World History Notes

Rise of medieval Europe:

• Latin for: middle and aevum. Middle and age.

Germany and France:

• Germanic tribes take over all of Europe after fall of Rome.
Franks: Largest tribe
• after the fall of Rome, their law and order banishes.
• Education is gone. Money no longer used. Large cities are gone. (do
away with everything Roman..Germans hated everything Roman.)
The Franks:
♥ During the 400’s the Franks emerged as the strongest tribe and
settle in what today is known as FRANCE!
♥ Their leader is MEROWIG (MEROVIG). First king. As a result the

MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY was created!

♥ Last around the mid 700’s. The first Germanic tribe to accept
Catholicism.
♥ 481-Clovis, King of the Francs..first Germanic ruler to accept
Catholicism.
♥ Demands that his people convert. His people and everyone they
conquer convert to Catholicism.
♥ Kings divide their territory among their male heirs.
♥ Infighting and inbreeding amongst the tribe.
♥ As a result..Weak rulers..many of them are partially insane and
CRAZYY.
♥ Insanity---birth defects.
♥ Create a new office called mayor of the palace.
Mayor of the Palace: Rules for the king
♥ Charles “The Hammer” Martel: MOST IMPORTANT MAYORS
OF THE PALACE..
♥ Stopped the Muslims from invading FRANCE at THE BATTLE OF
TOURS at 714
♥ 752 Pepin the short:
♥ Son of Charles Martel. Becomes king of Frank.
♥ Anointed by Pope-he was divinely chosen to be king of
Frank.
♥ Becomes the protector of the Catholic Church and the Pope

768- Charles the Great (Carolus Magnus) CHARLEMAGNE!

CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE!:
♥ Not the most “learnid” person.
♥ Famous for doubling the borders of his kingdom. (expand)
 o Kingdom includes: Germany, France, and Northern Spain.
♥ First time since Rome that most of Europe is under one
ruler.
♥ Encourage the building of schools and monasteries.
♥ Brought in scholars from all over Europe to his palace to preserve
Ancient Texts.
♥ Encourage the building of churches and monasteries.

♥ 800 Charlemagne must rescue the Pope from the uprising

of the Roman Nobles.
o CHARLEMAGNE given the title of HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE!
♥ “SO HITLER WASN’T BORN THIS TIME..” MR: MOJO: THIS
IS THE YEAR 800! EVERYONE: YOU’RE LIKE 1200 YEARS
AHEAD HAHAHA!

♥ Counts: local officials that assist the Emperor.

♥ Missi Dominici: royal messengers checked upon counts

once a year and reported back to Charlemagne.

♥ 814 Charlemagne dies Louis Pius becomes king!:

♥ Louis is focused on the Church not the Empire.
♥ The Vikings start to invade the northern territory
♥ Louis has 3 sons: Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and
Lothair
o Charles the Bald: Gets most of France
o Louis the German: Gets most of Germany
o Lothair-becomes Holy Roman Empire-Italy
♥ Weakens Empire-Vikings Invade.
♥ Magyars-The Huns- From central Asia.

The Medieval Church (After the Roman Empire Falls):

♥ After the fall of Roman Empire pope takes on political role.
♥ Becomes the strongest political leader in Western Europe

Religious Authority:
♥ Claims spiritual authority over all Christians.
♥ Peter- 1st bishop/spiritual leader of Rome. Chosen by Jesus
♥ All people are sinners and we are all dependent on God’s Grace
(only God can forgive and judge you)
♥ Only way to receive grace is take part in the 7 sacraments

Seven Sacraments:
 ♥ Baptism: initiation into church
♥ Reconciliation/Penance: repent for yo sins!
♥ Eucharist/Holy Communion:
♥ Confirmation:
♥ Matrimony: Marriage!
♥ Holy Orders
♥ Anointing of the Sick
♥ Medieval life gravitated around this

Church:
♥ Mass was said in Latin. But the common person did not speak Latin.
♥ Priests back is to people and he faces the tabernacle.
♥ Priest is on elevated platform

Icons:
♥ Representation of spiritual person or thing.
♥ The pictures taught the peasants about faith.
♥ Developing a brand new faith.

