Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126

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Electric Power Systems Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Fitting algorithm of transmission tower grounding resistance

in vertically layered soil models
Bo Tang ∗ , Ying Huang, Ren Liu, Zhuo Wu, Zihang Qu
College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: It could be quite complicate to calculate the accurate grounding resistance of transmission line towers
Received 21 March 2015 in an vertically layered soil model, which could bring excessive time consumption and computation
Received in revised form load to many engineering applications. In order to calculate the resistance fast and conveniently while
28 September 2015
keeping necessary accuracy, we propose an algorithm that uses the least squares curve fitting method
Accepted 26 November 2015
and hyperbolic fitting functions to fit the resistivity and grounding resistance of layered soil model.
Available online 10 February 2016
An expression of the fitting function and the fitting formula of tower grounding resistance are derived
theoretically according to application demands. We applied the algorithm to calculate a practical case
Keywords:
Vertically layered soil model
and the result has error less than 10%.
Transmission line
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Tower grounding resistance
Regulation method
Green’s function
L squares fitting

1. Introduction With the development of computers and numerical electro-

The power network in China is developing quickly. Since the line
corridors are limited, regions with high lightning trip-out rates are
inevitably selected for new power lines, and this may bring increas-
ing likelihood of lightning disasters to power networks and cause
huge losses. Thus grounding resistance, as a key index parameter for
grounding systems that greatly influences the efficacy and safety
of transmission line systems, is getting more and more important
in system designs [1].
In the designing process of a grounding system, earth is gen-
erally regarded as infinite uniform soil, while the anisotropy of
soil resistivity and many other factors that are excessively com-
plex for regular regulations are ignored in calculations. However,
uniform soil is only an ideal case that almost non-practical. To this
end, Nahman et al. developed non-uniform soil models and based
on modifying Schwarz’s formula they proposed a theoretical for-
mula of grounding resistance for double-layer soil models, which
is considerably complicated [2]. To calculate grounding resistance
of grounding body in layered soil models intuitively and quickly,
Dawalibi proposed a graphical method, which is still not conve-
nient enough since it involves a large amount of complex drawing
works.
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13997708296.
E-mail address: tangboemail@sina.com (B. Tang).
magnetic field simulation techniques, the complex image method
[3,4] and the base image method [5,6], both based on Green’s
function, are widely used in the parameter calculations of ground-
ing systems. However, these two methods have high demands for
computer resources that scales up quickly with the increase of com-
plexity of soil structure, and due to their complexity, they could are
not friendly to average engineers.
Hence, we developed a relatively easy but still accurate enough
method to calculate grounding resistance for common engineer-
ing applications. Taking circular compound grounding device with
horizontal rays (which is presently the most commonly used in
transmission line towers) for example, we used the least squares
curve fitting method to fit exact theoretical values into a complex
soil model, and acquired a fitting formula of tower grounding resis-
tance for soil models of two vertical layers.
2. Conventional algorithm of tower grounding resistance
calculation
2.1. Conventional algorithm of grounding resistance calculation
in transmission line designing
The calculation methods of power-frequency grounding resis-
tance are classified according to the types of grounding bodies.
Formulas recommended in variety of standards [7–9] are used to
calculate grounding resistance for simple grounding bodies such as

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.038
0378-7796/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
122 B. Tang et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126

Since the grounding bodies are set in parallel, the boundary

condition is
ϕ1 = ϕ2 = · · · = ϕn = ϕ

I1 = I2 = · · · = In = I (3)

Rij = Rji

Combining Eqs. (2) and (3), grounding resistance of the ground-

ing device can be solved based on Ohm’s law.

2.2. Accurate algorithm based on Green’s functions

Fig. 1. Tower grounding device.

Green’s function is a potential function that is deduced based on
unit current sources. To calculate grounding resistance accurately,
vertical grounding bodies, horizontal grounding bodies and circu- a grounding electrode is divided into n infinitesimal elements, and
lar grounding bodies, and the coefficient method or the resistance at any point P the potential generated by each tiny section’s charge
coefficient method for complex grounding bodies made up of sim- density is
ple artificial objects including tubes, belts and ring grounding 
bodies.
VP = G(P, Q )J(Q )dS (4)

