€

trigonometry

.l,"#"J.l*""o and apply сore princip|es

. exp|ore the subjeсt in depth
. fill the gaps in your knowledge
 teaсt.f
yourself

trigonometry
p. abbott
revised by hugh neill

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1
]tr.i й.h yoшrseffЪeries iпc|udes over 300titIes in the
сrafts, hobbies, business, сomputing and rduсаtion'
introduсtion 2
iiiiii.Ыi,йs'iG,
what is trigonometцp 3
Bitish Libnrу Cahloguing in Publication Data:
i сйogus rЪоord tй tris title is avai|ab|e from the British шbrary. the origins of figonometry 3

Ltbnry of Congres Cablщ Card Number: oп file. t2 the tапgent 5

FIrst pub|lshed in Uк 1992 by нodder Amold, 338
Еuston R0ad, Londoп, NW1 3BH. intoduсtion 6
of the MсGraw-Hi|l the idea of the tаngent ratio 7
FIrst pub|ishеd in Us 1992 by сoпtemporafy Bo.oks,а Чivision
bйй;.;;, iЁ.аеntiаt ptaza,iзo вast itanoo-tptr strеet, сhicago, |L 60601 UsA. а definition 0f tаngent I
тhis edition published 2003. values of the tаngent I
ol H0dder tleadline Ltd. notation for angles and sides 10
Тhe tвaсh yourselt name is a registered trade mark
t|ugh Neil| using tangeпts 10
сopyright @ 1970, 1 991 , 1998, 2003, Paul Abbot and
opposite аnd adjaсent sides 14
permitted.use. under UK сopyright |aW' п0 part
/л UK Al| riqhts reserved. Apart from any
means'
Ьiiйi.' Ь,Б"пйi.n йiyue reproсuсed or trаnsmitted in аny form or by any 0:t sanc and Gosine 18
;ieiffiй;iйhani6a|, inо|Ldiпg photocopy,.reсording or any informatioп' st.rage
0r under liсeпсe introduсtion 19
ffi;;t'i;';l syйй, йitЁoш рJiйisiion iп йiiting from fie.publisher
of suсh Iicenсes (tor
t'ii" iЁibЪpyпgъt,iicensiпd liilnЬi ii'iteо. Ёurther detai|s ght Liсensin g Agenсy
defiпition of sine aпd сosine 20
Ы;;ЬiЁ ъйioouction1 йaй ьi Ььtaineo сoрyri
-floP.thе
Wl l 4Ll,. using fie sine аnd сosine 21
Limiй. of 90 Тottenham сюurt Road' London
rigonometriс ratios 0f 45", 30. and 60. 25
permitted.under th9. stаtes с0pyright.Aсt of
,n Us: A|l rights reserved. Except as чlleid
in any form 0r by aпy using the ca|cu|аtor aссurately 27
iЬi6' i'Б pi't .t йi. puьпсation may.ьe reproduсed or distributedprior
without the written permissigп
means. or stored in a datanase.oi-r|йevalsystem, slope and gradient 27
0f сontemporary B00ks.
projeсti0ns 28
Typeset by Pantek Art Ltd, мaidstone' кent multistage problems
сйii
ЁiЬiЬ-о. i-.i вritaiп fш нoJоei дiпolо, а
ivision of Hodder tleadliпe, 338 Еuston 30
irйi, loпo* шw1 зBtl, by сox & Wlmаn Цd, Reading, Berkshire. 04 in ttrree dimensions t5
.grЬwп
HodderHead|iпe'spo|iсyistousepaрersthatarenatura|,.renewab|eandreсyсIab|e introduсti0n 36
;йi,1.t' й йаrie йm wй in.susчiч!]e.j.9.l9sts. тhе |ogging and
pyramid problems 36
manufaсturingproсesses йЁйo ю conform t0 the rпviroпmenhl requ|ations of
the сountry 0f origin.
',. box problems 39

lmpression number 10 I 876543 wedge problems 41

Year 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
 45 identitiеs 106
аngles of any magпitude
46 more trigonometriс equatioпs 108
introduсtion
46
sine and сosine for any ang|e 11 the fom а siп x+ 0 Gos x 110
graphs of sine and cosine funсtions 48 introduсtion 111
50 thеformy=аsinx+Dсosx
the tangent of anY angle 111
graph of the tangent funсtion 5l using the altemative form 114
52
sine, сosinе аnd tаngent 12 the faсtor fomшlаe 118
53 the first set of faсtor formuIаe 't19
solving simple equаtions
54
introduсtion the seсond set of faсtor formulаe 122
54
solving equations involving sines
57
13 сirc|es rвlаted to a riang|e 1zfi
so|ving equations involving сosinеs the сirсumсirс|e 127
59
solving equations iпvo|ving tangents the inсirсle 131
в2
the sine aпd сosine formulae the ecirс|es 132
63
notаtion heron's formula: fie area of a triangle 134
63
areа of a triangle 14 general solution of eqшations 138
66
the sine formula for a triangle
68
the equation siп 0 = sin с 139
the ambiguous сase the equаtioп сo{i 0 = cos d 141
69
the сosine formu|a for a triаngIe
73
the equation taп 0 = tan с 141
introduction to surveying summаry of results 142
73
finding ttre height of a distant objeсt
75 glo$sary 145
distanсe of an inaсcessib|r objeсt
distanсe between two inaссessible but visib|e objесts
76 summarу d tsigonomeшiс formulae 1tl8
76 aпswG1s 151
triangulation

radiаns
&l indeх 16:!
08
84
introduсti0n
84
radians
84
length of a сirоuIar аrс
86
сonverting from radians to degreеs
87
arеа of a сirсular seсt0r
90
09 relations between the rаtios
91
introduсtion
91
seоant, сoseсant and сotangent
96
10 ratios of сompound апgles
97
сompound angles
formulaе for sin (A + $ -0
and sin(A 97

formulae for сos(/ + 0 and cos(я - 0

99
100
formulae for tan(,4 + 0 and tan(l - 81
101
worked еxamples
103
mu|tip|e aпglе formulae
Г"Ц
ll
т'

o
-
{r
q)
o
o Ъaсh Yourself Trigonomеtry has bееn suЬstantially revisеd аnd
,.-ii...', to takе aЪ.oo,,t of modеrn nееds and reсеnt devеlоp-
mеnts in thе subjесt.
will havе aссеss to a sсiеntifiс
It is antiсipatеd that еvery readеr
;;i;;i;;;ЬiЫ ь"' sines, соsinеs and tangеnts' and thеir Цr
й.,,",. It is also important that thе сalсulator has a memory сг J
a
;;.;й;i";"'mеdiatе?еsults сan bе stored aс|urately. No sup- II
ЬЬ,t h"' been givеn about how to use thе сalсulator,-еxсеptin
iЁ;;;-*;ial terms. Calсulators vary сonsiderably in thе s)
i;;;Ы;hi.ь tь.y usе, and what is appropriatе for onе сal-
1+
o
.ui,to' may bе inappropriate for anothеr. о
Thеrе arе many workеd ехamplеs in thе. Ьook, with сomplеtе, х
dеtailed answеrs to all the quеstions. At фе end ot еaсh worкro
;;;;;ь: will find thе Ъymbol l to indiсate that thе сxam- GI т

o
ple has beЪn сompletеd, and what follows is tеxt.
fl

o g)
'.u
Somе of thе еxerсisеs from thе original Teaсh Yourself -
i;й";";y h"u. been usеd in this rJvised text.' but аll thе
;;;й;"Ь
C П
b..'' rеwoгked to takе aссount of the grеatеr
aссuraсy availaЬlе with сalсulators.
I would likе to thank Linda Мoore fоr her hеlp in rеading
.o'i.сi''g
and
the tеxt. But thе rеsponsiЬility foг еrrors is mine. 5
Hugh Nеill
Novembеr 1997 o.
ln this chаpter you will learn:
. what trigonometry is
. a Iittle about its origins.
 1.2 What is trigonometry?
1.1 lntroduction Trigonomеtry is thе branсh of mathеmatiсs whiсh dеals with
onе of thе еarliеst known examplеs-of thе P.raсtiсal 1PPliсa.tion thе rеlationships Ьetwееn sides and angles of trianglеs.
ot onе ot fnе
of gеomеtry was the problеm of finding thе hеtsht
Еsvotian Dyramros. iъi;;;; 'Ьlu"j by ThЪlеs, thе Grееk For ехamplе, if yоu havе a right.anglеd trianglе with sidеs 7сm
(с.640 вс to 550 вс) using sim- and 5сm as shorpn in Figurе 1".2, trigonomеtry еnables you to сal-
;f,ilБ;;;i'",',,"J-,tь.-atiсian
ilar trianglеs. сulatе thе angles of йе trianglе and thе lеngth of thе othет sidе.

figurc 1.2

You should Ье ablе to do thеsе сalсulations rмhеn you have

studied Сhaptеr 02.
figure 1.1
Similarl5 if you know thе information givеn in Figure 1.3 about
pyramid and a the шianglе АBC, you сan сalсulate thе area of thе шiаngle, the
Thales oЬsеrvеd thе lеngth of thе shadows of.thе lеngth of thе othеr side, and thе magnitudе of thе othеr angles.
ground at thе еnd oI tnе
stiсk, АB, plaсеd vеrtiсally into фе
shadЬw oi ih" py'"-id, shown in Figure 1.1'. B

oB BC rеprеsеnt thе lеngths

and of thе shadow of thе pyramid
.тБ. of thе pyr1щd is to thе
;й;il;;йi. тh;i;' height
i.йь of the stiсk, as '"iа
the length of thе shadow ot thе pyramld
is tЬ thе lеngth of thе shadow of thе stiсk.' flgЦrc 1.3
That is, in Figurе 1.1,
PQ You should bе ablе to do this whеn you havе studiеd Chaptеr 07.
AB=9!-.
BC
As QB, AB, arld known, you сan сalсulate PQ.
BС are

!Ие arе told that thе king, Amasis, was аmazеd

at Thales' appli. 1.3 The origins of trigonometry
.,,l"" oi abst,aсt lБЬmеtriсal prinсiple to thе solution of Aссording to George Ghеvеrghese Josеph in his book, TЙe
"',
suсh a problеm. Crest of the Peаcock, publishеd Ьy Pеnguin Books in 1990, thе
This idea is takеn up in Chapter 02, in introduсing thе
idea of origins of trigonomettУ arc obsсurе. A systematiс study of
thе rеlationships Ьеtwееn the anglе at thе сеntre of a сiтсle and
the tangеnt ratio.
thе lеngth of сhord subtending it sеems to havе startеd rлrith
Hipparсhus (c.750 вс). Sее Figurе 1.4.
 + сrd з6" +
figure 1.4

Tablеs of thе lеngths of сhords for givеn anglеs wеrе produсеd

Ьy Ptolеmy (с. ло 100).
Trisonomеtry bеgan to rеsemblе its prеsеnt form from about
до i+
Цr
J
o
is6 иtь thЁ wo-rk of Aryabhata t. Thе knowlеdgе was trans-
mittеd to thе Arabs and thеnсе to Еuropе, whеrе. a сl€tarlес
trtlе
aссorrnt of trigonometriс knowlеdgе appеarеd undеr thе
Бe triапgulЬ imni rnodis, writtеn io 1464 Ьy Rеgiomontanus.

Orisinally trigonomеtry may havе Ьееn usеd to mеasurе thе 1+

;;;;;';ъi,-Ё. f,.., of thе py'a*ids, but it was also usеd for
astronomy.
q)
Thе Indian mathеmatiсians Varahamihara (с..4D 500) and
A;йБй.; I rlublishеd tablеs from whiсh it is possiblе to сomp.utе э
of anglеs. Thesе valuеs arе еxtremеly 1.:ч3::. Fo1
u"fu., of sinёs
GT
o
еxаmolе. thеir valuеs for sin 45o wеrе rеspесtlvеly U./v/U6 ano
o.i oi to'' сompared with thе modеrn v a|trc, 0.7 07 |L.

э
1+ In
.
this chapter you will learn:
what a tangent is
. the meanings of 'opposite',
.adjaсent'and
'hypotenuse' in right-
angled triangles
. how to solve problems
using tangents.
2.1 lntroduсtion ffi = z.os.
Thе method usеd by Thalеs to find thе hеight of thе
pyramid in
today. Thеrеforе PQ=2.05ХQB.
anсiеnt timеs is еssеntially thе samе as thJ mеthod usеd
i;l;.h.;;i;'. rмorth .""йi''i,.g more сlosеly. Figurе 2.1 is thе
samе as Figure 1.1.
2'2 Тhe idea of the tangent rat.o
The idеa of a сonstant ratio for evеry angle is thе kеy to thе
developmеnt of trigonometry.
Lеt PoQ (Figure 2.2) Ьe any aсute anglе 0o. From points А, B,
C on onе arm' say OQ, draw perpendiсulars АD, BЕ, СF t'o
the othеr arm, OP. As thеsе pеrpеndiсulars arе parallel, thе tri-
angles AoD, BoЕ and CoF arc similar.
Thеrеforе
АD BE, CF
oD-- oE -- oF'
figure 2.1

You сan assumе that the sunЪ rays arе parallеl Ьесausе the sun
islй;;;;-fio- th. еarth. In.Figw€ 2.tfаlling
it follows that thе
on thе tops of
ilj,iа ""6ipЫ*ьi.й ,.p,.'.''. thБ rays
thе objесts are parallеl.
Thеreforе, angle PBQ = angle АCB (thеy arе сorrеsponding
;;;й;j. fЁ"'еЪnglеs йсh reprеsent thе altitudе of thе sun.
DЕF
As anglеs PQB and ABC arc right anglеs, triangles PQB and nguJe2.2
АBC are similar, so
Now take any point У, it does not mattеr whiсh, on the arm
'&=#"'#=#. oQ. For that anglе 0o the ratio of thе pеrpеndiсular ХY drarмn
from Y on thе arm oQ to thе distanсе oХ interсeptеd on thе
Thе height PQ of thе Pyrаmid.is indеpеndеnt of thе lеngth
оf
othеr arm oP is сonstant. Seе Figurе 2.3.
;й;;i;l.ъъ1f yoo Ёh,''g. the lеnglh АB of the stiсk, thе
i.'*ii'_.r its shajow will Бе сhangеd in propоrtion. .You сan
;ь;;;i; makе thе following important gеnеral dеduсtion.

For the givеn anglе АCB, thе ratio сonstant whatеvеr

ffistays
the lensth ofAB. You сan сalсulatе this ratio Ьеforehand for
;;;;йЪCB.]r й do this, you do notvaluе nееd to usе thе stiсk,
;;ъ#.i.;." r.".j* 'ье angfе,and thе of thе ratio, and
сalсulate PQ.
yoo йu.Ы.asurеd the lengЬ QB, you сan
for
Thus if the аngle of еlеvation is 64. and the valuе of thе rаtio
ь,jЪеen prеviously found to 2.05, then you havе
iьiТ,"gЁ Ье figure 2.3
 partiсular As 0 inсrеasеs, y inсrеases and .r dесreasеs, so the tangеnts
This is truе for any anglе; еaсh anglе 0. .Цч its own of angles сlosе to 90o are vеry large. You will sее that when
сallеd thе tangеnt oг тnе
ratio сorrеsponding to it. This ratio is
anglе 0". 0 = 90, the valuе of л is 0, so } is not dеfinеd; it follows that
In praсtiсе, thе namе tangent is abbrеviatеd to tan. tan 90o does not ехist, and is undefinеd.

Thus for 0" in Figurеs 2.2 aлd2.3 уotl сan writе

YУ 2.4 Yalues of the tangent
tan 0o =
бi. You сan find фе value of thе tangent of an anglе by using youг
сalсulator. Try using it. You should find that thе tangеnt of 45o,
2.з of tangent writtеn tan45o, is 1, and tan60o = I.732.... If you havе diffi-
ratio сulty with this you should сonsult your сalсulator handЬоok,
^definition
Thеrе was a general disсussion of the idеa of thе tangеnt
to rеfinе.that disсussion into and make surе that you сan find thе tangеnt of any anglе
-Ъ...i." z..i,ьtrt itof isthеimportant
tangеnt ot an anglе. quiсkly and еasily.
a formal dеfinition
Your сalсulator must be in thе сorrесt modе. There arе othеr
In Figurе 2.4, the.origin o is thе се.ntrе of a сirсlе
of radius
to thе x-аxis, whеrе units, notably radians or rads, for mеasuring angle, and you
1 unit. Draw a ,,o,o,.oP at an anglе 0o
must еnsurе that your сalсulator is in degreе modе, rather than
бJ o P (х'
< 90. Lеt thе сoordinatеs of Ье y).
radian or rad modе. Radians arе widеly usеd in сalсulus, and
arе the subjесt of Chaptеr 05.
Somе сalсulators also givе tangеnts for gradеs, anotЬеr unit for
angle. Thегe are 100 grades in a right anglе; this book will not
usе grades.
Your саlсulаtоr чrill also rеvеrsе this proсеss of finding thе
tangеnt of an angle. If you nееd to know whiсh anglе has a
tangеnt of 0.9, you look uP thе inverse tangent. This is often
written аs tan-I 0.9, or sometimes as arсtan 0.9. Chесk that
tan.10.9 = 41.987..... If it is not, сonsult your сalсulator
handbook.
In thе work that follows, thе degree sign will always be
inсludеd, Ьut you might wish to lеavе it out in your work, pro-
vidеd thеrе is no ambiguiry Thus you wоuld urrite tan45o = 1
and tan60" = 1.732... .
figurc2.4

by Еxerсise 2.1
Thеn thе tangent of thе angle 0o, writtеn tan9", is dеfined ln questions 1 to 6, use your сa|сulator to find the va|ues of the
tangents of the fol|owing ang|es. Give your answers сorreсt to three
,^no =I.
deсima| places.