Organization of the Church (Hierarchy):

♥ At the top: The Pope: creates church doctrine
♥ Below: Cardinals: wait for the pope to die (VP)
♥ Below: Archbishops- oversees the priests. Occasionally visit
parishes
♥ Below: Bishops
♥ Below: Priests/Monsignors/Deacon-conducted mass and at the
Middle Ages had very little education. Oversee spiritual life in the
community. They say mass and are at the bottom of the totem
pole.
♥ Have two types of Clergy:
o Secular- priests, monks, nuns. Have contact with the
regular world.
o Regular- People that live apart from society. Lived in
convents or monasteries.
♥ 529 Benedict (roman official) found a new religious order:
Benedictines
o Establish a monastery Monte Casino (Italy)
o Strict list of rules set the standard for other monasteries.
o Other monasteries established later must follow pattern
and report back to Monte Casino.
o Every hour of the Monk’s day is scripted based on the
Rules of St. Benedict.
 o Sleep-prayer and meditation-work-mass-prayer and
meditation-sleep
o Took vows of: chastity, poverty, and charity.
o The head of the monastery is the abbot.

Monasteries provide (for men):

♥ Education: noble men
♥ Hospitals
♥ Taught-craft skills, carpentry, weaving (even to the peasants)
♥ Pioneered agricultural movements.
♥ Pope Gregory I-adopt Benedictine Rule to spread through
Europe

Medieval Life
♥ No strong central governments. As a result, Feudalism! (give
and take)
♥ Feudalism- A decentralized form of gov. that stresses alliances
of mutual protection.
♥ The mutual protection is between monarchs and nobles of
varying degrees of power. Rich people are measured by LAND!
Inheritance and or alliances
♥ Kings/Popes-Royals/clergy-nobles-vassals/knights-everybody
else: peasants and serfs
♥ Nobles give their lands from the Kings. Nobles give kings loyalty,
protection, and money
♥ Vassals/Knights provide nobles with loyalty and protection. They
get land, castles in return.
♥ Peasants and serfs get protection and land to work on (for food
and home). In return they give a percentage of everything they
grow , labor, and everything else he asks.
o Peasant/Freeman- basically owns nothing and works for
a lord. Pay him rent but can leave and go work for another
lord. May no receive protection from the Lord.
o Serf- same thing as the peasant but cannot leave to work
somewhere else or sold. You are bound to the land and
belong there. May receive protection

♥ Obligations- between lord and vassal.

♥ Homage-official ceremony where the vassal pledges loyalty and
protection (military nature) However, Vassals can pledge to
several lords. The result of this is the CASTLE AGE!

Knights
♥ Sons of noblemen and start training at the age of 7- page
 ♥ Page- errand boy for a knight. Learn your manners, use of
weapon, *carry weapons and keep weapons clean for other
knights*,
♥ Age 15- become a squire. Assist the knight (including in battle)
as a squire must prove yourself in battle.
o Knighted in ceremony by Lord. If you prove yourself
♥ Swear to fight fairly, keep promises, defend the church, defend
women of noble birth.
Nobles:
♥ Von (fun) came from a Noble Family. “Adolf hitler took all the *fun*
out of Germany”
♥ Scandinavian- Van.

Manorial System:
♥ Economic ties between nobles and peasants.
♥ Manorialism refers to the system of agricultural production that
provided both lords and peasants with food, shelter, and protection.
♥ Manor/Estate: 100’s or 1000’s of acres. Includes manor house.
Pasture for livestock, fields for crops, forest, and village for
peasants.
Peasant Obligations
♥ Grow crops on lord’s land. A percentage of crops goes to lord
♥ Grind grain at the lord’s mill and give lord a percentage
♥ Bake peasant’s bread in the lord’s oven and give the lord a
percentage
♥ Number of days per year maintenance on roads, bridges, etc.
♥ Most peasants or serfs never left the manor, born, lived, and died
there.
Improvements/Life Houses stuff:
♥ Three fields system: Crop Rotation. Grow wheat, veggies, and
leave one alone.
♥ Always have a continuous supply of food.
♥ Heavier Plow: carruca..dig deeper in the soil and everything.
♥ Serf: live in poverty, life expectancy is 40 years old, married by
the age of 15, houses is only 1 room, dirt floor, no fire place, not
much furniture. Animals are in the inside during the winter
♥ Diet: bread (main part of your meal), some veggies, porridge,
meat is a rarity, can’t go hunting because the animals belong to the
Lord of the manor and you can get killed by hunting them. (Not
allowed to own a weapon)

