CN2125 Heat and Mass Transfer

Review #2
8a
 Regime V: WWWR 21-7

1
 k v   L  v  g  h fg  0.4C pv T  
3 4

h  0.62  
v

 Do v Ts  Tsat  

**
11
12
Derivation of Equation WWWR 25-10
CN2125 Heat and Mass Transfer
2017-2018; Final Examination
Open-Book Examination:

1. Textbooks and all references

2. Homework and Tutorial Solutions.
3. Certified calculators.

Answer all questions.

Hot Topics:
I. (1), (2), (3). (i) Steady Heat Conduction: Basic definitions;
II. (4), (5), (6). Differential equations and boundary conditions;
Thermal resistor models for composite walls. Critical
III. (7), (8). thickness of insulation. Uniform and non-uniform heat
generation and the resulting temperature profiles in
different coordinate systems. (ii) Unsteady Heat
Conduction: Lump parameter analysis; Temperature-
Time charts for simple geometrical shape (1-D)
(iii) Energy- and Momentum Transfer Analogies:
Application to pipe flow. (iv) Natural Convection:
Correlations for spheres and cylinders. (v) Natural
convection for vertical and horizontal cylinders. Forced
Convection: Laminar and Turbulent Pipe flows. Cross
flow past through spheres. (vi) Boiling and
Condensation: Nucleate and film boiling; Film
condensation on vertical plate; (vii) heat exchangers;
(viii) Mass Transfer Fundamentals: Estimation of gas
and liquid phase diffusivities. Pore diffusion.
-------------------------------

IV. *****
V. *****
To be addressed by Dr.
Praveen Linga
 CN2125 Heat and Mass Transfer Quiz #1 (8 March, 2018)
Venue: MPSH2A. Time: 10:00-11:00am.
Covering Range: Week 1-5 Materials

Student Name:_________________ Matriculation Number:__________

1. You can estimate the time required to cook fish ball noodles by applying the theory of
unsteady heat conduction in CN2125 Heat and Mass Transfer. It is assumed that the
cooking is done when the center of the fish ball reaches the temperature of 95oC. The fish
balls are 3-cm in diameter, cooked in 100oC water from an initial temperature of 10oC. If
the convective heat-transfer coefficient between the fish-balls and water is 4,000 W/m2-K
and the thermal conductivity (k) and thermal diffusivity () of fish balls are 0.658 W/m-K
and 1.60 x 10-7 m2/s respectively. Construct you solution by referring to Charts for Solution
of Unsteady Transport Problems (see Appendix F3 or equivalent chart in any of the
following textbooks, WWWR, WRF or Wiley Custom Learning Version 2018) to
determine the temperature of the sphere. State your assumptions, if any.

Give your brief answer here:

Bi = hV/kA=3400/0.658*(0.015/3)= 30.395
To use the temperature-time chart (Figure F3) to solve this question.
Y = (100-95)/(100-10) = 0.056
n=0
m = k/hx1= 0.658/(4000*0.015)= 0.0109
Referring to Figure F6, X = 0.39 = t/x12 (0.3<X<0.5 is accepted due to eye-ball
interpolation)

t = 548seconds.
2. A furnace wall consisting of 0.25m of fire clay brick (thermal conductivity kA = 1.13
W/m-K), LB m of kaolin (thermal conductivity kB = 1.45 W/m-K), and a 0.10m outer layer
of masonry brick (thermal conductivity kC = 0.66 W/m-K) is exposed to furnace gas at
1350K with air at 300K adjacent to the outside wall. The inside and outside convective
heat transfer coefficients are 115 and 23 W/m2-K, respectively. Determine the thickness
(LB) of kaolin such that the outside temperature of the masonry brick cannot exceed 320K.

Give your brief answer here:

Ti T0 < 320 K

Air
Air 300K,
1350K, h = 23
kA kB kC
h = 115 W/m2-K
W/m2-K

LA = LB LC =
0.25m 0.1m

Assume A=1 m2

𝑞 = ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐴(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) = 23 × 1 × (320 − 300) 𝑊 = 460 𝑊