2.1.1. Coefficient of utilization method S

The basic idea of coefficient method is that comprehensive where, J(Q) is the leakage current density of point Q on the electrode
power-frequency grounding resistance could be obtained by com- surface S, and G(P,Q) is the Green’s function of point P [12].
bining a number of parallel resistances, which is calculated using Divide the electrode into n tiny sections based on the constant
utilization coefficients that reflect the mutual shielding influences current field theory and define the length, leakage current and cen-
between grounding bodies. ter coordination of the jth section as Lj , Ij and Oj respectively, then
Ref. [10] listed the formulas of power-frequency grounding there is
resistance for five types of artificial grounding bodies, including
compound grounding devices with n horizontal rays, compound 
n
L= Lj (5)
grounding devices with grounding rings and deeply-buried lead
j=1
wires, compound grounding devices with deeply-buried rings
and horizontal rays, compound grounding devices with vertical 
n
electrodes, and compound grounding devices with horizontal elec- I= Ij (6)
trodes. j=1
Fig. 1 shows a comprehensive grounding device comprised of
grounding rings and horizontal rays. To calculate its grounding The potential at point P, generated by the leakage current in
resistance in designing, it can be divided into a compound ground- length L, can be calculated according to the superposition theorem.
ing device with n horizontal rays and a grounding device with

n
square grounding rings by unit, like the simple artificial grounding VP = G(P, Oj )Ij (7)
bodies given by standards [8–10]. The device with n horizontal rays
j=1
can be further divided into a number of single horizontal grounding
bodies. Then the final calculation formula of grounding resistance In order to obtain the current distribution of each tiny section,
is obtained as Eq. (1). place the target point P at the ith tiny section, then G(P,Oj ) rep-
R1 R2 resents the voltage of the ith section when applying unit current
R3 × n1 × n2 1 source on the jth section.
R4 = R1 R2
 R1
× (1)
R3 × + R3 +  We use Eq. (8) to calculate the current distributions of each
n1 n2 n1
element.
where, R1 is the grounding resistance of a single ray; R2 is the
grounding resistance of grounding ring; R3 is the grounding resis- 
n
VP = Rij Ij (8)
tance of compound grounding device in Fig. 1; n1 is the number of
j−1
horizontal electrodes, here n1 = 4;  is utilization coefficient.
where, Rij is mutual resistance between sections i and j; when i = j,
2.1.2. Resistivity method Rij is the self-resistance.
Considering the similarity between current field and electro- After Rij is solved according to the boundary conditions, the
static field under the ground, potential equations of each grounding grounding device’s grounding resistance can be obtained.
body can be obtained as follows:
ϕ1 = R11 I1 + R12 I2 + · · · + R1n In 2.3. Comparison between calculation methods

ϕ2 = R21 I1 + R22 I2 + · · · + R2n In Although calculation methods for tower grounding resistance
(2)
... have been developed fairly well, they are facing obstacles in prac-
tical uses. As proposed in reference [12], grounding resistance is
ϕn = Rn1 I1 + Rn2 I2 + · · · + Rnn In
calculated conveniently by the regulation method that adopted
where I1 , I2 , . . ., In are conduction currents of each grounding body, infinite even soil model, but the results are generally larger than
ϕ1 , ϕ2 , . . ., ϕn are potentials of each grounding body, Rik is mutual actual values and lead to excessive sizes of grounding systems. Ref.
resistance coefficient between body i and body k, and Rkk is self- [13,14] indicates that it takes a large amount of time to calculate
resistance coefficient of body k. grounding resistance using Green’s functions; these functions could
 B. Tang et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126 123

Table 1
Grounding resistance of tower grounding device.

2 ( m) 1 ( m)

100 200 300 400

100 2.6666 – – –
200 3.4324 5.3332 – –
300 3.7962 6.2652 7.9998 –
400 4.0089 6.8648 9.0049 10.666
500 4.1485 7.2834 9.7379 11.713
600 4.2472 7.5923 10.297 12.53
700 4.3206 7.8297 10.738 13.188
800 4.3774 8.0178 11.094 13.73
900 4.4226 8.1705 11.388 14.182
1000 4.4595 8.297 11.635 14.567