The Rise of European Kingdoms (Chapter 9-3):

England:
 ♥ Until the late 400s the Roman Empire controlled England.
♥ After the Romans leave the Germanic tribes take over
England
♥ Tribes: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (important Germanic
Tribes)
♥ Native Tribes: Celts and picts
♥ Around 800s Anglo-Saxons (combination of Angles, Saxons,
and Jutes)
o Anglo Saxons unite under a single king, King Alfred the
Great
♥ Alfred the Great is Responsible for defeating the Vikings.
♥ establish new schools and bring in scholars from Europe
♥ Get its name Angleland- England

Around 1066 AD Norman Conquest:

♥ William Duke of Normandy (FR) claims to be the heir to the
throne of England.
♥ Invades England with an Army of 6,000
♥ King Harold is the last of the Anglo Saxon kings and died in
the battle of Hastings with an arrow through his eye.

William the Conqueror:

♥ Create a council of royal officials: bishops and nobles to
advise him.
♥ This group is later known as parliament
♥ Appoint sheriffs to collect taxes
♥ Conduct the first census in Western Europe. He counts every
person, farm, town, manor, livestock, and all will be entered
into the very famous Doomsday Book.
♥ Purpose: Figuring out what the GDP of England is so we can
tax (fairly)
♥ Over the next 300 years French Normans and Anglo Saxons
blend themselves together
♥ English-Unified

King Henry I and Henry II strengthen monarchy.

Henry II:
♥ Establish English common law. A system of laws for the
entire kingdom.
o Does away with feudal law. (petite jury)
♥ The Grand Jury- (today) decide if there’s enough evidence to
sentence someone.
 o Under Henry II A group of men that meet with the
judge and they submit a list of names of people
suspected with crimes.
o MR. MOJO: James: stealing chickens..Sean: killing
freshmen..Spencer: doing something with chickens we
don’t want to know! AHAH

♥ Petit Jury:
o Hear the evidence and decide guilt or innocence and
whatever punishment a long with the judge.
o Under this law, they included the clergy, so that they
can be accused and put into trial. Very controversial.
o Archbishop of Canterbury opposes this reform (people
don’t mess with da church!) The Church polices itself
o Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket
o Becket was killed and becomes a martyr Honored as a
Saint.
o Clergy will separate from rule of king

King’s Richard I and Brother John I

♥ King Richard away fighting in the Crusades (Jerusalem)
♥ Brother John serves as Regent. Try to tax the nobles (big
mistake!)
♥ 1215 Forced to sign the Magna Carta. The first step in
eliminating monarchy.
o Placed Clear limits on Royal Authority.

Magna Carta (Kind of like the Bill of Rights):

♥ Specific list of what the King can/cannot do. Written in
Latin. First of its kind.

France (9-3):
♥ After Charlemagne no strong monarchy. Feudal Lords run
country.
♥ Around 987 Hugh Capet is going to seize the French
throne
♥ Capetian Dynasty- 300 years
o Kingdom limited to Paris. Gets some of the Feudal
lords under control
♥ Establish tradition of Eldest son is king.

1108 Louis VI wins loyalty of people:

♥ Grant self government to the towns and make land
available for the common people
 ♥ Give advisory jobs to clergy and towns people.
♥ Release many from feudal obligations
1180-1223 King Philip II (Augustus)
♥ Double the area of his Domain by war and marriage
♥ Form a semi-permanent army
Louis IX 1226
♥ Makes royal courts dominant over feudal courts
♥ Only the King could mint coins
♥ Ban private warfare
Phillip IV 1285 (The Fair)
♥ Increase French territory, war with England- Flanders
♥ Taxes clergy and creates Estates General.
♥ Estates General- Nobles, Clergy, and peasants.
Representatives from each nation. Each part of the
assembly had 1 vote (KIND OF LIKE PARLIAMENT)