You сan sее from thе dеfinition that if 0 = 0 the y-сoordinatе оf I tan 20" 2 tan 30"
P is 0, so tanO = 0. 3 tan 89.99" 4 tan 40.43"
If0=45,thеnx=},So
5 tan 62o 6 tan 0.5'

tan 45" = 1.
|n questions 7 |o 12, use your сalсu|ator to find the ang|es with the
Thеn anglе PoQ is thе anglе of еlevation and еquals 38.25..
tangents. Give your answer сorreсt to the nearest one
tolЁwing
hundredth of a degree.
Thеn Ь
fu=tan38.25.
7 0.342 I 2 h = 168 x tan 38.25'
9 6.123 10 0.0001
12 lГз = 168 x 0.788зз64..-
11 1

= 1З2.44052,.. .

2.5 Notation for angles and sides

.Гhе
hеight of thе towеr is 132 m, сorrесt to thrее signifiсant fig-
It is
urеs. l
Using notation suсh as АBC for an anglе is сumbеrsomе.
anglg-lr only the ln praсtiсе, if you arе using a сalсulator, thеrе is no nееd to
or*Ё й"'" сonvеniеnt to rеfer to an u9i-ng
lettеr of thе three whiсh definе it..Thus, it thеrе ts no writе down all thе stеps givеn aЬovе. You should writе down
middlе
сnough so that you сan follоw your own working, Ьut you do
,ЪЪis"i.y, tanB цrill bе usеd in prefеrеnсe for tanАBС.
ll()t nееd to Writе down thе valuе of thе tangеnt as an intеrmе-
Singlе Grееk lеttеrs suсh as с (alpha), B (Ьеta),0
(theta) and ф (liatе stеp. It is entirеly еnough, and aсtually bеttеr praсtiсе, to
(phi) are oftеn usеd for anglеs. writе thе сalсulation abovе аs
h to
Similarly, it is usually еasier to usе a singlе letter suсh as h
."Ь'.'."i a distanсе alo',g a line, rathеr than to givе thе bеgin-
ffi = tan 38'25"
ning and еnd of thе linе as in thе form АB.
h = 168 x tan 38.25"
1з2'44052...
2.6 Using tangents = .

llowеver' in this сhaptеr and thе nехt, thе еxtra linе will Ье
Hеrе arе somе еxamples whiсh illustra.tе the use of tangеnts insеrtеd as a hеlp to thе rеadеr.
,"j iь" tесhnique of йlving problems with thеm.
Ехamp|e2.2
Exаmple 2.1 A pеrson who is 168сm tall had a shadow whiсh rлras 154сm
A;;;.y* who is standing at a point measures 168m h"'i::"liJЦ^d':; lt>ng. Find the anglе of еlеvation of thе sun.
;;;i';;.мi".i-Ъr aiall towеr the-angle of
r.--..:^-
;й";i;;.ithе^J rL^ "^. of
top tЬд inrrrрr яq ЗR
^f thе tower as 38.25o. 2-5o. Find the height
hеisht ln Figurе 2.6 |et PQ Ье the pеrson and oQ bе thе shadorм. Thеn
sround of thе top
the ground
яЬоve thе
abovе of thе torлrеr. /,o is thе sunЪ ray and 0o is thе anglе of еlеvation of thе sun.
You should always draw a figurе. In Figurе.2.5, Pis thе tч o{ф9 P
wluсп
towеr and Q is thе boшom. Thе survеyоr ls standrng at L,,
;;' th" levеl as
';й Q. Let йе hеight of thе towеr be h metrеs.

168 сm

ligure 2.6
168 m

ligшъ 2.5
Then tan0" =т54
1,68 Thеrеforе: tan32o =2,
= 1.09090... so *=#ь
0 = tan-l1.09090...

= 47.489... . =- I

0.624869...
Thеreforе thе anglе of еlеvation of thе sun is approximatеly = 11.2023... .
47.49".1
out a
Thе roof span is 2ш metres, that is approximate|у 22.4m.I
Notе onсe again that you с1n usе thr сalсulator and lеavе
you еxplanation to
,'oйb.' of siеps, p'ouid"d that givе еnough. Еxerсise 2.2
;Б;; h.* yori obiain your rеsuit. Thus you сould writе 1 The angle of elevation of the sun is 48.4". Find the height of a
flag staff whose shadow is 7.42m long.
1a11Q'=$
- 154 2 A boat leaving a harbour travels 4 miles east and 5 miles north.
Find the bearing of the boat from the harbour.
3 A boat whiсh is on a bearing of 038" from a harbour is 6 miles
o =и"'(ffi) north of the harbour. How far east is the boat from the harbour?
4 A ladder resting against a wall makes an angle of 69' with the
= 47.489... ground. Тhe foot of the ladder is 7.5 m from the wal|. Find the
height of the top of the ladder.
Example 2.3 From the top window of a house whiсh is 1.5 km awаy from a
Fisurе 2.7 reprеsеnts a seсtion of a symmetriсal roof in whiсh tower it is observed that the angle of elevation of the top of the
АЕ;h; 'p",''' "''d oP thе risе. Р is tЬe mid-point of АB. tower is 3.6o and the angle of depression of the bottom is 1.2".
Find the height of the tower in metres.
Thеriseоfthеroofis7manditsanglеofslopeis32..Findthе From the top of a с|iff 32 m high it is noted that the angles of
roof span.
depression of two boats |ying in the line due east of the с|iff are
21'and 17'. How far are the boats aparl?
Тwo adjaсent sides of a reсtang|e are 15.8 сm and 1 1 .9 сm. Find
the ang|es whiсh a diagonal of the reоtangle makes with the
sides.
P and Q are two points direсt|y opposite to one another on the
banks of a river. A distanсe of 80 m is measured a|ong one bank
figшв2.7 at right angles to PQ. From the end of this line the angle
subtended by PQ is 61'. Find the width of the river.
As thе roof is symmetriсal'oAч is an isosсеles trianglе, so
OP A |adder whiсh is |eaning against a wall makes an ang|e of 70"
is pеrpеndiсulai to АB. Call thе lеngth АP, tll metrеs. with the ground and reaсhes 5 m up the wal|. The foot of the
|adder is then moved 50сm c|oser to the wa|l. Find the new
angle that the ladder makes with the ground.
2.7 opposite and adiaсent sides
Sometimеs thе trianglе with whiсh yоu havе.to
work is not сon-
an еxample of
;j;;,l'y;й"й"i.i. p"g..гig"'.2.8a shows
this.

А
/l
/ 1,.'
ang|е 0f focus adjacent

Ь1
flgшrc 2.9a figure 2.9b

As you сan ser' in both сasеs

5сm

figure 2.84 tigurе 2.8b

- adlaсеnt )
tanBo=oЧPo'i..=9.
Мany pеoplе find this method thе most сonvеniеnt whеn using
In this сase, thеrе is no сonvеniеnt pair of axеs involved.
il.;;;.;;;;.Ьold 'o,,t" the figurе, еi1hеr aсtually or in your thе tаngent.
.Гhе
imagination,tо oЬtain Figurе 2.8b. other side of thе right.anglеd trianglе, thе lоngеst sidе, is
p, сallеd thе hдlotеnuse. The hypotеnusе will fеaturе in Chaptеr 03.
= I.6,and you сan
сalсulate
You сan now sее thattanB' =|5o"-E
thе dia-
but
Duf, ll()w сould you
how LUцru ).vu D9U Lrr4L t^iB"
seе that Lцдr,. =
!s = r.с
_'- еasily frоm Еxample 2.4
ln a triangle АBC, angle B = 90",АB = 5сm and BC = 7 cm.
prосеss of
gram in Figurе 2.8a,,without going tйrough thе i.ind thе sizе of angle А.
!еtting to Figurе 2.8Ь?
alwаys.bе l)raw a diagram, Figurе 2.10.
\X/hеn you arе using a right-anglеd triangle уou.will
intеrеsiеd in onе of thе anglеs othеr than thе rrght angtе. tоr
;;;;;;;;, .,ir ,ьь "',gl. Тh. jзчc!. sidе of.foсrrs'. onе of thе sidеs
will Ье oppositе tьi' .all tйs thе oppositе. onе of
thе othеisidеs will
""?1Ъ;
join thе anglе in whiсh yoц arе lntеrеstеq; 5сm
сall this sidе thе adiaсеnt.
B
opposrfе
Thеn tangеnt
- = -=_-_-:.
adlaсеnt |lщm2.l0
This works for all right-anglеd trianglеs. In thе two сasеs in
F;'; z.в, ""а 2.8:й thе"оppositе-and adiaсеnt sidеs arе ln triangle АBC, foсus on anglе А. Thе opposite is 7сm and thе
laБеllеd in Figurе 2.9a and 2.9Ь. adiaссnt is 5сm.
'Гhеreforе ,^nА" =Z5

irnd anglе A = 54.46.I

Note that in this сase you сould find angle C first using tanC" -- |,
Thеn tan52o _ 13.3
АBC 'с
and thеn use thе faсt that thе sum of thе anglеs of trianglе _ 1,3.3
is ].80. to find angle А. ** - tan 52"

Example 2.5 13.3

Find thе length а inЕiglхe 2.It. 1.2799...

= 10.391... .

Thеrеfore the lеngth is 10.4сm, сorrесt to 3 signifiсant figurеs. t

Еxerсise 2.3
eaсh of the folIowing questions find the marked ang|e or side.

'
|n

figurc 2.11

Foсus on thе ang|e 24". Thе oppоsitе sidе is a and thе adjaсеnt
sidе is 6 сm. ----1"'
scm
#
,r,'1or
Then tan24" = Ч
6 3 П-__qJ_9щ--.-?- 4 т 4.8 сm

a = 6 tan24" hсmt"""
---. 4.2cm.---7
*.. u,"
= 6х0.4452...

*,fuf
lro

l" \
6 /сm 6
=2.671.... .
Lт---__-_- - \xсm
д^tt
Therеforе а = 2.67 cm,сorrесt to 3 signifiсant figures. l 2сm/

Еxample 2.6 Uю\

Find thе lеngth xсm in Figlte 2.L2. 6сn/ N сm
,/ д.\
ro or'/f
figurэ 2.12 et//l
Foсus оn the angle 52". The oppositе sidе is 13.3 сm and thе
adjaсеnt sidе is rсm.
 3.1 lntroduсtion
In Figurе 3.1 a pеrpendiсular is drawn from А to OB.
You sarдr on pagе 8 that the ,^tio tan0o.
ffi=
Now сonsidеr thе ratiоs of еaсh of thе lines АB and oB to thе
hypotеnuse ОA of' trianglе oАB.

o
B
flgure 3.1

oa
'|ust as for a fixеd anglе 0o thе ratio
4Д i,.o,,,1"nt, (and еqual to
tan 0") wherеvеr А is, so also thе p,that

o
is
'i{i" \JI\ nypotеnusе
Пl is сonstant.

ao
,Гhis
ratio is сallеd thе sinе of thе anglе 0o and is written sinOo.
э
f

g)
o
э
a a
э
a. sin0o =
opposite
= с0s0o = Д
adiacent
=
hypotenuse Б hypotenuse b
tlgure 3.2
-
.\B adiaсent
|n this сhаpteryou wil| leam: Similarly, thе ratio !{, г::t::::. ' is also сonstant
|JI\that is nypoЕеnuse for
. what the sine and сosine are thе angle 0o.
. how to use the sine and 'Гhis ratiо is сallеd thе сosinе
cosine to find lengths and of the angle 0o and is wriшеn сos 0o.
angles in right-angled .Гhus g,
sin9o = Jpp'osце сos9o = Дn,,"t =g.
.
triangles
how to solve multistage
nypofеnrrsе= D hypotеnusе b
problems using sines'
сosines and tangents'
 3.2 Definition of sine and сosine о Using PythagorasЪ йеorеm on trianglе oPN givеs * +f = 1.
[n Sесtion 3.1 thеrе is a short disсussion introduсing thе sinе and Thеrеfore sin2Oo сos20o = 1,
+
сosinе ratios. In this sесtion thеre is a more formal dеfinition.
where sin2 0" mеans (sin 0.)2 and means сos2 0o mеans
Dгaw a сirсlе with radius 1 unit, and сеntrе at thе origin O. (сos0.)2.
Draw thе radius OP at an anglе 0o to the x-аxis in ai anti-
сloсkwise dirесtion. Sеe Figure 3.3. Thе еquation sin2 0" + сos2 0o = 1' is oftеn сallеd Pythagoras's
thеorеm.
Finding thе valuеs of the sinе and сosinе of anglеs is similar to
finding thе tangеnt of an anglе. Use your сalсulator in thе way
that you would еxpесt. You саn ujе the funсtions sin-1 and
сos-l to find thе invеrsе sinе and сosinе in thе same wav that
you used tan-1 to find thе inversе tangent.

3.3 Using the sine and cosine

In the еxamplеs whiсh follovy therе is a сonsistent stratеgy for
starting thе problеm.
о Look at thе angle (othеr than thе right angle) involvеd in
the proЬlеm.
о Idеntify. the. sidеs, аdjaсent, oppositе and hypotenusе,
figure 3.3 involvеd in thе problеm.
о Deсidе whiсh trigonomеtriс ratio is detеrmined by thе rwo
Thеn lеt P havе сoordinates (r, y). sidеs.
Then sin 0. = y and сos 0o = х ate thе dеfinitions of sinе and о Мakе.аn еquation rмhiсh starts with thе trigonomеtriс
сosinе whiсh will Ье used in thе remaindеr of thе book. ratio for the angle сonсerned, and finishеs with thе divi-
Notе the arrow labelling thе anglе 0. in Figure 3.3; this is to sion of two lеngths.
еmphasize that angles are measured positivеф in the antiсloсk- о Solve the еquation to find what you neеd.
rмisе direсtion.
Hеrе arе somе examples whiсh usе this stratrgy.
Notе also fwo other properties of sin0o and сosOo.
о Exаmple 3.1
In thе triangle oPN, anglе oРN = (90 - 0)., and Find thе lеnф markеd ясm in the right.anglеd шiangle in Figurе
3.4.
sin(90 - 0)o ='-Д.$
nypoЕenuse= 9l =
сos0o,

that is sin(90_0)o=сos0o.
Similarly сos(90_0)o=sin0o.

figurc3.4
Thе anglе сonсеrnеd is 51"; rеlativе to thе angle of 51o, thе sidе Example 3.3
2..5 сrrr is thе adjaсеnt, and thе sidе markеd x сm is thе A 30m laddеr on a firе engine has to rеaсh a.V/hat
window 26m
ltyp<ltсnusс. Thе ratio сonсеfnеd is thе сosinе. from thе ground whiсh is horizontal and lеvеl. anglе, to
thе nеarеst degreе, must it makе with the ground and how far
St:rrt Ьy writing сos51" =2'5 . from thе Ьuilding must it Ье plaсеd?
х
Thеn solvе this еquation fоr x. Lеt thе laddеr be AP (Figurе 3.6), lеt 0. bе thе anglе that thе
laddеr makеs with thе ground and lеt d mеtrеs bе the distanсе
* = -2!L- = 3'972"' of thе foot of thе laddеr from thе window.
'
сos.)l-
Thе lеngth of thе sidе is 3.97сm аpproхimatеly. l
Еxample 3.2
Thе lеngth оf еaсh lеg of a stеp laddеr is 2.5 m. !Иhеn thе lеgs
arе opеnеd out' thе distanсе Ьеrwееn thеir fееt is 2 m. Find thе
anglе bеrwееn thе lеgs.
АB АС
Аdm
In Figurе 3.5, lеt and Ье thе lеgs of thе laddеr. As thеrе
figurв 3.6
is no right anglе, you havе to makе onе Ьy dropping thе pеr.
pendiсular Аo from А to thе Ьase BC. Thе trianglе АBC is
isosсеlеs, so Аo Ьisесts thе anglе BAС and thе basе BC. As thе sidеs 25m and 30m arе thе oppositе and the hypotеnusе
Thеrеforе for thе anglе 0o, you neеd the sinе ratio.

BО=ОС=1m. Тhеn sin0o= Ц=0.8666.,.

JU
А so 0" = 60.07З... .
.Гhе
ladder is plaсеd at an anglе of 60" to thе ground.
"Гo
find thе distanсе d, it is best to usе PythagorasЪ theorеm.
* = 302 - 262 = 900 - 676 = 244,
so d=14.966....
figure 3.5
Thе foot оf the laddеt is 14.97 m from thе wall. l
You nееd to find BАС. Сall it 2d", so ang|e BAО = df,
ang|e Еxample 3.4
Thе sidеs of lеngth 1 m and 2.5 m arе thе oppositе and thе Thе hеight of a соnе is 1.8 сm, and thе anglе at thе vеrtеx is 88".
hypotеnusе for thе ang|e do' so you nееd thе sinе ratio. Find thе slant hеight.

