Review of Literature Latest

Review of Literature
It is becoming a very difficult task to make a quick and vast review the universe of
stress and its management by Yoga & Meditation and Hypnotism, Life Style Management.
But modest attempt is being made here to identify the important and basic themes and
research reports related to the study.
The term Stress was coined by Hans Selye (1936).In the ancient period around 400
B.C. Hippocrates first recognized the healing power of the nature French physiologist
Bernard (1879) opined that the internal environment of a living organism must quite
constant despite changes in the external environment. This sight had enormously
stimulated later researchers to carry out studies on the particular adaptive changes in
living being by which the state is maintained. These ideas became clear when Plunger
(1877) and Frederic (1885) crystallized the relationship between active adaptation and
steady state and said that the cause of ever y need is also the cause of satisfaction of that
need. Cannon (1939) brought in the name Homeostasis –the coordinated physical process
which maintains most of the steady states in the organism.
Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1985) analyzed that in terms of work conditions and work
behavior of a heterogeneous cross-section of journalists, publicists and media professionals
in Western Germany.
Wills, et al. (1988) reviewed that aims to identify issues relating to violence and stress
affecting employees working in the media and the performing arts, covering a variety of jobs
including acting, dancing, musical performance, media work and front-line journalism.
Although the characteristics of many of the jobs that fit into these categories are to some
extent different, our focus has been to determine the prevailing concerns affecting those
working in media and performing arts occupations. We partially focus on the work of
musicians, particularly those who are involved in live performance.
Freinkel, et al. (1994) noted that immediate emotional numbing in response to a

traumatic encounter is important because it may indicate that someone is at a greater risk for
developing symptoms of traumatic stress.
Maslach et al. (1997) reported that significant predictors of burnout as well.

Journalists carry a great deal of responsibility for their stories but lack control.
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Furnham et al. (1999) reviewed that Media workers, time restraints and constant time
pressures to produce up-to-date information round the clock has meant varying work patterns
including working at night and shift-work.
Ricchiardi & Gerczynski,(1999).noted that Journalists is the eyes and ears of the
world, which requires them to filter and re-create tragedy after tragedy for their television
viewers. Therefore, on the rare occasion when local news journalists are offered some type of
support following a particularly tragic story, most of them resist due to a lack of time and
“the strong belief of reporters that outsiders couldn’t understand the rigors of being a witness
on behalf of society”
Kalter (1999) contends that the most devastating cause is the fact that journalists are
witnesses to a painful and chaotic world, and they are not allowed to express their emotions
about it. Covering traumatic events can leave journalists with long-term problems and an
inability to function. Because they are not allowed to process what they see, their emotional
responsiveness and effectiveness on the job are drastically reduced.
Simpson et al. (1999) noted that nearly half of their sample indicated that they were
not emotionally or mentally prepared for their first traumatic assignment. This type of
information, combined with the evidence of compassion fatigue and Post Termtic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) in television news workers detailed above, shows that some type of trauma
training ought to be included in the training of new journalists. Without it, journalism
programs are sending new reporters and photographers into the field with no knowledge of
the trauma they will encounter and more importantly, no way to deal with it. training does not
happen on the job, so the only opportunity is in the classroom. If students are instructed on
what they might see, how to approach and interview victims of trauma, and how to process
their own emotions, then they will be better journalists overall is nothing that could relieve
the deadline pressure of television news, news managers should work to reduce pressure for
those who are immersed in the coverage of a traumatic story. Breaks from traumatic
coverage, days off, and training more staff to handle police-related stories, are all ways that
this can be accomplished.
The emergence of different forms of news media such as satellite and cable television
and the Internet has also resulted in increased competition between various providers and has
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placed additional responsibility on journalists to be the first person to break the news.
Similarly, there is a tendency to expect increased output from journalists, resulting in
increasing working time pressure and stress, while information and communications
technology sometimes has unfortunate side effects: it can increase pressure on the reporter by
raising expectations, and also lead to “information overload”, a key source of stress. (ILO,
2000 a and b).
Cote et al. (2000) argued that journalists can become victims of psychological trauma
simply by doing their jobs. Visiting scenes of destruction, such as car accidents or fires, and
talking to or shooting video of victims and family members, can all take an emotional and
psychological toll over time. Police beat reporters also face the added stress of reporting in
areas that are less than safe. They run the risk of being threatened with guns, knives, and
fists. Additionally, they often are forced to pry information from reluctant or distressed
victims who have nothing to gain by talking (Harvey, 1995). The accepted newsroom attitude
is one of stoicism. So admitting to any emotional fallout disturbs the dispassionate and
detached demeanor that the objectivity of a journalist demands (Richard & Gerczynski, 1999;
Willis, 2003).
Cote et al. (2000) noted, “We are convinced that news reporters are at some risk of
trauma symptoms as early as their first violent assignment.
By trying to elucidate the state of affairs in certain parts of the world, including the
reporting of repression and human rights violations, journalists face the possibility of
harassment and false accusations by the relevant authorities in a deliberate attempt to impede
their work (The Freedom Forum, 2001a).
Collins (2001) reported that professional journalism associations should be used to

educate journalists and, whenever possible, to attenuate the risk factors. Some of the more
common risks within the profession include those relating to travel, repetitive strain, and
psychological stress.
McMahon (2001) added that traumatic reactions following their coverage of a tragedy
are so predominant among journalists, that their susceptibility to acute stress disorders needs
further study. But what is the best way to understand this phenomenon? Research up to this
point has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder. As the above review showed, this
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psychological illness is most often associated with soldiers, prisoners of war, or rape victims,
and is associated with one traumatic event, not an accumulation of smaller events. The threat
of physical harm or witnessing a tragic event, and immediate feelings of fear, horror, and
helplessness are necessary for a diagnosis.
Fefferbaum B, et al (2002) found that per traumatic response and television exposure
accounted for 25 percent of the total variance in a measure of posttraumatic stress
symptomatology.
Himmelstein , et al. (2002).noted that, younger journalists are at a disadvantage

because they may feel more pressure to meet the demands of their employers, while feeling
less able to make ethical judgments in the field. As a result, they may feel less in control of
their environment, which can exacerbate traumatic stress reactions.
Ahern J, et al (2002) studied that demonstrated associations between viewing

television coverage of the attacks and (self-reported) posttraumatic stress sympt omatology.
to found a 2.3 times greater odds of probable posttraumatic stress disorder for the group of
journalist that watched television most.
Feinstein, A., et al. (2002) reported that results, which need replicating, should alert
news organizations that significant psychological distress may occur in many war journalists
and often goes untreated.
Jari Ahlberg, et al. (2003) reported that self reported overtime and sick leave appear
to be associated with higher level of self reported stress, regard less of age, gender or work
duty of media employees.
Newman, et al. (2003) reported that study of photographic journalists reported that
the greater the number of assignments photographing traumatic events, the greater level of
distress reported
Wong, et al. (2003) have argued that emotional bonds between embeds and the
military units they were embedded with, led to increased job satisfaction and trust between
the media and the military during the Iraq War.
Christine Ogan, et al. (2003) report that gender differences that manifests them when
journalism educators use computers and computer-based technologies in their teaching and
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research. Gender-based stress differential; Response styles across gender; Differences in

awareness of symptoms; Greater stress experienced by women.
Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (2005) analyzed in terms of work conditions and work

behavior of a heterogeneous cross-section of journalists, publicists and media professionals.
The enquiry revealed several interdependencies between professional status and job
satisfaction. Stress factors in communication occupations, of psychic and physical origins,
and their effects on the state of health and on the life expectancy of the people.
Jeffrey Dvorkin,(2005) says that it was a powerful evocation of the demands that are
placed on war reporters and the pressures that they and their journalistic managers are under.
Sharon Schmickle (2005) asked that “The tradition in journalism has been that you
find talented and plucky and willing people-resourceful people-and send them off to do these
missions expecting that they'll succeed. And it has produced some stunning success stories,
and I think that some of the people who have done that are in this room now. But there has
been a certain kind of self indulgence a certain macho about the whole method of operating
as well and I really wonder if we aren't at a point where we recognize that we don't need that,
that it really doesn't serve us." She said that stress can affect the quality of someone's
journalism, but not in obvious ways. "Having been in conflict situations, in difficult spots, I
think the issue is more one of a gradual wearing down of people," she said. "I don't think
people are at the top of their performance after grinding along. I'm not sure that there's this
flash of danger that does it. But I think it's a gradual wearing down of people's strengths and I
think that people need to recognize that more and prevent that kind of erosion of strength."
Allam (2005) said that after seeing the effects of war coverage on many of her
colleagues she had assumed that there was "no healthy way" to be a war reporter and that "if
you want to do this, you're going to become an unhappy, lonely, traumatized person." "That's
just seemed to be the experience of so many of my colleagues in Baghdad," she said. Now,
however, she said she realizes that there is a "healthy way" to do the work. "You just have to
know yourself, have a good network of people around you, and know your own limits."
Feinstein, et al. (2005) reported that study of 85 journalists assigned to the Iraq War
(45 of whom were embedded with military units), no differences were found between
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unilateral and embedded journalists on indices of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression,

psychological distress, and substance use.
Miller (2006) noted, on the television news we often see police officers consoling
victims, interviewing witnesses, or trying to gather information at the scene of a tragic
murder or fire. But who shot that video? And who gathered the information and talked to the
same people the police officer did? The answer is the photographer and reporter team that
covered the story. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the same psychological
issues that police officers suffer through also would be suffered by a journalist. This study
was the first to investigate the phenomenon of journalism and trauma by measuring both
posttraumatic stress and compassion fatigue in an attempt to better understand how television
workers are affected by the stories they cover. Given that compassion fatigue in journalists
can impact both their interpersonal relationships with interview subjects and also the
messages they construct for mass audiences, it is a disorder worthy of deeper investigation.
The goal of this study was to build support for the use of compassion fatigue instead of
posttraumatic stress in further studies of this phenomenon in local journalists.
Dworznik and Grubb (2007) found that none of the students were psychologically
prepared for what they saw and heard during the trial, or the emotions that they felt. All noted
that while they had been prepped on trial procedures, they had not been briefed on the
pictures and details they might hear and how to deal with them. In retrospect, they all wished
that those details had been included in their pretrial preparations. Additionally, in their study
of newspaper journalists,
Neil Greenberg, et al. (2007) reported that occupational stressors amongst media
personnel assigned to work on covering the Iraq War via interviews with 54 journalists from
the BBC and Reuters, The study concludes that hazardous work environments do not, by
themselves, cause stress and poor job satisfaction. Rather, organizational factors, the
imbalance between the ability to make decisions about how to carry out their job effectively
and the perceived rewards of working in such environments appear to have a greater impact
on work related stress.
Dworznik, G., & Grubb, M. (2007) asked that scope for a more emotionally literate
approach to establish itself more firmly in journalistic practice.
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Klas Backholm(2010) reported that predicted all four outcome factors, i.e. Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout: the
variables were personal exposure to traumatic events, including reactions caused by the event
and the magnitude of the worst crisis-related assignment experienced as a journalist. An
interaction effect was also found: respondents with high scores on both traumatic experiences
in their personal life and a high amount of professional crisis-related assignments had a
significantly higher level of PTSD symptoms than others.
Goggle (2010) show that physical or psychological take time to heal. Media persons
are no different from other people. They too need to express that they are hurt, to seek and
accept help and to allow time and space for healing. Journalists and other media personnel to
recognize that traumatic stress can accumulate over time and can reappear with the
opportunity and its impact on an individual can be compounded.
Jon Stephenson(2010) says that An additional challenge for journalists reporting

conflict is learning to deal with the impact of trauma or post-traumatic stress—not only in
terms of self-care but the duty of care we have to those profoundly damaged individuals we
encounter in work. Journalists reporting from foreign lands, there is a host of language and
cultural issues to deal with, and newsgathering in an unfamiliar and hostile environment can
really test one’s resilience. While developments in technology such as portable satellite
phones and email have made reporting from the field much easier, journalists covering
conflict or disaster in places like Somalia, Afghanistan or Haiti can still find themselves
having to operate with limited resources.
Brent Edwards, et al. (2010) says that fact of life that journalism in many parts of the
world remains a dangerous craft. Too many journalists have died simply because they are
journalists. Some are killed in conflicts, where they are simply in the wrong place at the
wrong time. And that might be passed off as an occupational hazard of the job.
Hatanaka M, et al(2010) reported that assessment of stress symptoms in journalists

