Amplitude & Frequency Modulation Lab Experiments

Dept of ECE 1Analog Communications Lab
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
For Modulation
Presidency University-Bangalore
EXP NO:1 DATE :
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: a) To generate Amplitude Modulated wave & to calculate the modulation index
PPARATUS REQUIRED:
Analog board of Scientech 2170J.

2. DC power supplies of +5V, +12V,-12V from external source or Scientech 2612
Analog Lab.
3. Oscilloscope.
4. 2 mm patch cords.
THEORY:
Amplitude modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is
varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).The standard form the
amplitude modulated wave is defined as
s (t)=Ac[1+Kam(t)] cos 2πfct
where Ka is called amplitude sensitivity of the modulator
The Demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave at the
receiver. An Envelop detector is simple and yet highly effective device that is well suited for the
demodulation of AM wave for which the % of modulation is less than 100%.An Envelop detector
produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input wave exactly.
Modulation index is defined as m=(Vmax –Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)
PROCEDURE:
Connect the DC supply from any external source to port provided at top corner
of Scientech 2170J Board respectively using 2mm patch cords.
1. Now set the amplitude of AC Source signal at 1v peak to peak by varying
amplitude pot of AC Source.
2. Connect 2mm patch cord from Output socket of carrier source to carrier In of
balance modulator. This will provide carrier signal to balance modulator.
3. Connect Output of AC Source to Input of DC source/Level shifter, in order to
provide shift in DC level of input signal for modulator.
4. Connect Output of DC source/level shifter to Input of Balance Modulator.
5. Connect ch1 of Oscilloscope to Output of Balance Modulator; observe the
amplitude modulated wave, adjust the Gain pot of balance modulator for having
better result.
6. In order to observe the variation in modulation index, vary the pot of DC
Source/level shifter.
7. Connect the circuit diagram for Demodulation.

8. Feed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output.
9. Note down the frequency and amplitude of the demodulated o/p waveform.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Observation table:
S.No Am(volts) Vmax Vmin m %m
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done carefully.
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
1. AM is Defined as ____________
2. Draw its spectrum___________
3. Draw the phase representation of an amplitude modulated wave___
4. Modulation index is defined as_____
5. The different degrees of modulation _______
6. What are the limitations of square law modulator __________
7. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators
8. AM Demodulator is ___________
9. Detection process _________
10. The different types of distortions that occur in an envelope detector are__________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO:2 DATE :
DSB-SC MODULATION& DEMODULATION
AIM: (a) To generate the DSB-SC Modulated wave and to observe the phase reversal at the zero
crossing of the modulating signal.
(b) To implement DSB-SC using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the component Specification Quantity

IC 1496 1
Resistors 6.8kΩ 1
10kΩ,3.9kΩ 2 each
1kΩ,51kΩ 3each
Capacitors 0.1µF 4
Variable Resistor 0-50kΩ 1
CRO (0-20MHz) 1
Function Generator 1MHz 2
Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
THEORY:
Balanced modulator is used for generating DSB-SC signal.A balanced modulator consists of two
standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so as to suppress the carrier
wave.The two modulators are identical except the reversal of sign of the modulating signal applied to
them.
The IC MC1496 is used as Modulator in this experiment. MC 1496 is a monolithic integrated
circuit balanced modulator/Demodulator, is versatile and can be used up to 200 Mhz. Multiplier: A
balanced modulator is essentially a multiplier. The output of the MC 1496 balanced modulator is
proportional to the product of the two input signals. If you apply the same sinusoidal signal to both inputs
of a ballooned modulator, the output will be the square of the input signal AM-DSB/SC: If you use two
sinusoidal signals with deferent frequencies at the two inputs of a balanced modulator (multiplier) you
can produce AMDSB/ SC modulation. This is generally accomplished using a high- frequency “carrier”
sinusoid and a lower frequency “modulation” waveform (such as an audio signal from microphone).
PROCEDURE:
This experiment investigates the generation of double sideband amplitude modulated