Holy Roman Empire

♥ Most German Rulers are weak. Often fought with each other
and their neighbors, separated.
♥ King Otto the Great defeated the Magyars in 955 and sent
troops to defend the Pope John XII from the Italian Nobles.
♥ In return appointed as Holy Roman Empire
♥ Holy Roman Empires that succeed Otto claim the right to
intervene in the election of the Popes.
♥ Want to nominate their own candidates- very
political
♥ Pope claims right to anoint or depose kings.
Lay Investiture
♥ Bishops appointed by Kings not other clergy.
♥ About 1011 HRE Henry IV refuses to stop
practice of lay investiture
♥ Pope excommunicates him
♥ Begs for forgiveness
Byzantine Empire:
♥ 390 The Roman Empire divided into 2. East and the west
♥ Byzantine is the Eastern empire, the capital is
Constantinople
♥ Located in Istanbul, Turkey (Modern Day) and Balkan
Peninsula
♥ People of the Byzantine Empire are: Greeks, Turks, Arabs,
Armenians, Jews, Persians, and Slavs.
♥ Greek culture dominates Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople: Location Golden Horn
 ♥ Located on the tip. Golden Horn (horn shaped) has a series
of forts to protect it from the straight. Located near the
Bosporus Strait. Extremely well protected area
♥ Another Key to its location is that it is at the enterence to
the Black Sea. Nobody gets in or out of the Black Sea w/o
passing by Constantinople. Golden for its defense
♥ WHERE ASIA MEETS EUROPE. CENTER OF TRADE. EUROPE.
MIDDLE EAST, AND ASIA MUST COME THROUGH THERE.

♥ Part of the Roman Empire. They consider themselves Greek

but also Roman. Follow Roman Law, Roman like gov. but live
very Greek

♥ After the fall of Rome the Byzantine Empire becomes New

Roman

Between 500-1200 AD
♥ Most advanced society in the world.

Emperor Justinian: rule at its peak in 522 AD about 44 years old

♥ Equally important wife: Theadora she is the daughter of
circus performers. Active participant in government.
♥ Wanted to improve social status for women (make things
fair)
♥ Women get right to own land. Even when you’re married
♥ Also advised Justinian to set up a fun for widows and
orphans. Bring down women=sex scandal

Military Campaigns:
♥ Threat- Persians: Fight them to stalemate. Buys him time.
Not the wisest idea, but good for short term
533 begin conquest of North Africa Vandals:
♥ Gen. Belisarius defeat vandals and take over all of North
Africa. Responsible for winning most wars for Justinian.
♥ Goes to Italy and defeats the ostrogoths and Spain to defeat
Vissigoths
♥ Wars very costly paid by taxes.

Justinian Code (code of laws):

♥ Creates a commission of scholars to sit down and make these
laws. Worked 6 years.
♥ Collected and organized all the laws in the empire
♥ Threw out the old and outdated laws (redundant) and
simplified the others.
Arts and Architecture:
♥ A revival of Greek and Roman art and architecture style
♥ Use of the Dome was distinctive of the Justinian empire
(byzantine)
♥ Ex. Hagia Sophia- church of Holy wisdom.
♥ In addition to the Church build monasteries, aqueducts,
roads,
♥ Art-murals mosaics.

Church and State:

♥ The emperor is the head of the Church and States. Appoints
Church officials. Defined worship style
♥ Non- Christians are going to be persecuted.
AD 700 Dispute Over use of Icons
♥ Icon-religious images used in worship. Byzantine believed
that this encouraged superstitions.
♥ They believed that the 1st commandment was important
♥ Iconoclasts: Image breakers (smashed religious icons)
♥ ROME SUPPORTED THE USE OF ICONS
♥ By 726 all icons removed.

