Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Dissolved
Impurities
• Suspended
• Colloidal
• Microorganism
14
Dissolved Impurities
a) Salts:
– Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Sulphates and
chlorides of Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K.
b) Gases: CO2, O2, N2, H2S.
Suspended impurities
Inorganic-Clay, sand.
Organic- Vegetable, animal matter,
phytoplanktons and zooplanktons.
Colloidal Impurities: Products from organic
waste, finely divided silica and clay etc.
Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Algae etc. 15
HARDNESS OF WATER
It is the soap consuming capacity of water sample.
It is the property of water which prevents the
lathering of soap.
It is due to the presence of salts of Ca and Mg and
other heavy metal ions like Al3+ , Fe3+ , Mn2+ in water.
Hard water with soap produce white precipitates.
Why soap form scum with hard
water?
• Soaps are long chain of fatty acids
which are good precipitating agents.
CaCl2 + 2C17H35COONa →
(C17H35COO)2Ca
+ 2NaCl
• Detergents are sulphonates of long
chained alchols which are bad
precipitating agents.
Types of Water
• Degree Clark ( Cl) :- It is the parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present per
70000 parts of water.
OR
In english system it is expressed in terms of grains of CaCO 3 equivalent
hardness present per gallon (10 lb) of water.
i.e. 1 ( Cl) = 1part CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 70000 parts of water.
OR
1 grain of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present per gallon of water.
Soda (Na2CO3)
CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 precipitated
filtered off.
The amount of Ca(OH)2 required is equivalent to the temporary hardness
plus the magnesium permanent hardness.
The amount of Na2CO3 required is equivalent to the permanent hardness
of Ca and Mg.
Reaction occurring during the process:-
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O
Natural zeolites
Natural zeolites are non-porous,
eg. Natrolite- Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O
Synthetic Zeolites
Synthetic Zeolites are porous and possess gel
structure. Sodium zeolites are generally used for
softening of water and are simply represented as
Na2Z, where ‘Z’ stands for insoluble zeolite.
Colloidal Carbonate
Conditionin Conditioni
g ng
Calgon Phosphate
Conditionin conditionin
g g
Colloidal conditioing:
Scale Non-sticky
precipitates
Phosphate conditioning
Chemical used: sodium phosphate
It reacts with the hardness producing impurities of water and form easily
removable sludge of calcium and magnesium phosphate, which can be
removed by blow down operation.
Iron Iron
presen Conc. Dil. present
t in NaOH NaOH at boiler
cracks walls
Anode Cathode
Dissolution of anodic part takes place.
Prevention of caustic embrittlement
Using Sodium phosphate in place of sodium carbonate for
softening of water.
By adding tanin or lignin oil which fills the cracks present in
boiler wall.
By adding sodium sulphate (Na2SO4 ). It also block the cracks.
The concentration of Na2SO4 should be so that the :-
Na2SO4 conc. NaOH = 1:1 , 2:1 or 3:1 at pressure up to 10,
3. Filtration
5m
Boiling water for 10-15 minutes. This kills all the disease
producing bacteria.
But this method is expensive for large amount of water
(municipal water supply) .
2. Chlorination
By Bleaching Powder
About 1 Kg bleaching powder (CaOCl2) is added to
about 1000 litres of water and the reaction occur
as:-
Here HOCl and [O] are powerful germicides.
CaOCl2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
HOCl HCl + [O]
Germs + [O] Germs are oxidised
By Using Chlorine Gas:
Chlorine used as a gas or as a Chlorine water for sterilization and
gives the following reactions:-
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
HOCl HCl + [O]
Germs + [O] Germs are oxidised
• Here HOCl and [O] are powerful germicides.
• High temperature increase the reaction.
• Small pH value gives good result.
Advantages:
• Economical
• Little space for storage
• It is stable and does not deteriorate
• It does not release any salt (Ca, Mg).
Disadvantages:
• Excess of chlorine leads to unpleasant taste and
smell to water.
• It also have irritating effect on mucous membranes.
1.Distillation
2.Freezing
3.Electrodialysis
4.Reverse Osmosis
1. Distillation: Saltwater is heated in high
evaporator to make the water evaporate,
leaving the salt behind. The desalined
vapours are then condensed to form
water in a separate container. But this
method is expensive.
2. Freezing: When salt water is cooled, salt
is left in mother liquor and ice crystals
are formed. These crystals are separated,
washed and melted to get pure water.
3. Electrodialysis: