PHYSICS

FORM 4

NAME:Siti Hajar AlMunawarah Binti

Mohd Esa.
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION TO
PHYSICS

1.1: Understanding Physics.

1) Physics is the branch of science concerned

with the study of natural phenomena and
properties of matter and energy.

2) This includes the study of the energy changes

that occur around us and the laws governing
these changes.

3) Exampel:

• The electric fan and radio need

electricity to function.
• The image of the pencil formed by the
mirror is due to the reflection of light.
• The hot coffee in the glass will
gradually turn cold when transfer of
heat takes place between it and its
surroundings.
• Radio waves can be received by the
radio and converted to sound.
 Field The study of
Mechanics Motion, force and
technology.
Heat Transference of heat
energy.
Optics Light and sight.
Waves Motion of particles to
form waves.
Electricity Electric charges.
Magnetism Magnets.
Nuclear physics Atomic nuclei.

1.2: Base Quantities and Derived Quantities.

A physical quantity is a physical characteristic that

can be measured.

Physical quantities (2) :

1)base quantities.
2)derived quantities.

1)Base quantities: are quantities that cannot be defined

in terms of other base quantities.
 Base quantity SI unit
Mass (m) kilogram(kg)
Length (l) meter(m)
Time(t) second(s)
Temperature (T) kelvin(K)
Current (I) ampere(A)

2)Derived quantity: is one which is obtained by

combinig base quantities by
multiplication,division or both
these operations.

Derived Relationship Derived unit

quantity
Volume Length x m
Breadth x
Height
Density Mass / Volume kg m
Acceleration Change of ms
velocity / time
taken
Velocity Displacement / ms
time
Force Mass x kg m s (N)
Acceleration
Impulse Change of kg m s (N s)
momentum
Energy Force x kg m s (J)
Displacement
Power Energy / Time kg m s (W)
Pressure Force / Area kg m s (N m
or Pa)
 Prefix Value Exam
ple
tera (T) x 10 tetrameter(T
m)
giga(G) x 10 gigagrm(Gg)
mega(M) x 10 megawatt(M
W)
kilo(k) x 10 kilojoule(kJ)
hector(h) x 10 hectometer(h
m)
deca(da) x 10 decasecond(d
as)
deci(d) x 10 decimeter(dm
)
centi(c) x 10 centimeter(c
m)
milli(m) x 10 milliampere(
mA)
micro( ) x 10 microsecond(
s)
nano(n) x 10 nanometer(n
m)
pico(p) x 10 picometer(pm
)
SOLVE PROBLEM….

(a) the distance from Amirul’s house to the post

office is 1.5 km.What is this distance in m?
(b) sea water is denser than tap water.The density
of sea water is 1.1g cm .What is the density of
sea water in kg m ?
Solution:
(a) 1.5 = 1.5 x 10 m
= 1500m #

(b) 1.1 g cm = 1.1g

1 cm
= 1.1 x 10 kg
10 m
= 1100 kg m #
SOLVE PROBLEM….
(a) the size of a flu virus is 0.0000002 m.Express
the size in standard form.
(b) the equatorial diameter of Earth is 12 760 000
m .Write the diameter in standard form.
Solution:
(a) 0.0000002 m = 2.0 x 10 m #
(b) 12 760 000 m = 1.276 x 10 m #
 1.3 : Understanding Scalar and Vector Quantities.

• SCALAR QUANTITIES:are quantities

that have magnitude but no direction.
• VECTOR QUANTITIES:are quantities
that have both magnitude and direction.

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

# length # time # displacement
# area # volume # velocity
# distance # speed # force
# work # energy # acceleration
# temperature # density # momentum

1.4: Understanding Measuretments.

-VERNIER CALIPERS -
* can be measure thickness,diameter of a wire and
depth of a liquid.
* the main scale is marked in division of 1 mm,
while the vernier scale is marked in division of 0.1
mm.
 *we need to check for zero error in oder to obtain
accurate readings.

*if the main scale zero and the vernier scale zero
markings from a straight line, then there is no zero
error in (a).

* positive zero error if the vernier scale zero is located

to the right of the main scale zero as shown in figure
(b).This value is +0.2 mm.If the observed reading is
23.8 mm,then the corrected reading is 23.8-(+0.2mm)=
23.6mm .

*negative zero error occurs if the vernier scale zero is

located to the left of the main scale zero as shown in
figure (c). This value is -0.4 mm.If the observed
reading is 23.8mm,then yhe corrected reading is 23.8
mm-(-0.4)= 24.2 mm.

-MICROETER SCREW GAUGE-

# the micrometer screw gauge is used to measure very
small thickness and diameters to accuracy of 0.01 mm.

# when the anvil and spindle are touching each

other,and if the main scale and the thimble scale zero
markings froma straight line as shown in figure
(a),then there is no zero eror.

#positive zero error occurs when the zero error of the

thimble scale is located below the main scale.Figure
(b)shows a zero error of +0.03 mm.If the observed
reading is 3.45 mm,the corrected reading should be
3.45-(+0.03)=3.42 mm.
# negative zero error occurs whwn the zero error of the
thimble scale is located above the main scale.Figure
(c) shows a zero error of -0.01 mm.If the observed
reading is 3.45 mm,the corrected reading should be
3.45 mm-(-0.01 mm)= 3.46 mm.
Accuracy and Consistency in measurement.

ACCURACY: of a measurement is how close the

value of the measurement to the actual value.

CONSITENCY: is the characteristic of a set

measurements carried out by an instrument on a
particular quantity.
- can be affected by non-uniformity of
the quantity being measured .
- example: diameter of a coin may be
different when measured in different
direction.
Sensitivity in Measurements.