that experience traumatic news coverage is important for preventing the development of Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms.
Pooja Rana(2010) reviewed that Working Media Women : Profile, Work Environment
And Job Satisfaction ‘Women and Media’, highlights issues like the changing status of
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working woman in the Indian society; woman empowerment; gender issues at workplace;
working women vis-a-vis family and, of course, women and media. The chapter also
compares the problems faced by women journalists in various countries. The book, being
research-based, also discusses the sociological underpinnings.
Chun-hsi vivian chen,(2011) reported that study are drawn from data collected from
the media industry, leading to the fact that the generalization of the findings to other
industries might thus be limited. Further research on employees in other industries may be
necessary in order to verify these findings. Finally, this study mainly examines the effects of
Emotional Intelligence (EI) and perceived stress on employees’ work attitudes. Various
organizational and outcome variables (i.e., internal-management system, industry
competitive environment, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover rate), may be
incorporated in future research for further verification.
Romana Pasca et al. (2011) reported that workforce diversity is emerging as a

pressing issue of organizational life and consequently, that future research needs to continue
investigating whether current knowledge regarding workplace stress is fitting with the
multicultural diversity of the present-day working population.
Gretchen Dworznik,(2011) repot showed that the type of stories covered was a
significant predictor of Post test of Stress Disorders (PSD), while job commitment, social
support, perceived work pressure, and gender were significant predictors of compassion
fatigue symptoms. Implications for these findings are discussed as well as possible
applications in the training of new journalists and the broadcast industry itself.
Local reporters and photographers are constantly exposed to violent or traumatic

events. These incidents include automobile accidents and fires in which people are seriously
hurt or killed, and violent attacks or murders (McMahon, 2001; Newman et al., 2003;
Pyevich, et al., 2003; Simpson & Boggs, 1999). Though these events may seem routine, the
daily exposure to trauma and its victims is enough to cause traumatic reactions such as PTSD
and compassion fatigue in local journalists (Cote & Simpson, 2000; Kelly, 1998; Norwood,
Walsh, & Owen, 2003; Osofsky et al., 2005; Simpson & Boggs, 1999). Understanding
traumatic stress reactions in journalists can provide information to help improve not only the
training of new journalists, but the practices of the news industry as well. Training future
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journalists to recognize the elements of their jobs that can contribute to traumatic stress
reactions will help them to cope with what they see and better protect themselves physically
and psychologically. This is training that student-journalists are already asking for (Dworznik
& Grubb, 2007). In the professional news industry, knowing the possible reactions reporters
and photographers could have to certain stories might lead to changes in news gathering
practices that would give journalists a better chance at coping and processing what they see.
This could cut down on absenteeism and turnover related to unprocessed trauma and lead to
better journalists producing better stories overall.
Stephanie Pappas, et al(2011) asked that War correspondents are at high risk of post-
traumatic stress disorder Recent conflict in the Middle East has placed journalists in the path
of danger. In February, CBS reporter Lara Logan was sexually assaulted by a crowd of men
in Cairo. Earlier this month, Fox's Geraldo Rivera found himself ducking for cover amid the
crossfire between Libyan rebels and President Moammar Gadhafi's forces. In March, four
New York Times journalists were kidnapped and beaten by Gadhafi forces for days before
being released. Currently, at least 18 foreign and domestic journalists are kidnapped or
missing in Libya, so journalists also face so many job struggles in world.
Ulfah Anggraini, et al(2011) asked that the image of working time management and
stress of work at a daily newspaper reporter heading masses. a journalist is likely to replace a
productive activity, so would increasingly alienate journalists to the achievement of
objectives and cause job stress. Techniques used in this study are interviews and observation.
Interviews in this research ways to use aspects of working time management and stress
characteristics of work, management aspects of working time includes set goals, arrange
priorities, be assertive, to avoid delays, minimize the time wasted. While the characteristics
of job stress behaviors (actions), Mental, Emotional (feelings), physical aspects, subject to
manage his time, But the subject of environmental having stress from family, which carried
up to their work place.
Laura Fosmire (2011) says that journalism is a stress full filed, there are three
“serious” journalism jobs so far. The first, an internship in public policy and politics, also
highly rewarding, invaluable and taught me more than anything.
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Kaklauskas A et al.(2014) studied that the increasing rates of competition on the art
and media market, long-lasting, uncontrolled stress exhausts the psyche and the immune
system of an organism and it can cause various illnesses.
Najder A,and Merecz-Kot D (2014) indicated that occupational stress of journalists

determine the risk of health self-assessment, satisfaction with work organization and
interpersonal relationships to assess the psychosocial risk because an average level of
stressfulness could be associated with the risk of adverse consequences for employees in
terms of their job performance.
Kazi Huda and Azad Abul Kalam (2015) studied that the journalists often suffer from
high level of professional stress in Bangladesh; The study proved “harassment” at work place
as an insignificant determinant. Other major determinants of stress are “unclear objective”,
“insecure job climate” “excessive time pressure”“friction” “long working hours and “life
threat”.
Boisseaux H (2015) explain that the soldiers, war photojournalists, reporters and
technicians are to face risks of considerable addictive or depressive co morbidities are
observed. Managing their care is difficult, particularly as many are reluctant to undertake
treatment programmes.
Susana M (2016) says that the impacts of occupational stress among these
professionals were sorely negative (e.g., burnout, PTSD), and no study was found to address
the design and assessment of preventive interventions for these impacts on the health and
well-being of journalists.
Imad Al Muala(2017) suggested that the could challenge journalists, newspaper

managements and decision-makers in Jordan. When journalists work on sensitive topics and
are in conflict areas, they are in need of additional support from newspaper managements to
mitigate high job stress and motivate them to produce quality work.
Shikha Shalini (2017) significant that inadequate support from management is most
heated cause of professional stress of journalists in electronic media. However, the result also
concludes “harassment” at workplace as an insignificant determinant. Other major
determinants of stress are “unclear objective”, “insecure job climate”, “excessive time
pressure”, “friction”, “long working hours” and “life threat” found in the study.
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Lynn P Clemow et al.(2018) explain that the improvement and correlated with
reductions in hypertension in coundected work shop on cognitive behavioral coping skills.
YOGA:
Levi, (1990) Says that Yoga can help Work related psychosocial stressors are known
to affect the body functions through psychological processes, and influence health through
four types of closely interrelated mechanisms, which are: emotional, cognitive, behavioral,
and physiological.
Latha, D, et al. (1992) reported that Reduction occurred in headache activity,

medication intake, symptoms, and stress perception for the yoga group. They also showed
improved coping behavior.
Bhushan,L.I(1994) reported that a yogic lifestyle results in a reduction of negative

affects, it has therapeutic value for those who carry somatic or psychological problems, and it
can be safely used as an instrument of psychological wellbeing.
Schell, F. (1994) shows that yoga group had decreased heart rate during yoga. The
yoga group had higher scores on life satisfaction and lower scores on excitability,
aggressiveness, openness, emotionality and somatic complaints and coping with stress and
mood by the end of the experiment. The yoga group also had higher scores on high spirits
and extravertedness.
Yoga is an ancient art that is defined as the union of the soul with God (Anand, 2000).
It is "a path of personal spiritual development that utilizes meditation to bring enlightenment,
self-realization, and, ultimately, the attainment of God and bliss" (p. 109). Originally, the
ultimate goal of yoga was called Samadhi, or self-realization (Iyengar, 2001).
The word meditate comes from the Latin word meditari, which means, "to think or
reflect upon" (Bonadonna, 2003). It is defined as a simple mind-body technique that allows
you to gain a unique state of restful awareness or alertness. Mindfulness meditation is the
more difficult of the two (Bonadonna, 2003). It is defined as attempting awareness of the
whole perceptual field. More than 2 million Americans have learned meditation over the past
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years (Bonadonna, 2003). Recent studies and evidence have demonstrated that such yoga
practices are effective in reducing stress.
Ambikananda Saraswati, Swami. (2001) asked that maintaining and restoring balance
and harmony in both body and mind. Healing of Yoga explores each specific tattva and the
chakra where it resides Yoga helps the panchatattva like the five forces of vitality, The Yoga
asanas most beneficial for enhancing the energy of each tattva are fully illustrated with clear
step-by-step.
Sheps, (2002).reported that Yoga practice unites the mind and body activities and
offers stress management techniques. Stress is experienced when emotional, physical, and/or
environmental demands exceed a person's personal resources and ability to cope effectively.
Bennett, (2002) Literature has shown that yoga can calm, energize, and focus the
body and mind. Additionally, combining the emotional and physical parts of our being, and
balance our bodies.
Rajeswari K. S, et al. (2003) reported that that stress levels are not high from fear of
obsolescence and individual team interactions account for maximum variance.
Figura, (2005) shows that Yoga – The union of the body, mind, and spirit with the use
of physical postures, an awareness of the breath, and meditative exercises.
Brown RP, et al. (2005) reported that Sudarshan Kriya Yoga is combine pranayama
(yogic breathing) asanas (yoga postures), and meditation, this is beneficial on enhance well-
being, mood, attention, mental focus, and stress tolerance. Proper training by a skilled teacher
and a 30-minute practice every day will maximize the benefits.
Michalsen, et al. (2005) shows that improvement in perceived stress, State and Trait
Anxiety, well-being, vigor, fatigue and depression. Physical well-being also increased, and
those subjects suffering from headache or back pain reported marked pain relief.
Michalsen,(2006) reported that measured changes in salivary cortisol (an indicator of

stress) before and after an evening Yoga session. Cortisol levels were significantly lower
after the Yoga practice.
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Smith C, et al.(2007) reported that Yoga was found to be as effective as relaxation in

reducing stress, anxiety and improving health status on seven domains of the SF-36. Yoga
was more effective than relaxation in improving mental health.
Jill E. Bormann, Steven Thorp et al. (2008) reported that significant reduction in
perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and
trait anger (State-Trait Anger Inventory) post intervention. There was also an increase in
quality of life and existential and total spiritual well-being.
Brisbon, N.M, et al.(2009) reported that Beginner practitioners (those with less than 5
years Hatha yoga experience and advanced practitioners. stress levels or low.
Descilo T,(2009 ) reported that significant at 6 weeks (F2,178 = 279.616, P < 0.001):
mean PCL-17 declined by 42.5 ± 10.0 SD with yoga breath, 39.2 ± 17.2 with Yoga breath +
exposure and 4.6 ± 13.2 in the control., Yoga breath-based interventions may help relieve
psychological distress following mass disasters.
Hartfiel, N, et al. (2010) shows that yoga group reported enhanced feelings of clear-
mindedness, composure, elation, energy, and confidence. In addition, the yoga group reported
increased life purpose, satisfaction, and feelings of greater self-confidence during stressful
situations.
James D. et al. (2010) reported that improved mood in Meditation training has
become a popular intervention for the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases and
for the management of stress.
Hasmukh Adhia,(2010) said that to proved yoga way of living specifically reducing
stress at workplace, The study espouses that practicing the yogic lifestyle can bring about a
complete transformation in one's personality on physical, mental and spiritual levels which
strengthens one's stress coping skills....
Alyson Ross, et al. (2010) reported that yoga may be as effective as or better than
exercise at improving a variety of health-related outcome measures. Future clinical trials are
needed to examine the distinctions between exercise and yoga, particularly how the two
modalities may differ in their effects on the sympathetic nervous system/ hypothalamic–
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pituitary–adrenal(SNS/HPA) axis. Additional studies using rigorous methodologies are

