Transmission Line Guidelines

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR
TRANSMISSION LINES
within the
SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL REGION
SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL

ENVIRONMENTAL SUBCOMMITTEE
FINAL DRAFT
August 1999
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Southern African Power Pool Environmental Sub-committee (EnvSC) would like to
acknowledge the assistance and guidance of compiling this EIA Guideline for
Transmission Lines to our friends and working colleagues at the E7. In addition, we
would like to highlight the support and encouragement from the African team of
specialists at The World Bank. Together, the E7 and the World Bank, contributed by
encouraging the EnvSC to continue with this document which is hoped to be the first of
many to guide the regional utilities on sound environmental management practices.
Special thanks must be given to the Zambian Electricity Supply Company (ZESCO) and
South Africa’s Eskom team of EIA specialists in drafting and reviewing manuscripts.
Without their energy and expertise on this document, it is unlikely that the document
would have been completed. Numerous drafts and various e-mails were sent between
the various parties and the peer reviewers (E7 and the World Bank).
Lastly, a warm thank you to all the members of the 1998-99 SAPP EnvSC and the
Management Committee without whom this document would not have been supported
and completed.
Catherine Fedorsky, Chair

SAPP Environmental Sub-committee
August 1999
SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 2

August 1999
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................2
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................4
1.1 WHAT IS THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL (SAPP) .................................................4
1.2 WHAT IS THE SAPP ENVIRONMENTAL SUB-COMMITTEE?..................................................5
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE SAPP EIA GUIDELINES.........................................................................5
1.4 GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES ................................................................6
2.0 PROJECT PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................7
2.1 WHAT IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) ................................................7
2.2 WHY AN EIA?...................................................................................................................7
2.3 STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT IN THE EIA ........................................................................8
2.3.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION.....................................................................................................8
3.0 TRANSMISSION LINES EIA PROCESS IN THE PROJECT CYCLE...............................9
3.1 CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SITING PROCESS AND EIA..............................9
3.2 PROJECT PROPONENT FOR TRANSMISSION LINES.........................................9
3.3 PROJECT PREPARATION ......................................................................................9
3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING FOR TRANSMISSION LINES ..........................12
3.5 PROJECT BRIEF ...................................................................................................12
3.6 SCOPING FOR TRANSMISSION LINES...............................................................15
3.7 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY FOR TRANSMISSION LINES ............15
3.7.1 COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ..............................................................16
3.8 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR TRANSMISSION LINES .....................................16
3.8.1 WHERE IN THE EIA DO THEY OCCUR?..............................................................17
3.8.2 WAYLEAVE SIZES ................................................................................................17
3.8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................17
3.8.4 MONITORING ........................................................................................................19
3.8.5 AUDITING ..............................................................................................................18
4.0 REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION .......................................................................18
4.1 Contents of the EIA Report.....................................................................................20
5.0 REVIEW AND DECISION-MAKING .............................................................................20
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................21
APPENDIX 1 - SUGGESTED STRUCTURE OF THE EIA REPORT. ...............................................23
APPENDIX 2.- SUGGESTED SITING PROCESS ........................................................................244
TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
TABLE 1 – EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
FOR TRANSMISSION LINES………………………………………………………………………….18
TABLE 2 – SUGGESTED POWER LINE WAYLEAVE SIZES…………………………………..19
FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………………………
FIGURE 1 – THE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE SAPP……………………………….5
FIGURE 2 – THE EIA PROCESS IN THE PROJECT CYCLE…………………………………..10
FIGURE 3 – ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE (AS PER THE
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT POLICY)……………………………………………………….11

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) power utilities and other non-
SADC utilities entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in May 1995 in the
desire to participate in a regional power pool under the name Southern African Power
Pool (SAPP). The objective of the SAPP is…’to provide reliable and economical electric-
supply to the consumers of each of the SAPP members consistent with reasonable
utilisation of natural resources and effect on the environment….’ ‘…The purpose is to
establish the basic principles under which the SAPP will operate, inter alia: a) the co-
ordination of and the co-operation in the planning and operation of the various systems
to minimise costs while maintaining reliability and, b) the full recovery of costs and the
equitable sharing of the resulting benefits…’ (SAPP Inter-Utility MOU, 1995).
The SADC Ministers and officials shall be responsible for policy matters under the
control of individual national administrative and legislative mechanisms that regulate the
relations between the Government and its respective power utility. Requests for
membership by non-SADC countries and major policy issues shall be referred by the
Executive Committee to the SADC Energy Ministers (Figure 1).
The Executive Committee represents the Chief Executives of each of the members of
the SAPP. This committee shall act as the Board of the SAPP. Its duties are described
further in Article 10 of the MOU.
The Management Committee oversees the administrative issues of the SAPP. If for
whatever reason, the Management Committee cannot address an issue or exceeds its
authority, it shall refer the matter to the executive Committee. This committee’s duties
are described in Article 11 of the MOU.
The three Sub-committees, i.e. Planning, Operation, and Environmental report directly to
the Management Committee. Their duties are listed in Articles 13, 14 and 15
respectively of the MOU.
The SAPP Co-ordination Centre reports to the Chairperson of the Operating Sub-
committee. Its duties are defined through an agreement between the Operating
Members of the SAPP.
The Technical and Administrative Unit of the Energy Sector of SADC (TAU) provides a
secretariat to the SAPP Executive Committee. It advises the Executive Committee on
relevant SADC rules, regulations, and objectives. The TAU’s duties are listed in article
12 of the MOU.
SADC Energy Ministers and Officials

