6A 6B E> Reading and Use of English: Gapped text Part) Listening: Sentence completion (Part 2) ES) Word formation Part 3) Speaking: Vocabulary: Emotional reactions Longtum BJ)» Vocabulary: Communication Phrasal verbs Expressions (Part 2) FR with speak, talk and say; Informal expressions of speaking > Language development: Verb + ~ing or infinitive i and understanding with to, Verb + object + infinitivey-ing: Verb + -ing forey Posy) > stoning: Multiple matching Pa 4) infin with a change of meaning, Language development: Spelling: Easily confused Reading and Use of English: Key word transformations words, Hypfi¢ns (Part 4) Writings @oheRion Writing: Essay (Part) 1 Look at the photogs aphs and answer the question: in what way are the people in the pho 1 icating a message about themselves? 2. In what other ways do people communicate without using word: 3. How do animals communic a b with each other? 2 What makes somebody a good communicator? Is it mainly facility with language? 3. How aware are you of your senses? 1 Which smells sights and sounds are important to you? 2 Do your sen: sine! ever cross over? For example, da you ever see music as colours6A Getting your message across Before youread 1 How is the language you use different from the way your parents or grandparents express themselves? (e.g, different grammar, more colloquial vocabula Skimming 2 Read the main text language change isthe text aba Youve been verbed changes in o} repeated faster been five oor six hundred years; ‘mass communication Mothers and fathers used! to bring up children: ‘were literate, They can now they parent Crities used to review plays: now ‘world and given the green they critique them. Executives flipchart and almost. _ straightaway. everybody googies. The English language is ina consiant state of flux. New words are formed all the time, while old ones fall into disuse < ji the verb actfonner, English can use the same for for both verb and noun. In German, (apart fi Further evidence of this linguistic phenomenon is. _essen, meaning food or to eat) such words are found 1n all areas of life, though some are more virtually unknown; the same is true of Chinese ~ productive than others. Financiers have a wealth of although the noun meaning thunder can also be imaginative ideas, As do politicians, who have come _usedi as the verb fo shock. In Arabic, stich formations up with the verb fo doughnut. Apparently, this means are not found at all to sit in a ring around a colleague who is making a parliamentary announcement, so that it isnot lear © to television viewers that the room is practically Which is fine, but sometimes the results are deserted, Tidiculous - notably when verbs come from nouns a | _Mitlch were formed from verbs n the fst place. To say ‘Let's conference; instead of ‘Let's confer; or ‘I'l Yet another productive field 1s technology, partly signature ft’ instead of ‘ll sign it’ makes the speaker because it's constantly seeking names for things ‘come across as either ignorant or pretentious. which did not previously exist: we text from our e mobiles, bookmark websites, inbox our email contacts and friend our acquaintances on Facebook — Certain verbs seem to upset people more than only, in some cases, to unfriend them later. Biog had others. Verbs connected to place are particularly scarcely arrived as a noun before it was adopted as clumsy: ‘Td like to showcase/workshop this’ And a verb. Conversely, verbss such as twitter and tweet —_actioning, progressing and impacting seem to wind have been transformed into nouns, although the people up too. Of course, not every newly invented process of verbing — or denominalisation, as it Is, ‘word or phrase passes into general use and known to grammarians —is much more common. ‘hopefully some will gently fade away. But as for 5 tying to end verbing altogether, no chance! There ts ‘no turning back the clock. EXPERT WORD CHECK } deserted (adj) flux literate obtrusive _ pretentious revel (in something) vibrant virtually (a) wealth of (something) wind someone upModule 6 ‘Communication FN Gapped text 3 Read the strategy on page 168, then do the task. Use the Help notes for support with certain items. You are going to read a magazine article about language change. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use, ‘A What is the driving force behind wanting to do it, though? ‘Looking for short cuts, especially if you have to say something over and over again, is a common metivator; says the editor of a popular dictionary. B Sport is another ready source: Rollerblade, skateboard and snowboard have all graduated from names of equipment to actual activities. Football referees used to book players or send them off, now they card ther, C On the other hand, it has been welcomed. by linguists as evidence of a vibrant linguistic culture, Many people applaud its entertainment value, especially when it is applied to someone’s name. D_ What makes these innovations so easy is that English, unlike other Indo-European languages, uses fevr inflections. It rarely changes the form of its words to show different meanings. > HELP E Using a complicated verb when there 1s a far simpler alternative, such as dialogue for talk, has the same effect, which ts why some lovers of the language dislike the whole business of verbing so much, F No trend has been more obirusive in recent years, though, than the changing of nouns into verbs. “Trend itself (which used to be a noun and is now also used as a verb meaning change or develop n a generat direction) 1s an example of the way the language is adapting G The practice goes back a long way too. Steven Pinker, in his book The Language Instinct, points out that ‘easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centurles; it 1s one of the processes that makes English English’. Sixteenth-century writers, such as Shakespeare revelled in tt and there are many examples of nouns used as verbs in his plays. 1 Two extracts from the base text, on either side of the first gap, The English language is in a constant state of flux and Further evidence of this linguistic phenomenon will help you to find the linkin the options. 2 Aswellas finance, politics and new technology, what other area of language has provided a lot of new verbs? 3 You are looking for information about 500 years ago, to contrast with There is a difference today, though. analysis 4 Discuss these questions. 1 Whatwords or phrases do another ready source (B) link back to? 2. Find other examples of linguistic links CCoughut's used as a verb in poll circles Do you think people should resist language change? Is it generally better or worge to change? ‘Think about things which have ‘ed your language, e.g. fords and expressions from other languages + slang and teen speak’ + text language.