needed to examine the health benefits of the various types of yoga.
Hartfiel et al. (2011) results shows that even a short program of yoga is effective for
enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace.
Sao, Akhileshwar et al. (2011) reported that significant has . It has various gentle
asanas, pranayama, and relaxation techniques. Two groups of experimental and control
subjects Yogic management programme consist of regulated breathing, physical postures
(asanas) and relaxation for intervene Significant reductions were shown for stress,
depression, anxiety , and in fatigue was observed in the experimental group (yoga group).
Birinder S et al. (2011) reported that findings may assist in implementing practical
interventions such as yoga into the workplace to mitigate stress, enhance health status and
reduce the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. statistical significance; clinical
significance will be interpreted in will be used to express group differences. Changes
between groups will be determined by analysis of covariance of the post-treatment score
controlling for the baseline score.
Sangeetha Vinod, et al. (2011) reported that Karma Yoga is useful in changing the
outcome orientation to effort orientation, and in reducing the managers’ expectations from
the job. Attitude of acceptance of all situations results in lesser friction and the resultant
lesser job burnout.
Banasik, J (Jacquelyn) (2011) reported that Regular yoga practice may be a low-risk,
cost-effective way to improve psychosocial functioning, fatigue, and regulation of cortisol
secretion in breast cancer survivors. These findings require validation with a larger
randomized study.
Amy Holte (2011) says that yoga by strengthening mental acuity and clarity through
sitting practice, we also benefit the body. An integrative approach to lifestyle, behavior, and
healing cultivates true health and wellbeing.
Laura santangelo white(2011) reported that the increasing awareness of stressors in

itself increased stress, possibly as part of the process of developing mindfulness or related to
50
cognitive, emotional, or social development. Mindfulness in children may differ from

mindfulness in adults and warrants further investigation.
Rosie Robson (2011) reported that exercise and yoga both have a significant effect on
reducing anger. The same can be said about tension, confusion and depression; exercise and
yoga both significantly alter the markers of mood state. Vigor is increased significantly with
both exercise and yoga. This analysis and observation can permit rejection of the initial
hypothesis; yoga is no more efficacious than high-intensity exercise in improving mood and
reducing stress.
Rajesh Shankarapillai(2012 ) shows that yogic breathing in the stress reduction

protocol of dental student curriculum could reduce dental students' overall anxiety, enhance
their academic functioning, improve their technical performance, decrease their patients'
anxiety, and ultimately benefit all aspects of their academic and professional careers.
Geoffrey W. Melville, et al. (2012) reported that yoga postures or performed in the
office can acutely improve several physiological and psychological markers of stress.
Wolever, et al (2012) reported that greater improvements on perceived stress sleep

quality, and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability. The two delivery
venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results. Both the
mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective
interventions to target high stress levels, sleep quality, and autonomic balance in employees.
Streeter CC, et al. (2012) shows that stress-related disorders can be corrected by yoga
practices resulting in amelioration of disease symptoms. This has far-reaching implications
for the integration of yoga-based practices in the treatment of a broad array of disorders
exacerbated by stress.
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V(2012) review that the yoga can be a great remedy for stress.
Yoga has combined set of principles like breathing exercises, stretching exercises, fitness
program, and meditation practice and guided meditations all in one techniques can greatly
benefit you and help you to deal with stress.
Valliammal(2014) significant that the exercise regularly to balanced the body

functions, strengthen the body parts and to regularized the functioning of all systems,rest and
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relaxation helps to prevent heart trouble and and brings down blood pressure. It also reduces
mental stress and tension and body becomes energized.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2014) explain that the stress levels before and after the
followed a acupressure, aromatherapy, color, yoga, meditation, nutrition, massage, positive
thinking to conduct on each subject every day 2 hours weekly two subjects on government
employees & private employees after 3 months to assess the working stress among same
employees, alternative and complementary therapies thus proved decreased on job stress.
Anita (2016) studied that the professionals are exposed to several job stressors that
can adversely affect both their mental and physical health, decrease their efficiency at work,
for a successful intervention, the causes and management of stress hospital managers should
develop strategies to address and improve other quality of working conditions of healthcare
professionals.
Kermane MM (2016) significant that the successfully manage stress in everyday

lives, among the Employed women and house wives and its management techniques like
meditation, yoga, hypnosis, guided imagery, muscle relaxation, mindfulness breathing etc.
should be used.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V(2017) explains that the yoga is best stress control tool and
good mental and physical health tip so proved yoga is best psychotherapeutic element.
Umesh Pal Singh (2018) reported that Asthang yoga and Hath yoga moving into a
healthy parasympathetic state, and staying there as much of the time as possible, helps heal
all health conditions, both physical and emotional ones as well. The parasympathetic system
returns the body's physiological conditions to normal (homeostasis).
Rosemarie Lee(2018) shows that the inform organizational leadership and may
provide opportunities to evaluate the current yoga program regarding employee stress
reduction, improving healthy activities, expansion of the program to other work sites within
the organization, maintaining a healthy workforce, and reducing health care costs.
Ram Kumar Gupta et al. (2018) suggested that yoga is control stressful life event
scores, the greater was the chance of using unhealthy coping strategies; (ii) high stressful life
52
events correlated positively with physical and behavioral stress indicators; and (iii) healthy
coping strategies (e.g., problem-solving) resulted in lower behavioral indicators of stress.
Maddux RE et al.(2018)indicated that the reductions in stress and all psychological

health measures were found within the Yoga group over 16 weeks.
MEDITATION:
Studies such as those conducted by Singh and Udupa (1977), Datey (1977), Sachdeva
(1994), Vasudevan (1994), Venkatesh (1994), and Rao (1995) throw light on the positive
effects of yogic practices on experienced stress. Udupa, Singh and Dwivedi (1977), in their
study on two groups of volunteers who practiced Vipasana meditation for 10 days, had noted
a significant increase in the levels of acetylcholine, cholinesterase, catecholamine, and
histamines activities in the blood. On the other hand, there appeared to be a reduction in the
level of plasma cortisol, urinary corticoids, and urinary nitrogen. These findings suggest that
volunteers were neuro-physiologically more active following yogic meditation and yet, were
physically and metabolically stable.
In a study done at Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bengaluru, Telles et al

(2004) found that Yoga training can help people to reduce their heart rate, which has possible
therapeutic applications. In another study done at the same place, Patil and Telles (2006)
found Cyclic Meditation Technique, developed by Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan,
Bengaluru, to be more effective in achieving voluntary heart rate variability as compared
with another yogic technique of Supine Rest (Savasan).
Kennedy, R. B., Jr. (1976) reported that two cases in which depersonalization
occurred during the waking consciousness of individuals who had engaged in meditative
techniques designed to alter consciousness. Psychiatrists should be aware of this
phenomenon, as the number organizations in the “consciousness movement” is increasing,
and should ask people manifesting depersonalization about any involvement in activities
leading to altered states of consciousness. In some cases it might be appropriate to refer such
patients to responsible groups that teach altered consciousness by meditation as an ego
53
syntonic desirable state. The author cautions against the use of phenothiazines in cases where
depersonalization is a prominent feature.
Mishra, (1987) shows that Raj Yoga – Involved eight steps intended to improve self-
control, breathing, concentration, and deep mediation.
Kabat-Zinn, J.(1992) reported that A group mindfulness meditation training program

can effectively reduce symptoms of anxiety and panic and can help maintain these reductions
in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with
agoraphobia.
Miller, (1993) reported that Concentration meditation and mindfulness meditation

have differential effects related to the process of unveiling past trauma or emotions during
meditation practices, and may actually temporarily increase the stress level for some people.
Miller JJ, et al. (1995) reported that an intensive but time-limited group stress
reduction intervention based on mindfulness meditation can have long-term beneficial effects
in the treatment of people diagnosed with anxiety disorders.
Bond FW, et al. (2001) reported that improved people's mental health, sickness
absence rates, and self-rated performance at a 1-year follow-up. Consistent with occupational
health psychology theories, increase in job control served as the mechanism, or mediator, by
which these improvements occurred. Discussion focuses on the need to understand the
mechanisms by which work reorganization interventions affect change.
Kiran Karnatk(2001) reported that Findings were interpreted in terms deprivation,

stress and anxiety as effectors of adjustment. At last, intervention strategies were provided to
raise the mental faculty underprivileged ones.
Yong-ran Zhu(2002) states that chosen distraction is photography. It is good

medicine for relaxation and gives esthetical joy while helping to rest the mind. After a
stressful day at work, reading photographic books, taking pictures, developing film, or
making prints in the basement darkroom brightens my outlook on life. It is a mini-vacation
that gives positive rest.
54
Vaidyanathan, (2004) reported that yoga involves breath control, meditation, and
physical postures, it is supposed to increase the vitality of the human body, help with
concentration, calm the mind, and improve common physical ailments.
Chang, V. (2004) reported that significantly lower than pre-intervention levels, while
mindfulness self-efficacy and positive states of mind were at significantly higher levels. The
findings underscore the potential for stress management, awareness and attention training,
and positive states of mind using Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
Figura,(2005) .reported that Relaxation pose – Non-strength enhancing poses used to

relax at the end of the yoga workout.
Richard P.Brown, et al. (2005) reported that sudarshan kriya yoga(sky), a sequens of
specific breathing techniques (basthika, ujjayi, and sudarshan kriya can alleviate anxiety,
depression, every day stress, post turmatric stress, stress related medical illness.
Carlson & Garland,(2005) .reported that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

(MBSR) is program that employs mindful meditation to alleviate suffering associated with
physical, psychosomatic, and psychiatric disorders. The program is based upon a systematic
procedure to develop enhanced awareness of moment-to-moment experiences. The approach
assumes that greater awareness will reduce negative affects and improve vitality and coping.
Nassiri (2005) evaluated the effects of regular relaxation on perceived stress. The
participants consisted of 40 teachers divided equally between the study group and the control
group. Participants were asked to complete a Perceived Stress Scale before starting to listen
to a ten-minute relaxation tape every day for one month. The results of this study showed
that regular relaxation produced lower perceived stress scale scores.
Oman, Hederg, and Thoresen (2006) looked at the impact of meditation on

physicians, nurses, chaplains, and other health professionals. Evidence suggested this
program reduces stress and may enhance mental health. Through all of these studies,
meditation was an important aspect of the treatments. A big component of yoga is
mediation, but yoga consists of more than just mediation/relaxation. Yoga practice
emphasizes the use of poses that are intended to help a person not only relax, but also
improve balance, flexibility, and strength.
55
Bormann, J.E, et al.(2006) shows that improvements in all outcomes: stress, anxiety,
anger, quality of life, and spiritual wellbeing. The largest improvements were in anxiety and
spiritual well-being. Additional analyses suggest that greater frequency of mantram practice
is associated with greater improvements. The authors recommend continued study and
application of mantram in healthcare settings
Maria B, et al. (2007) reported that the effects of meditation have been evaluated in
312 poor-quality studies. Meta-analyses of results from 55 studies indicated that some
meditation practices produced significant changes in healthy participants. Practices in
healthcare cannot be drawn based on the available evidence.
Bhushan, Siddhartha (2007) report that of pre-post yoga nidra period on the selected
test indicated that the practice of yoga nidra substantially increased the level of sattva guna
and significantly decreased the level of rajas and tamas gunas (Das, 2008) says that
Pranayama concentrates on the breathing with a focus on inhalation and exhalation. Asana
are the different postures used to help tone the body. Dhayana is the mediation, relaxation,
and concentration components.
Alberto Chiesa, et al. (2009) reported that larger and more heterogeneous samples, to
assess efficacy measures in the long term, and to better establish specific effects of this
particular meditation program.
Beth Cholette,(2010) reviewed that Ana Brett & Ravi Singh, Kundalini Yoga Solar
Power All-In-One Workout, Kundalini yoga, it is important to understand that it differs from
what is usually called hatha yoga; it is generally more dynamic, and the Breath of Fire is a
unique component, the exercises are challenging yet doable and that it includes a singing
mantra meditation. Solar Power should certainly appeal to existing fans of this husband/wife
team, and I would also recommend it to those with some prior hatha yoga experience who are
interested in trying Kundalini for the first time.
Fortney L, et al..(2010) reported that the benefits of meditation practice for a wide
range of medical conditions. Further efforts are required to operational and apply meditation
practice in clinical and medical educational settings in ways that are practical, effective, and
meaningful.
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Cutshall, Susanne M, et al.(2011) reported that computer-guided meditation program,

and found significant improvement from baseline in stress management.
Delaney, et al. (2011) reported that no significant changes were seen in anxiety
scores. Content analysis of patients’ perceptions of feasibility supports the acceptability of
the intervention.
Britta K,. et al. (2011) reported that brain analyses identified increases in the posterior
cingulate cortex, the temporo-parietal junction, and the cerebellum in the Mindfulness-Based
Stress Reduction (MBSR) group compared with the controls. The results suggest that
participation in MBSR is associated with changes in gray matter concentration in brain
regions involved in learning and memory processes, emotion regulation, self-referential
processing, and perspective taking.
Arndt Büssing, et al. (2011) reported that Inner Correspondence/Peaceful Harmony

with Practices (ICPH) is a useful, valid, and reliable instrument to assess the impact of
individuals’ inner correspondence and feelings of peaceful easiness with mind-body
interventions. Clinical studies to assess the efficacy of mind body practices involving
physical movements; its suitability to assess the effects of more static meditative mind body
interventions remains to be investigated.
Amit Mohan, et al. (2011) reported that study consisted of practicing 20 minutes of
guided meditation was associated with relaxation and a decrease in markers of stress.
Meditation, if practiced before the stressful event, reduced the adverse effects of stress.
Memory quotient significantly increased, whereas cortisol level decreased after both stress
and meditation. Visual-choice reaction time showed no significant change. The practice of
meditation reduced the physiologic stress responses without taking away the beneficial effect
of stress, namely, improved memory scores.
Balakrishnan Vandana et al.(2011) reported that The Integrated Amrita Meditation