Slavs:
♥ Largest group in Eastern Europe not part of the Germanic
Tribes. Live in the Balkan Peninsula and the Area of
Ukraine, Poland, and Russia
♥ They are not Europeans and Asians. There are the in
between group
♥ By 500 A.D. three different kinds of Slavs:
♥ Western, Eastern, Southern
♥ Western:
♥ Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia
♥ Fought German Scandinavians
♥ Have ties with the Catholic Church, Poland becomes
catholic in the year 900
♥ Western European in Culture
♥ Southern Slavs:
♥ Live in the Balkan Peninsula. Serbians, Croatians,
Slovenes
♥ Had frequent contact w/ Byzantines
♥ Bosnian-Albanians- Islamic Influence
♥ Eastern:
♥ Largest Group. Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians.
 ♥ North of Black Sea. Trade with Byzantines in Northern
Europe.
♥ Slavs:
♥ Most Slavs are farmers and hunters. Growing crops
enough to feed your family
♥ Hunters and farmers clean forests by burning. (cut
down all the trees you need) living in small villages
♥ Homes were log homes. Izabas decorated with antlers
and carvings of animals and plants. Skilled artisans
and wood makers.
♥ Made furniture and utensils
♥ Est. trade routes from Baltic Sea to black sea. *cross
road*
♥ Kievan Rus: Ukraine headquarters for the SLAVS
♥ Peaceful folk not war like and rely on the Vikings for
protection trade routes.
♥ Will lay foundation for Slavic government
♥ Rus is the Slavic word for viking
Primary Chronicle:
♥ 1100 AD Collection of History: legends and tales of the
Slavs
♥ Around 860 AD invite Vikings to come in and rule over
them.
♥ The leader who accepts the job is “Rurik” Viking.

Rise of Kiev:
♥ By 880 Kiev is taken over by Prince Oleg. Built a true city
instead of their usual village
♥ Build the city of Kiev on high ground (defensive positions)
put it near the Dnieper River
♥ Surrounding villages fall under central power of kiev.
♥ Each region is self-governing. Grand prince of Kiev runs
the show all other princes and nobles pay homage to him.
♥ Grand prince is the main guy

Prince Vladimir-988:
♥ Converts eastern orthodox Christian
♥ Orders a mass baptism for everyone to become Christian
♥ By converting to Christian especially Eastern Orthodox this
opens great trade between the Byzantine Empire
♥ The Slavs will basically become the third Rome.
♥ Brought Byzantine Culture+ Education + architecture to
slavs.
The Golden Age of Kiev:
 ♥ Yaroslaw the Wise 1020 AD : Son of Vladimir
♥ Under his rule, Kiev reaches its peak. Established
libraries, universities
♥ Organized a legal system based on Justinian Code
♥ Marries off his daughters to various kings of Norway,
Hungary, Poland, France.
♥ After his death his sons divides the kingdom. Infighting
weakens Kingdom
♥ 1240 Mongols invade and destroy kingdoms
♥ Slavs head north to country Novgorad swampy land
♥ The land (swampiness) protects the slavs from
Mongols and becomes known as the Region of Muskovy
(Moscow)
♥ The slavs face attacks from Finland and Germany
♥ Prince of Novgorad Alexander:
♥ He defeats invaders at the Battle of Neva River and
earns name Alexander Nevsky
♥ The Third Rome:
♥ 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks. Moscow
becomes the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church
♥ Ivan III takes the title of Czar. Marries niece of last
Byzantine Emperor. Makes 2 headed eagle of Byzantine
Empire.
 The symbol of the Czars
♥ Starts building program in Moscow. Similar to the
Byzantine domes but onion shape. Kremiin built.
♥ Russian Language:
♥ Mixture of Slavic dialects. Up through 600’s no written
form
♥ Byzantine’s send monks to slavs to convert them
♥ Create new alphabet for Slavic language so that they
can read scripture/bible. “Cyrillic Alphabet”
UK Politics:
♥ Three Parties: Conservative party, Labour party, and Liberal
democrats.
♥ Prime minister is the leader of the majority party. The party
that has 51% of the seats available in the parliament.

Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Renewal

♥ Contraction and confrontation:
♥ Starvation and the Black Death Starvation- for the lack
of farming land to meet the growing population as
forests and marshland were exploited; severe food
 shortages caused by rains that ruined, sickening
people to death. Heavy flooding that ruined crops.
♥ Black Death: 1348-1359 from Italy already weakened
by continued food shortages the people of Europe
suffered the Black Death.
♥ Black Death:
♥ An epidemic of plague in Europe that lasted from 1347-
1351 resulted in the deaths of almost one third of
Europe’s population. Cities were devastated by the
Bubonic Plague
♥ Was the first cycle of plagues in Europe that continued
into the 18th century.
♥ Fleas from the rat caused the plague. Had the bacteria
from the fleas and infected in the Humans. People at
that time lived side by side with rats. RATS FLEAS
PEOPLE
♥ Pneumonic Plague- the airborne version of the Bubonic
Plague
♥ The plague in the 14th century was mainly the bubonic
plague which became
the pneumonic plague