(AM) waveforms, using the Scientech 2201 module. By removing the carrier from
such an AM waveforms, the generation of double sideband suppressed carrier
(DSBSC) AM is also investigated.
1. Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board.
a. Audio input select switch should be in INT position to select onboard
generated audio signal as a modulating signal.
b. Mode switch in DSB position to connect the DSB signal to Output
Amplifier section.
c. Output amplifier's gain potentiometer in full clockwise position for
maximum amplification.
d. Speakers switch in OFF position.
EXPECTED WAVWFORM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Signal Amplitude(Volts) Frequency(Hz)
Output:
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
1. The two ways of generating DSB_SC are ________

2. The applications of balanced modulator are ________
3. The advantages of suppressing the carrier ________
4. The advantages of balanced modulator __________
5. The advantages of Ring modulator __________
6. The expression for the output voltage of a balanced modulator is _________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FM Modulator:
FM Demodulator:
EXP NO:3 DATE :
FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: a) To generate the frequency modulated signal and to find the modulation index.
b) To demodulate the frequency modulated signal using FM detector.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Analog board of Scientech 2170K.

2. DC power supplies of +5V,-5V and +12V,-12V from external source or from Scientech 2612Analog
Lab.
3. Oscilloscope.
4. 2 mm patch cords.
THEORY:
The process in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal is called “Frequency modulation”.An FM wave can be represented
mathematically as
S(t)=Ac cos [2πfct +β sin2πfmt]
Where Ac is the amplitude & fc is the frequency of the carrier wave.
Β is the modulation index of the FM Wave.
Procedure :
Modulation:
• Connect 0-9Vrms from Scientech 2612 Analog Lab or from Analog Digital
Lab Power Supply or from any external source (transformer o/p or function
generator) to sockets m and c of AB09 Board respectively using 2mm patch
cords.
1. Now set the amplitude of AC Source signal at 1v peak to peak by varying
Amplitude pot of AC Source.
2. Connect patch cord from output of AC Source to input of DC Source/Level
Shifter.
3. Connect patch cord from output of DC Source/Level Shifter to input of FM
Modulator.
4. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to output of FM Modulator and ch2 to output of
DC Source/Level Shifter; observe the waveform of frequency modulation by
Varying frequency of AC Source.
5. Observe the effect of variation of the DC level to FM Modulator output by
Varying pot of DC Source/Level Shifter.
Demodulation:
1. Connect patch cord from output of FM Modulator to input of PLL Detector.
2. Connect CH I of Oscilloscope to output of PLL Detector and observe
Demodulated o/p waveform.
3. Connect output of PLL Detector to Input of Low Pass Filter.
4. Observe the filtered output on Oscilloscope.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Am(Volts) Tmax(sec) fmin(kHz) Δf(kHz) β BW
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
1.Define frequency modulation?
2.Mention the advantages of indirect method of FM generation?
3.Define modulation index and frequency deviation of FM?
4.What are the advantages of FM?
5.What is narrow band FM?
6.Compare narrow band FM and wide band FM?
7.Differrntiate FM and AM?
8.How FM wave can be converted into PM wave?
9,State the principle of reactance tube modulator?
10.Draw the circuit of varactor diode modulator?
11.What is the bandwidth of FM system?
12.Want is the function of FM discriminator?
13.How does ratio detector differ from fosterseely discriminator?
14.What is meant by linear detector?
15.What are the drawbacks of slope detector?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO:6 DATE :
VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM
AIM: To verify the sampling theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Scientech 2151 TechBook with power cords
2. Scientech 803/831 with probe
3. Connecting cords
THEORY:
The kit is used to study Analog Signal Sampling and its Reconstruction. It basically
consists of functional blocks, namely Function Generator, Sampling Control Logic, Clock section,
Sampling Circuitry and Filter Section.
FUNCTION GENERATOR: This Block generates two sine wave signals of 1 KHz and 2 KHz
frequency. This sine wave generation is done by feeding 16 KHz and 32 KHz clock to the shift register.
The serial to parallel shift register with the resistive ladder network at the output generates 1 KHz and 2
KHz sine waves respectively by the serial shift operation. The R-C active filter suppresses the ripple and
smoothens the sine wave. The unity gain amplifier buffer takes care of the impedance matching between
sine wave generation and sampling circuit.
SAMPLING CONTROL LOGIC: This unit generates two main signals used in the study of Sampling
Theorem, namely the analog signals (5V pp, frequency 1 KHz and 2 KHz) and sampling signal of
frequency 2 KHz, 4 KHz, 8 KHz, 16 KHz, 32 KHz, and 64 KHz.
The 6.4 MHz Crystal Oscillator generates the 6.4 MHz clock. The decade counter divides the frequency
by 10 and the ripple counter generates the basic sampling frequencies from 2 KHz to 64 KHz and the
other control frequencies.
From among the various available sampling frequencies, required sampling frequency is selected by using
the Frequency selectable switch. The selected sampling frequency is indicated by means of corresponding
LED.
CLOCK SECTION: This section facilitates the user to have his choice of external or internal clock
feeding to the sampling section by using a switch (SW4).
SAMPLING CIRCUITRY: The unit has three parts namely, Natural Sampling Circuit, Flat top
Sampling Circuit, and Sample and Hold Circuit.
The Natural sampling section takes sine wave as analog input and samples the analog input at the
rate equal to the sampling signal.
For sample and hold circuit, the output is taken across a capacitor, which holds the level of the samples
until the next sample arrives. For flat top sampling clock used is inverted to that of sample and hold
circuit. Output of flat top sampling circuit is pulses with flat top and top corresponds to the level of analog
signal at the instant of rising edge of the clock signal.
FILTER SECTION: Two types of Filters are provided on board, viz., 2nd Order and 4th Order Low
Pass Butterworth Filter.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
PROCEDURE:
Duty cycle selector switch position : Position 5