Thеn sin do O.*

=
*=
so а, = 23.578... ,
and 2a=47.156....
Thеrеforе thе anglе bеtwееn thе lеgs is 47.16. approхimatеly. I
figun 3.7
In Figure 3.7,|et /сm bе thе slant hеight of thе сonе. Sinсе the |n a сirсle with radius 4 сm, a оhord is drawn subtending an
pеrpёndiсular to the basе Ьisесts the vеrtiсal angle of thе сone, angIe of 80. at the оentre. Find the length of this сhord and its
еaсh part is 44". distance from the сentre.
13 Тhe sides of a triangle are 135 mm, 180 mm and 225 mm. Prove
Thе sides 18сm and lcm are the adjaсеnt and hypotenusе for that the triangle is right-angled, and find its angles.
the angle 44o, so thе ratio сonсеrned is thе сosinе. 14 ln a right-angled triang|e' the hypotenuse has |ength 7.4сm' and
one of the other sides has length 4.6cm. Find the smallest angle
Thеn сos44o =
+, of the triangle.
15 A boat travels a distance of 14.2km on a bearing of 041'. How
/=***.4. =т7&: 16
far east has it travelled?
Тhe height of an isosсeles triangle is 3.8 cm, and the equa|
angles are 52". Find the length of the equal sides.
I =25.022.... 1т A сhord of a cirсle is 3 m |ong, and it subtends an angle of 63. at
Thе slant hеight is approximatеly 25.0сm. l the сentre of the оirоle. Find the radius of the сirс|e.
18 A person is walking up а road angled at 8" to the horizontal.
Exerсise 3.1 How far must the person walk along the road to rise a height of
ln questions 1 to 10, find the side or angle indiоated by the |etter. 1 km?
19 ln a right-ang|ed triang|e the sides сontaining the right ang|e are

2cm " o,Ч,41'

,t
4.6 m and 5.8 m. Find the аngles and the |ength of the
hypotenuse.

Jo"'
3.4 Тrigonometriс ratios of 45o, 30"
7---7 r------7
bу<r 4 4'*,'V^K and 60"
You сan сalсulatе thе trigonomеtriс ratiоs еxaсtly for somе

'
I:у<;; I ,' \
/сm ,Ьt simplе anglеs.
{-_---7 / 6 \xсm
/*.

,.d\
Sinen Gosine and tаngent of 45"

"f--^
Figurе 3.8 shows an isosсеles right-anglеd triangle whose еqual
sidеs are eaсh 1 unit.

13сm
N'1o1
1зсm

.-.\\ {,,^
\,/z'lз',. '.^v
11 A сirс|e of radius 45mm has a сhord of |ength 60mm. Find the figurв 3.8

sine and the сosine of thе ang|e at the centre of the сirс|e
subtended by this сhord.
Using PрhagorasЪ thеorеm, thе hypotеnuse has lеngth {2 units. 3.5 Using the сalсulator acсurateIy
Thеrеforе thе trigonomеtriс ratios fоr 45. arе given by Whеn you usе a сalсulator to solvе an еquation suсh as sin 0" =
is important to Ьe ablе to gеt аs aссurate afl answеr as
sin45o = 1},
сos45" =#,иn45o = ].. #,'.
you сan.
You сan, if you wish, usе the equivalеnt valuеs
Wrong method
sin 45o =$,,o,45" =Ч,tan 45o = 1. sin,o =
fl = o.вzz

Thesе valuеs arе oЬtainеd from thеir prеvious valuеs by noting sin0o = З8.46.
that
1. lт 12 Gorreсt method
a,=a,' E=т'
1,

sin,o =
ff = o.вztв27621,6

0 = З8.43.
Sine, сosine and tangent of 30" and 60" \07hat has happеnеd? Thе proЬlеm is that in the wrong method
Figurе 3.9 sholмs an еquilatеral trianglе of side 2 units. thе сorrесtеd answеь 0.622, a thrеe-signifiсant-figurе approxi-
mation, has bееn usеd in thе sесond part of the сalсulation to
find thе anglе, and has introduсеd an еrror.
Yoц сan avoid the еrror Ьy not writing dоrмn thе thrеe-signifiсant-
figure approximation аnd by using thе сalсulator in thе follow.
lng way.
sinl =ff
0 = 38.43.
'I 1
In this vеrsion' thе answе usеd dirесtly to сalсulate thе
figure 3.9 ' '" {was
anglе, and thеrеfore all the figйiеs wеrе prеsеrvеd in thе proсess.
Thе perpendiсular from thе vеrtеx bisесts the basе, dividing thе Somеtimеs it may bе neсеssаry to usе a сalсulator memory to
origiЬal.trianglе into two trianglеs with anglеs of 30o, 60" and storе an intеrmеdiatе answеr to as many figures as you nееd.
90; and sidеs of lеngth 1. unit, 2 units and, using Pythagoras's
theorеm, V3 units. tt is not nесеssary in this саsе, Ьut you сould сalсulate a"d
ff
Thеrеfore thе trigonomеtriс ratios for 30o are givеn by put the rеsult into mеmory А. Thеn you сan сalсulatе sin-1 А to
нсr an aссuratе answеr.
sin3Oo =
},
сos30. =$,tan30. =
тЬ "'f .
Y<lu nееd to bе awarе of this point for thе multistage problems
in Sесtion 3.8, and espeсially so in Chaptеr 07.
Thе samе ratios for 60" arc givеn by

sin 60o =
f, сos 60 " =
\,
tan60o = {З .
3.6 Slope and gradient
It is usеful еithеr tо rеmеmber thеsе rеsults' or to be ablе to get l;igurе 3.10 rеprеsеnts a side viеw of thе seсtiоn of a rising path
thеm quiсkly. AB is horizontal and BС is thе vеrtiсal risе.
^С'
 As aor0t =
ff,
АC = АB cos9"
so ЕF = AB сosOo.
f,guш 3.10
Еxercise 3.2
l-еt thе anglе Ьеtwеen thе path and thе horizontal bе 0o. Тhis is a misсe|laneous exerсise involving sines, сosines and
tangents.
Thеn 0o is сallеd thе anglе of slopе or simply thе slоpе оf thе path.
In questions 1 to 10, find the marked angle or side.
Thе ratio tan 0o is сallеd thе gradient of thе path.
2
Somеtimеs, еspесially by thе side of railways, thе gradiеnt is
givеn in thе form 1 in 55. This mеans

+.
--/-1,.rr'
4оm
oсm

*55
sradiеnt = 4сm
5.1 cm 4.B сm
.!Иhеn
the anglе of slopе 0" is very small, as in thе сasе of a rai|-
way and most roads' it makеs littlе praсtiсal diffеrеnсе if you | --'- 4.2cml -,.
pp-/псn
takе sin 0" instеad of tan 0" as thе gradiеnt.
IY
sin0. (Ьy mеasuring BC
In praсtiсе also it is еasiеr to mеasurе
д\
and AС), and thе differеnсе Ьеtwееn AС and АB is rеlativеly ГI------ /=- хcm/
3.52,^|вв'l"'1 \
small provided that 0" is small. 160' \
4.2cm
You сan use your сalсulator to see just how small thе diffеrеnсе 1)r
is Ьеfwееn sinеs and tangеnts for small anglеs. ,о.t
уcn/ / Хсm
/5o.l' \ ,/ .lз
p.\
3.т Projeсtions
cm

10
In Figurе 3.7\,|et / bе a straight linе, and lеt AB Ьe a straight
linе sеgmеnt whiсh makеs an anglе 0. with /.

11 ln a right.angled triangle the two sides сontaining the right angle

ffI have lengths 2.34m and 1.64m. Find the smallest angle and the
length of the hypotenuse.
figure 3.11
12 |n the triangIe ABс, c is a right ang|e' АC is 122сm and АB is
175сm. Calсu|ate ang|e B.
Pеrpеndiсulars arе drawn ftom А and B to /, meeting l at Е and 13 ln triangle АBC' angle C = 90o, zlnd А = 37.35. and AB = 91 .4
F. Thеn ЕF is сallеd thе projeсtion of АB on /. mm. Find the |engths of BC and CА.
You сan sеe from Figurе 3.11. tЬat thе lеngths АC aпd ЕF arc '14 А8C is a triang|e. Angle C is a right ang|e, АC is 21.32 m and BC
еqual. is 12.56m. Find the ang|esА and 8.
15 ln a triang|e ABc, АD is the perpendiсu|ar from А to BC. Тhe
longths of АЕl and BC are з.25 сm and 4.68 сm and angle B is
55'. Find the lengths ot AD, BD and AC.
16 АBC is a triang|e, right.angled at C. The |engths of BC and AB
are 378 mm and 543 mm' Find ang|e А and the |ength of GА.
17 A |adder 20 m |ong rests against a vertiсal wa|l. Find the
inсlination of the |adder to the horizonta| when the foot of the
ladder is 7m from the wall.
18 A ship starting from o travels 18 km hj in the direоtion 35. north
of east. How far will it be north and east of O after an hour?
19 A pendulum of length 20cm swings on either side of the vertiсal
through an angle of 15". Through what height does the bob rise?
20 Тhe side of an equi|ateral triangle is x metres' Find in terms of x сс
the altitude of the triang|e. Henсe find sin 60" and sin 30o. flguтe 3.12
21 A straight Iine 3.5 сm |ong makes an angle of 42" with the x-axis.
Find the |engths of its projeоtions on the x- and y-axes.
The lеft-hand diagram in Figurе 3.12 sholмs thе information. In
22 When you walk 1.5 km up the line of greatest slope of a hill you
thе right-hand diagram, the diagonals, whiсh сut at right-angles
rise 94m. Find the gradient of the hill.
23 A ship starts from a given point and sails 15.5km on a bearing
at O, havе bееn drawn, and the line АC, whiсh is an aхis of
symmetry' Ьiseсts thе kitе.
of 319.. How far has it gone west and north respeсtive|y?
24 A point P is 14.5 km north of Q and Q is g km west of Е. Find the Lеt Do bе rсm, and lеt ang|e DCA = 0".
bearing of P from R and its distance from R.
sin40'=
Thеn
!
3.8 Multistage problems so x = 5 sin4Oo.

This sесtion givеs examplеs of multistagс proЬlеms whеrе you Also sinO'= .
neеd to think out a strategy bеfore you start. f
You nееd also to bе aware of the adviсе given in Sесtion 3.5 Substituting for x sinoo =:rЭ40.
aЬout thе aссuratе usе of a сalсulator.
so 0=27.З3....
Example 3.5
АBCD is a kite inwhiсh AB = АD = 5сmandBC = СD =7сm. Angle BCD = 20o = 54.66o, сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs. l
Anglе DАB = 80o. Calсulatе anglе BCD.
Example 3.6
}.igurе 3.13 rеpresеnts Part of a symmеtriсal roof frame.
PА = 28 m, АB = 6m and ang|e oPА = 21". Find thе lengths
of oР and oA.
 Еxerсise 3.3
1 ABOD is a kite in whiсh AB = AD = 5 сm, BC = CD = 7оm and
ang|e DAB = 80". Ca|culate the length of the diagonalАC.
2 ln the diagram, find the |ength of АC.

t
4сm
figurc 3.13
I
Lеt OP= lm, PB trm xnd oА hm. B*8сm.+
= =
To find / you neеd to find ang|e oPB1' to do this you nееd first 3 ln the diagram, find the angle 0.
to find ang|e АPB. Lеt anglе АPB= d".

Thеn sindo= L=0.21,428...

JO
so d=1.2.373....
Thеrеfoге anglе oPB = d" + 21"o
PQЛS is a reсtangle. A semiсirсle drawn with PQ as diameter
33.373...'. .t0сm'
= сuts яs at А and B. Тhe |ength PQ is and angle 8QP is
Nеxt you must find thе lеngth.r. 30.. Calculate the |еngth PS.
A ship sai|s 5 km on a bвaring of 045" and then 6 km on a
To find x, usе PрhagorasЪ thеorem in trianglе АPB. bearing of 060.. Find its distanсe and bearing from its starting
x2=282-62=784-36=748 point.
Тhe |engths AB and AC oI a triangle ABC are 5сm and 6сm
so х = 27.349.., ,
respeсtive|y. The |ength of the perpendiсu|ar from А to BC is
4сm. Calсulate the angle BАC.
Thеn сos33.373.. .' - 27.3!9... ln a triangle АBC, the angles at А and C are 2o" and 30.
I
respeсtive|y. Тhe length of the perpendiсu|аr from B to АC is
.|0cm.
so l= 27.349... Calсu]atethe length of АC.
сos 33.373.... Inthо isosсeles triang|e АBC, the щual angIes at B and C are eaсh
50o. The sides of the triangle each touоh a сirоle of radius 2 оm.
= З2.7500,.. .
To find b,уou nееd to usе Й = oB - AB = oB _ 6.

To find OB, sin33.373.... =

т#o^
so OB = 32.7590... x sin 33.373..."
= 19.0156... ,

and h = 18.0156.". - 6 = 12.0156...

Thеrеfore oP = 32.75^ and oA = 12.02m approхimatеly. l
Calсu|ate the |ength BC.

i
A ladder of length 5 m is |eaning against a vertiсa| wal| at an
angle of 60' to the horizontal. The foot of the Iadder moves in by
50сm. By how muсh does the top of the |adder move up the
wall?
PQЕS is a trapezium, with PQ parallelto RS. The angles at P
.|30.
and Q are 120. and respeсtively. Тhe length PQ is 6.23cm
and the distanсe between the parallel sides is 4.92 cm'
Ca|сu|ate the length of ЕS.

o. э
fl
fl

1+
Цr
o
з
J

a
э o -

rl o
o
a
this сhapteryou will learn:
э In
. the impoftanоe of good
diagrams in solving three-
dimensional problems
. how to break down three-
dimensional problems into
two-dimensional problems
. how to solve problems by
using pyramids, boxes and
wedges.
4.1 lntroduction
\DИorking in thrее dimеnsions introduсеs no new trigonomеtriс
idеas, Ьut you do nееd to bе ablе to think in thrее dimеnsions
and to Ье aЬlе to visualizе thе proЬlеm сlеarly. To do this it is a
grеat hеlp to Ье aЬlе to draw a good figurе.
You сan solvе all thе proЬlеms in this сhaptеr by piсking out
right-angled trianglеs from a thrеe-dimеnsional figurе, drawn,
of сoursе, in two dimеnsions.
This сhaptеr will сonsist mainly of ехamplеs, whiсh will inсlude
сеrtain typеs of diagram whiсh you shоuld Ьe aЬlе to draw
quiсkly and еasily.
4.2 Pyramid problems
Thеrе arе a numbеr of fеaturеs you should notiсе about this
diagram.
о Thе diagram is largе еnough to avoid points bеing .on top
of onе anothеr'.
о Thе vеrtеx V shоuld bе abovе thе сеntrе of thе Ьasе. It is
bеst to draw thе basе first, draw thе diagonals intersесting
at O, and thеn put V vertiсally abovе O, siting V so that
thе edgе VС ot thе pyramid does not appеar to Pass
through B.
о Note that thе dimеnsions havе not bееn put on thе mеas-
ufеmеnts whеrе, to do so, would add сluшеr.
To solvе thе problеm' You must dеvеlop a stratеgy whiсh
nvolvеs сrеating or rесognizing right-angled trianglеs.
i

Thе anglе АVC is thе vеrtiсal anglе of thе isosсеlеs triang|e АVС
Thе first type of diagram is the pyramid diagram. This diagram whiсh is bisесtеd Ьу VО.If you сan find thе lеngth Аo, you
will work for all problеms whiсh involvе pyramids with a сan find ang|e AVС. But you сan find Аo by using the faсt tЬat
squarе Ьase. ABСD is a squarе. Sее Figurе 4.2.

Еxаmple 4.1

,/"1\'-lxl
ABCD is thе square base of sidе 5 сm of a pyramid whosе
Yertex V is сm direсtly abovе thе сеntrе o of thе squarе.
6 ,Ьtt
Calсulatе thе angle АVC.
Thе diagram is drawn in Figurе 4.1.
А g с А-5сm-в
ligure 4.2

lrind АC by using Pythagoras's thеorеm

Аc=52+52=50,
so АC = {50сm and' Аo = }r/50сm.
l.еt anglе АVo = d".
|
Тhеn t^nа" -
=i\)0
b
and o=30.5089....
Thеrefore ang|e AVС
2do = 6L.02"..
=

If you find that you сan sоlvе thе problеm without drawing thе
subsidiary diagram in Figurе 4.2, then do so. But many people
figure 4.1 find that it hеlps to sее what is happеning.
All squarе-bаsеd pyramid problems сan be solved using this As Po = ,PR, and, using PщhagorasЪ thеorеm gives
diаgram.
PR = {FУ;тsz =la +т =^[61.
Example 4.2
РQRI'V is a pyramid with vеrtеx V whiсh is situatеd symmеtri you find Po = +{6псm.
сally aЬovе thе mid-point o of thе rесtangular Ьasе PQRS. Thе
lеngths of PS and RS arе 6 сm and 5 сm, and thе slant hеight VP
is 8 сm. Find thе anglе that thе еdgе VP makеs with the ground.
Thеn сosсo =P;i =+,
Figurе 4.3 shows thе situation. so q,
= 60.78.
Thеrefore thе еdgе VP makеs an angle of 60,78" with thе hori
zontal. I

4.3 Box problems

The seсond typе of problem involvеs drawing a box.

figure 4.3

Let the rеquirеd anglе VPo bе d". Thеn you сan find d from
triangle vPo if you сan find еithеr PO or Vo. You сan find
PO from thе reсtangle РQRs.
flgшв.|.5
Thе usuаl way to draw thе box is to draw two idеntiсal rесtan.
gles, onе .bеhind' the othеr, and thеn to join up thе сornеrs
appropriatеly. It сan bе usеful to makе sоmе оf rhe lines dottеd
to makе it сlеar whiсh faсе is in front.