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SADC Technical and Administrative Unit of the Energy
Sector
SAPP Executive Committee
SAPP Management Committee
SAPP Sub-committees
Planning Operation Environmental
SAPP Co-ordination Centre
Figure1 The Management Structure of the SAPP
1.2 What is the SAPP Environmental Sub-Committee?
The Environmental Sub-Committee is one of the three Sub-committees within the SAPP.
The Sub-committee’s duties as described in Article 15.4 are:
• to offer direction to the Management Committee on environmental matters,
• keep abreast of World and Regional environmental matters,
• liase with government environmental agencies,
• report all findings and recommendations to the Management Committee and
Planning and Operation Sub-committees, and
• carry out other functions and activities as assigned or approved by the Management
Committee.
In addition, the Environmental Sub-committee will:

• play an advisory role to the Management Committee and Planning and Operation
Sub-committees,
• liase with local, national, regional and international environmental organisations, and
• provide a peer review to members of the SAPP in environmental management.
1.3 Purpose of the SAPP EIA Guidelines
The SAPP Environmental Sub-committee identified the need for EIA Guidelines for
Transmission Lines as the first priority amongst a family of EIA Guidelines. The Sub-
committee has also proposed EIA Guidelines for Thermal Plant and for Hydro Schemes.

August 1999
The purpose for SAPP EIA Guidelines is to assist stakeholders in Southern African
Region participating in or conducting an EIA within the power utility sector. As more
transmission projects cut across borders, as joint projects require co-operation of two or
more utilities and as these projects seek international funding, there is a greater need for
a concerted effort to streamline the EIA process and improve co-ordination amongst the
member utilities. From the SAPP point of view, it makes good business sense to
document and harmonise our environmental management requirements.
Many of the international funding bodies have their own EIA requirements. In these
cases, a project will have to comply with that body’s directives/guidelines. The SAPP
EIA Guidelines do not intend to replace either the international funding requirements nor
the individual country’s legislation. Their purpose is to supplement these mandates.
1.4 Goals, Objectives and Guiding Principles
As highlighted in an Environmental Impact Assessment – Framework for Africa - UNEP

(1994), to be sustainable, a development project must address economic, socio-political
and environmental issues. An EIA should be seen as part of the project development
proposal and not as a separate process. Together, the SAPP Planning and
Environmental Sub-committees support improving project planning by incorporating
environmental management considerations into the decision-making process.
The above mentioned Framework identifies and lists the following goals, objectives and
guiding principles:
Goal – To promote environmentally sustainable livelihoods and development
Long-term Objectives
• Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources,
• Protection and enhancement of the quality of all forms of life,
• Promotion of public awareness on environmental issues,
• Strengthening and building capacities to carry out EIA,
• Integration of environmental considerations in development planning process,
• Generation, storage, and dissemination of environmental information, and
• Linking grassroots development strategies to global and international initiatives.
Short-term Objectives (Project Specific)

• To assess the nature, intensity and duration of impacts, positive and / or negative, to
proposed development projects,
• To assist in decision-making with regard to costs and benefits of proposed
development projects,
• To promote local community and public participation in the EIA process, and
• To promote social and cultural considerations in project design.

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Guiding Principles
• Adoption of appropriate policies and legislation to guide the EIA process,
• All development projects to be subjected to the EIA process,
• Equity in allocation of and access to resources, poverty elimination, and promotion of
social justice,
• Popular participation of all affected and interested parties including grassroots
communities, in the EIA process,
• Accountability of all participating parties to the public,
• Transparency throughout the EIA process,
• The EIA process to take special consideration of the role played by women and
children in resource management and any impacts on these groups,
• The EIA process to be a tool in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods and
sustainable living.
The SAPP while not endorsing this list does support the general principles set out by
this framework.
2.0 PROJECT PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1 What is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The EIA is a planning process used to help ensure that environmental matters are taken
into account early in the project planning process, along with the more traditional
technical and economic considerations. It is a valuable tool that enables undesirable
effects on the environment that may arise from the implementation of a project to be
identified and avoided. It is an aid to planners, and decision and policy makers. An EIA
facilitates the following:
• Identifies adverse environmental problems as well as benefits that might be expected
to occur,
• Allows the incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures into a project,
• Identifies the critical problems which require further study or monitoring, and
• Enables the selection of optimal alternatives from the various relevant options
available.
2.2 Why an EIA?
Today, most financial institutions and assistance agencies funding development projects
have a built-in requirement for EIA. Some countries also have legislative requirements to
conduct a satisfactory EIA before a project can proceed.
EIA is intended to prevent or minimise potentially adverse environmental impacts and