Sampling selector switch : Internal position
1. Connect the power cord to the TechBook. Keep the power switch in ‘Off’
position.
2. Connect 1 KHz Sine wave to signal Input.
3. Switch ‘On’ the TechBook's power supply & Oscilloscope.
4. Connect BNC connector to the CRO and to the TechBook’s output port.
5. Select sampling frequency of 8 KHz by Sampling Frequency Selector Switch
pressed till 80 KHz signal LED glows.
6. Observe 1 KHz sine wave and its ‘Sample Output’ on oscilloscope. The display
shows 1 KHz sine wave being sampled at 8 KHz, so there are 8 samples for
every cycle of the sine wave.
7. Connect Sample Output to Fourth Order low pass filter Input and observe the
filtered output on Oscilloscope. The display shows the reconstructed 1 KHz sine
wave.
8. Similarly observe the 1 KHz sine wave and its ‘Sample and Hold’ on
oscilloscope. The display shows 1 KHz sine wave being sampled and hold
signal at 8 KHz.
9. Connect Sample and Hold output to Second Order low pass filter Input and
observe the filtered output on oscilloscope. The display shows the reconstructed
1 KHz sine wave.
Sine wave 1 KHz & Sampling Frequency 8 KHz
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What are the types of sampling?
2.State sampling theorem?
3.What happens when fs < 2 fm ?
4.How will be the reconstructed signal when fs >= 2fm?
5.Explain the operation of sampling circuit?
6. Explain the operation of re-construction circuit?
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Signal Amplitude(volts) Frequency(KHz)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO:7 DATE :
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
AIM: To study Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, using Pulse Amplitude Modulation and
Demodulation and to reconstruct the signals at the Receiver, using Filters.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. TDM PAM Transmitter and Receiver Scientech 2152
2. DC Power Supply for digital communication TechBook
3. 2 mm Banana cable
4. 5 pin Din connector
5. Scientech 831 or equivalent
THEORY:
1. The Onboard Function Generator,
2. The Transmitter,
3. The Receiver with the associated synchronization circuitry.
ONBOARD FUNCTION GENERATOR:

This basically provides four Amplitude Variable each (0 - 5 V) synchronized sine waves, each 250Hz,
500Hz, 1KHz, and 2Khz and an amplitude variable DC level (0-5V).
TRANSMITTER: The Transmitter Section consists of four Analog Input signals from the Function
generator fed to the four channels of the Multiplexer where the signals fed are Time Division
Multiplexed after undergoing the sampling. The sampling process makes the signals Pulse
Amplitude Modulated. The frequencies for sampling are given from the decoder.
RECEIVER: The Receiver Section consists of a Demultiplexer that demultiplexes the four Time
Division Multiplexed signals, which it receives from the transmitter. This Demultiplexed signals
are then fed to the reconstruction circuit, which is the filter section. The receiver timing logic is
very similar to the transmitter timing logic. The demultiplexer based on the control signals C0, C1,
C2, C3 assigns the information to the corresponding channels. The success of the demultiplexer
operation is fully dependent on how exactly, RXCH0, RXCH1, RXCH2, RXCH3 signals match
with the TXCH0, TXCH1, TXCH2, TXCH3 signals. Thus, to ensure the proper demultiplexing,
two dividers are reset by the RXCH0 signal, which corresponds with the TXCH0. The
demultiplexed signals are then given to the corresponding reconstruction units. The signal
reconstruction unit is a 4th order Active Low Pass Butterworth Filter provided for each receiver
channel. They filter out the sampling frequency and their harmonics from the demultiplexed signal
and recover the base band by an integrate action. The cut-off frequency of the 4th Order Low Pass
Butterworth Filter is 3.4KHz.
PROCEDURE:
Initial setup of TechBook:
Function Generator pot direction : Anti clock wise
Duty cycle Position : 4
Delay control : Anti clockwise

Comparator Threshold level : Anti clockwise
Frequency Divider circuit O/P : Highest frequency
1. Connect the power cord to the TechBook. Keep the power switch in ‘Off’
position.
2. Switch ‘On’ the TechBook's Power Supply & Oscilloscope.
3. Connect BNC connector to the CRO and to the TechBook’s output port.
4. Make following links between Signal Generator Unit and the Transmitter
Section
a. DC Level to CH1 I/P
b. ~500Hz to CH2 I/P
c. ~1 KHz to CH3 I/P
d. ~2 KHz to CH4 I/P
Ensure following peak voltage levels at the described test-points by varying the
corresponding potentiometers in the Signal Generator Unit.
a. DC Level : 7 V (at TP18)
b. ~500Hz : 4 V(at TP20)
c. ~1 KHz : 3 V(at TP22)
d. ~2 KHz : 2 V (at TP24)
This will help you to distinguish, the samples in multiplexed condition.
5. Observe the Tx. O/P (TP27) on Oscilloscope.
6. Connect the Tx. O/P to Rx. I/P socket. Also turn the Comparator ‘Threshold
Adjustment’ potentiometer in Clock Recovery (PLL) and Delay Control Logic
block fully clockwise.
7. Keep the toggle switch in downward position.
8. Connect the Oscilloscope’s CH1 at TP31 and observe the comparator's output at
TP31.
9. By varying the ‘DC Level’ (TP6) potentiometer in the Signal Generator Unit
find out the comparator's threshold level to the nearest value.
10. Connect the Oscilloscope’s CH1 at TP13 and CH2 at TP31 and draw the
waveform at TP13 and 31 and compare them.
11. Connect the Oscilloscope CH2 at TP33 PLL sync clock pulse. Draw the
waveform of TP33 while taking TP13 as reference.
Connect the Oscilloscope CH2 at TP32 or TP34 i.e. PLL sync pulse. Draw the
waveform of TP32/ TP34 whilst taking TP13 clock pulse a reference.
12. Set the comparator’s threshold voltage to 3.5V by varying the Threshold
Adjustment potentiometer. Set the peak voltage level of the stated waveforms by
verifying the corresponding potentiometers in the Signal Generator Unit.
a. DC level- 3.5 V (at TP18)
b. ~500Hz - 2V (at TP20)
c. ~1 KHz - 3V (at TP22)
d. ~2 KHz- 4V (at TP24)
13. Observe the output of the comparator block at TP31.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
PAM Modulator
PAM Demodulator
EXP NO:8 DATE :
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM: To Perform Pulse amplitude modulation and Demodulation and to draw the observed waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Scientech 2110 with Power Supply cord