,^ |ж: Еxаmple 4.3

A roоm has length 4 m, width 3 m and hеight 2 m. Find thе
tigure 4.4 anglе that a diagonal of thе room makеs with the floor.
 This figurе is part of thе bох diagram in Figure 4.5, with somе
linеs rеmoved. F is thе foot of thе pylon.
Tо сalсulatе SW, start by finding thе hеight of thе pylon, thеn
thе lеngth FW, and thеn usе Pрhagoras's thеoтеm to find SW.

In trianglе PF$ tan 1.0o =

ff ,o PF = 50 tan 1.0o.

In trianglе PFIV tanso =

i#=ryщ
А
4m
figure 4.6
so
тfr
FW =---.
50tan10"
tan 5-
Lеt thе diagonal of thе room bе АR, and lеt AС Ьe thе diagonal
of thе floor. Lеt thе rеquirеd angle Ьe сo. Finally sР = FW +sF, = (w), *'o,
You сan usе Pрhagoras's thеorеm to find thе diagonal АC of
thе floor and so find thе anglе 0". = 12654.96,
so Sw = 172m. сorreсt to the nеarеst mеtrе. l
AC =lT +4 =^'[I5 = 5

tand" =Z
4.4 Wedge problems
and d = 21.80.
Thе third typе оf problеm involvеs drawing а wеdgе. This
Thеrеforе thе diagonal makеs an anglе of 2]".80. with thе floоr. l wеdge is rеally only part оf a box, so you сould think of a
Somеtimеs the problеm is a Ьox proЬlеm, Ьut may not sound wedgе pтoblem as a speсial сasе of a box problеm, but it is
likе onе. еаsiеr to think of it in a sеparatе сatеgofy.

ЕxampIe 4.4
The top, P, of a pylon standing оn lеvеl ground suЬtends an
angle of 10o at a point S whiсh is 50m duе south, and 5o at a
pоint W lying wеst of thе pylon. Calсulatе thе distanсе STV'сor-
rесt to thе nеarеst mеtrе.

flgшв4J

figure 4.7'
ttample 4.5 Aс=
The line of greatest slopе of a flat hillside slopes at an anglе of Бzб*mi.
20o to thе horizontal. To rёduсe the anglе of сlimb, a walkеr
walks on a Path on the hillside whiсh makes an angle of 50o In triаngle АBC sinс =;fu = = sin20oсos50"
with thе line of grеatest slope. At what angle to the horizontal sin 20o сos 50o
doеs the walkеr сlimb on this path?

Ес so а = |2.70.|
Thе walkеr walks at |2.7" approximatеly to фе linе of grеatеst
slopе.
You may fiпd it еasiеr to follow if you еvaluatе АE and АC as
you go along, but it is bеttеr praсtiсе tо avоid it if you саn.

Exerсise 4
fiцп{9
I-еt АЕ bе thе linе of greatest slope, and АC bе thе path of the
walker. Thе angle that you neеd to find is anфe BAС. Call this
angle do. As there are no units to the problеm, let the hеight BC
bе 1 unit.
To find d you neеd to find anothеr length (apart from BC) in
trianglе BАC. This п,ill сome first from thе rфt-angled trianglе
DAE, and then from tгianglе AЕC, shown in Figure 4.10. Note
1 A pyramid has jts vertex direсtly above the сontre of its square
base. The edges of the base are вaсh 8сm, and the vertiсal
hвight is 10сm. Find the ang|e between the s|аnt faсe and the
base, and the anglo between a slant edg6 and the base.
2 A symmetriсal pyramid stands on a square base ol side 8 сm.
Тhe sIant height of the pyramid is 20cm. Find the angle between
the s]ant edge and the base, and the angIe between a s]ant faсe
аnd the base.
3 A square board is suspended horizontally by four equаl ropes
attaсhed to a point P direсtly above the оentre of thв board.
Еaсh rope has length 15m and Ь inсlined at an ang|e of 10" with
the vertiоal. Calсulate the tengith of the side of the square board.
4 A pyrаmid has its vertex direсtly above the сentreo' its square

,
base' Тhe edges of the base аre eaсh 6 оm, and the vertiсa]
that angle DAE = 20o as АЕ is a line of greatеst slope. height is 8оm. Find the angle between two adjасent slant faсes.
6 Find the angle that a main diagonal of a сube makes with the
base. 1д56u'e that the сube has sides of length 1 unit.)
0A pylon is situated at a сornar of a reсtangular fie|d with
dimensions 100m by 80m. The angle subtended by the pylon at

;,,-J^7'
the furthest сorner of the field is 10". Find the angles subtended
by the pylon at the other two сorners of the field,
т A regulаr tetrahedron has a|} its edges 8 оm in length. Find the
angIes whiсh аn edgв makes with the bаse.
ngп:з410
8 Allthe faсes of a square-based pyramid of side 6сm.slope at an
of 60'to the horizontal. Find the height of the pyramid, and the
11 angle between a sloping edge and the base.
АЕD АЕ
In triangle sin2Oo =
7i so =
6fuа. A vertical flag pole standing on horizontal ground has six ropes
7 attaсhed to it at a point 6m from the ground. Тhe other ends of
ЕАC the ropes are attaоhed to points on the ground whiсh lie in a
/r'W=;йт?,
In triangle сos50o = ".^2
AC regular hexagon with sides 4 m. Find the angle whiоh a rope
makes with the ground.
Тhe diagram shows a roof struсture. PQЕS is a horizonta|
reсtangle. Тhe faces ABRQ' AB9P' АPQ and BЛS a|| make an
angle of 45'with the horizontal.

Find the angle made by the sloping edges with the horizontal.

эql
s.а.
эo
=o
eq
ogl ln this сhapter you will lэarn:
. howtoextendthe
definit.ons of sine, сosine
and tangent to anglos
э gвatorthan 90o and |ess
than 0o
ч . the shape of the graphs of
sine, оosine and tangent
. the meaning of the terms
.period' and .periodiс'.
5.1 lntroduction Thеn sin 0. = } and сos 0o =
сosinе foг any sizе of the anglе'с0..
ate thе dеfinitions of sinе and

If, еither by aссident or by ехperimеnting with your сalсulatoц

you hаve triеd to find sinеs, сosinеs and tangents of angles out- Thе arrow laЬеlling thе аnglе 0. in Figurе 5.1 еmphasizеs that
sidе thе range from 0 to 90", you will havе found that your anglеs arе mеаsurеd positively in thе anti-сloсkwise direсtion,
сalсulator givеs you a valuе. But what doеs this valuе mеan, and nеgativеly in thе сloсkwisе dirесtiоn.
and how is it usеd? This сhapter gives somе answers to those It is usеful tо dividе thе planе into four quаdrаnts, сallеd 1, 2, 3
questions. and 4, as shоwn in Figurе 5.2.
If you think of sinе, сosine and tangеnt only in tеrms of ratios
of .oppositе', .adjaсеnt' and .hypotenuse', thеn it is diffiсult to
givе mеanings to trigonomеtriс ratios of angles outsidе thе
intеrval 0 to 180" _ aftеr all, angles of trianglеs havе to liе
within this intеrval. Howеver, the definition of tangеnt givеn in
Sесtion 2.3 and the dеfinition of sinе and сosinе in Sесtion 3.2
both extend naturally to anglеs of any magnitude.
It is сonvеniеnt to start with the sinе and сosinе. flgutо52

Thеn for аny givеn anglеs suсh аs 60o,210" аnd -140", you сan
assoсiatе a quadrant, namеl5 thе quadrаnt in whiсh thе radius
5.2 Sine and cosine for any angle сorrеsponding to the angle liеs.
In Seсtion 3.2,the following сonstruсtion was given as the basis
of thе dеfinition of sine and сosine.
Draтy a сirсle with radius 1 unit, and сentrе at thе origin o.
Draw thе radius oP at an angle 0" to thе x-axis in an аnti-сloсk-
wisе dirесtion. See Fфrе 5.1. Let P havе сoordinatеs (r, y).

flgшвe3

In Figurе 5.3, you саn seе that 50o is in quadrant 1, and is

сallеd a first quadrant anglе; 210" is а third quadrant anglе;
-40" is a fourth quadrant angle.
You сan havе аnglеs grеatеr than 360o. For ехаmple, you сan
сhесk that 460. is a sесond quadrant angle, and 460" is a thiтd
quadrant аnglе.
Thе dеfinition of sin 0", namely sin 0" = y, shows фat if 0o is a
first or sесond quadrant anglе, thеn the y-сoordinatе of P is
positive so sinoo > 0; if 9o is a фird or fоurth quadrant angle,
sinOo < 0.
You сan see from this dеfinition, and from Figurе 5.3, that
figtш5.1 sin60" > 0, that sin210o < 0 and that sin(-40") < 0; you сan
еasily сhесk thеsе from vour сalсulator.
Similarl5 thе dеfinition of сos0o, namеly сosO" = x, shows thаt
if 0" is a first or fourth quadrant anglе thеn thе x-сoordinatе of
P is pоsitivе so сos 0o > 0; if 0o is а sесond or third quadrant
angle, сosOo < 0.
You сan also sее that сos60. > 0, that сos210o < 0 and that
сos(-40") > 0. Again, you сan еasily сheсk thеse from your
сalсulator.

Sine and сos.ne for multiples of 90o flgurc 5.5

Thе еasiest way to find thе sinе and сosine of angles suсh as
90o, 540" and -90. is to rеturn to the definitions, that is sin0o =
y and сosOo = x. Sее Figurе 5.4. You сan sеe that the graph of y = 569o has thе form of a wavе.

l\/R\
As it repеats itself evеry 360o, it is said to bе periodiс, with

/Т\
(0'1) у^ pеriod 360". As you would expeсt from Sесtion 5.2, thе value
rlf sin 0o is positive for first and sесond quadrant angles and

L_@-I,
nеgative for third and fourth quadrant anglеs.

0
щ:r+,
/ \0 i (-1,0) I F.igurе 5.6 shows thе graph of y = gq5@o drawn for valuеs of 0
from -90 to 360.
\=-/ \:/
(0, -1)
tigшre 5.4

Thеn you sеe from thе lеft-hand diagram that the radius for 90.
ends at (0, 1), so sin90o = 1 and сos90o = 0.
Similarly, thе radius for 540o еnds up at (-1' 0), so sin.540o = 0
and сos540o = -1.
Finall5 thе radius for -90" ends up at (-1' 0), so sin(-90") = -1
and сos(-90") = 0. figuв 5.6

onсe again, you сan сhесk thеsе rеsults from your сalсulator.
5.3 Graphs of sine and сosine funсtions
As thе sinе and сosine funсtions arе definеd for all anglеs you
сan draw their graphs.
Figure 5.5 shows thе graph of у = sinOo drawn for valuеs of 0
from -90 to 360.
As you сan sее' thе graph of' у = сosO" also has thе form of a
wavе. It is also pегiodiс, with peгiod 360". Thе valuе of сos0"
is positive for first and fourth quadrant angles and nеgativе for
sесond and third quadrant anglеs.
lt is thе wavе form of these graphs and thеir periodiс propеrties
whiсh make thе sinе and сosinе so useful in appliсations. This
point is takеn furthеr in physiсs and еnginееring.
Еxercise 5.1 lf thе anglе 0" is a first quadrant anglе, tanOo is positive. For a
ln questions 1 to 8, use your сa|сulator to find the fo|lowing sines sесond quadrant anglе, y is positivе and r is nеgativе, so tanOo
and сosines. is nеgativе. For a third quadrant angle, y and х are both nеga-
tivе, so tan 0o is positive. And for a fourth quadrant angle, y is
1 siп 130. 2 cos 140"
nеgative and x is positivе, so tan0o is negative.
3 sin250" 4 сos370"
5 sin(-20)' 6 cos 1000'
7 sin36000' I сos(-90)"
ln questions 9 to 14, say in which quadrant the given angle Iies.
5.5 Graph of the tangent funсtion
.lust as you сan draw graphs of thе sinе and сosine funсtions,
I 200" 10 370" you сan draw a graph of thе tangеnt funсtion. Its graph is
11 (-300)" 12 730" shown in Figuтe 5.8.
13 -6000 14 1000"
ln questions 15 to 20, find the following sines and сosines without
using your сalсulator.
15 cosO 16 sin 180"
17 cos270" 18 sinфO).
19 cos(-180)" 2!l sin450"

5.4 The tangent of any angle

In Seсtion 2.3 you saw that thе dеfinition of thе tangеnt fоr an
aсutе anglе was givеn by tanO" = }. тьis dеfinition is еxtеndеd
to all anglеs, positivе and negativе. Sее Figurе 5.7.

figшrc5.7 llgurв 5.8

You сan sеe from Figurе 5.8 that,like фе sinе and сosinе funс-
tions, the tangеnt funсtion is periodiс, but rлdth pеriod 180o,
rathеr than 360o.
You сan also see that, for odd multiples of 90o, the tangеnt
funсtiоn is not dеfinеd. You сannоt talk about tan90". It dоеs
not еxlst.

5.6 Sine, cosine and tangent

Thеrе is an important relation bеtwееn thе sine, сosine and tan.
gеnt whiсh you сan dеduсe immеdiately from thеir dеfinitions.
From thе definitions
sinOo = У,
сosO" = ff,

t^nO =I,
oo
дI o
you сan seе that
tanOo =
# Еquation 1
П
Еquation 1 will bе used rеpеatеdly throuфout thе rеmaindеr of
Е
thе book.
пI t!
Exerсise 5.2
questions 1 to 4, use your сalсulator to find the foIIowing tangents. t э

o GT
|n
П!
1 tan120' 2 tan(r3O)"
3 4

a
tan200' tan1000'
5 Attempt to find tan9Oo on your сa|сu|ator. You shouId find that it

a
gives some kind of eror message. э
6 Calсu|ate the value р1 ,rm'.
sin 12o

сos 1000o
-t
7 CalсuIate the vаIue .)т
.
Бj;тбб6'.
!n ffis chapter you will learn:
з . how to solve simple
equations involving sine,
т' сosine and tangent

o
t . the moaning of .prinсipaI
angle'
. how to uso the prinсipal
angle to find all solutions of
the equation.
6.1 lntroduсtion
This сhaptеr is about solving equations of thе typе sin 0o = 0.4,
сosOo = 0.2 and tanOo = 0.3.
lt is еasy, using a сalсulаtor, to find thе sinе of a givеn angle.
It is also еаsy, with a сalсulator, to find one sоlution of аn
еquation suсh as sin0o = 0.4. You usе the sin-1 kеy and find
0 = 23.57.... Sо far so good.
Thе problеm is that Figurе 6.1 shows therе arе many anglеs,
infinitеly many in faсt, for whiсh sinO" = 0.4. You havе found
onе of them - how do you find the othеrs frоm thе anglе that flgurв 6.2
vou hаve found?
So thе quеstion posed in Seсtion 6.1 is, .Given the prinсipal
angle for whiсh sin 0o = 0.4, how do you find all thе otЬеr
Y= sin 0o anglеs?'
Look at the sine graph in Figurе 6.1. Notiсe that it is symmеtri-
сal about thе 90o point on the O-axis. This shows that for any
anglе ao
sin(90 - d|" =sin(90 + с)". фuation 1
у', If youwгitе х =90 -d, thеn d =90 -ff' so 90 + а = 180 -x.
figшo6.1
Еquation 1 then beсomеs, for any d"
ang|e

Figurе 6.1 shows thаt therе is anothеr anglе lying bеtwееn 90o
and 180. sаtisfying thе еquаtion sinOo = 0.4, and thеn infinitеly
many othеrs' rеpеating every 360".
sino"=sin(180-с)". Еquation 2
Еquation 2 is thе kеy to solving equations whiсh involvе sines.
Rеturning to the graph of у = sinOo in Figurе 6.1, and using
Еquation 2,уoll сan sее that thе other anglе between 0 and 180
with sin0"= 0.4 is

6.2 $olving equations involving sines 180 sin-10.4 = 180 - 23.57... = L56.42... .
-
Now you сan add (or subtraсt) multiples of 360. to find all the
Prinсipa| angles other anglеs solving sin0o = 0.4, and oЬtain