Fig. 2. Layered soil structure and the structure of tower grounding device.
be quite complicated in plane layered model sand even more in the
multidimensional models of compound soil.
Therefore, if we can simplify the complex mathematical algo-
rithms especially for compound soil model while guaranteeing the
results’ accuracy; this will avoid the impact of the soil model’s
roughness and could be quite useful for common engineering cal-
culations of tower grounding devices.
3. Fitting solution to typical tower grounding devices
3.1. Typical model of grounding devices
According to the standards [8–10] and reference [11], circular
composite grounding devices with horizontal rays, as shown in
Fig. 2, are commonly selected for 110/220 kV transmission lines
in areas of high soil resistivity.
As shown in Fig. 2(a), the grounding device presents a radial
structure. The grounding ring’s size, the lead’s length and the diam-
eter of horizontal electrodes are a × a, s and d respectively.
Transmission lines can be thousands of kilometers long and they
go through areas with complex geomorphology. When a trans-
mission line tower is erected in an area where geology changes
dramatically or close to rivers and farmlands, using the infinite uni-
form soil model of the regulation method to calculate the tower
grounding device’s resistance will have considerable calculation
error. In this case, soil needs to be layered vertically in the hori-
zontal direction in order to achieve the engineering-level accuracy
of the calculation.
As shown in Fig. 2(b), soil is divided into two vertical layers. The
grounding device is buried in one layer at a depth of h, the location of
soil interface is denoted by dash line, and D is the line distance to the
geometric center of grounding device from the interface between
the two soil layers.
3.2. Law of grounding resistance data
3.2.1. Calculation of grounding device resistance
Grounding resistance in a vertically layered soil model is related
to the soil layers’ resistivity (1 ,2 ) and the positions of the soil
interface and the grounding device. Therefore, we need to ana-
lyze the variables one by one to obtain their relation to grounding
resistance.
Firstly we discuss the relationship between the soil layers’ resis-
tivity and grounding resistance. With a fixed setup of soil interface
and a grounding device, setting 1 to be 100  m, 200  m, 300  m,
and 400  m, and 2 distributing in 100 ∼ 1000  m with interval of
100  m, the grounding device’s grounding resistance is calculated
and shown in Table 1.
In order to study the variation of tower grounding resistivity
with different of 1 and 2 , the discrete data in Table 1 is fitted
mathematically.
3.2.2. Curve fitting with the least square method
In the curve fitting, there are lots of methods to select appropri-
ate fitting plan corresponding to the variety of fitting curves. The
data in this paper are acquired by precise calculations, so a method
that makes data residual as small as possible is favored to fit them.
The method of least squares is a fitting method which applies
arithmetic mean in data processing and makes the smallest sum of
the squares of errors in curve fitting [15–17]. It is selected in this
paper.
The least square curve fitting requires the relationship func-
tion between the two variables, and further theoretical analysis
demands the corresponding data of the two variables being
expressed by empirical formula. Therefore, the selection of empir-
ical formula determines the accuracy of fitting function.
Here the empirical formula is selected by the observation
method; one or more appropriate fitting functions is needed to
conduct the data fitting, and they are determined by observing the
shape and varying trend of data scatter plots and comparing the
typical figures.
3.2.3. Curve fitting of the grounding resistance in vertically
layered soil
Processing data in Table 1 is more like solving a fitting problem of
a function with multiple variables. In order to simplify the research
object for the least square curve fitting, set
2
X= (9)
1
Rd
Y= (10)
R1
where, 1 is resistivity of the left soil layer; 2 is resistivity of the
right layer; Rd is resistance of the grounding device in a layered soil
model; R1 is resistance of the grounding device in a uniform soil
model.
X, Y in different layered soil resistivity are shown in Table 2;
setting X as abscissa and Y as ordinate, the X–Y curve is plotted as
shown in Fig. 3.
As shown in Fig. 3, X and Y with various 1 and 2 located almost
on the same curve, which indicates that these X and Y follow the
same functional relation.
After analyzing the curves in Fig. 3, a hyperbolic function, an
exponential function and a logarithmic function are selected as the
fitting functions. The coefficients of these three fitting functions are
calculated by the least square method, as listed in Table 3. Using
these functions, fitting curves are plotted as shown in Fig. 4.
According to Fig. 4, the fitting curve from the logarithmic func-
tion has the biggest error to the curve of true value, and the result
124 B. Tang et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126

Table 2 Table 4
Correspondence between X and Y with different 1 . Coefficient a and b for the hyperbolic function with different L1 /Lt .