enhance the overall quality of a project. The EIA process allows environmental issues to
be addressed in a timely and cost-effective way during project design, preparation and
implementation. EIA can therefore help reduce overall project costs, assist in completing

August 1999
projects on schedule and help design projects which are acceptable to stakeholders.
The EIA is not meant to replace traditional appraisal tools such as technology
assessment, instead it complements them. It is also important to take into account
socio-economic effects of the projects.
EIA is usually applied at the project level, however, there is a need to institutionalise EIA
in policy and planning activities to ensure that the environmental effects of policies can
be evaluated in a much wider context and the cumulative effects assessed and
monitored.
2.3 Stakeholders involvement in the EIA
Public and stakeholder involvement in the EIA process is now widely recognised as
being an essential component. It leads to better and more acceptable decision-making.
This can help to identify whether all impacts have been included and whether all risk
groups have been identified.
Taking stakeholders viewpoints into account improves project viability. The World Bank
(1991) has found that where such views are seriously considered and incorporated in
the EIA process, projects are likely to be more successful. Public and stakeholder
involvement is particularly important during the scoping, impact assessment, and
mitigation phases of an EIA. During scoping, public involvement is undertaken to ensure
that all the significant issues are identified, local information about the project is
gathered and alternative ways of achieving the project objectives are considered. Public
involvement is particularly important in understanding the nature and extent of potential
socio-cultural impacts
The form of participation needs to be realistic and participants need to be able to see
that they can influence the direction of a project. Participation has the advantages that it
can help to demonstrate that vested interests are not having an undue influence and it
can play a role by promoting dialogue in consensus building.
2.3.1 Public consultation
There should be adequate public consultation and participation in all the phases of a
project. This helps in the identification of preferred project alternatives. The objective
being to give the affected people a chance to influence the direction of the development
project with a view to enhancing their well being (World Bank, 1987). Different countries
have different requirements for consultation but the general format is that meetings are
conducted at which the proponent explains all aspects of the project and seeks
stakeholders’ views. Together any likely impacts to arise out of the project
implementation are identified and mitigation measures proposed.
Consultation in the EIA process is of paramount importance and should be a continuous

process from scoping, during EIA Study report preparation, draft EIA report and during

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EIA finalisation and review.
After the Environmental Management plan (EMP) has been prepared, it should be
disseminated as widely as possible to enable the concerned parties to comment on it.
Adequate time should be allowed for review of the findings and recommendations before
public hearings are held. After the EIA has been finalised, the EIA report should be
made available for public consumption and review.
3.0 TRANSMISSION LINES EIA PROCESS
The Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) should be linked with the project cycle
as early as possible. This should be initiated at the project identification phase. When
pre-feasibility studies are being undertaken, the screening process should also begin.
Route selection is one of the most important tasks . Refer to Figure 2 and 3.
3.1 Correlation between the Siting Process and EIA
The siting process identifies the best route for transmission lines through an analysis of
alternatives taking into account constraints on social and natural environment. It is of
vital importance for minimising the impacts of the lines. There is a close relationship
between siting, design process and the EIA. An EIA should report the description of the
selected route, the alternative routes and the justification for the choice. Appendix 2
describes the phases of the selection of the best route and, in general, the siting
process.
3.2 Project proponent for Transmission Lines
The project proponent may be private, government or any organisation whose intention
is to undertake a project which might have both negative and positive impacts on the
environment (biological, physical or socio-cultural).
3.3 Project preparation
Central to any transmission line EIA is project planning which will assist decision makers
in implementation. There are several preparatory steps that need to be done before an
EIA can be carried out. The recommended steps include but are not limited to:

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PROJECT EIA TASKS
PHASES
PROJECT Environmental screening,

identification of issues, begin
FORMULATION
consultation with affected groups,
(identification of project
establish baseline data, examine
parameters,
alternatives, justify the selected route,
pre-feasibility, feasibility,
assess impacts and possible
route selection)
mitigation measures, economic
analysis, EIA report prepare
DETAILED Incorporate improvements and

PROJECT DESIGN mitigation measures
PROJECT Review EIA procedures and

APPRAISAL findings, review institutional
arrangements
PROJECT Construction – Identify possible

