«ò£ Üú¢è†ð£4ò…-¶3î¢î†óóè «ò£ Üú¢è†ð£4ò…-¶3î¢î†óóè

¥jx AsÜ—hxj–-b¡À—kóè ¥jx AsÜ—hxj–-b¡À—kóè

zÉ³É†È AxiÉÑ Ì²ýmÉSã zɳÉÉãþ AxiÉÑ Ì²ýmÉSã

Ÿï¢ï†È Üú¢¶ î¢3õ¤…ð«î‡3 Ÿï¢«ï£† Üú¢¶ î¢3õ¤…ð«î‡3

qË—J Asë¡ bûy–e¥b˜ q¥Ëx— Asë¡ bûy–e¥b˜

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 Avagraha

ÍqÉþ§ÉýkÉãrÉþ³ÉÈ AxiÉÑ ÍqÉþ§ÉýkÉãrÉþ³ÉÉã AxiÉÑ

ñ¤†î¢ó…«î4ò†ï¢ïÈ Üú¢¶ ñ¤†î¢ó…«î4 ò†ï¢«ï£ Üú¢¶

iy—öZ–¥cj—ËJ Asë¡ iy—öZ–¥cj—¥Ëx Asë¡

ClSìÉãþ SkÉÏýcÉÉã AýxiÉÍpÉþÈ ClSìÉãþ SkÉÏýcÉÉã AýxiÉÍpÉþÈ

Þï¢î¢3«ó£† î34«ê£ Þï¢î¢3«ó£† î34«ê£

Ü…ú¢îð¤†4: Ü…ú¢îð¤†4:

C¥öÉx— bcz–¥Px A–sëhy—J C¥öÉx— bcz–¥Px A–sëhy—J

qÉÔý®ÉïlÉþÇ ÌSýuÉÉã AþUýÌiÉÇ qÉÔý®ÉïlÉþÇ ÌSýuÉÉã AþUýÌiÉÇ

;… 3தா4ன† தி…3ேவா அ†ர…தி ;… 3தா4ன† தி…3ேவா அ†ர…தி

i¢–ªÆxd—I by–¥px A—k–ZyI i¢–ªÆxd—I by–¥px A—k–ZyI

TS 1.3.10.1

mÉëÉýhÉÉã A…¡ãûþA…¡ãûý ÌlÉ mÉëÉýhÉÉã A…¡ãûþA…¡ãûý ÌlÉ

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 Avagraha

ரா…ேணா அ ேக† அ ேக… ரா…ேணா அ ேக† அ ேக…

öex–¥Yx AO§¥M—AO§¥M– öex–¥Yx AO§¥M—AO§¥M–

TS 1.2.12.1

lÉÉqÉÉalÉãþ AÌ…¡ûUÉãý rÉÉãÿÅxrÉÉÇ lÉÉqÉÉalÉãþ AÌ…¡ûUÉãý rÉÉãÿÅxrÉÉÇ

நாமா 3ேன† அ கிேரா… நாமா 3ேன† அ கிேரா…

ேயா‡Å யா ேயா‡Å யா

dxix¥²— AO§My¥kx– dxix¥²— AO§My¥kx–

¥jx˜„sõxI ¥jx˜„sõxI

AÇoÉãý AÇoÉÉýsrÉÇÌoÉþMãüý
TS 7.4.19.1

AÇoÉãý AÇoÉÉýsrÉÇÌoÉþMãüý
அ ேப…3 அ பா…3=ய ப+†3ேக…
அ ேப…3 அ பா…3=ய ப+†3ேக…
AI¥g– AIgx–mõIgy—¥K–
AI¥g– AIgx–mõIgy—¥K–

2.9 Importance of Avagraha during recital:

The Avagraha stands for the letter ‘a’ in many places during recital.
When the Avagraha is missed out, the intended meaning becomes exactly the
opposite in many cases.