♥ Possible Causes (All Wrong):

♥ People were so scared because they weren’t sure what

caused it. Some believed it was a punishment from
God, some believed that foreigners or those who
followed a different religion had poisoned the wells,
some thought that bad air was responsible; some
thought the position of the planets had caused the
plague. All these different beliefs led to some strange
attempts at escaping the plague and some even
stranger cures.
♥ A lot of superstition. Had no knowledge of bacteria
♥ A famous surgeon named Guy De Chauliac realized
there was two types of plague, pneumonic and bubonic
plague
♥ Infection reached the lungs pneumonic plague
destroyed the breathing system could be caught if
someone breathed on you
♥ Bubonic did not spread on victim’s lungs, caused large
swellings as body fought disease. Be bitten by a flea
that had already bitten a black rat swellings were on
the lymph nodes.
♥ After Black Death:
 ♥ Wat Tyler led a rebellion of peasants against King
Richard II or England in 1381, who went back on his
word and had many of the peasants executed. People
revolt against him. King raises taxes on everybody who
survived the trade
♥ The Hundred Years War (1347-1453)
♥ Controversy over succession:
♥ The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin
of the last king through the male line. Caused by
succession of males.
♥ Founded a new French dynasty that ruled through 16
century. There was territorial dispute. England owned
a large portion of Southern France
♥ Chosen in preference to King Edward III of England
whose mother was the daughter of the late king Philip
IV. Edward claimed the title “KING OF FRANCE”
♥ Struggle:
♥ France was not a united Country before the war began.
The French king only controlled about half of the
country
♥ Independent Kingdoms.
♥ War Itself:
♥ The war was series of short raids and expeditions
punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by
truces or ineffective treaties.
♥ French Advantages:
♥ Population about 16 million people. Far richer and
more populous than England.
♥ At one point, they fielded an army of over 50,000 at
most Britain mustered only 32,000
♥ British Advantages:
♥ Weapon technologies. In almost every battle they were
outnumbered.
♥ Britain’s most successful strategies: Avoid pitched
battles, Engage in quick and profitable raids, steal
what you can, destroy everything else, capture enemy
knights to hold for randsom.
♥ The Longbow as a weapon:
♥ The use of the English defensive position was the use
of the Longbow. Incredibly powerful.
♥ Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt
from a crossbow.
♥ Could pierce an inch of wood or armor of a knight at
200 yards
 ♥ A longbow can be fired more rapidly 6 arrows per
minute.
♥ Cannon:
♥ Comes in during the late part of the 100
year war. From the Chinese.
♥ 90% of the war is dominated by England
♥ English are more unified than the French.
France is NOT UNIFIED whereas England is.
♥ After 1420 things start to turn.

Charles:
♥ Heir to French throne French nobles rally behind him.
Joan of Arc:
♥ Peasant girl who receives visions from God. Starts when she
was young.
♥ She gets a message from God telling her she needs to drive
the English out of France. So Charles can be king. The
messages from God get more political.
♥ Goes to Charles and tell him God sent her and told him to
give her armor, banner, and an army.
♥ Gives her a chance and hopes she will inspire the troops.
Wins Battle of Orleans. WINS MANY VICTORIES
♥ Charles VII crowned King of France. Joan is threat to power
of New King.
♥ She is Kidnapped and sold to the English. Charged her with
being a witch. She was burned at the stake.
The Effects of 100 years war
♥ The French became unified. Monarchy becomes stronger
renew old royal traditions.
♥ His son Louis XI takes control of Feudal Lands from nobles
♥ Very Slick politically turns nobles away from each other by
talking behind their backs
England:
♥ Civil War. 1455 The War of the Roses
♥ Lancaster: Red Rose
♥ York: White Rose
♥ The winner of the war is Edward Duke of York.
♥ In the 1480s the Lancaster’s strike back Henry Tudor
becomes king.
The Troubled Church:
♥ Literally everyone’s lives revolved around the Church and
what you can do to get into heaven. Nothing but war,
plague, starvation, and taxes
♥ Church politics= big problem.
 ♥ Popes- usually members of royal families. Either Royal or
wealthy families.
1305 Pope Clement V (French Archbishop)
♥ Not popular with the folks in Italy. Moves out of Rome to
Avignon France
♥ Only going to appoint French Cardinals. Next 80 yrs all
French Popes.
♥ The Italians call this the Babylonian Captivity.