IMPLEMENTATION changes in physical infrastructure and
their impact on the environment.
Operation and production – Quantify
major detrimental effects of inputs,
outputs and waste.
Monitor and report on quality of

environment, compliance with any
MONITORING agreements / conditions.
Recommend measures to mitigate
unforeseen effects
Evaluation of treatment of anticipated

/ unexpected environmental impacts.
EVALUATION Preparation of Project Completion
report, including state of the
environment
Apply EIA
knowledge
with other
projects
Figure 2: The EIA Process in the Project Cycle
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

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SUBMISSION
PROJECT / POLICY REGISTRATION
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL
Notify interested & affected parties
Establish policy, legal and administrative requirements
Consult relevant ministries / interested & affected parties
Identify alternatives and issues
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSAL
Significant impact No significant impact
• Objections
• Terms of reference
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT NO FORMALASSESSMENT

• Scoping
• Investigation
• Revise proposal
• Report
Information required REVIEW

Authority
Approved Specialist Not approved
Public
CONDITIONS OF
APPROVAL
• Management plan
• Environmental contract
RECORD OF DECISION APPEAL RECORD OF DECISION
IMPLEMENT PROPOSAL
MONITORING Recommendations
Possible steps
Required steps
AUDITING
Figure 3: Environmental Assessment Procedure (as per the Environmental Assessment Policy)
• establish legal requirements

• establish policy requirements

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• establish administrative requirements
• consult authorities to be affected or interested and affected parties e.g. NGOs
and public interest groups.
3.4 Environmental Screening for Transmission Lines
Environmental screening is undertaken during project identification and pre-feasibility

studies (Figure 2 & 3). The purpose of screening is to categorise whether or not a
project requires a full EIA, partial EIA or no EIA at all. This is because certain projects
may have less impact than others (World Bank, 1991). For example, the World Bank
has four screening categories namely:
Category A: An EIA is normally required because the project may have diverse
significant impacts (projects in this category are forestry, large industrial plants, irrigation
and drainage, mineral development (including oil and gas), pipelines (oil, gas, water),
resettlement, rural roads, tourism, urban development, large transmission lines, etc.).
Category B: A limited environmental analysis is appropriate, as the project may have

specific environmental impacts. Projects in this category include agro-industries (small
scale), aquaculture & marineculture, small industries, mini-hydropower station, public
facilities (hospitals, schools, housing complexes, rural electrification,
telecommunications, small-scale tourism, rural water supply, etc.
Category C: Environmental analysis is normally unnecessary, as the project is unlikely

to have significant environmental impacts. Projects in this category include education,
family planning, nutrition, institutional development, technical assistance, etc.
Category D: Environmental projects for which separate EIAs are not required, as the
environment is the major focus of project preparation.
It is important to note that each country may have its own categorisation procedures in
the screening process but harmonising procedures is essential where joint or trans-
boundary projects are concerned.
3.5 Project Brief
A project brief is necessary for the Authority concerned with environmental conservation
issues to determine the category of the project. This arises out of the screening process
which assesses the cost or benefit of the particular project. The Project Brief should
include:
• description of existing environment of the project site

• objectives and characteristics of the project and reasonable alternatives
• major activities that will be conducted during site preparation, construction
and during operational stage
• specification of materials to be used

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• products and by products including liquid and solid waste
Once the project brief is finalised, it should be sent to the authorising agency for review.
It is important to note that this may not be a requirement in some countries.
It is at this stage that the transmission line EIA Terms of Reference (TOR) are prepared.
Issues to be considered in preparing the TORs should include but not limited to the
following: (GRZ, 1997)
♦ Objectives of the Transmission line EIA

• project activities
• problems being addressed
• Planning of the transmission line

• need for the transmission line
• long term validity of the project
• project design
• project implementation, operation and maintenance
♦ Legal and Policy framework

• summary of important environmental legislation and regulations
• International protocol and local environmental policies
• planning of future constraints (future natural parks, road and railways
construction)
♦ Route selection
• criteria for route selection
• analysed route alternatives
• description of the selected route and reasons of the choice
♦ Territory description around the line route

• geographic data (information on topography, orography, hydrography, geology,
seismology, etc)
• data related to human activities (population presence and density, land use,
infrastructures such as airport and highways, natural parks, naturalistic trails)
♦ Environmental impact identification and assessment

• Identification of all environment issues relevant to the different phases of the
specific project (construction, operation)
• Identification of the area of impact around the line
Hereafter are the reported potential environmental issues:

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♦ Public health
• electric and magnetic field requirements
♦ Ecological considerations
• effect on flora and fauna
• effect on endangered species
• effect on soil
• effect on breeding populations of fish and wildlife
• effect on wetlands, rivers, aquifer, if any
• effect on aerial extent of their habitat
♦ Social, economic and cultural including

• employment
• social disruption (resettlement)
• migration or immigration
• communication (roads opened up, closed, re-routed, etc)
• local economic impacts
♦ Landscape
• area opened up or closed
• visual impacts
• blending with surroundings
• recreation facilities
♦ Landuse
• effect on landuse
• possible multiple uses
♦ Water
• effect on surface water
• effect on underground water
• effect on flow regimes
♦ Mitigation and Monitoring

• comprehensive and detailed plan of mitigation measures
• compensation schemes, training
• monitoring plans.
♦ Conclusions and Recommendations

• summary findings
• economic benefits, etc.