Examples:

mÉëmÉþ±ã ÅsÉý¤qÉÏqÉãïþ lÉzrÉiÉÉÇý iuÉÉÇ uÉ×þhÉã

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 Avagraha

ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Åô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ† òî£…ï¢ î¢õ£ñ¢ õ¢¼†«í

öee—¥bõ „m–±§izª¥i— dqõZxI– ZûxI p£—¥Y

Here the word ‘alakshmir me’ which has got avagraha for ‘a’ means ‘my
daridram, lack of wealth or poverty. If ‘a’ sound of the avagraha is not recited
properly we may end up meaning ‘lakshmir me’ ‘my wealth,prosperity’.

We may end up saying please destroy/remove my wealth/prosperity instead

of saying destroy/remove my poverty/lack of wealth/daridra.

The same holds for Chamkam recital (example Anuvaham 3)

where ‘abhayam, anamitram, amrutam all have avagraha.
Not reciting the avagraha properly, may result in entirely opposite meaning.

2.10 Techniques to recite Avagraha

1. If an Avagraha follows a word or padam, the avagraha must be recited

together with previous word and padam. In some schools, the rendering of
Chamakam is made in sets of 6 or 8 words (of abheestas) ; if avagraham
comes after a break of a set of 6 or 8 words, the avagraha is stressed as
‘a’. This is a method of rendering only.
Not all schools may follow this method.
2. If the Avagraha ‘a’ comes, the previous word ‘aa’,ae’ ‘O’ is extended by the
half maatra time scale to give the effect of the ‘a’ hanging in between.
3. If the Avagraha ‘aa’ comes, the previous word ‘aa’,ae’ ‘O’ is extended by
the one maatra time scale to give the effect of the ‘aa’ hanging in between.

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 Avagraha

4. Another method is you learn to say ‘a’ and ‘aa’ in a shorter form like you
recite a visarga with half and one maatra respectively to get the same
effect.
5. All students find it tough to this get right initially; with practice the flow
becomes smooth.
6. Please donot recite the full ‘a’ or ‘aa’ with its full sound maatra when you
come across an avagraha. It breaks the smooth flow of the recital.
Avagraha in itself is a tool (as a sound form rather than an akshara) to
render Mantraas/Slokas effectively.
7. Ultimately, learning these from Guru under his watchful guidance and
advice has no substitute.

2.11 Variation in representation of Avagraha in Books

We have observed that, the way Avagraha is represented in Veda Books, is

slightly different in their standards and we request readers to take note of these
examples of variations. Kindly refer to your Guru for the style of rendering and
how to include or exclude the avagrha effect on rendering.

Constituent Representation 1 Varied Representation

Words/Padams in some Schools if
applicable

Mü¨ÉÉïþ + AÍxÉ = Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ

When ‘a’ follows ‘A’
generally all books mark
following ‘a’ as avagraha as

èó¢î¢î£+ Üú¤ = èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤ Å. Generally there are No

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 Avagraha

KªÀx+ Asy = KªÀx—„sy

variations in representation.

pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ + AÉÌuÉýuÉãzÉ pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ ÅÅÌuÉýuÉãzÉý

This is when ‘A’ follows a
dheerga ‘A’ vowel Sound
The Avagraha is represented

¹4õ†ù£ + Ýõ¤…«õŸ as ÅÅ. There are no

h¡p—dx + ¹4õ†ù£ ÅÅõ¤…«õŸ… variations in Standard books

Bpy–¥pq h¡p—dx „„py–¥pq–

ÂýSìÉrÉþ- AÉiÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ- ÅÅiÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý

¼…î¢3ó£ò†- ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†- ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-

Ýîõ¤«ù îõ¤«ù ÅÅ îõ¤«ù

k¡–öbxj—- k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx– k¡–öbxjx—-

BZZx–py¥d py¥d–
ÅÅ ZZx–py¥d–

Here vowel sound ‘a’ is

followed by ‘A’ Some
books represent the

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 Avagraha

following ‘A’ (a
dheergam) with an

additional ÅÅ after

elongating (applying
Vriddhi) the Sandhi of
letters.

EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉ AÉ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉÅÅ

¢üýlSrÉþiÉã

à…ꢬêó¢-«è£†4û£ò- à…ꢬêó¢- à…ꢬêó¢-

Ýè¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î «è£†4û£ò£
«è£†4û£ò£ÅÅ
D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxj è¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î
è¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î
BöK–Éj—¥Z
di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—
di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—
rxjx-ÅÅ
rxjx-öK–Éj—¥Z
öK–Éj—¥Z

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 Avagraha

This is another example

like the one given above.
Panini’s AshtAdhyayi Book 6. Chapter 1 Rule 101 states– When a simple vowel is
followed by a homogeneous vowel, the corresponding long vowel is the single
substitute for both the preceding and the subsequent or succeeding vowel.
Rules 102-105 Lays down conditions for the single substitution not to take place.
In all these conditions ‘letter a’ is exempt.
Rule 106 – says “in the Vedas, the long vowel may be optionally substituted as the
single substitution as an exception to 102-105.

Comments: Some Schools therefore perform a Sandhi of ‘a’+’A’ as ‘A’ without

Avagraha. Other Schools donot want to miss out representing the presence of a

long vowel so to elongate rendering they indicate ÅÅ.

Notes:
The Convention followed in our compilations,, matches mostly with
Representation 1 cloumn in the above table. Whereever source books

indicate additional ÅÅ, we have marked an * (asterix) symbol with the

avagraha.
But all Veda Schools never convert the Sandhi ‘A’+a’ as ‘A’ and never drop
avagraha. If the avagraha is dropped, in the absence of ‘a’, the meaning intended
of the vedic verse may drastically change to opposite meaning. Similarly ‘A+A the
avagraha is definitely retained. If one ‘A’ is used, the meaning of the words can be
taken as if the underlying word is ‘a’+’a’, which distorts meaning again.

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 Avagraha

Constituent Representation 1 Varied Representation

Words/Padams in some Schools if
applicable

LýuÉ + AýÎxqÉý³Éç LýuÉÉÎxqÉýlÉç LýuÉÉÅÎxqÉýlÉç

ஏ…வ | அ… மி…$$ ஏ…வா மி…$ ஏ…வாÅ மி…$

G–p | A–sôy–˧ G–pxsôy–©

The sandhi is of a+a
G–pxÅsôy–©
The result in ‘A’
Some books represent
an additional avagraha
after ‘A’ letter which is
an unique convention.

LýuÉ+LÌiÉþ(AÉ)+ mrÉÉýrÉýrÉýÌiÉý LýuÉÉÅÅmrÉÉþrÉrÉÌiÉý LýuÉÉÅÅmrÉÉþrÉrÉÌiÉý

ஏ…வ+ஏதி†(Ý)+ யா…ய…ய…தி… ஏ…வா-ÅÅ யா†யயதி ஏ…வா-ÅÅ யா†யயதி

G–p+GZy— (B)+ G–px„„eõx—jjZy– G–px„„eõx—jjZy–

eõx–j–j–Zy–
Avagraham is optional as This is as per convention
per some schools but the used in classical texts.
‘A’ (eti) is better Bhattacharya’s book

represented through ÅÅ
does not follow this
convention.

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 Avagraha

mÉÑUÈ - AýlÉÑýuÉÉýYrÉÉþrÉÉqÉç mÉÑUÉãÅlÉÑuÉÉýYrÉÉþrÉÉÇ mÉÑUÉãlÉÑuÉÉýYrÉÉþrÉÉÇ

5ர: -- 5ேராÅ&வா… யா†யா 5ேரா&வா… யா†யா

அ…&…வா… யா†யா

e¡kJ - A–d¡–px–Kõx— e¡¥kx„d¡px–Kõx— e¡¥kxd¡px–Kõx—

jxI jxI jxI

many books represent

‘a’ should become
without avagraham.
avagraha after ‘rO’
Bhattarcharya’s book

always represents Å

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