(IAM) technique is an efficient tool in reducing stress as measured by Life Changes
Questionnaire (LCQ).
Liselotte Gootjes, et al. (2011) reported that yogic group, reduced magnitude was
sustained during the later intervals of the Late Positive Potential (LPP), while it subsided in
57
the control group. Moreover, reduced amplitude of the late LPP correlated positively with
experience of the technique.
Dounya Schoormans, et al. (2011) reported that mindfulness facets correlated with
almost all measures of well-being across groups, but no differences were evident between
meditation types regarding mindfulness or well-being. Days per week spent on meditation
were the only multivariable predictor of both higher mindfulness and lower perceived stress.
Erica M.S. et al. (2011) reported that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
instruction for urban youth may have a positive effect in domains related to hostility,
interpersonal relationships, school achievement, and physical health. However, because of
the small sample size and lack of control group, it cannot be distinguished whether the
changes observed are due to MBSR or to nonspecific group effects. Further controlled trials
should include assessment of the MBSR program's efficacy in these domains.
Josefsson, Torbjörn, et al. (2011) reported that an indirect effect of meditation

experience on psychological wellbeing via the five mindfulness facets. Simple mediation
analyses indicated that Non-React was the primary mediator. These results support the notion
that length of meditation experience is related to higher levels of mindfulness, which in turn
is associated with improved well-being.
Myint K, et al. (2011) reported that physiological responses to the short-term

mindfulness practice in stressful conditions, nonetheless, the results dem-onstrate the
potential benefits of this practice in alleviating stress in the neutral environment of university
students. Future studies should address the effects of mindfulness practice in larger groups
exposed in stressful situations.
Mayo (2011) says that Meditation can wipe away the day's stress, bringing with it
inner peace. Meditation work best for you and what you enjoy doing. Adapt meditation to
your needs at the moment. Remember, there's no right way or wrong way to meditate. What
matters is that meditation helps you with stress reduction and feeling better overall.
Manocha .R,(2011)reported that Mental silence-orientated meditation, in this case

Sahaja Yoga meditation, is a safe and effective strategy for dealing with work stress and
depressive feelings.
58
Geoffrey W. Melville, et al. (2012) reported that meditation performed in the office
can acutely improve several physiological and psychological markers of stress. These effects
may be at least partially mediated by reduced respiration rate.
Rajesh Shankarapillai et al. (2012) suggested that the yogic breathing has a
significant effect on the reduction of state trait stress and anxiety level of dental students.
David M. Levy et al. (2012) reported that less negative emotion after task
performance, as compared with the other two groups. In addition, both the meditation and the
relaxation groups showed improved memory for the tasks they
Revati C. Deshpande (2012) shows that Meditation techniques and humor techniques
of stress management, will be highly effective for enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency,
performance and cultivating right attitude among employees and reducing workplace stress.
followed a acupressure, aromatherapy, color, yoga, meditation, nutrition, massage, positive
employees, alternative and complementary therapies thus proved decreased on job stress.
Charles Elde et al(2014) find that the transcendental meditation program was
effective in reducing psychological distress in teachers and support staff working in a
therapeutic school for students with behavioral problems.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V(2014) suggested that the chakra meditation training reducing
the stress and increase the relaxation among contract employees.
J. M. Ravalier et al.(2016) studied that the meditation interventions may be helpful in

improving both psychosocial work place health and work performance. It’s are maintaining
gains up 3 months later.
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V(2016) studied that the meditation and hypnosis can have best
beneficial effects on the health of the body as well as positive results in stress
reduction levels.

59
should be used.
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V(2016)reviewed that the mudra therapy (hands and finger
yoga) called olden science of physical and mental related stress reduction priceless therapy.
Fiona Halpin (2017) finding that the preventing and reducing sickness absence and
presenteeism in Finland, Mindfulness meditation may be considered a basic method for self-
care, stress reduction and personal development in employees.
Bostock S (2018) significant that the mindfulness meditation program improvement

in well-being, distress, job strain, and perceptions of workplace social support compared to
the control group of employees.
Math Janssen et al.(2018) reported the reduced emotional exhaustion (a dimension of

burnout), stress, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and occupational stress levels
and Improvements self-compassion, quality of sleep, and relaxation.
HYPNOSIS:
Hypnotherapy has developed on a scientific basis. In 1948 the British Society of

Medical Hypnotists was founded, and it soon included the leading authorities on hypnosis
from particularly every country in the civilized world. A quarterly publication the
Hypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis. The word ‘hypnosis’
(from the Greek hypnos, ‘sleep’) is an abbreviation of James Braid’s (1843)term ‘neuro-
hypnotism’, meaning ‘sleep of the nervous system’. In recent years British journal of
Medical Hypnotism appeared in 1949 and has been officially recognized by the World
Health Organization in its publication, world medical periodicals. Following the British
example, the society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis was formed in the New York,
USA in 1949 and its first quarterly journal the journal of Clinical and Experimental
Hypnosis, was published in 1953. These two internationally recognised scientific societies
with their journals will ensure that hypnotherapy will assume its rightful place in stress
60
management, medicine, and that mankind will never again be robbed of the priceless benefits
of hypnotherapy.
The American Medical Association (AMA) has officially recognized hypnosis as a

valuable and beneficial treatment as applied and used since 1958. In “Psychotherapy”
magazine (Volume 7, Number 1), various types of techniques were listed and profiled in a
review of relevant literature by Alfred A. Barrios, PhD. In the above quoted text, the
techniques that proved to generate the greatest success in providing lasting change were the
following (listed in order of success rate): (James Braid, Hypnotic Therapeutics, 1853: 36)I
beg farther to remark, if my theory and pretensions, as to the nature, cause, and extent of the
phenomena of nervous sleep [i.e., hypnotism] have none of the fascinations of the
transcendental to captivate the lovers of the marvelous, the credulous and enthusiastic, which
the pretensions and alleged occult agency of the mesmerists have, still I hope my views will
not be the less acceptable to honest and sober-minded men, because they are all level to our
comprehension, and reconcilable with well-known physiological and psychological
principles. Hypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis. The word
‘hypnosis’ (from the Greek hypnos, ‘sleep’) is an abbreviation of James Braid’s (1843) term
‘neuro-hypnotism’, meaning ‘sleep of the nervous system’.
In 1895 Sigmund Freud and Joseph Breuer published a seminal clinical text entitled
Studies in Hysteria (1895) which promoted a new approach to psychotherapy. Freud and
Breuer used hypnosis to regress clients to an earlier age in order to help them remember and
abreact supposedly repressed traumatic memories. Although Freud gradually abandoned
hypnotherapy in favor of his developing method of psychoanalysis, his early work continued
to influence many subsequent hypnotherapists. However, as Freud later conceded, his French
rival Pierre Janet had already published a case study describing the use of age regression in
hypnotic psychotherapy, a few years earlier.
Milton H. Erickson was one of the most influential hypnotists of the 20th century.
From around the 1950s onward, Erickson developed a radically different approach to
hypnotism, which has subsequently become known as "Erickson Ian hypnotherapy" or "Neo-
Erickson Ian hypnotherapy." Erickson made use of a more informal conversational approach
with many clients and complex language patterns, and therapeutic strategies. However, this
61
very divergence from tradition led some of his colleagues, most notably Andre
Weitzenhoffer, to dispute whether Erickson was right to label his approach "hypnosis" at all.
Nevertheless, Erickson's work continues to be one of the most influential forces in modern
hypnotherapy.
Anderson (1975) reported that migraine patients treated with hypnosis had a
significant reduction in the number of attacks and in their severity compared to a control
group who were treated with traditional medications. The difference did not become
statistically significant until the second six-month follow-up period. In addition, at the end of
one year, the number of patients in the hypnosis group who had experienced no headaches
for over three months was significantly higher.
Albrecht (1979) reported that there are eight relatively "universal" factors that come
into play when evaluating the balance between stress and reward (job satisfaction) in
organizations. These are: 1) workload, 2) physical variables, 3) job status, 4) accountability,
5) task variety, 6) human contact, 7) physical challenge, and 8) mental challenge. Each
individual has a "comfort zone" for the eight factors. The goal of management is to find the
"comfort zone" for each employee that results in optimal performance without producing
undesirable side effects. Albrecht's taxonomy is important because it recognizes the necessity
of balance. For example, Taylorism stresses the ideas of maximum output, minimal task
variety, and continuous supervision. The predicted effect of these imbalances would be stress
and a reduction in job satisfaction. Perhaps many of today's organizational problems with
worker stress are the result of the effective application of Taylorism.
Agras WS, et al.(1982) reported that The systolic blood pressure decrease during the
training period in the immediate lowering group was 17.0 mm Hg, compared with 2.4 mm
Hg for the delayed group (p = 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure changes were not significantly
different. Measures of therapy credibility and perceived relaxation failed to differentiate the
groups.
Crowther JH (1983) reported that stress management plus relaxation imagery and
relaxation imagery alone were significantly more effective than blood pressure checks in
reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures during treatment and in maintaining diastolic
62
blood pressure reductions during follow-up. However, no significant differences were found
between the two treatment procedures.
Spiegel, D. (1984) reported that multiple or dissociative personality syndrome as a

multiple post-traumatic stress disorder, discussing these patient's developmental histories,
their high hypnotizability, and their profound capacity to dissociate spontaneously to protect
themselves from emotional and physical pain.
Turtz JS(1986) reported that correlations among the dependent variables at the time
of pretesting occurred between stress level and general anxiety, stress level and diabetic
control, state anxiety and diabetic control, frequency of hassles and mental health, and
general anxiety and mental health.
Olness, K., et al. (1987) self-hypnosis was shown to be significantly more effective
than either propranolol or placebo in reducing the frequency of migraine headaches in
children between the ages of six and twelve years of age.
Davis, M., et al. (1988) explained that is a comprehensive yet accessible workbook
that progressive relaxation, autogenics, self-hypnosis, visualization, and mindfulness and
acceptance therapy.will help you to curb stress and cultivate a more peaceful life.
Palan BM, et al. (1989) report that the hypnosis group improved significantly in
coping with examination stress, but there was no significant change in performance on
examinations by any of the groups.
Wall VJ. et al. (1989) reported that both strategies were effective in providing pain
reduction. Neither technique provided for anxiety reduction. Hypnotizability scale scores
failed to correlate with degree of pain reduction.
Spiegel, D, et al. (1990) reported that self-hypnosis techniques that allow them to
work through traumatic memories and thereby reduce spontaneous unbidden intrusive
recollections.
Melis PM, et al. (1991) reported that significant reductions in the number of headache
days (p less than 0.05), the number of headache hours (p less than 0.05) and headache
intensity (p less than 0.05). The improvement was confirmed by the subjective evaluation
63
data gathered with the use of a questionnaire and by a significant reduction in anxiety scores
(p less than 0.01).
Jaschke, V. A., et al. (1992).reported that treatment approaches that address the
traumatic history and that involve hypnosis to gain access to and control dissociative states.
Bruck M., et al. (1995) reported that children's reports about salient actions involving
their own bodies in stressful conditions were influenced.
Taylor DN.(1995) reported that significant improvement on all the dependent

measures, which was maintained at a 1-mo. follow-up. Since stress is known to compromise
the immune system, these results suggest that stress management to reduce arousal of the
nervous system and anxiety would be an appropriate component of a treatment regimen for
HIV infection.
Ter Kuile M, et al.(1996) shows that The results indicated that patients successfully
changed their use of coping strategies and pain appraisals. Cognitive therapy was more
effective than relaxation training in changing the use of cognitive coping strategies which
were the direct targets of treatment. However, treatment effects were only related with
changes in the use of coping strategies and appraisal processes to a limited extent and the
mediational role of cognitive processes in pain reduction and better adjustment was
inconclusive.
Butler, L. D., et al. (1996) shows that High hypnotizability may be a diathesis for
pathological dissociative states, particularly under conditions of acute traumatic stress.
Whitehouse WG, et al.(1996) noted that that stress associated with academic demands
affects immune function, but immune suppression is not inevitable. Practice of self-hypnosis
reduces distress, without differential immune effects. However, individual responses to the
self-hypnosis intervention appear to predict immune outcomes.
Dierdre Barrett (2001) shows that hypnosis can treat everything from chronic pain to
poor study habits. Chances are, it can work for you.
Francis Bacon(2001) reported that the self-hypnosis students launched stronger

immune responses compared with students who did not learn the technique. And the more
often students practiced the relaxation strategy, the stronger their immune response.
64
Michael Lemonick(2003) according to When the threat passes, epinephrine and

norepinephrine levels drop, but if danger comes too often they can damage the arteries.
Chronic low-level stress keeps the glucocorticoids in circulation, leading to a weakened
immune system, loss of bone mass, suppression of the reproductive system and memory
problems.
Rachele Kanigel(2005) asked that Hypnosis has long been used to treat phobias,
anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent studies have shown it to be highly
effective.
Butler LD, et al.(2005) reported that finding a psychological intervention that helps
children to manage anxiety, distress, and pain is clearly desirable. This study was designed to
examine whether relaxation and analgesia facilitated with hypnosis could reduce distress and
procedure time for children who undergo this procedure.
Steven Bloore(2005)according to ultimately choose In Vitro Fertilization Treatment.