Thе angle givеn Ьy yоur сalсulator whеn you press thе sin-l key
is сallеd thе prinсipal an8lеs.
For thе sinе funсtion the prinсipal аngle liеs in thе intеrval
-90<0<90.
If you draw thе graph of y = 5i1-t x using your сalсulator valuеs
you gеt thе graph shou,n in Figurе 6.2.
0 = 23.57, 1 56.42, 383.57, 576.42,...
сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs.
Summary
To solvе an еquation of thе foгm sinffo = с rмherе с is given:
о find thе prinсipal angle
о use Еquation 2 to find anothеr anglе for whiсh sinffo = с
о add or subtraсt any mulфle of 360.
Example 6.1 Еxerсise 6.1
Solvе the еquation sinffo = -0.2, giving all solutions in thе intеr- ln questions 1 to 8, find the so|utions of the given equation iп the
val from -1.80 to 180. intervalfrom 0 to 360.
The prinсipal anglе is -11.54. I sinOo = 0.3 2 sin0" = 0.45
з sinOo = 0 4 sinO" = 'l
From Еquation2,180 -
(-11.54) = 1'97.54 is also a solution,
5 sin 0o -1 6 sinOo = -0.1
but this is outsidе thе rеquirеd range. Howеvеr, as you сan add =

and subtraсt аny multiplе of 360, you сan find thе solutiоn
7 sinOo = -0.45 8 sinOo = -0.5
bеtwееn -180 and 180 by subtraсting 360. In questions 9 to 16, find the solutions of the given equation in the
intervalfrom -180 to 180.
Thеrеforе thе required solution is
797.54-360=-168.46.
9 sinO'= -0.15 10 sin0' = -O.5
11 sin0" = 0 12 sinOo = 1
Thеrеforе thе solutions arе -168.46 and -11.54. l 13 sinO" = -1 14 sin0o = 0.9
15 sinOo = -0.9 16 sinO' = -0.766
Еxample 6.2 In questions 17 to 24, find the solutions of the given equation in the
Solvе thе еquаtion sin2xo = 0.5, giving аll solutions from 0 to intervalfrom 0 to 360.
360.
17 sin2xo = 0.5 18 sin20'= 0.45
Stаrt by lеtting !
2х. Thеn you havе first to solvе for y thе
= 19 sin3Oo = 0 20 sin20'= -1
еquation sin y" = 0.5. Notе also that if .r liеs bеtwееn 0 and
21 sinl0'= 0.5 2I2 sin|Ф =t
360, thеn y, whiсh is 2x, liеs bеtwееn 0 and720.
23 sin30" = -0.5 24 }sin2s<" =2
Thе prinсipal anglе for thе solution of siny. = 0.5 is sin-10.5 = 30. 25 Тhe height h in metres of the water in a harbour t houв after the
water is at its mean level is given by h = 6 + 4 sin(3Ot)'. Find the
Fтom Еquation 2, 180 - 30 = 150 is also a solution. first positivo value of t for Whiоh the height of the water first
Adding multiples o{ 360 shоrлrs thаt 390 and 510 arе also solu. reaches 9 metres.
tions for y. 26 Тhe length / hours of a day in hours t days after the beginning of
the year is given approximately by
Thus У =2х = 30, 150,390' 510
so r 15,75,'J,95,255.1
h=12-о (ffit)..
= "o"
Find the approximate number of days per yeаr that the length of
Еxаmple 6.3 day is longer than 15 hours.
Find thе smallеst positive root of thе еquation sin(2r + 50). = 0.1.
Substitutе У = 2х + 50, so you solvе sinyo = Q.t.
From y 2х + 50 yоu find that * - s0).
6.3 Solving equations involving Gosines
= = }{y
To solvе an equation of thе form сosOo = 0.2 it is helpful to
As x ) 0 for a positivе solution, *0- so) ) 0, so y > 50. look at thе graph of the соsinе funсtion in Figurе 6.3.
Thе prinсipal anglе solving sinyo - 0.1 is 5.74.
From Еquation 2, 180 - 5.74 = 774.26 is thе first solution
grеatеr than 50.
Asr=r1(y-so),
х =\1tт+.zв - 50) = 62.1'3..
 Summary
To solvе an еquation оf thе form сosOo = с whеrе с is givеn;
о find thе prinсipal anglе
o use Еquation 3 to find anothст anglе for whiсh сosOo = с
о add or subtraсt any multiplе of 360.

figшв6.3
For thе сosinе the prinсipal anglе is in thе intеrval 0 < 0 < 180.
For thе еquation сos0" = 0.2, thе prinсipal anglе is 78.46... .
Exаmple 6.4
Solvе thе еquation сos0o = -0.1 giving all solutions in the intеr-
val -180 to 180, сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs.
For сos0o - -0.1, the prinсipal anglе is 95.74... .

If yоu draw thе graph of у = сos-1 x using your сalсulator Using Еquation 3, thе othеr angle in thе rеquirеd interval is
-95.74... .
The solutions' сorrесt to two dесimal plасеs, are -95.74 and
95.74.4

Еxample 6.5
Find all thе solutions of the еquation 2 сos 3х" = 1 in thе intеr-
val 0 to 360.
The equаtion 2 сos3*" = 1 саn bе written in the form сosyo = },
whеrе y = }х.Ifx liеs in thе intеrvаl0 to 360, thеn y, whiсh Ь
3x, liеs in thе intеrval 0 to 1080.
Thе prinсipal anglе fоr the solution of сos3l" - } is сos_l Ь= 60.
figшв6.4 From Еquаtion 3, -60 is also a solution of соsyo = ].
Adding multiplеs of 360 shows that 300; 420, 660,780 and
valuеs, you gеt thе graph shoтvn in Figuге 6.4.
1'020 arе also solutions for y.
Thе symmetry of thе сosine gгaph in Figure 6.3 shows that
Thus У =3х = 60,300, 42o,660,78o,1020
сos(-9.) Еquation 3
= сos@o. so х =20,100' 140' 220,260,340. l
If you usе Еquation 3, you find that сos(-78.46...)o = 0.2.
If thе interval for whiсh vou nееd thе solution is from -180 to
180, you have two solutions, -78.46... and78.46... . 6.4 Solving equations involving
[f you need solutions bеtween 0 and 360, you сan add 360 to tangents
the first solution and obtain 78.46 aлd281.54, сorreсt to two To solvе an equation of thе form tan 0o = 0.3 it is helpful to
dесimal plaсеs. loоk аt thе graph оf thе tangеnt funсtion, Figurе 5.8.
The symmеtry of thе tangеnt graph shoц,s thаt
tanOo=tan(180+0)'. Еquation 4
For the tangеnt the prinсipal angle is in thс intеrval -90 < 0 < Exerсise 6.2
90. For the equation tan0o = 0.3, thе prinсipal anglе is L6.70... . In questions 1 to 10, find all the solutions to the given equation in the
interval0 to 360 inclusive.
Using Еquation 4 you find that thе othеr angle bеtwееn 0 and
360 satisfyingtanil = 0.3 is 180 + 1.6.70... = 796.70... . 1 сos0" -3 = 2 |anхo =2
3 сosс"=i 4 tanp" = -O.5
Summary 5 сos20.=} 6 tan20" = 1

To solve an еquation of thе form tanOo =с where с is givеn: 7 сos}O. = -0.2 8 tan Jx" = 1.1

o find the prinсipal angle

9 сos20o =-o.766 10 tan2xo = -0.1
In questions 11 to 16, find allthe solutions to the given equation in
o use Еquation 4 to find anothеr angle for whiсh tan9" = с the interval-180 to 180 inс|usive.
o add or subtraсt any multiple of 360. 11 сos2xo =-0.3 12 tan2xo = -0.5
Еxamp|e 6.6 13 sin 20o = o.4 14 сos fo. = 0.5
Solvе the equation tanOo = -0.6 giving all solutions in thе inter- 15 tan 9{. = 1 16 sin 3f = ю.s
val -180 to ].80 сorreсt to two dесimal plaсеs. 17 Тhe height h in metres of wаter in a harbour above Iow tide is
given by the equation h = 14 - 10 cos(3Ot)o where t is measured
For tan0o - -0.6, thе prinсipal angle is -30.96... .
in hours from midday. A ship сan enter the harbour when the
Using Еquation 4, thе othеr anglе in thе rеquirеd intеrval, -180 Water is greater than 20 metres. Between what times сan the
to 180 is 180 + (-30.96...) =L49.04... . boat first enter the harbour?
Thеrеfore thе solutions' сorreсt to two dесimal plaсes, arе
-30.96 and149.04.1
Еxаmple 6.7
Find all thе solutiоns of thс еquation tan 10" _L in thе intеrval
=
0 to 360.

Thе еquation tan }o" = _1 сan bе written in the form tan

_L'whеre у =
Уo = 10.If 0 liеs in thе intеrval 0 to 360, thеn y,
whiсh is j0, Пеs in thе interval 0 to 540.
The prinсipal anglе for the solution of tanу" _1 is tan-l(-1) -45.
= =

From Еquation 4, 135 is also a solution of tanyo = -[.

Adding multiples of 360 shows that 135, 315 and 495 arе also
solutions for v in the intеrval from 0 to 540.
.l'з5'
Thus y = }0 = 3|5,495
so 0 = 90,2L0,330.1
 7.1 Notation
This сhapter is about finding thе lеngths of sidеs and thе magni.
tudеs of anglеs of trianglеs whiсh arе not right-angled. It is
usеful to have some notation about sides and anglеs of trianglеs.

, \,, \,
figшro 7.1

ln thе triang|e ABC,thе anфs arе сalled А, B аnd Q thе sidеs

oppositе thеsе anglеs are givеn thе соrrespоnding lоtrlеr-сase
lеtters, а, b and с. In thе triaпglе PgR, thе sides oppositе thе
angles P' Q and R arе p, q and r.

o 1+
In this сhaptец thе anglеs will bе measurеd in dеgrеes: thus, in
Figurе 7.1, А = 95" арProхimatеly.

oo
Цl
J Thе sidеs may bе mеаsurеd in any units you сhoosе, providеd

o
t}еy аrе аll mеasurеd in thе samе units. In somе of thе diagrams
that follow thе units of length arе оmittеd.

-l a 7.2 Аrea of a triangle

o
Yоu ате familiar with thе formula
э
jxbasехhеiфt
-t

{r o
э foт thе аrea of a trianglе, whethет it is aсutе-anglеd or оbtusе-
аnglеd.

o s) ln thlз chaptoryou wiIl leam:

To find a formula for thе arеa in tеrms of thе sidеs and angtеs
of a trianglе, you nееd to сonsidеr aсute- aпd оbtusе.anglеd tri.
anglеs separаtеly.

- . how to solve prcblems in Case 1: Acute-angled triangle

,

э
o.
triangles whiсh arэ not right.
angled Figurе 7.2 shоws an асute-angled trianglе rпith thе pеrpеndiсular
з
C
. how to use the sine and draц,n frоm .Д оnto BC. Lеt the lеnф of this pеrpеndiсulat bе h.
cosine formu|ae for a triаngle' Lеt thе area thе tтiangle Ьe Д, so Ь = |аh.
of'
and how to flnd the area of a
triangle To find h уou сan usе thе lеft-hand riфt.anglеd шianglе.
.

o
some applications of the sine
-)
ц and сosine formulae for a Thus, sinB =L,
triangle. so h = csinB.
figure7.2 B
tigurэ 7.3 с

Therеforе Ь=\аh =lасsinB. Еquation 1 Thеrеforе t=\аh =\аcsinB. Еquation 4

Alternativеly, you сould find h from thе othеr right-angled tri- Alternativеly, you сould hnd h from thе othеr right-anglеd tri-
angle, anglе,
Ь
sinC=isoh=bsinC, sin(180" - C) = ь= b sin(180" - C),
o l'"
so Ь=|аh =\аbsinС. Еquation 2 so Ь=\аh =|absin(780" - с). Еquation 5
So, using Еquations 7 and 2 for the arca of' an aсutе-anglеd tri
anglе, Еquation 5 looks quitе diffеrеnt from Еquation 4, Ьut if yоu
Ь=\аcsinB =\аbsinС. Еquation 3 rесall Еquation 2 from Chaptеr 06, you find

Notiсе the symmеtry of thе two еxprеssions in Еquation 3. sinC=sin(180'-C).

Еaсh of thе expressions } aс sin B and \ab sinC сonsists of } the Thеrеfore you сan writе Еquation 5 as
produсt of two sidеs multipliеd Ьy thе sinе of the angle Ьetweеn Ь =\аbsin(180" - с) =L,absinС.
them. It folloцrs from this symmetry that thеrе is a third exprеs-
Putting Еquations 4 and .5 togеthеr'
sion for the area of thе trianglе, namеly lbсsinA.
Ь=tасsinB =\аbsinC. Еquation 6
You сould have dеrivеd this еxprеssion direсtly it in Figure 7.2
you had drawn the perpеndiсular from B to АC, or from C to АB, Notiсе again thе symmetry of thе two expressions in Еquation
Thus for an aсutе.anglеd triangle, 6. Еaсh of the exprеssions }aс sinB and L,аb sinC сonsists of }
the produсt of two sides multiplied Ьy1he sinе of thе angli
ь=|bсsinA =|саsinB =lаb sinC.
bеtrмеen thеm. It follows from this symmetry that thеrе is a
third expression for the arеa of the triangle, namely \bc sinА.
Gase 2: Obtuse-angled triangle
Figurе 7.3 shows a triangle, oЬtusе-angled at C, with the pеr- Thus for an obtusе.angled trianglе,
pеndiсular drawn from А onto BC. Lеt the lеngth of this
pеrpеndiсulat Ьe h.
Ь = lbс sin A = \са sn B = \аb sin C.

Lеt thе arca of the trianglе be A, so Ь = lаh. Gase 3: Area of any triangle
To find h уou can use thе largеr right-angled trianglе. Thus, the area Ь of any triangle, aсute-angled or obtuse-angled, is
ь=lbсsinA =L,саsnB =tabsinC. Еquation 7
Thus, sinB =Ц,
If you think of this formula as
so h = сsinB. Arеa x produсt of sidеs x sine of inсludеd anglе
=}
thеn it is indеpеndеnt of thе lеttеring of thе partiсular trianglе
involvеd. The units of area will bе dеpendеnt on thе unit of
length that is usеd.

Example 7.1
Find thе аrеa of the triаngle with a = l2crrl, D = 11сm and C = 53".
Thе arеa Aсm2 of thе trianglе is A

Ь=*аbsinС ffgшtъ 7.4

=|х12x 11 х sin53. Using thе sine formula,

= 52.71. sin4Oo
sin 80o
Thе arеa of the trianglе is S2.7 cmz.J а =Т'
Example 7.2
so o=*#Т
Find the area of thе trianglе with b = 6сm, с = 4cm and А = |23".
= 3.26.
Thе arеа Дсm2 of thе trianglе is
The length of sidе а is 3.26cm, сorrесt tо three siрifiсant figurеs. l
A =\bcsgг,А
Somеtimеs you may need to atисk a problem indireсф
=|х6х4xsin123.
Example 7.4
= 10.06. In triangle АBC in Figure 7.S, ang|e C = 100o, b cm and
=4
Thе arеa of thе trianglе is 10.1сrлР. l c = 5 сm. Find thе magnitudе of the angle B.

