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Write a "1" in the cell which is against the answer that you think is correct.
2
3
7
8
10
LTCs and Capacitors
Each question may have no correct choice for the answer, or may have one or more correct choices.
For each correct answer you get a +1 point.
For each incorrect answer you get a -1 point.
For not answering you get no points
Loads and capacitor kvar are given at nominal voltage
Write a "1" in the cell which is against the answer that you think is correct.
T
G
A.+ 3%
B. Above +3%
C. Below +3%
A. 50 kvar
B. Smaller than 50 kvar
C. Greater than 50 kvar
If the impact of voltage on the load and capacitor is ignored, the calculated kW from feeder head would be 2037 kW.
What is the real power flow through the feeder head section after the capacitor is switched ON?
A. 2037 kW
B. Greater than 2037 kW
C. Smaller than 2037 kW
The initial conditions are the same as in the previous question, but the LTC tap position is not changed
after the capacitor is switched ON, e.g., due to a large bandwidth of the LTC controller.
The substation transformer is 10 MVA with the impedance equal 10% and load losses 0.5%.
If the load-to-voltage dependencies were ignored, the bus voltage would increase by 1%.
What would be the actual bus voltage change?
A. Greater than 1%
B. No change
C. Smaller than1%
How would you assess the impact of switching the capacitor ON on the energy efficiency,
if the LTC voltage controller does not adjust the voltage to keep the bus voltage constant?
How would you assess the impact of the capacitor on the energy efficiency, if the customer-side voltage is kept const
by the LTC controller after the capacitor is switched ON, in comparison with the constant bus voltage?
Based on your answers above, which method of volt/var control is the best for energy-efficient operations?
A. Capacitor control and LTC control with constant bus voltage setting with large bandwidth (minimum LTC operat
B. Capacitor control and LTC control with constant bus voltage setting with small bandwidth (better accuracy of vol
C. Capacitor control and LTC control aimed at constant load-side voltage setting (coordinated volt/var control)
Your total score is
3, 4, 7, 8, and 10
A
B
C
2 ,4, 5, 7, 8, and
10
A
B
C
2 ,4, 6-8, and 10
A
B
C
2 ,4-8, and 10
A
B
C
A
B
C
15
A
B
C
11, 15, 3
on with constant bus voltage?
A
B
C
Based on
answers above
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
C
Will show
after 50% %
Hints
Parameters (input and calculated parameters)
Real load
Reactive load
Current through a feeder segment
Apparent load
Resistance of a feeder segment
Reactance of a feeder segment
Real loadtovoltage dependency factor
Reactive loadtovoltage dependency factor
Inphase voltage drop in a feeder segment
Real power losses in a feeder segment
Reactive power losses in a feeder segment
Nominal real load losses in a substation
transformer
Nominal noload losses in a distribution
transformer
Impedance of a distribution transformer
Nominal exciting current of a distribution
transformer
Rated higher voltage of a distribution transformer
Rated lower voltage of a distribution transformer
Noload tap position of a distribution transformer
Size of noload step of a distribution transformer
Capacitor vars
Capacitor vars under nominal voltage
Voltage in the beginning of the feeder