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3.6 Scoping for Transmission Lines
Scoping is an important component in EIA methodology. During scoping, main

environmental and social issues are identified. The depth of analysis required for each
impact is also identified and stated in the TOR (Doreey, 1997). This mainly aims at:
• Providing an opportunity for consultants, relevant authority, project proponent,

interested parties and affected parties to express their views and concerns regarding
the proposal before an EIA proceeds.
• To focus the study on key and relevant issues for quick decision making.
• To facilitate an efficient assessment process that saves resources, time, cost and
delays. The proponent or their consultant is responsible to arrange for scoping
exercises in the study area.
• Identifying potential stakeholders with an interest in the project.
3.7 The Environmental Impact Assessment for Transmission Lines
Once the scoping exercise has identified the key issues to be included in the EIA, the
next step in the EIA process is to carry out a detailed study of the key impacts. At the
same time it is important to explain why some impacts are considered insignificant
(Dorcey, 1997). According to Roe et al (1995), the study should ensure that it attempts
to answer the following questions:
• What environmental and social impacts will occur as a result of the project?
• What will be the extent, magnitude and duration of the impacts?
• What will be the significance of these impacts within the local, national, regional, and
international context?
• What can be done to mitigate, reduce, or avoid altogether the negative impacts, or
optimise positive impacts?
• What residual impacts might need compensation?
Many methods have been proposed to carry out the study. These include matrices,
questionnaires, checklists, overlays, networks, models and simulations. The simplest
method, according to Roe et al (1995), is to compile a list of key impacts that were
identified in the EIAs of other similar studies and compare them to the proposed project.
The study should also identify and assesses alternatives to the project. Only the best
alternative (one with the least adverse impacts) should be selected based on less
negative impacts and cost-benefit analysis. An important alternative to be analysed
always is the “no project”. This is a very important analysis because it helps the
proponents measure the impacts from the project against those which would have taken
place without the project.
The team undertaking the EIA should be multi-disciplinary in nature. The World Bank
suggests that the team should include but not be limited to an ecologist, biologist,

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archaeologist, social scientist, soil scientist, economist/demographer, engineer, etc.
Some countries in the region may request the participation of a local consultant familiar
with the project area.
Public meetings within the project area are recommended as an integral part of the EIA
study. Some countries in the region request that public hearing meetings are publicised
in the press. These meetings enable interested and affected parties to contribute their
concerns which might have been overlooked during the scoping exercise. The public
meetings should be chaired by an independent person not affiliated to the project
proponent. Minutes of the public meetings and any other correspondence from
stakeholders should be kept. They will form part of the EIA report (as appendices).
3.7.1 Common Environmental Impacts
The most common environmental impacts related to transmission power lines include:
• effects on existing land use (land value, ecologically sensitive cites, existing utilities
e.g. telecommunications),
• visual intrusion on the landscape,
• increased erosion and interference with local drainage patterns,
• increased access and its associated effects (from the transmission line itself or
construction and maintenance roads),
• hazard of electrical shock and strike to birds or other wildlife, and
• potential localised human health problems.
Improve access for humans and wildlife to certain areas can also be considered a
positive effect of transmission power lines right of way / wayleave size. The right of way /
wayleave sizes provide areas for grazing and other agricultural uses. The increased
"edge effect" habitat created by the right of way / wayleave size can be beneficial to
some wildlife species if vegetation control is properly managed. (African Development
Bank, 1997)
An environmental input at the design stage can help to reduce the above adverse
environmental impacts and to enhance the positive impacts. Impacts on the environment
can be minimised during the construction and operational phases, by strictly adhering to
the design and environmental guidelines. Environmental impacts associated with
transmission lines are summarised in Table 2.
3.8 Mitigation Measures for Transmission Lines
As the World Bank (1991) notes “electric power transmission systems include the
transmission line, its right of way (ROW), switchyards, and access or maintenance
roads”. Construction of these systems affects several resources within and sometimes
beyond the ROW.