Recent research indicates that fertility treatments can be successfully affected by mind-body
therapies such as hypnosis.There are a multitude of factors that can affect fertility in any
couple's attempt to have a successful pregnancy. If all health factors have been successfully
ruled out, stress can be the main contributor to an inability to conceive and have a successful
birth.
Alisha Tamburri(2005) delivered to All hypnosis is self-hypnosis. The way to

cultivate one's skill is by practicing hypnosis every day. Meditation music enhances the
process. Hypnosis can be practiced anywhere and anytime, except while driving. The noises
of every day life can be used to deepen the relaxation by saying to oneself, "Any sounds I
might hear won't disturb or distract me: they will relax me and take me deeper and deeper
into relaxation."
Massih Nassiri(2005) shows that reduced, the control group’s Perceived Stress Scale
(PSS) score remained at consistent levels. The Hypothesis: The use of regular relaxation by
the study group will result in a significantly lower perceived stress scale score. The
hypothesis was upheld.
Bryant, Moulds, et al. (2005) found that that people in the Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy (CBT) with hypnosis and CBT-only groups showed less symptoms of Post
65
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) immediately following treatment and at the 6-month
follow-up compared to the group that received supportive counseling only. In addition, the
group that received hypnosis reported fewer re-experiencing episodes than the CBT-only
group. This study shows that hypnosis has a profound effect on people suffering from PTSD.
Trish Ostroski,(2006) according to hypnosis is a powerful tool for change and or

personal and professional growth. improve your health by meeting your weight and nutrition
goals, stop smoking, accomplish you creative goals, meet your financial objectives and more.
Bryant RA, et al.(2006) reported that hypnosis reported less re-experiencing and less
avoidance symptoms than patients who received SC. These findings point to the long-term
benefits of early provision of CBT in the initial month after trauma.
Mawdsley, et al.(2008) reported that stress increased, whilst hypnotherapy reduced

various inflammatory measures at both the systemic and mucosal level in patients with
ulcerative colitis (UC).
Steve G, et al. (2009) shows that hypnotherapy is proving that it can help people who
experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders. Treating
PTSD is important to help people lead productive lives unaffected by previous stressful
events.
Corydon Hammond D.(2010) noted that six studies demonstrate changes in trait stress
and anxiety, this review recommends that further randomized controlled outcome studies are
needed on the hypnotic treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and in documenting
changes in trait anxiety. Recommendations are made for selecting clinical referral sources.
Hammond DC.(2010) shows that the use of self-hypnosis in the treatment of anxiety
and stress-related disorders, including anxiety associated with cancer, surgery, burns and
medical/dental procedures. Controlled outcome studies are needed on the hypnotic treatment
of generalized anxiety - stress disorder and in documenting changes in trait anxiety.
Recommendations are made for selecting clinical referral sources.
Candy Lim(2011) asked to will help you manage your stress better is to practice
breathing exercises before you go to sleep. When we get stressed out it seems like we take
our stress to the bedroom. We lie in bed thinking about whatever is stressing us out and toss
66
and turn all night. However, with some basic breathing techniques you will be able to focus
on something other than the stress. To use this technique before you go to bed at night lay in
your bed and begin to breathe a deep breath in.
Nigel Brennan (2011) according to enjoy hypnosis for simple relaxation, to gain more
control over your life, or understand yourself more, it is a skill that you certainly won't regret
learning. hypnosis is like a mental massage you can use to recharge your batteries and forget
about the stresses of everyday life. We have so many distractions in our modern world,
mobile phone, tweets, Face book, radio, TV, etc. It's no wonder anxiety and depression is on
the increase. And an over-active mind (and over-active negative imagination are the primary
cause of both). Hypnosis can be used to combat this. They say prevention is better than cure,
and when it comes to mental health, this is certainly true. Hypnosis gives you a feeling of
inward control, which is one of the bases of stable mental health.
Odin Crus Santos (2011) according to Hypnosis alleviates stress by soothing and
relaxing the mind through suggested and repeated instructions. By working through the inner
workings of the mind and talking to the consciousness of an individual, a hypnotist can
improve the mental health of a person which in turn reduces the stress caused by repetitive
work.
Fanny Airosa, et al.(2011) The findings indicate that the integration of tactile massage
and hypnosis in personnel health promotion may be valuable stress management options in
addition to conventional physical activities.
Marc Gravelle(2011) according that the state of hypnosis. It’s more effective because
the level or depth of relaxation is more profound in a clinical setting like a hypnotherapy.
Sudakarreddy (2011) reported that experimental and control groups. There was
evidence that the Meditation and Hypnotism have more effective than hypnotism and
hypnotism has much effective than meditation. But individually both meditation and
hypnotism played prominent role in reducing stress levels and improving coping behavior
among elderly people.
Nancy Philpott,(2012) asked that mind and body are relieved of useless and energy-
draining anxieties! Hypnosis reinforces the positive perception that stress is only there to
67
motivate you, and that you have control over your life. It is an empowering experience
realizing that you can choose how stress affects your body and mind.
Let Paige Wacker, CMS-CHt(2012) shows that Hypnosis is absolutely the best stress
relief there is, once you learn how to use your mind to relieve stress, you can use it any time
you want.
Xiaojun Zhao et al.(2015) suggested that the hypnosis is the good remedy for psycho
therapy.

should be used.
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V(2016) studied that the meditation and hypnosis can have best
beneficial effects on the health of the body as well as positive results in stress
reduction levels.
Purushottam Bung(2016)asked that the stress management techniques/strategies like;

aerobics, yoga, meditation, prayer, imagery, self hypnosis (Autogenic Training), biofeedback,
long silent walk, soothing music, pets etc…provide excellent social support to stress relief
and other health benefits – perhaps more than human beings have been proved successful.
S Fisch et al.(2017) indicated that the positive effects of hypnosis for stress reduction
in the main outcome parameter compared to control groups (3 active controls, 3 no therapy
controls).
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V(2017) reviewed that the hypnosis is best way of stress, it is
easily fallowed by self hypnosis.
Mohammad Soltani Delgosha et al.(2017) showed that teaching the methods of

relaxation and hypnosis as a therapeutic solution is effective in the reduction of job stress
among nurses and are effective to improve the physical and mental health of nurses.
Mark P Jensen et al.((2017) reported that the hypnotic treatments for clinical
conditions influenced by central nervous system.
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Chester, Stephen J et al.(2018) significant that the hypnosis may be effective for
decreasing stress, preprocedural anxiety and heart rate in children’s.
Zahi a et al.(2018) reported that the hypnotic-based animated video was reduction in
stress and anxiety and pain.
Grégoire et al.(2018) suggested that the self-hypnosis/self-care to improve emotional

distress, sleep difficulties, fatigue and quality of life of breast and prostate cancer patients.
LIFE STYLE MANAGEMENT:
Denise A Skinner(1980) reported that The literature concerning dual-career family

stress and coping is reviewed. Sources of dual-career strain are delineated, and the coping
patterns employed by couples in managing the stress are summarized. Although
acknowledging stressful aspects of dual-career living, it was found that most participants
defined their lifestyle positively. Achieving a balance between the advantages and
disadvantages of the lifestyle appears to be the overriding concern of most dual-career
couples. Some implications for family practitioners are discussed.
Linda S. Korolewsk (1984) shows that positive lifestyle change was reported by
employees participating in one, two or three program phases. More change resulted from
participation in three phases than in one or two; however, the difference was not significant.
Bossert S, et al. (1988) reported that non psychological factors should be considered
more seriously as determinants of inter individual differences in neuro endocrine stress
responses in healthy subjects as well as in psychiatric patients.
Simonsick EM.(1991) noted that significantly higher risk of nervous breakdown than
those reporting poor practices health habits and mental health.. Dietary practices and mental
health generally showed a negative association, especially among men, for whom those
reporting good practices.
Kirschbaum C, et al.(1992) reported that While environmental stimuli were paralleled

in both groups overall cortical output was significantly elevated in the smokers. These data
suggest that 'normal' cigarette smoking can increase free cortical levels.
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Stewart I. Donaldson, et al. (1993) reported that the employee lifestyle factors were
not related to supervisory ratings of performance at work. The findings have direct
implications for organizational health programs and policies like (a) that physical lifestyle
(i.e., exercise pattern, eating habits, and general health practices) predicted unique variance
in vitality and positive well-being; (b) that psychosocial lifestyle (i.e., social relations,
intellectual activity, occupational conditions, and spiritual involvement) predicted unique
variance in vitality, positive well-being, anxiety, depression, lack of self-control, and somatic
complaints; (c) that employee stress predicted unique variance in vitality, positive well-being,
anxiety, depression, physician visits, somatic complaints, illness absences, and supervisory
ratings of job performance, absenteeism and tardiness; (d) that physical lifestyle buffered the
adverse consequences of stress for anxiety, depression, physician visits, and company health
care costs; and (e) that there was a Physical x Psychosocial Lifestyle interaction for anxiety,
depression, and lack of self-control..
Nowack, K, et al. (1994) reported that .Controlling for age and psychological distress
for Professional working women who practice poor lifestyle habits appear to be at risk of
experiencing greater job burnout.
Sahu and Mishra (1995) explored the life stress and coping styles in teachers. The
sample consisted of 120 male and 120 female teachers. The males used emotion-focused
coping as well as problem-focused coping while females used only emotion-focused coping.
Upamanyu (1997) explored the stress management techniques used by the educated
working women. The sleep & relaxation, exercise, time management, diet and yoga are the
best way adopted to manage stress by educated working women.
Gary D. James, et al.(1997) reported that many factors that are part of or influence
lifestyle—including perception and cognitive state, the nature of the social situation, foods,
stimulants and exercise—and external conditions such as temperature, continuously alter
catecholamine levels and blood pressure. Because lifestyle stress may be an important
selective force in human populations, studies of dynamic functions that react to it, such as
catecholamine release and blood pressure, may be important in understanding the ongoing
dynamics of human evolution.
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Field T, (1997) reported that he groups did not differ on these variables suggests that
these particular therapies, when applied for short periods of time, are equally effective for
reducing stress among hospital employees.
Thalina L. Lindquist, et al. (1999) reported that significant differences between the
intervention and control groups for stress and health indicators at post-programme. A 12-
week post-intervention follow-up showed reductions in perceived workplace (p<0.01) and
home/work (p=0.05) stress. The data suggest that relatively short interventions with
individual follow-up can reduce perceptions of stress even where workplace stressors have
not changed.
Harshpinder and Aujla (2001) investigated the different physical stress management
techniques utilized by women. Results showed that working women were making more use
of writing dairy, standard furniture and high fiber diet as compared to non working women.
The two groups did not differ significantly in the use of other techniques.
Sanae Fukuda, et al.(2001) reported that cortisol appears to be an adequate index for
mental stress. However, lifestyle factors such as alcohol drinking, smoking, lack of exercise
etc., are strongly associated with mental stress. Thus, in this review, we focus on the
relationship between cortisol and lifestyle.
Long L, et al.(2001) shows that aromatherapy, Bach flower remedies, Bowen

