DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS

Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
1st MIDTERM HAND-OUTS

As we all know, human communication is vital for survival and it is one thing in life that we cannot avoid to do.
Express our thoughts, Exchange ideas, information, and feelings to others emotions communication.

COMMUNICATION – It comes from the Latin word ‘communis’, which means ‘commons’. To be common means “to
come together” or “to commune” – “to share something in common”.
- It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions from one person to another
with the use of symbols which may be verbal and/or non-verbal and aims for understanding.

WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION - To understand ourselves as social being

- To understand ourselves as a person
- To gain professional competence
- To preserve cultural values

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION – sender receiver message channel Noise context feedback

1. Sender - Is the one who initiates the communication.
2. Receiver - Provides the sender with feedback, which may prompt the sender to clarify the message or signal to carry
on as planned.
3. Message - Is made up of the ideas and feelings that a sender-receiver wants to share with others.
a. Verbal symbols – express through words
b. Non-verbal symbols – express through gestures, inflection, tone, etc.
4. Channel - Are means through which we transmit the message in either vocal or non-vocal messages.
a. Vocal messages – are verbal and spoken
b. Non-vocal messages – may be expressed in words or non-verbal symbols
5. Feedback - The behavioral response of the sender-receiver to each other. It is the information that comes back to the
sender of the message and informs how well the message is getting through.
6. Noise - An interference that bars the message from being understood or interpreted.
a. External noise – comes from the physical environment
b. Internal noise – confined within the psychological and sociological nature of individuals when thoughts and
feelings are engrossed on something other than the communication at hand.

PROCESS OF ORAL – encoding transmission receiving decoding responding

1. Encoding - Is everything that goes inside the brain of an individual. It involves the sender who, grounded by
communicative intentions and goals, decides on assigning codes. It is a systematic arrangement of symbols used by
individuals to create meaning.
2. Transmission - Is the process by which the sender, having assigned codes to come up with thought symbols (message)
that are also comprehensible by the participant/s of the communication, transmits or sends message to its recipient..
3. Receiving – Having been submitted through sound waves and light waves, then comes from the sender then reaches the
receiver. It is assumed that the receiver’s attention is focused on the communication at hand to facilitate better
understanding of the message transported by the sender.
4. Decoding – Is the process by which the receiver interprets or assigns meanings to the codes transported by the source.
The receiver tries to give meanings to these symbols which may be literal or may give associations depending on
knowledge and/or experience.
5. Responding – Response is anticipated by the sender form the receiver. Feedback

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Public Mass Communication Technology Mediated
1. Intrapersonal Communication – Operates within the communicator. What to wear for the day what activities to engage
in reflecting different situations talking to oneself
2. Interpersonal Communication – Occurs between two or more people. Private conversations with friends interview
with prospective employer simple group meeting
a. Dyadic or face-to-face Interaction – Is a conversation between two person which usually occurs in an informal
interaction. This interaction provides a great deal of feedback as compared to other types of communication.
b. Small Group Communication – Occurs when each member or participant speaks out or is actively participating
in the process to come up with a consensus. Degree of formality may range from intimate to formal
3. Public Communication – An enlarged form of group communication that involves a resource person addressing a
specific audience. The speaker or the resource person has a message about a certain topic, which he/she has prepared
beforehand and delivers nit before an audience. Feedback is limited.
4. Mass Communication – Has highly structured messages and able to reach a larger number of audiences at the same
time through the use of electronic devices or print media like newspaper and magazines.
5. Technology – Mediated Communication – From electronic emails, texting, instant messaging, social networking,
tweeting, blogs and video conferencing-they all share one thing in common.
FUNCTIONS OF VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal Communication – Serve many different functions in our daily lives. Today, let’s take time to examine six of
the most important kinds, all of which influence our interpersonal communication, and relationships.
a. Sharing Meaning – The most obvious function of verbal communication
a.1. Denotative meaning – literal meaning of your words as agreed upon by members of your culture
a.2. Connotative meaning – when verbally communicating, the deeper understanding of words based on the
situation, and the knowledge the partners communicating share

b. Shaping Thought – Language shapes how we think about things

b.1. Linguistic determinism – the idea that language quite literally defines the boundaries of our thinking.
b.2. Linguistic relatively – people of different cultures perceive and think differently about the same things.

c. Naming – Creating linguistic symbols for objects allows use to communicate meanings about the things in our
lives
e.g. For many years gays and lesbians were refers to as homosexuals. People then shortened it to “homo”
which was then used as a derogatory insult. The populations then began referring to themselves as gay, but no
meaning “joyous and lively” as the term had been previously used.

d. Performing Actions – Every day we make requests, issue, invitations, command things, and even taunt to try to
influence others’ behavior. These are referred to as speech acts, meaning they call for an action.

Representative Commits the speaker to the truth of Assertions or conclusions

what has been said
Directive Attempts to illicit actions from Questions, Requests, or Commands
listeners
Commissive Commits the speaker to future Promise or Threats
actions
Expressive Conveys the emotional state the Thanks, Apologies, or
speaker is experiencing Congratulations
Declarative Produces observable effects Pronouncement of event (ex.
Marriage or being fired)

e. Crafting Conversations – Language meanings, thoughts, names and acts don’t happen in the abstract, they occur
within conversations. There are 4 characteristics fundamental to conversation.
e.1. Interactive – two or ore people are involved
e.2. Local management – we make decisions about who gets to speak, when, and for how long
e.3. Universal – forms the foundation of our interpersonal ties
e.4. Scripts – rigid structures of talk patterns such as the meeting for the first times

f. Managig Relationships – Declaring powerful, intimate feelings to others.

2. Non-verbal Communication
a. Repeating – Nonverbal cues can reiterate verbal communication. Repeating is sequential, not simultaneous.
e.g. “Your significant other tasks if you are having an affair. First, you shake your head no. Then you say,
“no.”
“You ask a stranger in a foreign country what time it is. The stranger doesn’t understand, so you tap the
top of your wrist with your finger.”
b. Contradicting (Conflicting) – Nonverbal cues can signal the opposite of what words mean. We may perceive
others as sending “mixed signal.”
e.g. “Your mouth is saying no, but your body is saying yes.”
“You stifle a yawn with your hand and say to your dinner date, “That’s really fascinating.”
c. Complementing – Nonverbal cues may compliment or reinforce words.
e.g. “While scolding a child a parent points a finger at him or her.”
“A teacher asks if you understand an assignment. You nod your head up and down while saying “yes, I
think so.”
d. Substitute – Nonverbal cues may serve as substitutes or replacements for words. Emblems are nonverbal gestures
that are the equivalent of words.
e.g. “A basketball player makes a choke sign after a player on the other team misses a crucial free throw.”
“A motorist flips you the bird on the freeway.”
e. Accenting/Moderating – Nonverbal cues can amplify or accentuate language.
e.g. “A parent tells a child “It’s bedtime.” The child lays on the floor, kicking and screaming, while saying
“No, no, no, no, no.”
“A guy asks a gal, “Hey, How YOU doin?”
f. Regulating – Making or breaking eye contact to signal turn taking. Using nonverbal cues to cut in or interrupt
someone.
e.g. “Gus puts both elbows on the table and inhales, indicating he is about to speak.”
“An argument about politics starts to erupt at a party. A girlfriend puts her hand on her boyfriend’s
forearm to signal that he needs to calm down.