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3.8.1 Where in the EIA Do They Occur?
The mitigation measures are taken after assessing and predicting the likely impacts. The
assessment and prediction is done on relation to the likelihood of occurrence, magnitude
of the impact and significance of impact. If the evaluation concludes that the impacts are
significant, then the next step is for the EIA to propose measures to do one or all of the
following: prevent adverse impact, reduce / decrease its magnitude, rectify impact or
compensate for loss of resources. These measures are normally presented in an
Environmental Management Plan, (EMP) (Harou, 1995). Mitigation measures are
determined by the type of resource to be affected. Refer to Table 1.
3.8.2 Wayleave Sizes
In some countries the size of the right of way / weayleave size is determined by the
height of the power line pylons (towers). This is in view of minimising impacts in case of
tower collapse. The size of the right of way / wayleave size may also depend upon the
landuse of the area to be traversed by the powerline. Refer to Table 2 for suggested
right of way / wayleave size for transmission lines.
In general, servitudes, right-of-way, and wayleave tend to mean the same thing.
However, in some counties e.g. South Africa and Swaziland there is a distinction
between right-of-way / servitude and wayleave – Transmission versus Distribution and
legal claim versus non-legal claim.
3.8.3 Environmental Management Plan
Impacts on the physical environment issues are normally adequately addressed through
changes in design and site selection whereas resettlement and other social issues are a
management issue (Harou, 1995). The EMP contains a description of mitigation
measures for adverse impacts and measures for enhancing the beneficial effects. In
addition, the number of people or assets to be affected, size of land to be taken away,
etc., and the cost of mitigation against the impacts are stated. If preventative measures
against some impacts are not possible, then some people may have to be relocated. In
such cases, the following should be included in the EMP:
• Compensation for land and assets lost to people developing land for resettlement,
• Make logistical provision for resettling the people,
• Compensate the people in lieu of earnings (loss of current earnings),
• Provide infrastructure in new (relocation) area (road, health facilities, schools, etc),
• Ensure that relocatees are preferred employees for the project (training to be at the
expense of the project)
All these actions should be properly costed and included in the economic cost estimates
of the project.
Project Activity Environmental Environmental Mitigation

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issue Effects Measures
Project Siting
• Often potential impacts • disturbance of Potential effects on: • Select right-of-way

can be avoided or more existing land use • land values that avoids sensitive
easily and cost • creation of increased • sensitive ecological habits and limits
effectively mitigated if access areas conflicts with
environmental criterion • aesthetics • erosion and existing uses
are included in the site • interference with drainage patterns
selection process. other utilities • cultural resource • Use common
• Being linear projects, sites corridors to
the environmental • visual character of minimise impacts on
impacts of transmission local landscape undisturbed areas
power lines are directly and lessen
related to the types of • telecommunications increased access to
environment and airports undeveloped areas
transverse, and the
length of the line. • Incorporate
appropriate buffer
zones
Construction phase
• Impacts that cannot be • disturbances of • erosion • Implement erosion

avoided through siting existing habits and • water quality effects control plan
can often be lessened land uses during stream • Construct
through planning and crossing scheduling and
design. • vegetation clearing sedimentation
control
• Restrict corridor
width and avoid
unnecessary
clearing
Operations
• Impacts that cannot be • electrification to rural • social impacts and • Education
avoided through siting areas benefits to new
can often be lessened • access users
through planning and • electromagnetic fields • utilisation of cleared • Discourage
design. (EMF) right-of-way for permanent
agriculture or wildlife residences in high
movement voltage R-O-W
• potential health
effects
TABLE 1: EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR

TRANSMISSION LINES
Source: African Development Bank (1997), Environmental Assessment Guidelines, Energy.
TRANSMISSION SUGGESTED DISTANCE SUGGESTED

August 1999
LINES BETWEEN PARALLEL WAYLEAVE
POWER LINES
765 kV 60 meters 80 meters
33 kV (H-Pole) 14 meters 31 meters
Table 2: Suggested Power Line Wayleave Sizes
3.8.4 Monitoring
Monitoring in the EIA process happens at two levels to verify environmental impact
prediction and adequacy of mitigation measures. Essentially monitoring finds out if any
major mistakes or omissions had been made in the project assessment and
implementation.
Monitoring will be dependent on the type of environment involved and the degree to
which they are affected. Monitoring should include regular measurement of things like
water levels, flows quality, sedimentation, observations of wildlife, fish, fish migration,
fauna, flora, health monitoring, employment monitoring, income levels, control of
resources, resettlements, compensation etc (Oud & Muir, 1995).
3.8.5 Auditing
After the project has been implemented, it should be audited. The audit should be at
three levels: the EIA report, the mitigation plan, and the institutional capacity to
implement the mitigation plan. An audit will detect the weaknesses in the process or
identify the procedures which need to be developed to ensure the protection of both the
social and natural environment.
4.0 REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION
An EIA culminates with the preparation of an EIA report. The Environmental

Management Plan is part of the information to be included in the EIA report. After the
draft report is prepared, it is supposed to be distributed to stakeholders and to the
environmental authority that exists in the country. In addition, notices are supposed to