technique, chiropractic, homoeopathy, hypnotherapy, magnet therapy, massage, nutrition,
reflexology, Reiki and yoga, to benefit by all twelve therapies stress/anxiety.
Aleksejuniené J(2002) reported that the pathway between psychosocial stress and
remaining periodontal support was not empirically supported, there is reason to believe that
such link is likely.
Franco GP, et al. (2003) shows that stresses associated with a modern lifestyle,
however, are emerging as a new and major risk for developing cardiovascular diseases in
Brazil.
Keegan L.(2003) indicate that the staff in acute and critical care environments. For
critical care patients, many alternative and complementary therapies including aromatherapy,
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hydrotherapy, humor, imagery, massage, music, and relaxation can be used successfully as
adjunct therapies to help decrease stress.
Andrew Noblet(2003) indicate that there was a close relationship between several
work characteristics and employee well-being. Work-based support, job control and time-
related pressures were identified as three work characteristics that offer valuable
opportunities for boosting the health-promoting value of the organization participating in the
present study.
Aminabhavi and Kamble (2004) conducted a study on work motivation and stress
coping behavior of technical personnel at a railway work shop. The sample comprised of 30
technical personnel in the age range of 30-59 years. It was found that middle –aged technical
personnel had significantly higher stress coping behavior as compared to the older technical
personnel.
Aujla et al. (2004) investigated to analyze the different stress management techniques
used by 75 working women and 75 non working women of Ludhiana city. Results showed
that majority of the respondents in both the categories were using various stress management
techniques viz. relaxation, music, prayer, recreation with family, planning etc. Planning and
relaxation were most preferred techniques among both the groups.
Aditi and Kumari (2005) found that the stress buffering effects of friendship and
social support systems seem to a significant contributor to high levels of stress.
Randeep and Ravindran (2005) attempted to explore the relationship between coping
strategies and coping styles among 30 marketing executives in two private sector mobile
phone companies. It was concluded that in the use of coping styles such as task strategies,
logics, home and work relationship, time management and involvement, executives differ
considerably with respect to their cognitive styles.
Khan et al. (2005) conducted a study on coping strategies among male and female
teachers with high and low job strain. The results of the present study indicate that both male
and female teachers used the same strategies to cope with job strain. Significant difference
was not found to exist between the male and female teachers on different types of coping
strategies except use of humour. Teachers have adopted a range of coping strategies most
tend to be functional or active and some are dysfunctional or passive (i.e. self-distraction and
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use of humour). Male and female teachers did not give response on alcohol dimension of
cope scale.
Gupta N, et al.(2006) shows that lifestyle modification and stress management leads
to remarkable reduction in the anxiety scores within a period of 10 days. The intervention
consisted of asanas, pranayama, relaxation techniques, group support, individualized advice,
and lectures and films on philosophy of yoga, the place of yoga in daily life, meditation,
stress management, nutrition, and knowledge about the illness.
Bhattacharya and Guha (2006) conducted a study on stress and coping: A study on
lady criminal lawyers of Kolkata city. A group of 34 lady criminal lawyers were selected for
the study. The significant coping mechanisms as preferred by them are reading books,
traveling or outing, listening to music etc.
Jim Bird (2006) asked that a work-life program improving your organization’s bottom
line results and changing individuals’ lives for the better.
Chand (2006) studied to examine the psychological factors in the development of

work stress. The respondents are 150 junior management scale-1 officers in various banking
institutions. The findings of the study revealed that job related strain is positively related with
escape coping and negatively related with life event stress, control coping and symptom
management coping.
Sikthingnanavel (2006). The results show that there is a greater improvement in the
reduction of stress in the experimental group than the control group.
Williams, et al.(2007).indicate that Physical exercise is used to build and maintain

“stress fitness. It helps employees to moderate the automatic adrenalin response when faced
with stress, as well as provide high levels of endorphins (feel good hormones) in the blood
system. Correct nutritional intake, enough sleep, relaxation and spiritual prayer and
meditation will enable your body and mind to maintain optimal functioning during stress
(Environmental Nutrition, 2000: 7).
Jayasree Nayak (2008) reported that significant difference was obsevered in case of
personal development stressor and inter-personal relation stressors, while it was non
significant in case of work, role and organizational climate stressors. Age was the influencing
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factor on the total stressors which was statistically highly significant. Keeping ready well a
head, taking rest, avoiding strenuous posture, taking balanced diet, walking, using sleeping
pills and hot water therapy were practiced by the teachers when they were physically
stressed. Offering prayer, positive thinking, working in-group, avoiding painful reminders,
delegating the tasks and listening songs were practiced when they were mentally stressed.
There was no significant gender difference found with respect to physical stress management
where as it was significant in case of mental stress management strategies.
Subhadra Evans, et al.(2008) indicate that complementary and alternative medicine

(CAM) to gain relief for conditions as varied as migraines treatments for children and
adolescents, including acupuncture, hypnotherapy, biofeedback, yoga, massage, and
meditation. A review of the literature is presented, as well as guidelines for parents and
clinicians who are interested in pursuing CAM for pain relief in young people.
Loureiro E, et al.(2008) shows that revealed health risk behaviors, with eating habits,
physical exercise, alcohol and drug consumption, and body image being the main problem
areas. Gender and year of course seem to have a significant influence on the variables
studied, being the female students those who present higher levels of academic stress, stress
responses (pressure/overload, physical distress, anxiety, anger/frustration, inefficiency,
depression and loss of control), and low levels of coping confidence; the students of the basic
cycle reveal higher levels of stress in managing their life-style (academic stress), general
stress symptoms and stress responses. This study calls attention for the need of preventive
intervention with medical students in order to prevent negative consequences of stress and
improve their life-style by promoting individual and social resources.
Angela Martin, et al.(2009) reported that which we aim to improve managers' mental
health are through the development of their psychological capital (a higher order construct
comprised of hope, self efficacy, resilience and optimism) and their skills and capacities for
coping with work stress.
Elizabeth Scott, M.S (2010) asked to relate to job structure, lifestyle features, and
individual personality characteristics, on the causes of burnout to stress.
Tripathi.J.S (2011) reported that leads to various kinds of chronic diseases ,which are
termed as lifestyle disorders, which require a comprehensive management ,dietary habits,
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lifestyle changes and medical management so stress as one of the most important factor
responsible for the present day lifestyle disorders and management. The effect of stress over
these diseases can be taken care by verity relaxation and stress reduction activities. They
include: Meditation -Yoga asana & Pranayama, Prayer, listening to Music, looking at present
scenes or art, body scan exercises, guided imagery.
Brooke L. Werneburg, et al. (2011) reported that provide initial support for the
implementation of gender-based worksite stress reduction programmes and provide guidance
in designing an effective worksite stress reduction programme.
Liza Varvogli, et al.(2011) shows that the following techniques were identified and
are presented and briefly discussed here: progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training,
relaxation response, biofeedback, emotional freedom technique, guided imagery,
diaphragmatic breathing, transcendental meditation, cognitive behavioral therapy, Results in
individuals with good health or with a disease in mindfulness-based stress reduction.
Azar Tol, Elaheh Tavassoli et al.(2013) suggested that the relationship between
adopting health promoting lifestyle and aspects of spiritual growth and stress management on
the one hand and general quality of life on the other, at least among students.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2014) reviewed that the Vedic Daily Lifestyle in included
(yogic literature, meditation techniques) aspects as well as familiar with ancient Indian
perspective in addition to clinical abilities. Traditional beliefs and values are still transferred
by one generation to other generation; which affect the clinical presentation of mental
illnesses and their management and respiratory controls that try to remove the cause of the
stress.
followed a acupressure, aromatherapy, color, yoga, meditation ,nutrition, massage, positive
employees, alternative and complementary therapies thus proved decreased on job stress .
Sang-Young Park and Sung-Je Cho (2015) studied that the improvement of the work
environment based on the research results of the correlation between physical symptoms and
coping methods.
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Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2016) explains that the Stress full life is neither Possible to
overcome safe lives on different simple steps. These steps are increasing in Physical and
mental health, stress is an important stimulus of human growth and creativity as well an
inevitable part of life.
Wendy Kersemaekers et al.(2018) significant that the greater reductions in burnout

and perceived stress, improvements in mindfulness, well-being, and increases in team and
organizational climate and personal performance. Due to design limitations, no conclusions
can be drawn on the extent to which the WMT or non-specific factors such as time have
contributed to the findings.
Elisabetta Carraro et al. (2018) suggested that correct lifestyle, with regular physical
activity and dietary intake are involved in the oxidative balance of stress.
(a)Nutrition and Diet:
McCann BS, et al. (1990) reported that higher during high workload during a period
of high workload is associated with elevated total cholesterol and that dietary intake of foods
which raise cholesterol levels is also increased. Further studies of larger groups of subjects
may be required to show a frank increase in cholesterol with increased workload.
Ornish, Dean.(1990) describes that groundbreaking 4-pronged lifestyle program –

low fat vegetarian diet, exercise, stress reduction, and group support – which actually
reverses blockage in coronary arteries and increases quality of life.
Elaine Magee, MPH, RD (1995) asked that ways to decrease the stress in your life.
Get enough sleep, quit smoking, establish a great support system, strive for balance in the
different aspects of your life (family, work, personal interests), and find a sense of purpose in
your life. A balanced, nutrient-rich eating plan is your single best dietary defense against
stress. There is more and more scientific evidence suggesting that what we eat contributes to
mood, stress level, brain function, and energy level.
Weidner G, et al.(1996) reported that emotional responses to stress play an important

role in health behavior change and should be considered in the design of health-promoting
programs.
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Fryer S, et al.(1997) finding that provide partial support for existing models of the
etiology and maintenance of eating psychopathology, but have wider implications for our
understanding of the eating disorders and their treatment.
Oliver G, et al.(1999) reported that an effect of stress on overall amount eaten, but
while snacking, roughly equal numbers reporting decreased intake (42%) and increased
intake (38%). The direction of change in intake could be predicted in part by dieting status,
with dieters being more likely to report stress hyperphagia and nondieters being more likely
to report stress hypophagia.
Rogers PJ.(2001) reported that factors contributing to the consumption of a poor diet,
greater emphasis should now be placed on conducting intervention studies. An efficient
approach to this problem could be to include assessments of mood and cognitive function as
outcome measures in studies designed primarily to investigate the impact of dietary
interventions on markers of physical health.
Zellner DA, et al.(2006) shows that stress not only increases consumption in certain
individuals but also shifts their food choice from lower fat to higher fat foods.
Gordon A. Saxe, et al. (2008) finding that Adoption of a plant-based diet and stress
reduction may reduce central adiposity and improve the hormonal milieu in patients with
recurrent Prostate Cancer(PC). Changes in the rate of increase in prostate-specific antigen
(PSA) were in the same direction as changes in waist-to-hip ratio and opposite those of sex
hormone binding globulin, raising the possibility that the effect of the intervention may have
been mediated, in part, by these variables.
Rafael T Mikolajczyk, et al.(2009) indicates that association between mental health

indicators (perceived stress and depressive symptoms) and food intake in female, but not
male, students. Our findings address the issue of healthy nutrition. Additionally, efforts to
reduce depressive symptoms and stress among female students may lead to the consumption
of healthier foods and/or vice-versa.
Sofie G Lemmens, et al. (2011) reported that decreased subsequent 'wanting' and
energy intake during rest; this effect disappeared under stress.
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Jennifer (2011) says that Natural Stress Remedies 101 – eat your veggies and jettison
the junk from your diet. The following post tells you more about leveraging certain foods for
effective natural stress relief.
Yu S, et al. (2011) reported that iron overload augments brain oxidative stress status
and aggravates the decrease of apparent iron absorption in a rat model of psychological
stress.
Nozomi Kaneai(2012) reported that reactive oxygen species generated by oxidative