Scientech Oscilloscope with connecting probe
Connecting cords
THEORY:
PAM is the simplest form of data modulation.The amplitude of uniformly spaced pulses is varied
in proportion to the corresponding values of the continuous message m(t).
A PAM consists of a sequence of flat topped pulses.The amplitude of each pulse corresponds to
the value of the message signal x(t) at leading edge of each pulse.
The Pulse amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitude of regularly spaced
rectangular pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous signal in one-one fashion.A
PAM wave is represented mathematically as
Where
x (nTs) represents the nth sample of the message signal x(t)
K is the sampling period
Ka is the constant of amplitude sensitivity
P(t) denotes the pulse.
PAM is of two types
1) Double polarity PAM-This is the PAM wave which consists of both positive and negative pulses.
2) Single polarity PAM-This PAM consists of either negative or positive pulses.In this fixed dc level is
added to the to ensure single polarity signal.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Dual polarity & single polarity PAM:
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as shown in figure
Output of sine wave to modulation signal input in PAM block keeping the
switch in 1 KHz position.
8 KHz pulse output to pulse input.
Switch ‘On’ the Power Supply & Oscilloscope.
Observe the sample outputs at TP (3) together with Modulation signal input TP
(2)and Pulse input TP (1). This is Natural Sampling output.
[CH1(Y) – 2V; CH2(X) – 2V; Time base – 0.2mS]
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
Define PAM in brief?

What are the advantages of using PAM signal?
Give the classification of sampling?
Why flat top sampling is better than natural sampling?
What is the significance of sampling?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PWM Modulator
PWM Demodulator
EXP NO:9 DATE :
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To implement the pulse width modulation & Demodulation circuits and to draw the observed
waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Connecting cords
THEORY:
The Pulse width modulation, the width of each pulse depends on instantaneous voltage of
baseband signal at the sampling instant. The samples of the message signal are used to vary the width of
individual pulse.
There are many forms of modulation for communicating information, when a high frequency
signal has amplitude varied in response to a lower frequency signal. These signals are used for radio
wavelength because the higher frequency carrier signal needs for efficient radiation of the signal. When
communication by pulse was introduced, the amplitude, the frequency and pulse width become possible
modulation option.
For a single phase inverter modulated by a sine tooth comparison, if we compare a sinewave of
magnitude from -2 to +2 with a triangle from -1 to +1 with linear relation from the input signal and
average signal will be lost. Once the same wave reaches the peak of the triangle other pulse will be of
maximum width and modulation will then separate. The modulation length is the ratio of the current
signal to the case when saturation is just starting.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply a trigger signal of frequency 2KHz with amplitude of 5v(p-p).
3. Observe the sample signal at pin 3.
4. Apply the ac signal at pin 5 and vary the amplitude.
5. Note that as the control input is varied output pulse width is also varied.
6. Observe that the pulse width increases during the positive slope condition and decreases under
negative slope condition. Pulse width is maximum at the positive peak and minimum at the
negative of the sinusoidal signal. Record the observations.
7. Feed the PWM waveform to the demodulation circuit and observe the demodulated signal
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Signal Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(Volts)
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
What is meant by sampling?