1 1
𝑅ℎ𝑖 = = 𝐾/𝑊 = 0.0087 𝐾/𝑊
ℎ𝑖 𝐴 115
1 1
𝑅ℎ𝑜 = = 𝐾/𝑊 = 0.0435 𝐾/𝑊
ℎ𝑜 𝐴 23
𝐿𝐴 0.25
𝑅𝑘𝐴 = = 𝐾/𝑊 = 0.221 𝐾/𝑊
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 1.13
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐵
𝑅𝑘𝐵 = = 𝐾/𝑊
𝑘𝐵 𝐴 1.45
𝐿𝐶 0.1
𝑅𝑘𝐴 = = 𝐾/𝑊 = 0.221 𝐾/𝑊
𝑘𝐶 𝐴 1.13
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐴(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) = 23 × 1 × (320 − 300) 𝑊 = 460 𝑊
 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 1050
𝑞= = = 460
𝑅ℎ𝑖 + 𝑅ℎ𝑜 + 𝑅𝑘𝐴 + 𝑅𝑘𝐵 + 𝑅𝑘𝐶 0.4142 + 𝐿𝐵/1.45

Solve LB=2.7 m
3. Determine the steady-state surface temperature of an electric cable, 25 cm in diameter,
which is suspended horizontally in still air in which heat is dissipated by the cable at a
rate of 27 W per meter of length. The air temperature is 20oC. Since the cable has a
length much greater than its diameter, you can consider a 1-D heat transfer in the radial
direction of the cable. The corresponding heat transfer coefficient (or Nusselt number)
for a horizontal cylinder can be estimated by the Churchill and Chu correlation.

Recommended initial guess for the question is given by 304K. .

Give your brief answer here:

𝐷 = 25 𝑐𝑚 ≡ 0.25𝑚
𝐿 = 10 𝑚
𝑞 𝑊
= 25
𝐿 𝑚
𝑇∞ = 20𝑜 𝐶 ≡ 293 𝐾
Let the initial guess be T = 304 K.
a) Find Tfilm (1 mark)
𝑇 + 𝑇∞
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2
304 𝐾 + 293 𝐾
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = = 298.5 𝐾
2
(1 mark deducted if 𝑻𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎 was not evaluated, 0.5 marks deducted for errors in
calculation)
𝑔𝛽𝜌2
b) Obtain values for , 𝑃𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 using the film temperature evaluated at a) (1 mark)
𝜇2
From Appendix I,
Using linear interpolation, (1 mark)
𝑔𝛽𝜌2
= 1.3636 × 108 𝐾 −1 𝑚−3
𝜇2
𝑃𝑟 = 0.708375
𝑊
𝑘 = 2.6122 × 10−2
𝑚. 𝐾
Note: Values above will differ depending on the Tfilm obtained in a).
[1 mark deducted if interpolation was not done. If interpolation was done, 0.5 – 1
mark is deducted depending on the number of values above that is incorrect. A
maximum of 2 marks is deducted if there is no sign that an Appendix was used in
obtaining the values (taking into account the marks awarded for interpolation and
for correct values).]
c) Calculate Grashof Number, Gr (1 mark)
𝑔𝛽𝜌2 3
𝐺𝑟 = 2 𝐷 ∆𝑇 = 1.3636 × 108 𝐾 −1 𝑚−3 (0.25 𝑚)3 (304 𝐾 − 293 𝐾) = 2.34 × 107
𝜇
(1 mark deducted if the equation used to calculate the Grashof Number is incorrect,
0.5 marks deducted for errors in calculation)
d) Calculate Rayleigh Number, Ra (1 mark)
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟 = 2.344 × 107 (0.708375) = 1.66 × 107
(1 mark deducted if the equation used to calculate the Rayleigh Number is incorrect,
0.5 marks deducted for errors in calculation)

e) Use the correlation by Churchill and Chu provided to calculate the Nusselt Number, NuD
since Ra is within the required range, (1 mark)
2

1
0.387(𝑅𝑎𝐷 )6
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.60 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + ( ) ]
{ Pr }
2

1
0.387(1.66 × 107 )6
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.60 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + (0.708375) ]
{ }

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 32.84

(0.5 - 1 mark deducted for errors in calculation, depending on the severity of the
error)
f) Use the Nusselt Number obtained to determine the heat transfer coefficient, h (1 mark)
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 =
𝑘
𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑘 32.84(2.6122 × 10−2 𝑊 𝑚−1 𝐾 −1 )
ℎ= = = 3.43 𝑊 𝑚−2 𝐾 −1
𝐷 0.25𝑚
(1 mark deducted if the equation used to calculate the Grashof Number is incorrect,
0.5 marks deducted for errors in calculation)
g) Using Newton’s Law of Cooling and the heat transfer coefficient obtained to validate if
the initial guess is accurate (1 mark)
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴𝑆 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞 = ℎ(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞
= 𝜋𝐷ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞
𝐿
𝐿 27𝑊𝑚−1
𝑇= + 𝑇∞ = + 293𝐾 = 303.02 𝐾
𝜋𝐷ℎ 𝜋(0.25𝑚)(3.43 𝑊 𝑚−2 𝐾 −1 )
(1 mark deducted if the equation used to calculate the surface temperature is
incorrect, 0.5 marks deducted for errors in calculation)