7.3 The sine formula for a triangle

Thе formula for thе area ol а trianglе,
ь =
!,b c sin A = |са sinB = \аb sn C
lеads to а vеry important rеsult. figurc7.5
Leavе out the A, and multiply the rеsulting equation Ьу 2, and
you find Using thе sine formula,
bcsnA=саsinB=аbsinC. sinB sin 100o
If you now dividе by thе produсt аbc,уoaoЬtain т=Т
sinА sinB sin C Еquation 8 so sinB 4sin_100o.
т=т= с. =
)
This fоrmula is сalled thе sinе foгmula for a trianglе' or morе This is an еquation in sinB; thе prinсipal anglе is 51.98".
briefly, the sine formula. The two anglеs bеtweеn 0 and 180. satisfying this equation are
51.98" and 128.02.. Howеver, as thе anglеs of the trianglе add
Example 7.3 up to 180", and onе of thе anglеs is 100o, thе othеr angles must
ln triaпglе ABС in Figurе 7.4, ang|e A = 40", anglе B = 80o and bе aсutе.
b = 5сm. Find the lеngth of the sidе с.
Thеrеforе B = 51.98o. [f you try to draw thе trianglе with thе information givеn, you
would draw thе side a of lеngth 5 сm, and draw the 40. at B.Il
Anglе B is 51.98" сorr€сt to two dесimal plaсеs. l you thеn draw a сirсle of radius 4 сm with its сеntre at C you
Thе situation that arosе in Еxamplе 7.4 wherc you neеdеd to find that it сuts the line whiсh you drеw through B in two
think сarеfully about thе two anglеs rvhiсh satisfy an еquation plaсes, A' and А2.
of thе form sinOo = ... Oссurs in othеr сases. You сannot always one triangle is the aсutе-angled А1BC, whеrе ang|e A, = 53.46".
rеsоlvе whiсh solution you neеd. Thе other triangle is thе oЬtusе-angled trianglе А2BC whеre
Еxamplе 7.5 shows an ехamplе of this kind. Az='1.26.54".
This situation in whiсh the triangle is not defined uniquely is
сallеd thе amЬфous сase. It shows that when you usе the sinе
7.4 The ambiguous case formula to find an anglе it is important to takе aссount of both
solutions of thе equation sin 0o = .. . rмhiсh arises in the solution.
Example 7.5
In a triangle ABС, ang|e B = 40", а = 5сm and b = 4сm. Find Exerсise 7.l
thе anglе А. ln questions 1 to 5' find the unknown sides of the triang|e АBC, and
ca|сu|ate the area of the triang|e.
Using thе sinе formulа,
sinА sin40" 1 A=54", B = 67. and a = 13.9сm.
Т=--Т_ 2 A= 38.25.' B = 29.63. andb = 16.2сm
3 A =7O", C = 58.27" and b = 6mm
so sinА=Y 4 A= 88o, B = 36o anda = 9.5оm
5 B =75",C =42" andb =25.0сm
This is an equation in sinА; thе prinсipal angle is 53.46". In questions 6 to 9, there may be more than one solution. Find all the
solutions possible.
Thе two anglеs betwееn 0 and 180. satisfying this еquation arе
53.46" and 126.54'. I 6 b = 30.4оm' с = 34.8сm, B =25o.Find C'А anda.
This timе howevеr, thеrе is no reason to rulе out the obtusе
7 b=70.25оm'с=85.3сm, B=4o". FindC' Aanda.
сase' so thеre аrе twо possiblе answefs to thе quеstion.
8 a =96сm,c= 100cm' C=66o. FindА' Bаndb.
9 a=91 сm,c=78оm, C=29.45o. FindА,Bandb.
Anglе А is 53.46. ot 126.54. сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs.
Figuте 7.6 shows what is hаppеning.
7.5 The Gosine formula for a triangle
Thе sinе formula is еasy to rеmеmber and easy to usе' Ьut it is
no hеlp if you know thе lеngths of two sidеs and the inсludеd
angle and цrish to find фe lеngth of thе third side.
In Figurе 7.7, suppose that you knour thе lеngths of thе sides а
and b, and thе anglе C between thеm, and that you wish to find
the length of thе sidе с.
Thеre arе two сasеs to сonsidеr: whеn anglе C is aсute and
figurt7.6 when anglе C is obtusе. In both сasеs' thе perpendiсular from А
is drawn, mееting BC at D. The length of this perpеndiсular is
h.LettЬe lenф CD Ьe х.
 с2 = а2 + b2 -2аbcosC.
Тhis formula is сalled thе сosinе formula for a triangle' or morе
briefly, the сosine formula.
Notiсe that thе formula ё = а2 + b2 - 2аb cos C is svmmеtriсal
сDB a+
с+a+ in the letters, d, b, c, and А, B and С. Thеrе arе two other for-
mulaе like it. Thesе threе formulaе are
figшrв 7.7
а2 = b2 + с2
_ 2bccos A)
Gase 1: Aсute.angled triangle b2 =0+a2-2сасosB | Еquations9
Using Pрhagoras's thеorеm in thе trianglе AСD, с2 = а2 + b2 -2аbcosCJ
h2=b2-х2.
Еxample 7.6
Using Pдhagoras's thеorеm in thе triаng|е ABD, In a triangle, а = 4cm, b = 7cm and anglе C = 73". Find thе
h2=0-(а-x)2. lеngth of thе sidе с.

Еquating thesе еxprеssions for h? g;ves Using thе сosine formula,

b2-х2 =ё-(a-х)2, ё = а2 + b2 -2аbcosC
that is b2 -х2 = ё _а2 +2ах_х2 glvеs c2 =42 +P -2x4x7 сos73"
or с2 =a2+b2-2а.х. and c = 6.97.
In tтianglе AсD,.r = bсos C, so thе еxprеssion foт l bесomеs Thе lеngth of the sidе c is 6.97 cm approximately. l
ё = а2 + b2 -2аb cosC. You сan also usе thе сosine formula to find an unknown anglе
if you know thе lеngths of thе threе sides.

Gase 2: Obtuse-angled triangle Еxample 7.7

PрhagorasЪ'n.*е;':
Using ACD, Thе thгee sidеs of a trianglе have lengths 5сm, 4сm and 8сm.
Find the largest angle of the trianglе.
;}.-T**
The largеst angle is the angle oppositе the longest side. Using
Using Pрhagoras's theorem in thе triang|e ABD, thе сosine formula and сalling the angle 0o, you find
hz=с2-(а+х|2. 82 = 52 + 42 -2 x.5 x 4 сosOo
Еquating thesе еxprеssions for h2 gives 64=25 +|6-40сos0o
b2-х2= l-(а+х|2, 2з
that is b2-х2= ё-а2-2ах-х2 =-4
сosOo
or ё= а2 +b2 +2ах. 0 = 725.10.
In tтiаnglе АСD, r
b сos(180. - с). Howеver, from thе graph
=
Thе largest anglе of the triangle is 125.10" approximately. l
of y = 665 @o in Sесtion 6.3, сos(180o - C} = - сos C. Thus whеn Notiсе that thеrе is no ambiguity in using thе сosinе formula. If
C is obtusе' эс = -bсosC. Thе expтession for с2 therеfore thе anglе is obtuse, thе сosine will be nеgative.
Ьесomеs
Exerсise 7.2
|nquestions 1 to 6' use the сosine formula to find the length of the
remaining side.
1 a = 17.1ClTl, C = 28.8сm' 8 = 108o
2 a = 7,86cm. b = 8.54сm, C = 37.42"
3 с = 17.5сm, b = 60.2сm'4 = 63.67o
4 a = 18.5cm' b = 11.1сП, C= 120"
б а= 4.31 GП,b=3.87сm'C=29.23o
6 a = 7.59сm; с = 5.67сm,B =72.23"
ln questions 7 to 10, find the angles of the triangle.
7 a=2cm,b=3сm,с=4сm
8 a =5.4сm,b =7.1CП, C = 8.3сm
9 a =24сm,b = 19сm, с =26 оm
10 a =2.60сm' b =2.85cm, c = 4.70сm
11 Find the largest angle of th6 triangle with sides 14сm, 8.5сm
and 9сm.
12 Find the smal|est ang|e of the triang|e with sides 6.4сm, 5.7сm
and 8.2сm.
13 Attempt to find the |agest angle of a triangle with sides 5.8сm,
8.3сm and 14.1сm. What happens and why?
ln the rвmaining questions you may have to use either the sine
formula or the сosine formula'
14 Тhe shortest side of a triangle is 3.6 km |ong. Тwo of the angles
are 37.25" and 48.4o. Find the length of the longest side.
15 Тhe sides of a triangle are 123m, 79m and 97m. Find its angles.
16 Given b = 5.32cm, с = 6.47сm, A =75.23", find B' C and a.
17 |n a triangle АBC find the ang|e АC8 when c = 9.2cm, a = 5сm
andb=11cm.
t8 The length of the side 8C of a triangle АBC is 14.5 m' angle АBC
= 71o, ang|e BAC = 57.. оa]оu|ate thr |engths of the sidеs АC
andAB.
19 ln a quadrilatera| ABCD, AB = 3 m, E}C = 4rП, CD = 7.4m,
DA = 4.4m and the angle АBC is 90". Determine the angle АDC.
ю Determine how many triang|es exjst with a = 25cm, b = 30сm,
аnd А = 50" and find the remaining sides аnd ang|es.
21 The |ength of the longest side of a triang|e is 162 m. Тwo of the
2
angles are37.25" and 48.4". Find the length of the shortest side.
In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 4.3m, BC = 3.4m and CD = 3.8m.
Angle АBC = 95o and angle BCD = 115o. Find the lengЁhs of the
diagonals.
23 From a point O on a straight line OX lines Op and Oe of lengths
5 mm and 7 mm are drawn on the same side of OX so that angle
XoP = 32" and ang|e ХoQ = 55". Find the |engЁh of PQ.
24 Two hooks P and Q on a horizontaI beam are 30сm apart. From
P and Q strings PЕ and QR, 18сm and 16сm Iong respeсtive|y,
support a Weight at R. Find the distanсe of R from the beam and
the ang|es whiсh PR and QFl make with the beam.
25 |n a triang|e ABc, AB is 5сm |ong, angIe BАC - 55o and ang|e
ABC = 48.. Ca|сuIate the lengths of the sides АC and BC and
the area of the triangle.
26 Two ships leave port at the same time. Тhe first steams on a
bearing 135. at .|8kmhj and the seоond on a bearing 205" at
15kmh-1. Ca|сu|ate the time that will have elapsed when they
are 86km apart.
27 AB is a base line of |ength 3 km, and C, D are points suоh that
ang|e BАC = 32.25", angle АBC = 1 19.08o, DBC = 60..| 7., and
ang|e BCD = 78.75" . Тhe points А and D are on the sаme side of
BC. Find the length of CD.
28 ABCD is a quadrilatera| in whiоh АЕl = 0.38 m, 8C = 0.69 m,
AD = 0.42m, angle АBC = 1 09o and ang|e BAD = 123.. Find the
area of the quadrilateral.
29 A weight was hung from a horizontal beаm by two сhains 8 m
and 9m long respeсtively, the ends of the сhains being fastened
to the same point of the weight, their other ends being fastened
to tha beam at points 10m apart. Determine the ang|es whiсh
the сhains make with the beam.
7.6 lntroduction to surueying
Thе rеmaindеr of this сhaptеr сontains some examPlеs of praс-
tiсal uses of thе sinе and сosinе rules in survеying. FormuhЪ for
these usеs arе not given, Ьесausе йеrе may Ье i temptation to
learn them; thеir importanсе is simply that ihеy use thЪ sinе аnd
соsinе гules.
7.7 Finding the height of a distant
objeсt
Thrее foгms of this problеm arе сonsiderеd.
1 Тhe point vertiсal|y beneath the top of the 3 By measuring a horizonta| distanсe in any
obiect is accessible direсtion
In Figurе 7.8, A is thе top of a tall objесt whose hеight Й is It may not bе еasy to obtain a distanсе PQ as in thе previous
rеquired, аnd B is аt its foot, on thе samе horizontal lеvеl as o. examplе, whеrе B' P and Q arе in a straight line.
As B is aссеssible, you сan mеasuге the horizontal distanсе oB. You сan thеn usе the following mеthod.
Call this distanсе d. By using a thеodolite you сan find 0, thе
anglе of еlеvatiоn of AB. In Figurе 7.10 |et AB Ьe the height you nеed to find.

figrtrG78

Thеn .^n0. =* figшrз 7.10

so h=dtanФo.
Тhkе a point P on the samе levеl as B, and mеasurе a horizontal
distanсe РQ in any suitablе direсtion. Lеt this distanсe be d.
2 The point on the ground veЁiсally beneath
At P mеasurе angle
the top of the obieсt is not accessible ф" , tЬe anglе of elеvation of А, and angle у ,

In Figuте 7.9 АB is thе hеight tо bе found and B is not aссеssi- At Q measurе angle 0".
blе. To flш'd AB you сan proсееd as follows. о In triangle APQ you сan usе thе sinе formula to find АP.
From a suitablе point Q, usе a thеodolitе to mеasurе thе anglе 0o. o In trianglе APB уou сan usе the sinе formula to сalсulate Й.
You сan alsо сalсulatе the distanсеs PB and.QB if you neеd'
them.

7.8 Distanсe of an inaссessible objeсt

PdAB Supposе you arе at P and that at А is an inaссessible objeсt
fisf,э7.9 rrrhose distanсе from P you nеed to find. Seе Sфrе 7.11.

,<6=iv
Then mеasure a distanсе PQ, сall it d, so that B, P and Q arе in

'\s^
a straight linе.
Тhеn mеasure thе anglе фo.
a In trianglе APQ, you сan сalсulatе the lеngth АQ.
О Thеn, in tтianglе АQB,уoaсan сalсulatе Й. flгn7.|1
Mеasurе a distanсе PQ, саll it d, in a сonvеniеnt direсion, and
angle 0.. Also measure ang|e ф".
In trianglе APQ, you сan use thе sinе formula to сalсulatе АP.

7.9 Distanсe between two

inассessible but visible obiects О
с
Lеt А and B Ье tп'o distant inaссеssible оbjeсts at thе samе ftшэ7.|3
level. Seе Figurе 7.12.

А Мark out and measurе the distanсe РQ (Figurе 7.|3|, ca||ed a

a and сalсulatе the length АB.
fgшrв7.12
Меasurе thе lеngth d of a сonvеniеnt basе linе PQ at thе samе
lеvel as А and B.
At P mеasure anglеs 0. and ф", and at Q mеаsuгe angles 4o aпd
p".
In trianglе АPQ,уouсan usе the sinе formula to find АQ.
Ьase liпe, very aссuratеIy on suitablJground. Thеn selесt a
point А and mеasurе anglеs а" and p".
You сan thеn сalсulatе thе lеngth AP.
Neхt sеIесt anothеr point B and mеasurе the anglеs 0" and ф",
You noпr havе enouф information to сalсulatе the arеa of thе
PQBA.
quadrilatеra|
BQ and by measuring the angles whiсh BP and BQ
By joining.
makе with |9, yoo сan сalсulatе thе arеa of quadrilateral
PQBA in a diffеrent way аs a сhесk on your rеsulti.
You сan nоw sеleсt a new point C and сontinue by using thе
samе methods.

Similaф in triangle BPQ you сan find QB.
Thеn in trianф АQB, you сan usе the сosinе formula to find AB.
7.1O Triangulation
Thе methods еmployеd in thе last two examplеs arе' in prinсi
plе, thosе whiсh are usеd in triangulation. This is thе namе
given tо thе method usеd to survey a distriсt, and tо сalсulatе
its arеa. In praсtiсе, you nеed сorreсtions to allolлl for sea level,
and, оvеr largе areas, thе сurvafurе of thе earth, but ovеr small
arеas, the errors arе small.
By rеpeating this proсеss with othег points' you сan сreatе a
network of triangles to сover a wholе distriсt.
As all the mеasuremеnts of distanсe are сalсulatеd from thе
original distanсе d, it is еssеntial that you mеasurе thе basе line
with minutе aссuraсy. Similarly you nеed to mеasurе the
anglеs еxtrеmely aссuтatеly. You should build in сhесks at еaсh
stаge, suсh as adding the angles of a triangle to seе if йeir sum
is 180".
As a furthеr сheсk at thе еnd of thе work ot at аny сonvenient
'
stage'-onе of the lines whosе lenф has beеn found by сalсula-
tion, foundеd oп prеvious саlсulations' сan bе used as a basе
linе, and the whole survеy workеd baсkwards, finishing with
thе сalсulation of йе original measurеd base linе.
Example 7.8
Two points liе due wеst of a stationary ballоon and arе 1000m
apart. The anglеs of еlevation of the balloon at the two points
are 2L.25" and 18.. Find the hеight of the balloon.

А
d
B
fi$rэ 7.15

figшrc 7.14 In Figurе 7.15, thе Ьаllooп is at P, and Q is dirесф bеlow P.

