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Cambridge Revision (Review)
• Recognize phagocytes and lymphocytes under the light
microscope
• Describe the origin, maturation and mode of action of phagocytes
• Explain the meaning of the term immune response
• Distinguish between B – and T‐ lymphocytes in their mode of
Immunity (J) action in fighting infection and describe their origin and functions
• Explain the role of memory cells in long term immunity
• Relate the molecular structure of antibodies to their functions
AICE Biology
• Distinguish between active and passive, natural and artificial
immunity and explain how vaccination can control disease
Ch 14 Jones & Fosbery; Ch 43 Campbell & Reece
SC.912.L.16.8
• Discuss the reasons why vaccination has eradicated smallpox but
not measles, TB, malaria or cholera
• Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to
solve related problems
Video Lecture Introduction
• Immune System: Lecture 31 addresses the
structure and function of the body's major
defense mechanism, the immune system
– Dr. A. Goodman, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Dr A Goodman M D F A C S
PHAGOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES UNDER LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Most white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
– They develop from stem (precursor) cells that mature over time
into one of the five major types of white blood cells—
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and
basophils.
– In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 (average
7,000) WBCs per microliter of blood
• Average percentage of each type in the blood
– Neutrophils 58%
– Lymphocytes 4%
– Monocytes 4%
– Eosinophils 2%
– Basophils 1%
(Campbell & Reece, 2005)
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(Campbell & Reece, 2005)
Lymphotyes Neutrophil
• Large nucleus region • Type of phagocyte that contains hydrolytic
• Direct the body’s immune system enzymes
• T cells: thymus • 60% of the white blood cells
– Helper T, Cytotoxic T, Memory T, Suppressor T • Travels through blood, squeezing through
l h h bl d i h h
• B cells: bone capillary walls, patrolling the tissues
– Remain in bone marrow until mature • Many released during infection
– Produce large number of antibodies • Short lived cells
• IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD (Y‐shaped molecules)
Monocyte Bone Marrow Smear
• Found in organs
– Lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes
• Develops into a macrophage (larger than neutrophil)
• Leave bone marrow and travel
L b dt l
• The pale grey cells without nuclei are red blood cells.
The darker cells are white blood cells in a variety of
stages of development. The dark nuclei are of variable
shape and cytoplasm is lighter colored.
• Bar = 50 Microns
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Human blood cells from
a smear after Wright’s
stain
• A and D, Neutrophilic
leukocytes
• Band E, Eosinophilic
leukocytes
• C, Basophilic
C Basophilic
leukocytes
• G and H small
lymphocytes
• I, medium lymphocytes
• J, K and L, Monocytes
Characteristics of different blood components Size comparison
Bio Factsheet 36
More on blood components
ORIGIN, MATURATION AND MODE OF ACTION OF
PHAGOCYTES
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1 Phagocytosis of
the microbial
invader
(Campbell & Reece, 2005) (Campbell & Reece, 2005)
(Campbell & Reece, 2005) (Campbell & Reece, 2005)
Bacterium
1 Phagocytosis of
the microbial
invader Bacterial antigen
MHC
Macrophage Lymphocyte Macrophage Lymphocyte
self
(helper T cell) (helper T cell)
protein
Nucleus
4 Helper T cells recognize 4 Helper T cells recognize
antigens and MHC antigens and MHC
proteins and bind to the proteins and bind to the
macrophage, initiating a macrophage, initiating a
series of immune events series of immune events
(Campbell & Reece, 2005) (Campbell & Reece, 2005)
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IMMUNE RESPONSE
(Campbell & Reece, 2005)
Nonspecific Defense Against Infections Lymphatic System
• Barriers • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
– skin, mucous membranes, tears, ear wax, stomach
acid, saliva nostril hairs, sweat, and mucus returns it to blood
• Phagocytic cells • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
– neutophils
neutophils, moncytes, macrophages, eosinophils,
moncytes macrophages eosinophils
natural killer cells • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
hi bl d ll (l h )
• Inflammatory response involved in immunity
– initiated by histamines, prostoglandins, vasodilation, – Immune response mounts the attack against
and increased permeability of capillaries foreign substances within the body
• Antimicrobial proteins
– complement system and interferons
e System
Immune
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How Immunity Arises
• Characterized by
– high specificity, great diversity, self/non‐self
recognition, and memory
• Two systems
– humoral and cell‐mediated immunity
and cell‐mediated immunity
• Mediated by B and T cells
– B cells
• humoral response (antibody production)
– T cells
• cell mediated response (cells programmed to seek
out and destroy a specific invader‐cytotoxic T cells)
Bacteria Viruses
Acquired response
Macrophages
present antigens
Cellular response Humoral response
Antibodies
(Campbell & Reece, 2005)
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Bio Factsheet #40
Bio Factsheet 36
L. Node /spleen/ Antibody
lymphocyte
lym. tissue production
erythrocyte Red bone marrow Trans. O2 & CO2
neutrophil Red bone marrow
phagocytosis
ROLE OF MEMORY CELLS IN LONG TERM
IMMUNITY
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Memory & Immunity
RELATE THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF
ANTIBODIES TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
4 min.