Since the surface temperature calculated is quite close to the initial guess (within a
difference of 3K or within 5% deviation), the initial guess is valid and the steady state
surface temperature is 304 K.
(1 mark is deducted if there is no satisfactory conclusion provided)
(A base score of 2 marks is awarded if a general flow of the methods above can be
seen in their answer)
Grader’s Remarks (Shen Ye, Office E4-04-11 / Phone: 93966915, E-mail:
shen_ye@u.nus.edu; Teoh Jia Heng Office E4-04-11 / E-mail: e0225106@u.nus.edu)
Average = 27.84
Standard Deviation = 2.72

Question 1:
Question 1 tests the knowledge of unsteady-state heat transfer. Students need to evaluate
three dimensionless numbers. From eye-ball interpolation on Appendix F3, the reading of
Relative time X can then be calculated.

Common mistakes:
1. Some students calculated the wrong Bi number.
2. Some students failed to get the correct number by eye-ball interpolation. Students should
be aware of the y-axis of figure. X reading between 0.3 to 0.5 is accepted in this question.
3. For sphere, x1 is the radius instead of diameter.

Question 2:
Question 2 is about using thermal circuit-in-series model to calculate the thickness for a
layer material (kaolin) to keep the outside temperature below 320K. Some students
formulated part of the five resistances but did not finish the questions completely to present
the values of LB. Some students had made mistakes in the calculation and obtain wrong
value in LB.

Question 3:
For Question 3, the method was mainly focused on during the grading process. Students
were awarded a large bulk of the marks if they could show the steps to estimate the surface
temperature in an iteration. Students were penalized little for incorrect interpolation,
absence of interpolation, incorrect values and absence of values.
Common mistakes include:
1. Using T = 20 C (temperature of the surrounding air) to determine the properties of air.
The properties of air should be determined at the film temperature.
2. Using the length of the wire and not the diameter of the wire as the characteristic length
when determining the Grashof Number and Nusselt Number.
3. Using the cross-sectional area of the wire and not the surface area of the wire when
applying Newton’s Law of Cooling.
gβρ2
4. Neglecting the fact that the value of directly obtained from the table in the
μ2
Appendix should be further multiplied with 108. There were also instances whereby the
thermal conductivity values (k) directly obtained was not further multiplied with 10-2.
5. Most students used linear interpolation to determine the properties of air at the film
temperature but some students referred to the properties of air at T = 300K instead, which
𝑔𝛽𝜌2
will yield different values, more so for . However, this is a minor issue.
𝜇2

Overall, majority of the students have done well in this question and were able to list down
all the steps required to estimate the surface temperature.
Dear CN2125 Students:

CN2125 Homework Assignment # 2 (Due 11:45am, March 13, 2018)

Attached please find the list of three problems for the second assignment. Please take
note of the extra information and hints given at the end of each question. We will
collect the assignment at the end of our lecture on March 13, 2018@ 11:35am.

Sincerely yours,

Chi-Hwa Wang, Co-instructor CN2125

(1) WWWR 19.26

Water at 60 oF enters a 1-in ID tube which is used to cool a nuclear reactor. The water flow
rate is 30 gal/min. Determine the total heat transfer, exiting water temperature, and the wall
temperature at the exit of a 15-ft long tube if the tube wall condition is one of uniform heat
flux of 500 Btu/hr ft2.

Additional information:
1 gal = 0.133681 ft3 or 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal
At 60 oF,
cp of water = 1.0 Btu/lboF
density of water = 62.3 lbm/ft3
viscosity of water = 0.76  10-3 lbm/ft sec
Pr = 8.07

Hints:
Take the initial guess of wall temperature = 60.6 oF
smooth pipe (roughness, e = 0.0) may be assumed
Prandtl analogy may be applied for turbulent flow

q = 500(15/12) = 1960 Btu/hr

q = mcpT = 1960
1960
T   0.131o F
30
7.48
62.3601.0
Tw,exit = 60.13 oF
T (bulk mean) = (60.13 + 60)/2 = 60.065 oF
Take the initial guess of wall temperature = 60.6 oF
Film temperature = (60.065 + 60.6)/2 = 60.33  60 oF
    
62.3 112 30 7.48  144  4  160
  
Re   83731(turbulent)
0.76  10 3
From Moody diagram, friction factor Cf = 0.00465
Using Prandtl analogy,
 Cf / 2 0.00465/ 2
St    8.6  104
1  5 C f / 2 Pr 1 1  5 0.00465/ 2 8.07  1
 30  144  4  60 
h  vc p St  62.3
7.48
 
1.0 8.6  10  2363Btu / hrft F
4 2

 
Twall (average) = 60.065 + 500/2363 = 60.27  60.3 oF
Twall (exit) = 60.13 + 500/2363 = 60.34 (assuming constant h)

(2) WWWR 21.15

A circular pan has its bottom surface maintained at 200 oF and is situated in saturated steam
at 212 oF. Construct a plot of condensate depth in the pan vs. time up to 1 hr for this
situation. The sides of the pan may be considered non-conducting.

Additional information:
At 212 oF,
thermal conductivity of water = 0.393 Btu/hr ft oF
density of water = 59.8 lbm/ft3
specific latent heat of vaporization = 970 Btu/lbm

At 206 oF,
thermal conductivity of water = 0.392 Btu/hr ft oF
density of water = 60.0 lbm/ft3
specific latent heat of vaporization = 974 Btu/lbm

q T dy
 kL   h fg ; Where T = Tsat –Ts
A y dt
k T
y t

0 ydy  Lh fg 0 dt
y 2 k L T
 t
2  h fg
20.39212
y2  t  1.61 10 4 t
60.0970

t (hr) y (ft  102) y (in)

0 0 0
0.2 0.569 0.0682
0.4 0.804 0.0965
0.6 0.985 0.118
0.8 1.14 0.136
1.0 1.27 0.153
 0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10

y (in)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
t (hr)
(3) WWWR 22.12
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger having one shell pass and eight tube passes is to heat
kerosene from 80 to 130 oF. The kerosene enters at a rate of 2500 lbm/hr. Water, entering
at 200 oF and a rate of 900 lbm/hr, is to flow on the shell side. The overall heat-transfer
coefficient is 260 Btu/hr ft2 oF. Determine the required heat-transfer area.

Additional information:
cp of water = 1.0 Btu/lbm oF
cp of kerosene = 0.51 Btu/lbm oF

Hint:
WWWR Figure 22.9a may be useful for your solution

mk = 2500 lbm/hr, mw = 900 lbm/hr

U = 260 Btu/hr ft2 oF
2500130  800.51
Tw   70.8
900
Tw,out = 129 oF
70  49
LMTD   58.9 o F
ln 70
49
q 2500500.51
A   4.16
U  LMTD 58.9260
From Figure 22.9a,
130  80 50
Y   0.416
200  80 120
200  129 71
Z   1.4
130  80 50
F = 0.83
A = 4.16/0.83 = 5.01 ft2
Grader Remarks: (Teoh Jia Heng, Office E4-04-11 / E-mail: e0225106@u.nus.edu;
Li He, Office E4-04-11 / E-mail: e0225080@u.nus.edu)

Class average: 29.25

Standard deviation: 3.864

Q1: 10 marks
Q2: 10 marks
Q3: 10 marks

Question 1:
This question involves convective heat transfer between the wall of a pipe and the water
flowing in this pipe. Most students were able to provide each requirement of the question.
For the third requirement, students either showed the average wall temperature or the
wall temperature at the exit, both of which are correct as the difference between these two
values are negligible.
Common mistakes include:
1. Providing a friction factor that is incorrect.
2. Miscalculating the Reynolds Number and from the incorrect value, deducing that the flow in
the pipe is laminar. The flow should in fact be turbulent.
3. Neglecting to use the Prandtl Analogy that is stated in the question. Since the flow is
turbulent, the use of the Prandtl Analogy is justified.
4. Substituting wrong values into equations and obtaining incorrect values even though their
equations and substitutions are correct. Very little marks are deducted from this error.

Question 2:
This question tests students’ knowledge of film condensation. Most students solve it
correctly. Some of them did not use the property at the right reference temperature. One
common mistake found during grading was the inappropriate drawing of the plot. Some
penalty marks were given to this type of mistake.

Question 3:
Question 3 is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger problem. This question tests students’
knowledge of heat exchanger design. Many students failed to get the correct log mean
temperature difference. They used the temperature difference between the two ends of each
stream instead of the temperature difference of the two streams at each end. One common
mistake was found during the grading: When calculating log mean temperature, Δ𝑇1 and
Δ𝑇2 are the temperature difference of the two fluids at respective position, as shown in the
following figure.
Figure 22.7 WWWR