1 = 100  m 1 = 200  m 1 = 300  m 1 = 400  m L1 /Lt 1 a b

X Y X Y X Y X Y 100 7.5235 0.1443

200 7.5235 0.1443
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16.7%
300 7.5235 0.1443
2 1.3154 1.5 1.1780 1.33 1.1185 1.25 1.0875 400 7.5235 0.1443
3 1.4880 2 1.3141 1.67 1.2272 1.5 1.1781
4 1.5952 2.5 1.4124 2 1.3122 1.75 1.2522 100 2.2537 0.7951
5 1.6607 3 1.4866 2.33 1.3814 2 1.3142 200 2.2537 0.7951
45%
6 1.7142 3.5 1.5432 2.67 1.4367 2.25 1.3664 300 2.2537 0.7951
7 1.7521 4 1.5905 3 1.4841 2.5 1.4124 400 2.2537 0.7951
8 1.7797 4.5 1.6291 3.33 1.5237 – –
100 1.8072 1.2380
9 1.8035 5 1.6587 – – – –
200 1.8072 1.2380
10 1.8214 – – – – – – 55%
300 1.8072 1.2380
400 1.8072 1.2380

100 1.2939 3.2960

200 1.2939 3.2960
83.3%
300 1.2939 3.2960
400 1.2939 3.2960

3.2.4. Calculation of a and b

With X approaching to infinity, the limit of Y is acquired as fol-
lows:
ab
lim Y = lim =a (13)
Fig. 3. X–Y curve. X→∞ X→∞ 1 +b
X

According to formula (10), Y = Rd /R1 , and R1 , which is constant

Table 3
when 1 is constant, is related to soil resistivity 1 only. Formula
Coefficients of the three fitting functions.
(14) is obtained by substituting formula (10) into formula (13):
Fitting function a b
lim Rd
Hyperbolic function y = abx/1 + bx 1.8072 1.2380 X→∞
a= (14)
Exponential function y = aeb/x 1.7577 −0.5892 R1
Logarithmic function y = a+bInx 1.0676 0.2833
When X, namely the ratio of 2 to 1 , approaches to infinity, 2
is infinite, that is to say, the soil layer at the right side is insulated.
R∞ = lim Rd is defined as the value of grounding device’s resistance
using the hyperbolic function is the best. Therefore, final choice of X→∞
the fitting function is the hyperbolic function: in 1 when 2 is infinite. Then the expression of grounding device’s
grounding resistance in vertical double-layer soil becomes
abX
Y= (11) R1 R∞ 2
1 + bX R= (15)
1 (R∞ − R1 ) + 2 R1
We use the ratio of the grounding device’s overall length L1 to
the whole grounding device’s overall length Lt to characterize the 4. Accuracy analysis of the fitting method
soil interface. Setting L1 /Lt at 16.7%, 45%, 55%, 83.3%, coefficients a
and b are calculated in different double-layer models by repeating 4.1. Model of grounding device
the curve fitting process, and the results are shown in Table 4.
As shown in Table 4, in each model, a and b remain constant to Refs. [10,11] pointed out that the factors influencing tower
different L1 /Lt and they follow the same hyperbolic function, which grounding resistance in infinite uniform soil include soil resistivity
is , and the grounding device’s depth (h), diameter (d), overall length
(Lt ) and structure of grounding device. Therefore, the accuracy of
1 fitting algorithm according to variation of these factors is discussed.
b= (12)
a−1 In addition, according to formula (15), the calculation result is
determined by R∞ and R1 when soil resistivity is constant. Hence,
the calculation of R∞ and R1 ultimately determines the result’s
accuracy.
Fig. 5 shows the setup of grounding device and layered soil
model for accuracy analysis, in which resistance data of differ-
ent impact factors are calculated using the precise algorithm and
empirical formulas separately.
In Fig. 5, the dashed line shows the layered interface of soil,
1 = 100  m, and 2 = 500  m and 1000  m.

4.2. Error to precise algorithm

The calculation results listed in Table 5 are obtained with R∞

and R1 solved by the method described in chapter 1.2 and formula
Fig. 4. The comparison between the three kinds of function fitting curve and the
true-value curve.
(15).
 B. Tang et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126 125

Table 5
Grounding resistance and its error to precise values.

1 /2 ( m) Simulation Fitting Relative

value () value () error (%)

100/500 8.0587 8.0534 −0.064

Position 1
100/1000 9.2652 9.2427 −0.242
Soil interface
100/500 8.5948 8.5897 −0.058
Position 2
100/1000 10.245 10.2190 −0.253

100/500 8.0911 8.0669 −0.298

0.015
100/1000 9.4396 9.3969 −0.452
d (m)
100/500 7.8226 7.7982 −0.310
0.025
100/1000 9.1263 9.0835 −0.468

100/500 8.6664 8.6634 −0.034

0.3
100/1000 10.111 9.7425 −0.046
h (m)
100/500 8.3992 8.3746 −0.292
0.5
100/1000 9.7991 9.7556 −0.443