Babylonian Captivity:
♥ Term of Propaganda: playing on the emotions. They were
comparing the Pope living in Avignon to the Jews forced to
be slaves in Babylon
♥ French Pope Feels unsafe and unwanted in Rome, than
leaves
♥ The Fear: That the Papacy is now corrupt that it’s all about
riches and worldly goods.
♥ The palace built in Avignon.
1377- Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome
♥ Brings back papacy but drops dead. Angry mob forces to
elect Italian Pope.
College of Cardinals:
♥ They were angry about being forced they elect another
pope- French
♥ 2 popes. French pope goes back to Avignon.
1378-1417 Great Schism:
♥ They excommunicate each other. Ultimately, people begin
to lose faith. Confused on whom to follow.
Form Church Council of Pisa:
♥ Elect 3rd Pope. Idea was that the third pope would take
over and the other two popes were to step down. But
other 2 did not resign.
1414- Church Council at Constance Germany:
♥ Force 3 popes to resign their power. Elect a new Pope
Martin V. An Italian Pope.
♥ The Schism is over and the Pope is now backing in Rome.

Protestant Reformation:
♥ Catholics across Europe openly question church and the
leadership.
♥ Vast building projects were planned by the pope to show the
power and glory of the Church. Ex. Saint Peters Basilica
♥ Tithe is not enough. Tithe is 10% of income to the church.
♥ In many places throughout Europe, they start selling things
that are previously free.
 ♥ Some Churches start selling the sacraments. (Fee)
♥ Simony: Selling Church positions give enough money and
you can be a bishop or abbot, etc.
♥ Indulgences: were forgiveness for sins shorter stay in
purgatory. Can buy for yourself or friends and relatives
Martin Luther:
♥ A German Catholic Monk who was dedicated to his studies. A
Bible Expert.
♥ The Bible is only written (handwritten) in Latin and can only
be produced by the Catholic Church.
♥ Only the Pope was allowed to interpret it. Pope determines
what each and every line means.
♥ 95 Theses A list of 95 items that Luther objected to about
the Catholic Church. Openly questioned doctrine and
infallibility of the Pope.
♥ Encourage everyone to read the bible and interpret it!
♥ Pope is infallible, without error and never wrong. No one
can question meaning.
♥ Christian Humanists- said that people should use their
reason/logic to improve themselves. Encouraged people to
question everything. Questions that was never asked
before.
♥ Even the church was asking questions.
♥ Erasmus a contemporary Christian Humanist. He told
people not to pay attention icons and religion/spiritualism
comes from you. Don’t give Church money just be a good
person
♥ Has bible translated into Vernacular- Common language
amongst people
♥ Excommunicated but protected by German Princes. Teaches
his new version of faith: Lutheranism

John Wycliffe:
♥ Preacher- student at Oxford. Going to question the wealth
and corruption of the Church.
♥ He believes secular rulers should step in and remove
corrupt priests.
♥ He translates the Bible into English and encourages people
to read the Bible out loud for interpretation
♥ Lollards: the name of the people that become the radical
followers of Wycliffe. These are the angry people that
criticize the Church, heckle the mass, and destroyed images
of the Saints.
♥ Ate communion bread w/onions and gravy.
The Italian Renaissance (1350-1600)
♥ Renaissance: rebirth. The rebirth of classical culture and
ideas. Classic culture: the culture of Greek and Rome.
Things fell due to the fall of the empire. Much of it was
preserved by the Catholic Church
♥ A profound awakening- the beginning of modern times
♥ “I’d rather have no friends than stupid friends”- Mr. Mojo
♥ It starts in Italy because it is the center of trade for Europe,
Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Everything has to go through
Italy. A place where cultures come together.