State Sampling theorem.
What do you understand by pulse width modulation?
What is the effect of varying sampling frequency on pulse width modulation
signal
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Pulse position modulator
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Signal Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(Volts)
EXP NO:10 DATE :
PULSE POSITION MODULATION
AIM: To implement the pulse width modulation circuit and to draw the observed waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Connecting cords
MIC with connecting cord
THEORY:
PPM is the process in which the position of a standard pulse is varied as a function of the
amplitude of the sampled modulating signal.
Assuming the centre of each pulse occurs at the instant of T,2T,… the modulating signal results
the entire pulse by amount of ΔTsin ωt .
The noise produces small disturbing, effects on the time position of the modulating pulse train
and as a result PPM waves have a better performance with respect to signal to noise ratio in comparision
PAM and PWM.
The simplest arrangement for producing PAM pulse train is to produce PWM signal at first and
effected them to monostable multivibrator at the leading edge of each PWM pulse circuit is triggered
while its return to stable state.
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as shown in next figure and also described below for clarity.
• Connect a microphone in MIC socket of audio input block.
• Output of audio input block to input of PPM block.
• Output of PPM block to input of low pass filter block.
• Output of low pass filter block to input of AC Amplifier block.
• Keep the gain preset of AC Amplifier in mid position.
• Connect the output of AC Amplifier block to input of audio output block.
Switch ‘On’ the Power Supply.
You can study the PPM using voice, by observing the waveforms at different
stages.
The input is heard by means of speaker or headphone.
Switch ‘Off’ the Power Supply.
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
EXPECTED WAVWFORMS:

Amplitude & Frequency Modulation Lab Experiments

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Dept of ECE 1Analog Communications Lab

EXP NO:1 DATE :

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Analog board of Scientech 2170J.

s (t)=Ac[1+Kam(t)] cos 2πfct

where Ka is called amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

Modulation index is defined as m=(Vmax –Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)

7. Connect the circuit diagram for Demodulation.

S.No Am(volts) Vmax Vmin m %m

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Draw its spectrum___________

3. Draw the phase representation of an amplitude modulated wave___

4. Modulation index is defined as_____

5. The different degrees of modulation _______

6. What are the limitations of square law modulator __________

7. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators

9. Detection process _________

EXP NO:2 DATE :

DSB-SC MODULATION& DEMODULATION

Name of the component Specification Quantity

This experiment investigates the generation of double sideband amplitude modulated

Signal Amplitude(Volts) Frequency(Hz)

1. The two ways of generating DSB_SC are ________

EXP NO:3 DATE :

FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

1. Analog board of Scientech 2170K.

S.No Am(Volts) Tmax(sec) fmin(kHz) Δf(kHz) β BW

1.Define frequency modulation?

2.Mention the advantages of indirect method of FM generation?

3.Define modulation index and frequency deviation of FM?

4.What are the advantages of FM?

5.What is narrow band FM?

6.Compare narrow band FM and wide band FM?

7.Differrntiate FM and AM?

8.How FM wave can be converted into PM wave?

9,State the principle of reactance tube modulator?

10.Draw the circuit of varactor diode modulator?

11.What is the bandwidth of FM system?

12.Want is the function of FM discriminator?

13.How does ratio detector differ from fosterseely discriminator?

14.What is meant by linear detector?

15.What are the drawbacks of slope detector?

EXP NO:6 DATE :

VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

AIM: To verify the sampling theorem.

Duty cycle selector switch position : Position 5

Sine wave 1 KHz & Sampling Frequency 8 KHz

2.State sampling theorem?

3.What happens when fs < 2 fm ?

4.How will be the reconstructed signal when fs >= 2fm?

5.Explain the operation of sampling circuit?

6. Explain the operation of re-construction circuit?

Signal Amplitude(volts) Frequency(KHz)

EXP NO:7 DATE :

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

ONBOARD FUNCTION GENERATOR:

Delay control : Anti clockwise

EXP NO:8 DATE :

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Scientech 2110 with Power Supply cord

Dual polarity & single polarity PAM:

Define PAM in brief?

What is the significance of sampling?