August 1999
be run in the media in a language understood by the affected people. The notices
should also include an address to which comments can be sent and a date on which
public hearing meetings will be conducted. After these public hearing meetings, the EIA
report should be revised to include the concerns raised during the meeting and those
received by mail.
4.1 Contents of the EIA Report
The EIA report should contain as much information about the project and project area as
possible. It should cover at least the following: overview of the project, existing
characteristics of the project area, potential impacts of the project (comparison of
alternatives), identification and quantification of impacts, techniques used to quantify the
impacts, results of detailed impact quantification, mitigation measures including
environmental budgets (compensation, resettlements, monitoring and auditing),
monitoring and auditing techniques, etc (GRZ, 1997).
5.0 REVIEW AND DECISION MAKING
After receiving the EIA report, the Authorising Agency, which is an independent body,
will conduct a final review of the document. It may send copies of the report to the
stakeholders for feedback. If the EIA report meets the conditions and regulations for that
kind of project, the proponent will be allowed to proceed with the project. If the report is
found wanting, either of the two things can be done: the proponent will be asked to do
some further investigations on specified topics or an independent environmental
consultant can be engaged (at proponent’s cost) to do the additional work for them. If
the EIA reveals major adverse impacts which cannot be mitigated, the project may be
rejected.
If the EIA report has been approved, the environmental management plan, monitoring
and auditing plans should be included in the project documents as legal agreements.

August 1999
REFERENCES
African Development Bank. 1996. Environmental Assessment Guidelines.
Canter L. W & B. E. Vieux, 1993. EIA in Trans-boundary Rivers, Water, Power

and Dam Construction.
Chiplunkar, A. V, 1991. Environmental Assessment of an Open Cast Coal Mining

Project.
Department of Environment, 1992. Guidelines for Scoping, Guideline Document

2, Pretoria, South Africa.
E7 Network of Expertise for the Global Environment, June 1997. Environmental

Impact Assessment – An Electric Utility Overview. Montreal, Canada.
Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), 1997. The Environmental

Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990. Statutory Instrument No 28
of 1997, “The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations”.
Government Printers, Lusaka, Zambia.
Harou, P., Kjorven & J. Dixon, June 25, 1995. Integration of Environmental
Assessment in Project analysis in R. Goodland et al (ed). Environmental
Assessment in Africa, a World Bank Commitment, Proceedings of the
Durban World Bank Workshop.
Roe D. Dala-Clayton & B. Hughes, 1995. A Directory of Impact Assessment

Guidelines. HED, IUCN, WR1.
Ron Bisset, (ed), 1991. Devising an effective Environmental Impact Assessment

System for a Developing Country: the Case of the Turks and Calcos
Islands.
Oud, E, & T. C. Muir, 1995. Engineering and Economic Aspects of Planning,

Design, Construction and Operation of Large Dam Projects.
World Bank, 1991. Environmental Assessment Source Book, Volumes I, II & III,
Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry
Projects, Updates 1-17, Washington DC.
World Bank, 1996. The Environmental Assessment. Second Environmental

Assessment Review, Washington DC.

August 1999
Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), May 1995. Inter-utility Memorandum of
Understanding. SADC Power Utilities and Non-SADC Utilities.
Earthcare Africa & UNEP, 1994. An Environmental Impact Assessment –

Framework for Africa.

August 1999
APPENDIX 1 Suggested Structure of the EIA Report
• Cover page
• Acknowledgements
• Executive summary
• Table of contents
• Introduction/Background
• Terms of Reference
• Methodology or Approach to the study
• Assumptions and limitations
• Administrative, legal and policy requirements
• International protocols and obligations
• Transmission line planning
• Route selection
• Proposed actions
• The affected environment
• Assessment
• Evaluation
• Unavailable information
• Mitigation measures
• Environmental Management plans
• Environmental Auditing plans
• Environmental mitigation, management and auditing budgets
• Conclusions and recommendations
• References
• Appendices
• List of EIA Team members
• List of participants (stakeholders)
• Personal communications/minutes of public meetings
• Other information

August 1999
APPENDIX 2 Suggested Siting Process
The following steps of the siting process are strictly correlated with EIA and their
synthesis should be reported in the EIA Report:
• planning of the new lines, that is the identification of the need and the main
characteristics in the framework of the overall and local power system planning, as
well as of other specific development plans (economic, industrial, etc.) ;
• identification of the best route through analyses of alternatives, by considering all