Humanism:
♥ People can improve themselves through education. Read
classical writings, especially the Greeks. Read History,
philosophy, and start learning the ancient languages.
♥ Each individual has dignity and worth. The ideal person
participates in a variety of activities. You have to be well
rounded and well versed in politics, sports, arts, literature,
and music.
♥ Humanists take over (from clergy) as the teachers of the
Young Nobility
♥ Open up new schools,
♥ Literature: begins writing books about everyday life
stories that are no about religion.
♥ Write poetry, sonnets. Sonnets: Petrarch famous for
sonnets and wrote 366 about 1 woman.
♥ Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince
♥ Examines the best forms of Government. Like a
guidebook to run your own area.
Italian Art/ Art and Patronage:
♥ Tempera=tempura
♥ Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values
♥ Italian banking and international trade interests had the
money. Public art in Florence was organized and supported
by guilds
♥ The consumption of art was used as a form of competition
for social and political status

Characteristics of Art:
♥ Realism and Expression are big part of renaissance art. First
nudes since classical times.
♥ Perspective, first use of linear perspective. Giving realistic
depth.
 ♥ Classicism. Ex Medici “Venus” Greco-Roman influence,
secularism, humanism, individualism, free standing figures.
Symmetry and Balance
♥ Emphasis on Individualism Portraits that aren’t part of the
Church. Show regular people for what they are. Being Pale
was a sign of affluence and class.
♥ Geometrical Arrangement of Figures- Leonardo da Vinci
1469 ex. The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate
♥ Light and Shadowing/ Softening Edges.
♥ Artists as Personalities/ Celebrities Lives of the most
excellent, painters, sculptors, and architects
Renaissance Florence:
♥ Center of the arts. Lorenzo the Magnificent- 1478-1521 and
Cosimo de Medici 1517-1574. Paid for big bulk of the
Renaissance. (Florence under the Medici) Extremely Roman
in their architecture.
♥ Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-1436, Architecture. Cuppolo of St.
Maria del Fiore
♥ Commissioned to build the cathedral dome and used
unique architectural concepts. He studied the ancient
Pantheon in Rome. Used ribs for support
♥ Architecture in this time period was the theme of
Ancient Rome
♥ David by Donatello first free form bronze since Roman Times

Renaissance “Man”:
♥ Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci 1492. The Luomo
Universale
♥ Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
Deep knowledge and skill in one area. Very well rounded
♥ Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and
create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded
man” was at the heart of Renaissance education
♥ Da Vinci: 1452-1519.1512 artist, sculptor, architect,
scientists, engineer, and inventor. More than an artist.

Leonardo Da Vinci:
♥ The Artist: The Virgin of the Rocks- 1483-1486. Use of depth
and Geometry. His notebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-
1519)
♥ Mona Lisa- 1503-4. Lots of speculation that Mona Lisa was a
self portrait of Da Vinci
♥ The Last Supper- 1498 and Geometry.
♥ The Sculptor: An Equestrian Statue. The Architect: Designed
several cathedrals and planned out a whole city
 ♥ The Scientist: Study anatomy of the human body.
Something not legal to do. An example of the humanist
desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Dissected humans
and did autopsies. Ex. Sketch of humans
♥ The Inventor: flying machines, etc. Engineer: siege warfare
devices and water-lifting devices. (water pumps)
Renassance Rome:
♥ Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 David. Granite and the
detail. Marble
♥ The Popes as Patrons of the Arts: The Pieta Michelangelo,
1499 Marble. Mary holding Jesus. The material is
available in Italy. The Sistine Chapel 1508-1512. The
Creation of the Heavens.
♥ The School of Athens One point perspective. All of the
important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included
all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts.
Great variety of poses. No Christian themes.
♥ Pope Julius II More concerned with politics than with
theology The Warrior Pope. Great patron of Renaissance
artists.
♥ Pope Leo X A Medici Pope, He went through the Vatican
Treasury in a year! His extravagances offended even
some cardinals as well as Martin Luther and started
selling Indulgences.
♥ A Portrait of Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo 1498
Dominican Friar who decried money and power. Anti-
Humanist he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic,
and corrupting. The “Bonfire of the Vanities” in 1497.
Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods
in the fire.