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ABSTRACT
KRAEMER, W. J., and N. A. RATAMESS. Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 674-688, 2004. Progression in resistance training is a dynamic process that requires an exercise
prescription process, evaluation of training progress, and careful development of target goals. The process starts with the determination
of individual needs and training goals. This involves decisions regarding questions as to what muscles must be trained, injury prevention
sites, metabolic demands of target training goals, etc. The single workout must then be designed reflecting these targeted program goals
including the choice of exercises, order of exercise, amount of rest used between sets and exercises, number of repetitions and sets used
for each exercise, and the intensity of each exercise. For progression, these variables must then be varied over time and the exercise
prescription altered to maintain or advance specific training goals and to avoid overtraining. A careful system of goal targeting, exercise
testing, proper exercise technique, supervision, and optimal exercise prescription all contribute to the successful implementation of a
resistance training program. Key Words: STRENGTH, MUSCLE, EXERCISE PROGRAM DESIGN, CONDITIONING
individual's strength profile for a variety of muscles. Fur- design in untrained individuals as these individuals (1o not
thermore, one must understand the basic physiological ad- appear to be sensitive to either volume, or in some cases
aptations associated with strength-training programs. intensity, this early in training. Therefore, it is recom-
mended that a general program design be used with these
GENERAL-TO-SPECIFIC MODEL OF individuals.
PROGRESSION Longer-term studies (i.e., 16 wk and longer) have clearly
There have been a limited number of studies that exam- demonstrated the need for training variation (56,64,69,106).
ined different models of progression over long-term resis- Performance plateaus have been observed with noriperi-
tance training. Most resistance training studies have been odized programs whereas periodized resistance training has
short-term (i.e., 6-24 wk) and have used mostly previously been shown to continually increase performance over 24 wk
untrained individuals. All of these studies have shown sig- of training. In a recent study, Marx et al. (69) showed that
nificant improvements in muscular strength during the similar improvements were observed during the first 3
short-term. However, little is known about adaptations and months of training comparing a nonperiodized single-set
improvements in strength in response to lunger training (8-12 repetitions) with a periodized, multiple-set program.
periods. Resistance-trained individuals have shown. a slower However, only the periodized multiple-set group improved
rate of progression (38,41). In addition, advanced lifters over the subsequent 3 months of training. These firdings
have demonstrated a complex cyclical pattern of training were similar to those reported by Kraemer et al. (64), who
variation to optimize performance (38-41). It appears from examined periodized multiple-set training versus single-set
the available literature that resistance-training progression nonperiodized training in women collegiate tennis p.ayers
occurs in an orderly manner from a general program design over 9 months. The nonperiodized group improved over the
initially to a more specific design with higher levels of first 3 months only whereas the periodized training group
training when the rate of improvement becomes slower (see improved over the entire 9-month period. These data dem-
Fig. 1). For example, most studies using untrained individ- onstrate the importance of varying the progression of resis-
uals have shown great improvements regardless of the type tance training. Therefore, advanced training targeting pro-
of training program (37). This has been evident in both the gression is more complex and requires great variation
volume and intensity (4,101) chosen. Loads of < 45-50% of specific to training goals. Figure 1 is a simplified schematic
1 RM and less (i.e., performed with very high repetitions) representing a theoretical continuum of the amount of vari-
may increase strength in untrained individuals (4,101), ation needed in resistance training for progression The
whereas trained lifters appear responsive only to heavier narrow segment of the triangle (e.g., novice) suggests lim-
loading (35,38). It is difficult to differentiate program ited variation is needed in this population, as most programs
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