stress are detrimental to neurons, resulting in the oxidation of SNARE proteins, thereby
disrupting neurotransmission. Additionally, vitamin E is capable of protecting against such
neuro degeneration.
followed a acupressure, aromatherapy, color , yoga, meditation ,nutrition, massage, positive
Karuna Singh (2016) reviewed that the nutrients play a very important role in
reducing the levels of cortisol and adrenalin in the body and also the stress chemicals that
activate fight and flight response. They are complex carbohydrates, proteins (tryptophan,
phenylalanine and tyrosine, theanine) Vitamin C, Vitamin B, Magnesium, and Selenium.
These nutrients play a very specific and important role in stress management.
B V Pattabhiram and Balaji Deekshitulu P V(2017) explain that the various Indian
diet system can reduce the stress and related mental and physical illnesses like Stress anxiety,
depression etc..
(b) Arabic Exercises & Walking
Levinson (1970: 34) writes, “A man devotes nearly half of his waking hours to his
job. It is said, he both works to live and lives to work”. Work can be the most valuable source
of satisfaction, as well as the cause of stress. More often than not, people are identified by the
work they do. Hans Selye (1974: 231) suggested that work is a biological necessity, thus it
78
may be argued that work is the psychological glue that helps hold an individual together and
assists in providing the individual with a sense of self. Consequently, there are aspects of the
person-job relationship, particularly how a person feels about himself in his or her work role,
which affects health in general.
Blair SN, et al. (1989) shows that that the greatest increment in fitness occurred in
individuals going from a sedentary status to briskly walking 30 to 60 minutes each day. In
summary, physical activity is now thought to be an independent determinant of health and
well-being and is a leading target of treatment in behavioral medicine interventions.
Kabat-Zinn,(1990) says that Walks you through the highly successful Mindfulness
Based Stress Reduction program at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.
Wherever You Go, There You Are, Hyperion is the follow-up book that guides you through
your own journey in mindfulness.
Berger, B.(1992) shows that Both the yoga and the swimmers groups reported greater
decreases in scores on Anxiety, Confusion, Tension, Stress, and Depression.
Wood, C. (1993) reported that Stretching is greater increase in perceptions of mental

and physical energy and feelings of alertness and enthusiasm than the other two procedures.
Schell, F.(1994) shows that The yoga group had decreased heart rate during yoga. The
yoga group had higher scores on life satisfaction and lower scores on excitability,
aggressiveness, openness, emotionality and somatic complaints and coping with stress
Carmack CL, et al.(1999) shows that Collectively, the data suggested that
participation in leisure physical activity as opposed to level of aerobic fitness is important to
the stress-buffering effect of exercise. Implications for exercise prescription are discussed
Chris C, et al. (2010) reported that greater improvement in mood and greater
decreases in anxiety than the walking group. There were positive correlations between
improved mood and decreased anxiety and the yoga group had positive correlations between
changes in mood scales and changes in levels.
Cowen, V.S. (2010) reported that Improvements were noted in functional fitness, in
trunk flexibility and perceived stress.
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A Otto Quartero, et al.(2011) indicates that No significant effects of the intervention

were detected for any secondary outcome parameter either. Notwithstanding the relatively
high drop-out rate, referral to a physical therapist for structured physical exercise is not likely
to be very effective in improving recovery from Stress-related Mental Disorder (SMD).
Jennifer (2011) says that natural stress relief method. Activities like walking,
aerobics, bicycling, swimming, weight-lifting exercises and even yoga can all be helpful in
the fight against stress.
Marta C. Soares,, et al.(2011) finding that physical contact alone, without a social
aspect, is enough to produce fitness-enhancing benefits, a situation so far only demonstrated
in humans.
Therese Eskilsson et al. (2017) significant that effective improvement in cognitive

performance and psychological variables of a 12-week aerobic training program in stress-
related patients with exhaustion disorder.
©Spirituality and Prayer:
Inez Tuck1,et al.(2006) shows that increase in spiritual perspective from the pretest to
the 6-week follow-up. There were no significant changes in spiritual well-being. The
intervention proved effective in reducing stress in this healthy adult.
Bormann, J.E, et al. (2006) improvements in all outcomes: stress, anxiety, anger,
quality of life, and spiritual wellbeing. The largest improvements were in anxiety and
spiritual well-being. Additional analyses suggest that greater frequency of mantram practice
is associated with greater improvements. The authors recommend continued study and
application of mantram in healthcare settings.
David B. Wolf, et al.(2003) reports that maha mantra has potential in addressing
problems related to stress and depression and that it be considered as one possible component
of a spiritual approach to social work practice.
Belding JN, et al. (2010) indicates that significantly reduce stress, perhaps because
the majority of students in the prayer condition did not consider reading a prayer to constitute
praying.
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Estupinian, G, et al.(2011) shows that spirituality did not moderate the relationship
between combat exposure and depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However,
spirituality and combat exposure were each independently related to PTSD and depression,
respectively. These finding suggests that spirituality may be a resource among those coping
with traumatic stress.
Rathore, et al.(2011) reported that collective impact of Nadishodhana, Bhramari,

Pranayama and Omkar chanting modulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
thereby resulting in relaxed and efficient future physicians of our community. Involving
medical education and assessment tools integrated with yogic exercise should be carried out
at larger level.
Stephanie Koslowski (2012) indicates that spirituality may be a protective factor for
professionals from developing Secondary Traumatic Stress symptoms and Secondary
Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V (2015) reviewed that Mantras can have beneficial effects on the
health of the body as well as positive results in Mental & Physical levels.
Jyoti Kori (2017) suggested that the chanting OMKARA for five minutes daily for
four weeks, there after reduction of stress and pulse rate of the participants in post chanting
measurement.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2018) explains that the Spiritual methods can reduce the
stress and related mental and physical illnesses like Stress. Spiritual methods like Prayer,
Meditation, Mantra and some epic methods are increasing in Physical and mental health and
reducing stress.
(d)Acupressure:
Das, Rachana, et al.(2011) reported that acupressure was effective in reducing

physical stress among students within the study group (Z = −5.803, P < .001) and among
students between the 2 study groups (Z = −7.409, P < .001).
Chang, K. K. P., et al. (2011) reported that Acupressure is a simple and non-invasive
intervention that appears to have positive physiological and psychological effects on women
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with aerodynamic stress incontinence. The findings support acupressure as an intervention

option for managing aerodynamic stress incontinence in women.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2015) asked that the various acupressure points are improved
best stress control and mental health of all.
Ya-Ting Lee (2015) suggested that the stress relaxing effect of massaging head in
acupuncture points including Taiyang, Fengfu, Tianzhu, Fengqi, and Jianjing.
(e)Sleep:
Carskadon MA, et al. (1981) reported that virtually everyone has experienced the
effects of a single night with little or no sleep. However, sleep deprivation can also be partial
and cumulative. As an example, when a person with a usual nightly sleep quota of eight
hours sleeps only seven hours, there is a one-hour sleep deficit that is carried over to the next
day. A seven-hour sleep debt accrues after seven days of losing one hour of sleep nightly,
nearly equivalent to a full night without sleep. Partial, cumulative sleep deprivation is
therefore the equivalent of acute, total sleep deprivation, but may be much harder for the
patient and the physician to recognize.
Laura Schocker (2012) asked that Better Sleep is a best Stress-Buster.
I Park et al. (2018) suggested that the stress levels are disturbance in sleep, as well as
peace of sleep is control stress and anxiety.
(f)Massage:
Field, T, et al.(1996) reported that 1) frontal delta power increased for both groups,
suggesting relaxation; 2) the massage group showed decreased frontal alpha and beta power
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(suggesting enhanced alertness); while the control group showed increased alpha and beta
power; 3) the massage group showed increased speed and accuracy on math computations
while the control group did not change; increased speed and accuracy on math computations
while the control group did not change; 4) anxiety levels were lower following the massage
but not the control sessions, although mood state was less depressed following both the
massage and control sessions; 5) salivary cortisol levels were lower following the massage
but not the control sessions but only on the first day; and 6) at the end of the 5 week period
depression scores were lower for both groups but job stress score were lower only for the
massage group.
Cady SH,(1997) reported that study evaluated the effectiveness of a 15-min. on-site
massage while seated in a chair on reducing stress as indicated by blood pressure. 52
employed participants' blood pressures were measured before and after a 15-min. massage at
work. Analysis showed a significant reduction in participants' systolic and diastolic blood
pressure after receiving the massage although there was no control group.
Zollman & Vickers, (1999) shows that Massage has been used therapy to promote
relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety. In the United States, massage therapies and other
forms of non pharmacological treatment modalities gained popularity as a complementary
and alternative medicine.
Margaret Plews-Ogan, et al. (2005) reported that Mindfulness-based stress reduction

(MBSR) and massage in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Mindfulness-based
stress reduction may be more effective and longer-lasting for mood improvement while
massage may be more effective for reducing pain.
Plews-Ogan M, et al. (2005) reported that study Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

(MBSR) and massage in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Mindfulness-based
stress reduction may be more effective and longer-lasting for mood improvement while
massage may be more effective for reducing pain.
Nerolie Bost RN,, et al.(2005) shows that massage therapy is a beneficial tool for the
health of nurses as it may reduce psychological stress levels. It is recommended that further
large studies be conducted to measure the symptoms of stress rather than the physiological
signs of stress in nurses.
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Cooke, M., et al (2007) shows that reduced emergency nurses' anxiety High levels of
anxiety and stress can be detrimental to the physical and emotional health of emergency
nurses and the provision of a support mechanism such as on-site massage as an effective
strategy should be considered.
Moraska A, et al. (2010) reported that improvement has been demonstrated following
massage therapy, the general research body on this topic lacks the necessary scientific rigor
to provide a definitive understanding of the effect massage therapy has on many
physiological variables associated with stress.
Williams, A.L (2011) indicates that improvements in well-being at the 8-week follow-
up. In particular, the combined intervention group showed improvement in function,
interpersonal well-being, and spiritual well-being. These benefits seemed to persist at the
longest follow-up (68 weeks). Both the meditation-only and massage-only groups maintained
or improved function, while the standard-care control group showed a decline.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2014) explains that the stress levels before and after the
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2015) suggested that the massage techniques are uses
throughout the world for many health conditions relief of pain, anxiety, stress, depression
etc .
Balaji Deekshitulu P V (2016) asked that the massage therapy to be highly effective
in reducing stress levels, its can help you relax, get back in to balance, step back, and get
refreshed and emerged so it can go back to productive lifestyle.
Erica B et al. (2018) suggested that the stress reduction modalities (massage chair,
chi machine, rejuvenation lounger, or sitting meditation) is effective at transiently
reducing physiologic and perceived measures of stress of college students.
Teruhisa Komori et al.(2018) indicated that the anti-stress action of the aroma hand
massage indicates that it might have beneficial application as a nursing technique. There
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are aroma inhalation, aroma hand massage significantly increased parasympathetic nervous
function and significantly decreased sympathetic nervous function.
(g)Aroma Method:
Sandra Sgoutas, et al. (2001) reported that stress management programs have initiated
a variety of methods to help relieve tension and anxieties.The present study questions the
efficacy of a popular method used known as aromatherapy. Although its use has been
successful in other areas, management of acute stress may not be one of those areas.
Cathy Davis, RN,(2005) reported that aromatherapy massage and music significantly
reduced anxiety levels. Although occupational stress levels were high in relation to workload
there was no significant difference following the 12-week period of the intervention.
Cooke, M., et al (2007) reported that more anxious in winter than summer but this
cannot be attributed to increased sick leave or workloads. Aromatherapy massage with music
significantly reduced emergency nurses' anxiety. High levels of anxiety and stress can be
detrimental to the physical and emotional health of emergency nurses and the provision of a
support mechanism such as on-site massage as an effective strategy should be considered.
Marie Cooke, et al.(2007)shows that more anxious in winter than summer but this
cannot be attributed to increased sick leave or workloads. Aromatherapy massage with music
significantly reduced emergency nurses' anxiety and stress can be detrimental to the physical
and emotional health of emergency nurses and the provision of a support mechanism such as
on-site massage as an effective strategy should be considered.
Siobhán S Howard, et al. (2008) reported that whether lavender aroma and/or
expectancies affect post-stress relaxation.
Andrea Butje, et al.(2008) asked that describes the physiological effects of scent,
reviews the research on aromatherapy, presents practical information on the use of clinical
aromatherapy for emotional distress, One safe and effective adjunct for the prevention and
treatment of emotional distress is aromatherapy.
85
Erin Pemberton, et al.(2008) reported that decreased perception of stress level in the
intervention group during three 12-hour worked shifts. essential oils Lavandula, angustifolia
and Salvia sclaria on work-related stress of nurses.
Ruth McCaffre, et al. (2009) study that significant decrease in pulse rate after both
tests that involved aromatherapy, “Although blood pressure is an indicator of long-term stress
and changes more slowly over time, pulse rate has been shown to accurately reflect acute
stress and anxiety,” state the study’s authors.
Seo JY(2009) reported that Aroma inhalation could be a very effective stress
management method for high school students. Therefore, it is recommended that this
program be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for high school
students.
Natalie Rumbaugh(2011)shows that lavender aromatherapy provides a significant