100/500 8.3024 8.2780 −0.293

67
100/1000 9.6861 9.6430 −0.444
Lt (m)
100/500 7.2564 7.2357 −0.284
107
100/1000 8.4658 8.4291 −0.432

4.3. Error to regulation algorithm 5. Calculation example

The calculation results listed in Table 6 are obtained with R∞
and R1 solved by the method described in Chapter 1.1 and formula
(15).
In all these cases, both the relative errors of calculated value
and theoretical value solved by substituting precise R∞ and R1 into
formula (15) are within 1%. This validates the correctness of the
proposed fitting formula. The formula’s accuracy can reach up to
99% with if R∞ and R1 are precise enough. The relative errors of cal-
culated value and theoretical value solved by substituting empirical
R∞ and R1 into formula (15) are less than 10%, which indicates that
the formula is feasible in engineering practice.
The geology and geomorphology in Sanmenxia area, Henan
Province, China is complex. Some transmission lines are con-
structed in areas with dense river network where the vertical
stratification of tower soil is obvious, and many towers are located
at the steep hillsides on riverbanks. Taking Pole 93 on the 110 kV
Zhuming line for example, the performance of using the derived
fitting formula in engineering practice is discussed.
The grounding device of pole 93 on Zhuming line is
shown in Fig. 6. Some parameters of the line are as follows:
a = 8 m, s1 = 27 m, s2 = 20 m, h = 0.4 m, d = 0.012 m, 1 = 216  m,
2 = 872  m, l1 = 3.6 m, l2 = 2 m.
According to calculations using the conventional engineering
algorithm, the tower grounding resistance is 7.18 , and the corre-
sponding R∞ and R1 are 8.2  and 4.6  respectively. Whereas in
calculation using formula (15), the grounding resistance based on
the fitting algorithm is 6.87 , which has absolute error of −0.31 
and relative error of −4.31% to the value obtained based on the
conventional algorithm.
Based on calculation using the precise algorithm of Green’s func-
tion, the tower grounding resistance is 6.92  in layered soil model,
and the corresponding R∞ and R1 are 8.1  and 4.75  respectively.
Whereas in calculation using formula (15), the grounding resis-
tance based on the fitting algorithm is 6.90 , which has absolute
error of −0.02  and relative error of −0.3% to the theoretical value.

Fig. 5. A square grounding device with four ray type. Fig. 6. Grounding device of Pole 93 on the Zhumingline.
126 B. Tang et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 139 (2016) 121–126

Table 6
Grounding resistance and its error toresults obtained using normal R∞ and R1 .

1 /2 ( m) Simulation value () Fitting value () Relative error (%)

100/500 8.0587 7.4164 −7.97

Position 1
100/1000 9.2652 8.3832 −9.51
Soil interface
100/500 8.5948 8.0495 −6.34
Position 2
100/1000 10.245 9.5107 −7.16
0.015 100/500 8.0911 7.4256 −8.22
0.015 100/1000 9.4396 8.5117 −9.82
d (m)
0.025 100/500 7.8226 7.0903 −9.36
0.025 100/1000 9.1263 8.2637 −9.45
0.3 100/500 8.6664 8.0957 −6.58
0.3 100/1000 10.111 9.3698 −7.32
h (m)
0.5 100/500 8.3992 7.7741 −7.44
0.5 100/1000 9.7991 8.9554 −8.60
67 100/500 8.3024 7.6655 −7.67
67 100/1000 9.6861 8.8149 −8.99
Lt (m)
107 100/500 7.2564 6.7206 −7.38
107 100/1000 8.4658 7.7636 −8.29

Taking the theoretically calculated value in the layered soil References

model as the reference value, the relative error of the result
calculated using the conventional algorithm is 12.48%. Whereas
accuracy of the results obtained using the proposed fitting algo-
rithm reaches up to 99.79%. Obviously, the proposed algorithm has
higher accuracy than the conventional algorithm, while it is easier
to use.
6. Conclusion
1) Comparing with precise algorithms, the accuracy of fitting algo-
rithm reaches up to 99% with precise R∞ and R1 , or 90% with R∞
and R1 calculated by empirical formula.
2) Calculating tower grounding resistance in a layered soil model
using the proposed fitting formula avoids the modeling of com-
plex soil and the calculation of complex integration in precise
algorithms. The method is fast, accurate at the engineering level,
and easy to use.
3) The derived fitting formula is feasible for the calculation of com-
mon circular grounding device with horizontal rays in vertically
layered double-layer soil for engineering practices.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by State Key Laboratory of
Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources
(LAPS14016)
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