Progymnosperm

The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to
Progymnosperm
have evolved from the trimerophytes, and eventually gave rise to the gymnosperms.[1] They have
been treated formally at the rank of division Progymnospermophyta or class Temporal range:
Progymnospermopsida (as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle Devonian–Mississippian
Middle Devonian order the Aneurophytales, with forms such as Protopteridium, in which the
PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PgN
vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.[2] Tetraxylopteris is another
example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as Aneurophyton
these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,[3] and eventually during Late
Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the pteridosperm order,
the Lyginopteridales. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the
first really large trees known as Archaeopteris.

Other characteristics:

Vascular cambium with unlimited growth potential is present as well asxylem and
phloem.
Ancestors of the earliestseed plants as well as the first true trees. Archaeopteris fossil leaves
Strong monopodial growth is exhibited. Scientific classification
Some were heterosporous but others were homosporous.
Division: Tracheophytes
Class: †Progymnospermopsida
Contents
Orders
Phylogeny
Taxonomy †Aneurophytales
References
†Protopityales
External links
†Archaeopteridales

Phylogeny
[4][5]
Progymnosperms are a paraphyletic grade of plants.

†Rhyniopsida

Lycopodiophytina (Clubmosses, Spikemosses & Quillworts)

†Eophyllophyton

†Trimerophytopsida

Moniliformopses Polypodiophytina (Ferns)

Tracheophyta
†Pertica

†Aneurophytopsida
Progymnosper
Radiatopses †Archaeopteridopsida
Lignophytes
Metalignophytes †Protopityales Nemejc 1963

Spermatophytina (Seed plants)

Taxonomy
An updated classification of Progynopserms based on the work by Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015[6] with plant taxon authors from Anderson,
Anderson & Cleal 2007[7]

Genus †Pertica Kasper & Andrews 1972

Order †Cecropsidales Stubblefield 1969

Family †Cecropsidaceae Stubblefield 1969

Order †Protopityales Nemejc 1963

Family †Protopityaceae Solms-Laubach 1893

Class †Noeggerathiopsida Krysht. 1934

Order †Noeggerathiales Darrah 1939

Family †Noeggerathiaceae Göpp. ex von Eichwald 1854

Order †Discinitales Doweld 2001

Family †Discinitaceae Gao & Thomas 1994

Order †Tingiales Zimmermann 1959

Family †Tingiaceae Koidzumi 1938 [Tingiostachyaceae Gao 1987]

Class †Aneurophytopsida Bierhorst ex Takhtajan 1978 [Protopteridiopsida]

Order †Aneurophytales Kräusel [Protopteridiales Hoeg 1942]

Family †Aneurophytaceae Kräusel & Weyland 1941 [Protopteridiaceae (Kräusel 1932) Kräusel & Weyland 1941]
Family †Protokalonaceae Barnard & Long 1975
Class †Archaeopteridopsida Takhtajan 1978

Order †Archaeopteridales Zimmermann 1930 [Siderallales Nemejc 1963; Svalbardiales Nemejc 1963]

Family †Archaeopteridaceae Schmalhausen 1894 [Siderallaceae Nemejc 1961; Svalbardiaceae (Zimmermann 1950) Novak 1961]

References
1. Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W. (1993). Paleobiology and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 521pp.
2. Lang, W. H. (1925). "Contributions to the study of the Old Red Sandstone flora of Scotland. I. On plant-remains from the fish-beds of
Cromarty. II. On a sporangium-bearing branch-system from the Stromness Beds."Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 54:
253-279.
3. Serlin, B. S. & Banks, H. P. (1978). "Morphology and anatomy ofAneurophyton, a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New
York. Palaeontographica Americana,8: 343-359.
4. Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",American Journal of Botany, 91: 1683–99,
doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683(https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683), PMID 21652317 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2165231
7)
5. Pelletier (2012). "Empire biota: taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed". Lulu.com: 354.
ISBN 1329874005.
6. Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni (2015). "Modern plant systematics". Liga-Pres: 685.
doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164(https://doi.org/10.131
40/RG.2.1.4745.6164). ISBN 978-966-397-276-3.
7. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007). "Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity
, phytogeography and ecology".
Strelitzia. SANBI. 20: 280. ISBN 978-1-919976-39-6.

External links
Progymnospermophyta
Botany: an introduction to plant biology

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