Ф = 33.2, 0 = 21.45, d = 53.42 and d = 1000 m.
[n Figurе 7.L4,|et А bе thе position of thе balloon, and lеt its
Using thе sine formulа in triangle ABQ to find АQ, noting thаt
hеight bе Й mеtrеs.
ang|е BQA = Ф" - 0" = 33.2" _ 21.45" = L1.75",
0 2L.25, Ф = L8 and d = 1000m.
=
Thеn, in trianglе АPQ, thе third anglе is 3.25.
sin21.45" siп 1"1..75o
-
AQ 1000
In triangle АPQ, using thе sinе formula,

sin 18"=_Jbът-'
sin 3.25"
so O6 _ 1000sin21.45'
sin 1.75'
т
1

h,
In trianglе АPQ =AQ
r*\J=ltiF.
tan53.42o
so
a
^ 1000 sin 18'
so
Ь h AQ tan53.42o 1000 sin 21.45'sin 53.42'
ABQ' sh21.25" = = 2419.7.
[n trianglе
fu
=
= sin 11.75"
Thе height of the Ьalloon is therеforе 242a mettes appтox-
imatеly.l
so h=АQsin21.25"=
Ж =|976.
Example 7.10
Thе height of thе balloon is approximatеly L976 mettes. I
A survеyor who wishes to find the width of a river mеasurеs
along a level stretсh on опе Ьank а linе АB, 150m long.
Exаmp|e 7.9
A balloon is oЬservеd from two stations А and B at thе samе From А the survеyor obsеrvеs that a Post P on thе oppositе
horizontal lеvеl, А bеing 1000m north of B. At a givеn instant Ьank is plaсеd so that angle PАB = 51.33o, and_angle
the bеaring of thе Ьalloon from А is 033.2" and its angle of еle- PBА = 69.20". what was the тvidth of thе rivеr?
vation is 53.42", while from B its bearing is 021.45.. Calсulatе
In Figure 7.|6' AB is thе mеasured distanсe, 150m. P is thе
thе hеight of thе balloon. post.on thе other sidе of the river. PQ, whiсh is drawn pefpen-
diсular to AB, is thе width ul of the river. Thе angles а aid B
arе 51.33. and 69.20..
 A and B are two points on opposite sides of swampy ground.
From a point P outside the swamp it is found that PА is 882
metres and PB is 1008 metres. Тhe ang|e subtended at P bу AB
is 55.67". ca|сulate the distanсe between A and B.
A arld B are two points 1.8 km apart on a Ieve| pieсe of ground
along the bank of a river. P is a post on the opposite bank. lt is
+t50m+ found that ang|e PAB = 62" and ang|e PBА = 48o. Ca|сulate the
figurc7.16 width of the river.
Тhe ang|e of elevation of the top of a mountain from the bottom
To find PQ, first сalсulate АP from triangle АPB. of a tower 180 m high is 26.42". From the top of the tower tho
angle of e|evation is 25.3.. calсulate the height of the mountain.
Thеn
sin69.20"
- sin (180 - 51.33 - 69.20)" Two observers 5 km apart measure the bearing of the base of
AP
=#
150 the baI|oon and the angle of elevation of the ba|loon at the sаme
instant. One finds that the bearing is 04'lo, and the elevation is
AP= 150sin69.20" ' 24".The other finds that the bearing is 032', and the elevation is
sin59.4f 26.62'. Calculate the height of the balloon.
Two landmarks А аnd B are observed from a point P to be in a
Then sin51.33" =
fr. |ine due east. From a point Q 4.5km in a direоtion 060" from P,
150 sin 69.20" sin 5 1.33o А is observed to be due south whi|e B is on a bearing 128". Find
so |p = АP sin51.33o = = 127.'1,. the distanсe between А and B.
siп59.47"
At a point P in a straight road PQ it is observed that two distant
Thеrеfore thе width of thе river is |27 mеtres approximatеly. I objeсtsА and B are in a straight Iine making an angIe of 35" at P
with PQ. At a point C 2km along the road from P it is observed
Еxerсise 7.3 that angleАCP is 50o and ang|e BCQ is 64o. Ca|сulate the
I A surveyol who measures the angle of elevation of a tree as 32" distanсe between А and B.
and then walks 8 m diroсtIy towards the tree, finds that the new 11 An object P is situated 345m above a level p|ane. Two people' А
ang|e of elevation is 43". Calсulate the height of the tree. and B, are standing on the pIane, А in a direction south-west of
2 From a point Q on a horizontal plane the angle of elevation of P and B due south of P. The angles of elevation of P as
the top of a distant mountain is22.3". At a point P, 500m turther observed at А and B are 34" and 26. respectiveIy. Find the
away in a direсt horizontaI line, the angIe of elevation of the distanсe between A and B.
mountain is 16.6'. Find the height of the mountain. 12 P and Q are points on a straight сoast line, Q being 5.3km east
3 Two peop|e, 1.5 km apart' stand on opposite sides of a сhurсh of P. A ship starting from P steams 4 km in a direсtion 024.5".
steop|ё and in the same straight |ine with it. From one, the angle Ca|сu|ate: (a) the distanсe the ship is now from the coast-|ine;
of elevation of the top of the tower is 15.5" and, from the other, (b) the shipЪ bearing from Q; (с) the distanсe of the ship from Q.
28.67'. Calculate the height of the steeple in metres. 13 At a point А due south of a chimney staсk, the angle of elevation
4 A surveyor, who wishes to find the width of a rivel stands on of the staсk is 55o. From B, due west of А, such that АB = 100
one bank of the river and measures the angle of elevation of a
m, the elevation of the staсk is 33.. Find the,height of the staоk
high building on the edge of the other bank and direсtly
and its horizonta| distance from А.
opposite as 31". After walking 110 m away from the river in the Ba
straight line from the building the surveyor finds that the angle of
АB is a base |ine 0.5 km |ong and B is due west of A.
point P has bearing з35.7". The bearing of P from А is 314.25..
^t
e|evation of the bui|ding is now 20,92". Calсu|ate the width of
the river. Нow far is P from А?
15 A horizontal bridge over a river is 380m |ong. From one end, А,
jt is observed that the angle of depression of an objeсt, P, on
the surfaсe of the water vertiсaIly beneath the bridge, is 34o.
From the other end, B, the angle of depression of the objeоt is
62". What is the height of the bridge above the water?
16 A straight line АB' 115m long, lies in the same horizontal pIane
as the foot Q of a сhurоh tower PQ. The angle of elevation of the
top of the towor at А is 35.. Angle QAB is 62" and ang|e QBА is
48'. What is the height of the tower'?
1т A and B are two points 1500 motres apart on a road running due
west. A soldier at А observes that the bearing of an enemyЪ
battery is 295.8o, and at Еl, 301.5o. Тhe range of the gr.ms in the
battery is 5km. How far сan the soldier go a|ong the road from А
before being within range and what length of the road is within
range?

gt
-

сL
TI
q)

a
э

ln this сhapteryou will.loam:

. thatyoucanmeаsunean
angle in radians as аn
aIternative to degrэes
. the formulae for length of a
сircular arо and the area of a
оirсu|ar seоtor
. how to convo]t fiom rаdians
to degrэes and vice versa.
 8.1 lntroduоtion shows a сirсle with фe samе radius Ьut п,ith an anglе of 1 rаd
at the сеntfе.
\Еho dесided that thеrе should Ье 360 dеgrеes in a full сirсlе,
and thereforе 90 dеgrees in a right аngle? It is not thе ansчrer to
this quеstion whiсh is important . it was aсtually thе
BаЬylonians - it is the faсt that thе quеstiоn еxists at all.
Someone, somern,hеrе did makе thе dесisiоn that thе unit for
angle should Ье thе dеgree as wе now know it. Howеvеr, it
сould just have еqually bеen 80 divisions whiсh make a right
anglе oг 100 divisions. Sо it sееms worth asking, is there a йst
uпit for measuгing anglе? or is thеre a bettei сhoiсе for this
uпit than thе dеgrеe?
It turns out thаt thе аnswer is yes. A bеttеr unit is thе radian.
fi$rв8.'l
8.2 Radiаns
A radian is thе anglе suЬtendеd at thе сentre of a сirсlе by a сir- Look at thе rеlationship bеrweеn thе lеft. and right-hand dia-
сular aтс equal in length to thе radius. Sеe Figure 8.1. gfams. As thе angle at thе сеntrе of thе сirсlе in thе lеft-hand
diagram has beеn mulфliеd by а faсtor 0 to get thе right-hand
diagram, sо has the arclеngth. Thе nеw arс lenф is therеforе
0 x the original arс lеngth rсm and therеfore tocm.
If you сall thе arс lеngth sсm, then
s=r0. Еquation 1

Example 8.1
o is thе сrntrе of a сirсlе of radius 3 сm. The points A and B liе
on its сirсumfеrenсе and anglе AОB = 2 rad. Find thе lenф of
thе pеrimеter of thе sеgment Ьoundеd by thе arc АB and the
сhord AB.
fiшrв&1

Thе anglе of 1 radian is rмrittеn as 1. rad, but if no units arе

given for anglеs you should assumе that thе unit is radians.
If you arе using radians with а сalсulatоr, you udll nеed to
make surе that the сalсulator is in radian modе. If nесessary,
look up how to usе radian modе in thе manual.

8-3 Length of a сirсular arс

Thе right-hand diagram in Figure 8.2 shoтrs a сirсlе of radius
r сm with an angle of 0 rad аt the сеntrе. The left-hand diagram
fisrв8.3
Thе left-hand diagram in Figure 8.3 shoтrs this situation. Thе
pеrimеtеr must bе found in two sесtions' thе arс AB and thе
сhord AB.
Thе length of thе arс АB is givеn Ьy using Еquation 1,
This еquation is vеry rarеly used in Praсtiсr. !Иhеn y.ou nееd
to сoniert radians to degrеes or viсе vеrsa' usе the faсt that
ltr rad = 180. and usе еithеr
# "'fu""a соnvеrsion faсtor.

Thus, for еxamplе,

lеngth of' х2 = 6сm.
arc АB =3
To find thе lеngth of thе сhoгd АB, drop thе pеrpendiсular
10" = 10 хfutad= rtп rad.
from o to AB mеeting AB at \ shown in thе rфt-hand part
of Figure 8.3.
Thеn АB = 2AN = 2х (3 sin 1) = J.Q5.
8.5 Area of a сirсular seсtor
Figurе 8.4 shows a shaded sесtor of a сirсle u'ith radius r units
Thе perimetеr is then given Ьy anglе аt thе сеntrе of 0 rad. Lеt thе arca of thе shadсd
"nЪ "n bе А units,.
pеrimeter = arс AB + АB = (6 + 5.05) сm = 11.05сm. l rеgion

8.4 Gonverting from radians to

degrees
Considеr the сasе whеn thе arc of a сirсlе of radius rсm is aсtu-
ally thе сompletе сirсumfеrеnсe of thе сirсle. tn this сasе, the
arс lеngth is2ltrrcm.
Supposе that thе angle at thе сеntrе of this arс is 0 rad. Then,
using Еquation 1, thе lеngth of thе arс is rOсm. llgшrrc&4

Then it follows that 2пr = r0, so that thе anglе at thе сеntrе is
2tt rad. Thе arеa А units2 is a fтaсtion of thе arеa of thе wholе сirсle. As
thе arеa оf thе whole сirсlе is ntr* uпitsz, and thе anglе at the
But as thе anglе at the сеntrе of thе сirсlе is 360",
сеntrе is 2lt rad,whеn thе angle at thе сеntrе is 0 rad thе shadеd
2п nd = 360o. .e
arеa is a fraсtion arеa ofthе сirсlе.
Thеrеforе lt nd
f;oftЬetotаl
= 18О".
Therеforе the aтеа, in units2, of thе сirсular arс is
This еquation, It tad - 180", is thе onе you should rеmеmbеr
urhеn you nеed to сhange from degrees to radians, and viсе ='Рo. Еquation 2
vеrsa. f,xпР
[n many сasеs, whеn anglеs suсh as 45o and 60" are givеn in Examp|е 8.2
radians thеy are givеn аs multiplеs of z. That is o is tЁе сеntrе of a сiгсlе of radius 3сm. Thе pointsА and B liе
on its сirсumferеnсe and anglе AoB = 2 lзd. Find the area ot
|п lз,d= 45o and !п rad= 60". thе sеgrnеnt Ьounded Ьy the arс АB and thе сhоrd АB.
You сan also work out 1 radian in degrееs from thе еquation Fisure 8.3 shows this situation. Thе area of thе sеgmеnt must
ltrrad = 180'. You find that ЬeЪund by finding thс аrea of the wholе sесtor oАB, and thеn
1 rad = 57.296'. subtraсting thе arеa of thе triangle ОAB.
 18 Find in radians the аng|e subtended at the сentre of a сirсIe of
radius 2.4сm by a cirоu|ar arc of |ength 11'4сm.
19 Find the |ength of the сirсu|ar arc whiсh subtends an ang|e of
0.31 rad at the сentre of a оirоle of radius 3.6сm.
20 Find the area of the circular seсtor Whiоh subtends an arо of 2.54
rad at the сentre of a оirсIe of radius 2.3cm.
21 Find in radians the ang|e that a оirоu|ar seсtor of area 20сm2
subtends at thв оentre of a cirсle of radius Scm.
2 A сircular arс is 154сm |ong and the radius of the arс is 252cm.
fgurc 8.5 Find the angle subtвnded at the сentre of the оirc|e, in radians
and degrees.
'Thе
arеa Аcm2 of thе sесtor oАB is givеn by using Еquatiоn 2, 2з The angIes of a triangle are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5. Еxpress them
A =ьРo =tx3? x2 = 9. in radians.
24 A сhord of |ength 8 cm divides a оirоle of radius 5 сm into two
To find thе area of trianglе OАB, usе the formula
given on page 65.
tаb sin С, parts. Find the area of each paft.
26 Тwo сirоIes each of radius 4 сm overlap, and the |ength of their
Thеn common сhord is a|so 4сm. Find the area of tha оver|apping
region.
area of triangle oAB = |аb sin C =Ьх32 x sin2 = 4.092. 26 A new five-sided coin is to be made in the shape of figure 8.6.
Thе area of thе shaded sеgmеnt is thеn givеn by
arca of'sеgmеnt = area of seсtor oAB - arca ot triang|e oАB
= (9 - 4.092) сm2 = 4.908cmz.I
Exercise I
|nquestions 1 to 6, write down the number of degrees in eaсh of the
ang|es whiсh are given in radians.
ttrп z*п
32o 4Зo А

slo 6 4tr ffgшrc8.6

ln questions 7 to 12, find the values of the given ratios. Тhe point А on the cirсumfersnсe of the coin is the сentre of the
7 Jzsin 8 сos }z
arc CD, which has а radius of 2 сm. Simi|arly B is the сentre of
the arс DЕ and so on. Find the arоa of one faсe of the сoin.
9 sinfrz 10 сoslz
11 sinQп+f,п) 12 sinfп
13 Give the ang|e 0'2З4 rad in degrees сorreсt to two deсima|
p|aсes.

In questions 14 to 17, express the following angles in radians, using

fraсtions of z.
14 15' 15 72'
16 66' 17 105"
 9..| Introduсtion
[n Sесtion 3.2, pages 20 and21,уoll saw that for any ang|e 0oz
sin(90-0)o=сos0o,
сos(90-0)u=sin0o,
sin20+сos20=1.
Thе third of thеsе rеlations is a form оf Pрhagoras's thеorem,
and it sometimеs goеs bу that namе.
In Seсtion 5.6, page 52, you saw that

tan} =щ.
сos 0
[n Sесtions 6.2 to 6.4, pagеs 55, 58 and 59, you saw that
sin0" = sin(180-0)",
сos0o = сos(- 0).,
.т
o
tanOo=tan(180+0)".
q)
o
сг - In this сhapter' yоu will explorе thеse and other rеlations, as

r+ +
wеll as mее1ing thе nеw ratios sесant' сosесant and сotangеnt.
f
rt
o 1+
You will also lеarn to solvе a widеr vaгiеty of trigonоmetriс
ц) еquations, using thеse rules to help.

aoo {
-l
Sоme of the rеlations givеn abovе hold whatеvеr units are used
for mеаsuring angles. Еxamplеs аrе sinz 0 + сosz 0 = 1 and

o
smЧ tan0..!Иhеn this is the сasе no units for anglе arе given.
сosU =
Howеver, for some of thе relations the anglеs must bе measurеd

a
э in dеgrees for thе relation to be truе. This is the сase for
sin(90 - 0)o = сos0o and sin(180 - 0)o = sin0". In thesе сasеs,
э dеgrеe signs will Ье used.

1+
Цr 9.2 Seсant, сosecant аnd сotangent
J
o
The three rеlatiоns seсant' сosесant and сotangеnt, usually
abbrеviatеd to seс' сosес and сot' are dеfinеd by the rulеs
ln this chapter you will leam:
. some rclations between the
sine and сosine of аn angle
seсO =
*,
. the trigonometriс form of

.
PythagoвsЪ theorem сoseс0 =
*.,
the meaning of seсant'
cosecant and сotangent.
 сoto =
#, [f yоu substitutе сos20o.= 1 - sin2Oo you obtain an еquation in
whiсh еvery tеrm' exсept thе сonstant, is a multiplе of a Power
provided сos0' sin0 and tanO arе not zero. of sin0, that is, a polynomial еquation in sinOo. Yоu сan solvе
this Ьy thе usual mеthods.
]n t.hе еarly part of thе twеntieth сеntury, tablеs rмerе usеd to
find valuеs of thе trigonomеtriс ratios. TЬеre usеd to bе tаblеs Thus 3сos20o=1-2sinO"
for.sе.с, сosес and сot, but thesе have now all but disappеarеd,
aдd !f .you want-thеir valuеs frоm a сalсulator, you nеed. to u." 3(1-sin20o)=1-2sin0o
the dеfinitions abovе. 3 sinzOo - 2 sinOo -2 = 0.
You саn writе PрhagorasЪ thеorеm, sin20 + сos20 = 1, in tеrms This is a quadratiс equation in sinO. Using thе quadratiс еqua-
ot thesе nеw ratios. tion formula,
Dividе еvеry tеrm of sin2 0 + сos2 0 = 1 by сos2 0 to obtain sinOo=2!{Й.
6
so
.oЕ-;m=й'
sin20 сos20
- - 1' singo = 1.2L5... or sin9o = -0..5485... .
Thе first of thеsе is impossiЬlе. Thе prinсipal angle сorrespon-
whiсh simplifies to tan20 + 1 = sес20. ding to thе sесond is -33.27.

limilarly, by dividing sin2 0 + сos2 0 = 1 by sin2 0 you сan shorм Then 180 - {_33.27) = 2|з.27 is also a solution. (See page 55.)
that But this is outsidе thе rсquired rangе' so subtraсt 360 to gеt

1'+co*0=Cos€C20. 2L3.27-36O=-146.73.
Example 9.1 Thus thе solutions arc -33 .27 and, I
-1'46 .7 3 .
Lеt сosx = l. г;nd thе possible values of tanx, sесx and сosесx.
Using Pythagoras's thеorеm, sin2л
Еxаmple 9.3
+ сos2ff = 1, thе valuе of sin
f,rs Solve фе equation сos0o = 1 + seсOo grving all the solutions iп
thе intеrval from 0 to 360.
sinr=tffi=t$.
Notiсе that if you writе sес0o thе tеrms in the equa-
=
БЬ aШ

Then, using,"rr, = ff, tion will involvе сos0o. Thегеforе

.t4 сosOo= .r +;ffiТ 1

tanх=#=+=t].
5 сos20o=соsOo+1
As sесr = а#, ,.." = } =;. сos20o-сosOo-1=0
1j.6
5

.11. сosoo = = 1.618... or -0.618.'. .

