Contents

BIL. TITLE PAGES

1
INTRODUCTION 2

2 OBJECTIVE AND THEORY 3

3 APPARATUS 4

4 PROCEDURE 6

5 RESULT 9

10

6 Conclusion

7 Reference 10

1
 Introduction

The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky

and elongated particles contained in it. For base course and construction
of bituminous and cement concrete types, the presence of flaky and
elongated particles are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent
weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads. The
angularity number such as flaky and elongation has considerable
importance in the gradation requirements of various types of mixes such
as bituminous concrete, cement concrete and soil aggregates mixes.

This kind of experiments is use to determine the flakiness and elongation

of the aggregates by standard flakiness gauge and elongation gauges.

TITLE OF TEST : Flakiness and Elongation Index Test

Flakiness index

Theory: The flakiness index of aggregates is determined by the percentage

of flaky particles contained in it. For base course, and construction of
asphalt and cement concrete types the presence of flaky particles is
considered undesirable as it may cause inherent weakness with
possibilities of braking down under heavy loads. Therefore, in pavement
construction the flaky particles are to avoid particularly is surface course.

OBJECTIVE : To determine the flakiness index of aggregate. The flakiness

index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles in them whose
dimension (thickness) is less then three-fifths of their mean dimension

2
Elongation Index

Theory: Elongation index Aggregate particles are classified as elongation

when they have a length (greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their
mean sieve size. The elongation index is found by separating the
elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the
mass of sample tested. The test is not applicable to material passing 6.30
mm sieve or retained on 50 mm sieve.

OBJECTIVE : To determination the elongation index of aggregate. The

elongation index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles in
them whose greatest dimension ( length ) is greater than 1 4/5 time their
mean dimension

APPARATUS

1. A metal gauge plate

2. Sieve

3
3. Shaker

4. weighing scale

5. bowl

4
 6. Aggregate

PROCEDURES :

1. The sample of aggregates to be tested is sieved through a set of

sieves and separated into specified size ranges.

2. Minimum 200 pieces of any fraction to be tested are taken and weighed
properly.

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3. The aggregates from each of the size range are then individually passed
through the appropriate gauge of the length gauge with the longest side in
order to separate the elongated particles.

4. The gauge length will be 1.8 times the main size of the aggregate.
5. The portion of elongated aggregate having length greater than the
specified gauge from each range is weighed.

6. This weight is then divided by the total weight of sample taken from
different size ranges and the ratio is expressed in percentage which is the
required elongation index.

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7. Record the result in table.

8. By using the same sample aggregate, retained them in 37.5mm, 28.0 mm,
20.0mm , 14.0mm, 10.0mm, 6.3mm.

9. Record every aggregate that pass through gauge plat for elongation in
the table.

Result

7
Sieve

Size Bowl Weight of Stone(kg)

10 0.25

14 1.19

20 0.27

28 0.02

Gauge plate for elongation

Passing sieve Retained sieve Sample Retained Flakiness

index%
(mm) (mm) (kg) (kg)

50 37.5 0 0 0

37.5 28 0 0 0

28 20 0.61 0 0
20 14 1.5 0 0

14 10 0.02 1.5 63.83

10 6.3 0.3 1.7 72.34

Gauge plate for flakiness

Passing sieve Retained sieve Sample Passing Flakiness index%

(mm) (mm) (kg)

50 38 0 2.35 100

38 28 0 2.35 100

28 20 0.61 2.35 100

20 14 1.5 0.53 22.55

14 10 0.02 0.35 14.89

10 6.3 0.3 0.19 8.09

Conclusion

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The shape tests give only a rough idea of the relative shapes of aggregates. Flaky
and elongated particles should be avoided in pavement construction, particularly
in surface course.
If such particles are present in appreciable proportions, the strength of pavement
layer would be adversely affected due to possibility of breaking under loads.
Workability is reduced for cement concrete. IRC recommendations for maximum
limits of flakiness index are as given.
As a conclusion , the elongation index is found by separating the elongation
particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the mass of sample tested.
The sample that we tested are flaky and elongation, which is there are not suitable
to use in parameter design. This will cause the increase of void in the mix. If we
use in highway construction, we must doing more compaction to ensure that the
void meet the prescribe specification.

REFERENCE
1.Methods for Sampling and Testing of Mineral Aggregates, Sands and Fillers -
Determination of Elongation Index, BS 812, Part 1-7.4.
2.Basic Testing Equipment, AS 1141.2-1
3.Preparation of Disturbed Soil Samples for Testing, AS 1289.1
4.Sampling of Soil, Aggregates and Rocks, TP226.
5.Particle Size Distribution by Dry Sieving, AS 1141.11.1.
6.Determination of Flakiness Index, TP241.
7.Compliance of Perforated Plate Sieves, CP840.