Voltage at the end of the feeder
Real load under nominal voltage
Reactive load under nominal voltage
Nominal voltage of the circuit
Apparent load of a distribution transformer
Installed kVA of a substation transformer
Reactance of a substation transformer
Impedance of a substation transformer
Real load losses in a substation transformer
Voltage drop in substation transformer
Real power flow through the feeder head
Reactive power flow through the feeder head
Incremental power losses in transmission
Percent increment of power losses in transmission
per real power in distribution
Percent increment of power losses in transmission
per reactive power in distribution
Actual voltage at the HV side of the substation
transformer in PU
Notes: 1. All questions on this quiz can be answered without usi
2. Read the relevant formulas in column "L" to better und
Input data 3. To use the formulas for calculations, enter input data c
Calculated data 4. The results of intermediate calculations that are used i
5. Some input data is embedded in the formulas. To calcu
(e.g., in formula #10, change the "^2" to "^0", to ignore t
Values
(input and
calculated
Parameter labels data) Units #
Watts 2.05 MW 1
Vars 1.12 Mvar 2
Amps 115.54 A 3
4
VA 2.33 MVA 5
Resistance 1.00 Ohms 6
Reactance 3.00 Ohms 7
LTVwatts 1.00 %Watt/%Volt 8
LTVvars 5.00 %var/%Volt
9
VoltDrop 0.22 kV 10
LossWatts 0.04 MW 11
Lossvars 0.12 Mvar 12
SubTrLoadLossrated 1.00 % 13
DTNo-loadLossrated 0.40 % 14
DTImpedance 2.40 % 15
DTExcit 2.00 % 16
DTVratHV 10.00 kV 17
DTVratLV kV 18
TapPos 0.00 ±10 19
TapStep 0.63 % 20
CapQ 1.05 Mvar
CapQnom 1.00 Mvar
VoltBeg Err:501 kV
VoltEnd 10.24 kV
WattsNom 2.00 MW
varsNom 1.00 Mvar
VoltNom 10.00 kV
DTVA 100.00 kVA
SubTrVA 10.00 MVA
SubTrReact 9.95 %
SubTrImp 10.00 %
SubTrLoadLoss 0.00 %
SubTrVoltDrop 0.40 %
FeederHeadMW 2.09 MW
FeederHeadMvar 0.19 Mvar
TransmissLoss 0.11 MW
TransmisWLossFactor 5.00 %
TransmisvarLossFactor 1.00 %
Exact or Calculated
Calculated Parameter
approximate values
VA = 2.33
Amps = 115.54
VoltEnd ≈ 10.239
VoltDrop ≈ 0.2209
LossWatts = 0.0400
Lossvars = 0.12
Watts = 2.05
Vars ≈ 1.12
SubTrLoadLoss = 0.0040
CapQ = 1.05
FeederHeadMW = 2.0879
FeederHeadMvar = 0.19
TransmissLoss ≈ 0.106
SubTrReact = 9.95
SubTrVoltDrop ≈ 0.40
FeederHeadMVA'= = ###
Bus voltage state =
Feeder Head PF = ###
Generation, MW = ###
T&D losses, kW = 0.15034
erstanding of the relationships between the involved parameters. Try it first.
rent operational parameters.
the cells of column "E". Pay attention to the units.
red in corresponding cells of column "E". The calculations are iterative
ether you need to change some data in the formulas
voltage)
Formulas
=(Watts^2+Vars^2)^0.5
=(Watts^2+(Vars-CapQ)^2)^0.5/VoltEnd/3^0.5*1000
=VoltBeg-VoltDrop+TapPos*Tapstep/100*Vnom
=(Watts*Resistance+(Vars-CapQ)*Reactance)/VoltEnd
=3*Amps^2*Resistance/1000
=3*Amps^2*Reactance/1000
=WattsNom*(1+LTVwatts*(VoltEnd-VoltNom)/VoltNom)
=varsNom*(1+LTVvars*(VoltEnd-VoltNom)/VoltNom)
SubTrLoadLossrated/100*SubTrVA/SubTrHV^2*(FeederHeadMW^2+FeederHeadMvar^2)/SubTrVA^
=CapQnom*(VoltEnd/VoltNom)^2
=Watts+LossWatts
=Vars-CapQ+Lossvars
=FeederHeadkW*TransmisWLossFactor/100+FeederHeadkar*TransmisvarLossFactor/100
=(SubTrImp^2-SubTrLoadLossrated^2)^0.5
=((FeederHeadMvar)/SubTrVA*SubTrReact+(FeederHeadMW)/SubTrVA*SubTrLoadLossrated
15
11, 15, 3,
and adjust
bus voltage