restraints and involving all stakeholders;
• detailed design in order to integrate the power lines into the surrounding
environment, by the selection of particular components or solutions for specific
environmentally- critical situations .
Hereafter, a brief presentation of the content of the above three items in the siting
process followed in Italy is provided as an example.
Planning
The planning should consider the forecast for energy demand and supply connected
with the economic and industrial development of the geographic areas, which will be
affected by the line, and analyse alternative solutions.
This in order to:
• justify the need for the line
• correctly identify the best structure of the grid and its main characteristics (voltage
level, substations, etc.), in order to maintain its validity during the planned life and to
simplify future developments, by minimising line modifications and, therefore the
overall costs and environment impacts.
Identification of the line’s route
The second phase is the identification of the best route of the line. In fact, transmission
lines are linear projects. There is a certain degree of flexibility in siting the line. The
analysed area generally has a width that accounts for about 30%-40% of the length of
the direct line joining the terminal stations. This area is often limited by physical
restraints, such as lakes, mountains, etc. Inside this area, a detailed analysis is
performed to identify all additional parameters which are not suitable for the line. These
restraints are the presence of urban areas, areas of particular environmental value,
airport, natural obstacles, etc.
The analysis for high-voltage line is performed with thematic maps and is integrated by
aerophotogrammetric analysis and by site investigations. The alternatives routes are

August 1999
plotted in a thematic map (normally 1:100.000 scale), which should contain all the land
and environment parameters constraining the pathway. It is very important to indicate
also the alternative routes considered and discarded. The EIA should contain the
motivations for their exclusion. The involvement of all the stakeholders in this selection
process is very important.
At the end of this process, a route is selected among the possible ones, based on the
following general siting criteria (which are related to economic and environmental
values):
• avoidance of restricted zones ;

• distance from zones of landscape value;
• distance from mountain edges, preference for valley routings;
• distance from urban areas;
• route with constant slope;
• minimisation of infrastructure crossing (e.g. highways, railways, other power lines,
etc.).
•
The above process should also consider the economic aspects through a cost- benefit
analysis.
Detailed design
After the preliminary route is identified, a detailed design of the line starts. At first, a
detailed and careful design analysis identifies the specific characteristics in order to
integrate the power lines into the surrounding environment (such as type of tower or
pole to be used for the different situations, etc.).
.
An area about 2 km wide, containing the selected route, is analysed in order to identify
the environmental impact of the line. The width of 2 km is dictated by the visual impact.
The thematic map should consider all the most important items (presence of houses,
historical places, paths of particular landscape value, viewing points, roads, bird
migratory corridors, land use, forested areas, etc.)
For each section of the line, the impact of all the potential social and natural
environment issues (land use, flora, fauna, electromagnetic field phenomena, visual
impact, etc.) both during the construction and operation phases are analysed and
classified by order of importance. For specific cases where critical areas are identified,
slight route modifications or specific mitigation solutions are selected always bearing in
mind economic aspects. All of these aspects should be reported in EIA report.

August 1999

Transmission Line Guidelines

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Transmission Line Guidelines

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL

Catherine Fedorsky, Chair

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 2

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 3

1.1 What is the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)

SADC Energy Ministers and Officials

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 4

SAPP Executive Committee

SAPP Management Committee

Planning Operation Environmental

SAPP Co-ordination Centre

Figure1 The Management Structure of the SAPP

1.2 What is the SAPP Environmental Sub-Committee?

In addition, the Environmental Sub-committee will:

1.3 Purpose of the SAPP EIA Guidelines

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 5

1.4 Goals, Objectives and Guiding Principles

As highlighted in an Environmental Impact Assessment – Framework for Africa - UNEP

Goal – To promote environmentally sustainable livelihoods and development

Short-term Objectives (Project Specific)

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 6

2.0 PROJECT PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT

2.1 What is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

2.2 Why an EIA?

EIA is intended to prevent or minimise potentially adverse environmental impacts and

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 7

2.3 Stakeholders involvement in the EIA

2.3.1 Public consultation

Consultation in the EIA process is of paramount importance and should be a continuous

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 8

3.0 TRANSMISSION LINES EIA PROCESS

3.1 Correlation between the Siting Process and EIA

3.2 Project proponent for Transmission Lines

3.3 Project preparation

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 9

PROJECT Environmental screening,

DETAILED Incorporate improvements and

PROJECT Review EIA procedures and

PROJECT Construction – Identify possible

Monitor and report on quality of

Evaluation of treatment of anticipated

Figure 2: The EIA Process in the Project Cycle

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 10

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT NO FORMALASSESSMENT

Information required REVIEW

RECORD OF DECISION APPEAL RECORD OF DECISION

• establish legal requirements

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 11

3.4 Environmental Screening for Transmission Lines

Environmental screening is undertaken during project identification and pre-feasibility

Category B: A limited environmental analysis is appropriate, as the project may have

Category C: Environmental analysis is normally unnecessary, as the project is unlikely

3.5 Project Brief

• description of existing environment of the project site

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 12

♦ Objectives of the Transmission line EIA

• Planning of the transmission line

♦ Legal and Policy framework

♦ Territory description around the line route

♦ Environmental impact identification and assessment

Hereafter are the reported potential environmental issues:

SAPP EIA Guideline for Transmission Lines 13