decrease both stress and pain,
Balaji Deekshitulu P.V (2014) explain that the aroma therapy effect on physical,
mental, emotional and behavioral balance.
Teruhisa Komori et al.(2018) indicated that the anti-stress action of the aroma hand
massage indicates that it might have beneficial application as a nursing technique. There
are aroma inhalation, aroma hand massage significantly increased parasympathetic nervous
function and significantly decreased sympathetic nervous function.
Iklyul Bae et al.(2018) significant that the inhalation of aromatherapy essential oil
(EO) was effective in reducing the stress score, stress index, sympathetic nerve activity,
serum cortisol level, and blood pressure of participants.
86
(h)Laughing Therapy:
Belt, Jennifer L(2006) reported that humor is related to the experience of both
positive and negative emotional states and that spirituality may contribute to the adoption of
adaptive coping strategies.
Denise Rizzolo, et al.(2009) reported that one 30-minute session of yoga, humor, and
reading had similar effects in decreasing acute stress in health science students. This finding
is important since these interventions resulted in a significant reduction in stress in a
relatively short amount of time, allowing educators to begin to consider different stress
management strategies to offer to students.
Sibe Doosje, et al.(2012 )reported that discussed in the light of specific characteristics
of the scales included. Possible improvements of humorous coping measurement in health-
related research are proposed, as well as adaptations to the rating procedures.
Melike Demir (2015) significant that the laughter therapy may decrease anxiety,
stress, and depression and increase the quality of life and work.
Jongeun Yim (2016) finding that the Laughter therapy is a noninvasive and non-
pharmacological alternative treatment for stress and depression, representative cases that
have a negative influence on mental health. But laughter therapy is effective and
scientifically supported as a single or adjuvant therapy.
Curran, J. (2018) suggested that the laughing releases endorphins, via opoid receptors
in the brain bringing a feeling of well being, happiness, optimism and physical relaxation.
These changes occur quickly and can be long lasting, helping counter stress and depression
and anxiety and bringing pain relief.
(i)Art Method:
Jennifer (2012) says that Natural stress relief does not have to be a serious affair.
Relieving stress naturally can be as easy and fun as playing with your kids’ coloring books
and watercolor set. No rules – you can even color outside the lines if you’d like! I really like
87
this article because it explains well how powerfully a self expression medium like art can
melt stress away. Enjoy.
Lily Martin,et al.(2018) significant that the creative arts therapies and arts
interventions are art of music, dance, drama et.. Innovative way to reduction in prevent- post
of stress.
(j)Holidays:
Mina Westman and Dalia Etzion (2001) reported that the stress burnout immediately
after the vacation and a return to prevacation levels four weeks later, and a similar pattern
with regard to absenteeism.
Jennifer (2011) says that relieving stress naturally the holiday season – it’s the most
wonderful (and stressful) time of the year for many! Natural stress relief tips like those
mentioned in last week’s article and throughout this site can be real godsends – if you use
them. However, a good attitude is often just as important in the fight against holiday stress.
The following article talks about that and more.
Cornelia Blank et al.(2018) finding that the employees to take short vacations seems
to be an stress control and efficient health promotion strategy; environmental effects seem to
play a minor role.
(k)Sex:
Elizabeth Scott, M.S(2012) asked that stress can have a hand in low libido, it can also
be a great stress reliever, which is why jokes about uptight bosses needing a good roll in the
88
hay are always good for at least one knowing chuckle. Have you ever wondered how much
truth there was to the idea that a healthy sex life works nicely as a stress.
Tsachi Ein-Dor and Gilad Hirschberger (2012) suggested that the importance of sex
in regulating emotions and maintaining psychological wellbeing, especially among those
satisfied with their relationships.
Maryam Ghobadzadeh(2018) reported that the sex is promoting healthy and coping
responses to stressful life.
(l) Music:
Gail C. Mornhinweg(1992) reported that music on perceived stress levels and to see if
a correlation existed between music preference, music played, and stress reduction. Music
preference was identified, stress level assessed, music played, and stress level was reassessed
with 58 subjects. Paired t tests were statistically significant with two of the three musical
styles.
Hanser SB, et al. (1994) indicates that adults the controls on standardized tests of
depression, distress, self-esteem, and mood. These improvements were clinically significant
and maintained over a 9-month follow-up period. The potential for this type of intervention
with homebound elders and others who have limited access to services is discussed.
Brigitte Migneault, et al. (2003) reported that the blood level of these hormones
significantly increased in each group with surgical stimulation. In conclusion, we could not
demonstrate a significant effect of intraoperative music on surgical stress when used under
general anesthesia.
Cathy Davis, RN. (2005) reported that effective on-site stress reduction strategy
significantly reduced nurses’ anxiety levels. Regular on-site aromatherapy massage with
music has the potential to increase the job satisfaction of the staff and decrease the number of
sick leave.
Lydia Holm, et al. (2008) finding that Music is an easy and useful way to decrease the
anxiety of visitors in an emergency department waiting area. Although no difference was
detected for the aromatherapy group, this could be because of environmental conditions or
89
imprecise application of the aromatherapy; further study is needed to either prove or disprove
its effectiveness in this setting.
Melissa Smith (2008) shows that reduced anxiety levels in participants compared to
the discussion group intervention. Participants in the music relaxation intervention indicated
a positive increase in feelings of relaxation and pleasantness, as well as decreased tension,
immediately after the music relaxation intervention. The results provide evidence supporting
the use of music relaxation to decrease anxiety levels in occupational environments.
Replication of this study in different occupational environments is recommended to provide
further support for the use of music relaxation in the workplace.
Alison E. Short, et al. (2010) indicates that music may be a beneficial intervention to
reduce emergency department (ED) noise stress; however, trend toward decreased negative
affect scores in the intervention group. Positive affect scores remained constant or increased.
Individual comments suggested participants’ enjoyment, distraction, and “escape” from the
environment.
Mark Jude Tramo, et al. (2011) shows that decreased in infants exposed to music (P =
.02) but not in unexposed infants. Controlled music stimulation appears to be a safe and
effective way to ameliorate pain and stress in premature infants following heel sticks.
Joanna DeMarco, et al. (2012) shows that music implementation in the preoperative
environment can reduce the stress and anxiety levels of patients.
Myriam V et al.(2013) reported that the music listening impacted the

psychobiological stress system this is proved may help better understanding the beneficial
effects of music on the human body.
Balaji Deekshitulu P V(2015) asked that the Indian classical music is relived Stress
through neither for Possible of different Ragaas as inevitable part of physical and mental
health for stress busted leg.
Bolette Daniels Beck et al.(2015) reported that the guided imagery and music (GIM)
is treatment for relaxation of work related stress.
90
Lily Martin,et al.(2018) significant that the creative arts therapies and arts
interventions are art of music, dance, drama et.. Innovative way to reduction in prevent-
post of stress.
Cosy Wing Ching Cheung et al.(2018) reported that the music therapy help in
reducing pain stress and anxiety.
91

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Review of Literature

Freinkel, et al. (1994) noted that immediate emotional numbing in response to a

Maslach et al. (1997) reported that significant predictors of burnout as well.

Collins (2001) reported that professional journalism associations should be used to

Himmelstein , et al. (2002).noted that, younger journalists are at a disadvantage

Ahern J, et al (2002) studied that demonstrated associations between viewing

research. Gender-based stress differential; Response styles across gender; Differences in

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (2005) analyzed in terms of work conditions and work

unilateral and embedded journalists on indices of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression,

Jon Stephenson(2010) says that An additional challenge for journalists reporting

Hatanaka M, et al(2010) reported that assessment of stress symptoms in journalists

Romana Pasca et al. (2011) reported that workforce diversity is emerging as a

Local reporters and photographers are constantly exposed to violent or traumatic

Najder A,and Merecz-Kot D (2014) indicated that occupational stress of journalists

Imad Al Muala(2017) suggested that the could challenge journalists, newspaper

Latha, D, et al. (1992) reported that Reduction occurred in headache activity,

Bhushan,L.I(1994) reported that a yogic lifestyle results in a reduction of negative

Michalsen,(2006) reported that measured changes in salivary cortisol (an indicator of

Smith C, et al.(2007) reported that Yoga was found to be as effective as relaxation in

pituitary–adrenal(SNS/HPA) axis. Additional studies using rigorous methodologies are

Laura santangelo white(2011) reported that the increasing awareness of stressors in

cognitive, emotional, or social development. Mindfulness in children may differ from

Rajesh Shankarapillai(2012 ) shows that yogic breathing in the stress reduction

Wolever, et al (2012) reported that greater improvements on perceived stress sleep

Valliammal(2014) significant that the exercise regularly to balanced the body

Kermane MM (2016) significant that the successfully manage stress in everyday

Maddux RE et al.(2018)indicated that the reductions in stress and all psychological

In a study done at Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bengaluru, Telles et al

Kabat-Zinn, J.(1992) reported that A group mindfulness meditation training program

Miller, (1993) reported that Concentration meditation and mindfulness meditation

Kiran Karnatk(2001) reported that Findings were interpreted in terms deprivation,

Yong-ran Zhu(2002) states that chosen distraction is photography. It is good

Figura,(2005) .reported that Relaxation pose – Non-strength enhancing poses used to

Carlson & Garland,(2005) .reported that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Oman, Hederg, and Thoresen (2006) looked at the impact of meditation on

Cutshall, Susanne M, et al.(2011) reported that computer-guided meditation program,

Arndt Büssing, et al. (2011) reported that Inner Correspondence/Peaceful Harmony

Balakrishnan Vandana et al.(2011) reported that The Integrated Amrita Meditation

Josefsson, Torbjörn, et al. (2011) reported that an indirect effect of meditation

Myint K, et al. (2011) reported that physiological responses to the short-term

Manocha .R,(2011)reported that Mental silence-orientated meditation, in this case

J. M. Ravalier et al.(2016) studied that the meditation interventions may be helpful in

Kermane MM (2016) significant that the successfully manage stress in everyday

Bostock S (2018) significant that the mindfulness meditation program improvement

Math Janssen et al.(2018) reported the reduced emotional exhaustion (a dimension of

Hypnotherapy has developed on a scientific basis. In 1948 the British Society of

The American Medical Association (AMA) has officially recognized hypnosis as a

Spiegel, D. (1984) reported that multiple or dissociative personality syndrome as a

Taylor DN.(1995) reported that significant improvement on all the dependent

Francis Bacon(2001) reported that the self-hypnosis students launched stronger

Michael Lemonick(2003) according to When the threat passes, epinephrine and

Steven Bloore(2005)according to ultimately choose In Vitro Fertilization Treatment.

Alisha Tamburri(2005) delivered to All hypnosis is self-hypnosis. The way to

Trish Ostroski,(2006) according to hypnosis is a powerful tool for change and or

Mawdsley, et al.(2008) reported that stress increased, whilst hypnotherapy reduced

Kermane MM (2016) significant that the successfully manage stress in everyday

Purushottam Bung(2016)asked that the stress management techniques/strategies like;

Mohammad Soltani Delgosha et al.(2017) showed that teaching the methods of

Grégoire et al.(2018) suggested that the self-hypnosis/self-care to improve emotional

LIFE STYLE MANAGEMENT:

Denise A Skinner(1980) reported that The literature concerning dual-career family

Kirschbaum C, et al.(1992) reported that While environmental stimuli were paralleled

Long L, et al.(2001) shows that aromatherapy, Bach flower remedies, Bowen