Antibody Structure
• Recognize a localized region on the surface of an
antigen
– epitope, antigenic determinant
• Class of proteins called immunoglobulins
• Made of four chains:
– two light chains and two heavy chains
• Arranged to form a Y, with variable regions at
the end of the Y that “fit” the epitope
– 5 classes: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE
Bio Factsheet #40
Bio Factsheet #40
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DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE,
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AND EXPLAIN
HOW VACCINATION CAN CONTROL DISEASE
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
• generally long‐term and can be acquired by • This is where immunity to particular antigens
infection followed by B cells and T cells as a result of genetic traits passed on from
activation, or artificially acquired by vaccines, parents rendering the offspring immune to a
in a process called immunization
in a process called immunization. particular pathogenic threat
particular pathogenic threat.
Immunity Vaccines
Natural Artificial
Active natural (contact with Active artificial
• are used for health purposes to expose our bodies to a
Active infection): (immunization): particular antigen. These antigens are usually killed or
develops slowly, is long develops slowly, lasts for severely weakened to decrease their potency.
term, and antigen specific. several years, and is specific to
the antigen for which the
i
immunization was given.
i i i • After
After destroying these pathogens, the body stores
destroying these pathogens the body stores
some T cells as memory cells, due to the fact they
code for a particular antigen and can be when needed.
Passive natural Passive artificial (injection of
Passive (transplacental = mother to gamma globulin):
child): develops immediately, is • This memory in T cells can be a means of artificially
develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all
temporary, and affects all antigens to which the donor
acquiring immunity while a genuine attack by a
antigens to which the has immunity. pathogen is a naturally acquired type of immunity.
mother has immunity.
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Primary & Secondary Response
DISCUSS THE REASONS WHY VACCINATION HAS
ERADICATED SMALLPOX BUT NOT MEASLES, TB,
MALARIA OR CHOLERA
Smallpox Smallpox Eradication
Smallpox virus has
• Highly infectious disease been eradicated
worldwide through
caused by the variola virus successful
and transmitted by direct vaccination and
treatment
contact programs, and now
d
exists only as a
• Vaccination & surveillance stored virus in a few
research centers.
• Last reported case 1977 Symptoms include a
severe rash (which
leaves scars), fever,
headache, vomiting
and diarrhea.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtQ5JSW2eNk
Resources
Campbell, N., Reece, J. (2005). AP Edition Biology, 7th ed. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Company.
Goodman, A. (2004). Understanding the human body: an introduction to anatomy
and physiology; immunity. The Teaching Company.
Jones, M., Fosbery, R., Taylor , D., & Gregory, J. (2007). AS Level and A Level Biology,
2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kingston, H. (2004). Regulatory T cells: friend or foe in immunity to infection? Nature
HOW WOULD YOU USE THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED Reviews Immunology 4; 841‐855.
IN THIS SECTION IN NEW SITUATIONS OR TO SOLVE
RELATED PROBLEMS ?
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