As сoseсx t+].r 2
=
ъft.'сoseсtr = fa --
Thе first оf thеsе solutions is impossiblе. Thе prinсipal angle
Example 9.2 сorrеsponding to thе sесond is 128.t7.
Solvе thе еquation 3 сos2 0o = 1 _ 2 sin 0o giving solutions in thе
intеrval _180 to 1 80.
Then 360 - 128.17 = 231.83 is also a solution. (Sее pagе 59.)
Thus the solutions arc 128.17 аnd 308.17. I
 Example 9.4 Exerсise 9
94
3A
Solvе thе еquation 2 sec0" = 2 + tan20" giving all thе solutiоns l Find the value of сosO given that sinO = 0.8192, and that 0 is
in the interval from -180 to 180.
8E
o6'
obtuse.
э If you usе Pдhagoras's thеorеm in the form tan20. = sес20o - 1 2 Find the possib|e va|ues of tanO given that сosO = 0.3.
o
Е to substitute for tan2 0" alll thе tеrms in thе еquation will 3 Find the possible va|ues of seсO when tanO = 0.4.
o
involvе sес0". 4 Тhe ang|e с is acute, and seо с = k. Find in terms of k the va|ue
э
o of сoseсс.
o
2 Therеforе 2sec0" =2+tan20o 5 Let tanO. = t, where 0 |ies between 90 and 180. Ga|сu|ate, in
o terms of t, the values of seс9. сosO" and sinoo.
= 2 + (seс20o - ]')
6 Let seсO = s' Where 0 is aоute. Find the values of cotO and sin0
sес20o -2 sес0" + 1 = 0 in terms of s.
(seсOo-1)2=0 In questions 7 to 12, solve the given equation for 0, giving your
answers in the interval from -1 80 to 180.
sесOo = 1.
1 7 сos20" = 1 8 2sin0'= cosocOo
Thеrеfoте сosOo =.ЪiГe = 1 9 2sin20'- sinOo = 0 10 2сos20o = зsinoo + 2
11 tanO'= Gos0" 12 sinO. =2сos0o
so 0=0.
13 2seс0" = CoSeCoo 14 5(1 - сosO") = 4sin20o
Thus thе solution is 0. l 15 4sino" оosOo + 1 =2(sin0. + оos0")

Example 9.5
Solvе the еquation tan9 = 2sin0 giving all solutions bеtwееn
-lt and z inсlusivе.
It is oftеn usеful to writе equations in tеrms of thе sine and
сosinе funсtions, bесausе therе are so many morе simplifying
еquations whiсh you сan usе.
So tan9=2sin0
sino"
2 sino.
сos t, =
Multiplying both sides of this equation by сosO givеs
sin0-2sin0сos0=0.
Faсtorizing, sinO (1 - 2 сosO) = 0
so , sin0=0orсos0=}.
Using thе mеthods of Seсtions 6.2 and 6.3, solvе thеsе two
rquations for 0.
when sino = 0,0 = -1I or 0 or itriwhenсoso = l,0 = -\x ot \п.
Thеrеfore 0 = -Itr, -\o, o,tп ot п.I
 10.1 Gompound angles
A сompound anglе is an angle of thе form А + B or А - B. This
сhaptеr is аbout finding the sinе, сosine and tangent of А + B or
А - B in terms of the sine, сosinе and tangеnt' as appropriatе'
of thе individual anglеs A and B.
Notiсе immеdiatеly that sin(А + B) is not еqual to sinА + sinB.
You сan шy this for various angles, Ьut if it wеrе tгue, thеn
sin180" = sin90o + sin 90o

=1+\=2,
whiсh is сlеarly falsе.
It is diffiсult to give general proofs of formulaе for sin(А + B)
and сos(А + B), and this is not attеmptеd in this book. Proofs
rмhiсh apply only to anglеs in a rеstriсted rangе arе givеn. Thе
formulaе obtainеd will thеn bе assumеd to bе truе for all

o
angles.
g)
o
-
ц) 1O,2 Formulae for sin(A + B) and
э
t+ sin(А - B|
GT
o
fl
Supposе that anglеs A and B arе both Ьеtwееn 0 and 90.. In

o a
П з Figurе 10.1, thе anglеs А and B arе drawn at thе point Q, and
thе linе QN is drawn of lenф Й. PR is pеrpendiсular to QN,

aoo
and mееts QP and QR at P and R respeсtivеly.
т'
Lеt the lеngths of PQ, QR, PN and NR be r, p, х and у rеspeс-

C {r
tivеly, as shown in the diagram.

ln thiз chapter you will Ioarn:

. how to find the values of
э sin(A B)' cosИ + 8) and

сL
+
tanИ +B) knowing the values
of the sine, cosine and
tangent ofA and I PffiR
. how to modify thosэ formulaэ
for sin(А - B), сos(А - B} and
tanИ.8) figum 10.1
. how to find the values of
sin2A, cos2А and tan2A The stratеgy for dеriving thr formula for sin(А + B) is to sаy
knowing the values of the that the arеa of triangle PQR is the sum of thе arеas of triangles
sine, cosine and tangent of А. PQN and RQN.
Sinсe thе formula for arеa of a trianglе is )аb sinC, thе arеa оf 10.3 Formulae for Gos(А + в) and
triangle PQR is }rp sin(A + B) and of trianglеs PQN and RQN
arc|rh sinА. and |Ph sinв rеspесtivеly.
cos(A - Bl
Suppose that angles А and B are both bеtwеen 0 and 90o. In
Thеn arеa of trianglе PQR = arca of trianglе PQN + arca of вi- Figure 10.3, whiсh is thе samе as Figure 10.1, thе anglеs А and
anglе RQN so B arе drаwn at the point Q, and thе linе QN is drawn of length
Й. PR is pеrpеndiсular to QN, and meеts QP and QR at P and
lrp sin(A \rh sinA +lph sinB.
+ B) =
R rеspeсtivеly.
Thеn, multiplying both sidеs of thе еquatiоn by 2, and dividing
Ьoth sidеs bу rp gives Lеt thе lengths of. PQ' 8R, PN and NR be r, p, х and у rеsPес.
tivеly, as shown in thе diagram.
sin(А + B)'pr
=b^sinА + b.. sinB.

Notiсing thatf; =сosB and b = cosA,the formula bесomеs

sin(А + B) = сosB x sinА + сosА x sinB.

This equation is usually written as
sin(А + B) = sinА сosB + сosА sinB. Еquation 1

Although Еquation 1. has Ьееn proved only for angles А and B figutз 10.3
whiсh arr aсute' thе геsult is aсtually true for all anglеs А and B,
positivе and negativе. Frоm now on you may assumr this rеsult. The stratеgy in this сase is to usе the сosinе formula to dеrive
You сan use a similar mеthod basеd on thе diffеrenсe of two an еxprеssion for сos(А + B).
arеas to dеrivе a formula for sin(А - B) from Figure 10.2. (You In trianglе PQR
arе askеd to dеrivе this formula in Еxerсise 10.1, quеstion 15.)
@ + у)2 - f * p, - 2rpcos(A + B),
so, simplifying, and using PythagorasЪ thеorem
2rp сos(A+ B) = f * p, - @+ fl,
=* +Pz-х2-2ху-уz
_
=1Р х2) * (Р2 - fI -2ху

RуN = h2 + h2 -2ху =2h2 -2ху.

After dividing both sides by 2rp уoll obtain
figuв l02
сos(А B\ =Ц -2.
You иrоuld then gеt thе formula
-X..+ +
rp rp
sin(А - B) = sinА сosB - сosA sinB. Еquatioп 2 Notiсing thatb = CoSАr
Ц
= cosB,Д = sinА andуo = sinB, thе
formula bесomеs
сos(А + B} = сosА сosB - sinА sinB. Еquation 3
You сan usе a similar mеthod Ьasеd on Figure L0.2 to derivе a
formula for сos(А - B). (Yоu are askеd to dеrive this formula in
10.5 Worked examples
Еxеrсise 10.1, quеstion 16.) Еxample 10.1
You would thеn get thе formula Using thе valuеs of thе sines and сosinеs of 30o and 45o in
Sесtion 3.4, page 26, find the eхaсt valuеs of sin 75o and сos 15o.
сos(А - B) сosА сosB + sinА sinB. Еquation 4
=
Using sin(А + B) = sinАсosB + сosАsinB
and substituting A=45"andB=30'.
10.4 Formulae for tan(A + B) аnd you find sin75. sin45o сos30" сos45" sin30.
tаn(A . в)
= +

Yоu сan usе Еquations 1 and 3 tо derive a formula for tan(А + B), =f"E-Ч"tr
starting frоm the formula

tanl =дцg.
=*it-
сosU Тo find сos 15o, you сould еithеr notе that сos0" = sin(90 - 0).,
and thеrеforе сos15o - sin75o, or you сould say that
Then tan(A + вl = 'i"(l1* ёl
соs (А + B) сos 15o = сos(45o - 30.)
- sinАсosB + сosАsinB
= сos4.5oсos30o + sin45osin30o
сosАсоsB - sinАsinB.
Nоrv dividе thе numеrator and dеnominator of this fraсtion bv
сosА сosB. Thеn
=E"E .*"*
tan(А +u' - sinАсosЦ сos4slnЕ
+ - ^'!6 t^'!2.1
сosАсоsB - sinАsinB
sinАсosB . соsАsinB Example 10.2
;БасdE--ББsB. Let thе anglеs с and B Ьe aсutе, and suсh that сosd = 0.6 and
сosp = 0.8. Calсulаte the еxасt valuеs of sin(с + B) and
сosАсosB sinAsinB сos(с + B).
dАсo-;в.- сos,ПБв
First you nееd thе valuеs of sinс and sinB. You сan do this by
tanА+ tanB
=--
1-tanAtanB-
using Pдhagoras's thеorеm in thе form
sin20+сos20=1.
Thеrеfore tan(A +B1 = .tanА+j4ц4. Еquation 5 Thеn sin20=1-сos2d
1-tanАtanB.
As with thе formulae for sin(А - B) аnd сos(А - B), you сan usе =1-0.36=0.64.
a similar mеthod to dеrivе a formula for tan(А - B). (You aге As a is aсute, sind is positivе, so sinс = 0.8.
asked to derive this formula in Еxеrсise 10.1, question 17.)
Yоu would thеn gеt the formula

иn(А -ts) tаnА- tanB

=
1+tanАtanB. фuation 6
Similarly, as B is aсute, Find tan(А + B) and tan(А - B) given that tanА = 1.2 and tan
sinB = \rт:wB B =0.4.
By using the formula for tаn(А - B)' pюve that
=
t[1 _ g34 =
ц[036
tan(180-0)'=-tanff.
= 0.5. I Find the va|ue of sin 52o сos 1 8o - сos 52" sin 1 8o.
Then, using thе formula sin(А + B) = sinАсosB + сosАsinB' 10 Find the va|ue of сos 73o cos 1 2" + sin 73. sin 12..
sin(с + B) = 0.8 x 0.8 + 0.6 x 0.6
11
.
Flno тne va|ue oт
. tanS2o+tan16o
.
0.64 + 0.36 1 - tan 52., tan 1 6"
=
-1. 12 F|no тne value
. tan64" - tan25o
oт
f;ъmат;Бz6а.
Similaгly соs(d + Д) = .o'с сosB - sinс sinB 13 Prove that sin(0 + 45)" = + (sin0o + оos0").
= 0.6 x 0.8 - 0.8 x 0.6 \z
14 Prove that tan(o + 45г =' ]щ.
= 0.49 - 0.49 1 - tanOo'

-0. 't5 Use the method of Seсtion 10.2 to prove that

So sin(с * F) = 1 and сos(с + B) = 0.| sin(А - 8) = sinА сosB - оosА sinB.
16 Use the method of Seсtion 10.3 to prove that
Еxample 10.3
сos(А - B) = CoSА сosЕl + sinА sinв.
Use thе formula for сos(А _ B) to show that cos(270 - 0)o = -sinOo.
17 Use the method of Section 10.4 to prove that
PutА 270 and'B =0.
Thеn
=
cos(270 - 0)o = cos 270o сos 0o + sin 270. sin 0.
tan(А-B)=ffi.
=0ХсosOo+(-1)xsinOo
= -sinOo. I
10.6 Multiple angle formulae
From Еquations 1, 3 and 5 you сan deduсе other important
Еxerсise 10.1 formulaе.
1 |f cosА = 0.2 and CoSB = 0.5' and ang|es А and B are acute,
find the va|ues of sin(А + 8) and сos(А + 8). In thе formula sin(А + B) = sinA сosB + сos.A sinB, put B = A.
2 Use the exact va|ues of sine and сosine of 30. and 45. to find Then --. sin(А + А) = sinА сosA + сosA sinА
the exact va|ues of sin 15" аnd сos75".
so sin2А = 2 sinА сosА. Еquation 7
3 Use the formuIa for sin(А - B) to show that
You may somеtimes nееd to usе this formula with 2A replaсed
sin(90-O)o=cosOo. Ьу 0.
4 Ca|оu|ate the value of sin(А - B) when CoSА = 0.309 and sinB =
Thеn you obtain
0.23, given that angle А is aсute and angIe B is obtuse.
5 Let sinА = 0.71 and coSB = 0.32 where neither А nor B is a first sin0= 2sinpсos}0. Еquation 8
quadrant ang|e. Find sin(А + B) and tan(А + B). Еquations 7 аnd 8 arе rеally thе samе formula. Usе whiсhevеr
6 Use the formu|a for tan(А + B} to find the exaсt va|ue, in terms of form is more сonveniеnt for the proЬlem in hand.
{2 and {З' of tan 75..
Again, if you put B = A in thе formula [f you put B = А in the formula
сos(А + сosА соsB - sinА sinB,
B) = tan(А + B) tanA+ tanB
- tanАtanB'
=
1
you 8et сos(А + А) = сosA сosА - sinА sinА,
whiсh simplifiеs to tanА+ tanA
vou oЬtain tan2A
2A Еquation 9 1-tanАtanA
cos = сos2.A - sin2А.
2tanA
Note thе way of writing сosА x сosА oг (сosА)2 as сos2А. This =т:;П
is usеd for positive Powers' but is not usuаlly usеd for writing
powers suсh as (соsА)-l bесause thе notation сos-1r is rеsеrvеd
for thе angle whоsе сosinе is x.
so tan2A = ,2'?n!,.
L - tanzA
Еqu ation |7

You сan Put Еquation 9 into othеr forms using Pythagoras's thе- In half-anglе form, this is
orеm, siл2А + сos2 А = 1. Vriting sin2А = 1 - сos2А in Еquаtion
9 you obtain Eanu= ^ ztan\O
Еquation 18
f,t^*g
cos2A=сos2А-sin2А
Еxerсise 10.2
= - (1 - сos2А)
сos2А .l Given that sinА 2j,
= t, and that А is aоute, find the values of sin
=2сos2A_t cos2А and tan2А.
so cos2A = 2 сosz A - 1. фuation 10 2 Given that sinА - t, and that А is obtuse, find the va|uвs of sin
24,cos2A аnd tan2А.
On thе other hand, if you put сos2А = 1 - sin2А in Еquation 9
you get 3 Find sin20, cos20 and tan20 when sinO = 0.25 and 0 is aсute.
4 Given the values of sin 45o and сos 45o, use the formulae of the
cos2А=сos2А-sin2А previous seоtions to сa|сulate sin g0" and сos 90..
= (1- sin2А) - sin2А 5 Given that сosB = 0.66, and that 8 is acute, find the va|ues of
_2 sinzА sin28 and сos2B.
=|
6 Given that сosB 0.66, and that B is not aсute, find the vaIues
so сos2А - | -2 sin2А. Еquation 11 of sin28 and сos2B.
=

You сan also wгite Еquations 10 and 11 in the forms 7 Find the va|ues of 2sin36" сos36" and 2 оos236" - 1.

1+cos2A=2cos2A фuation L2
I Given that сos24 = t, find the two possible values of tanА.

and 1-сos2А =2sin2А. фuation 13 I Prove that sin,10 = -lryand сos 2e = +]@..
If you write Еquations 9, 10 аnd 11 in half-аngle form, you get to Given that coso = },find sin |0 anасos}e.
сosO= cos2\0_si*\0, Еquation 14 tl Given that сos20 = o.2B, find sin0.
ГГ- сoЬ40ъ
сos0= 2cos2\0- \ Еquation 15 12 Find the value of
/iй.
and сosO= 1-2sinzL,o. Еquation 16
1O.7 ldentities Exаmple 10.5
1+ сosА
It is often еxtrеmely useful to Ье ablе to simplify a trigon- Provе thе idеntity. -'.ЩА
r-сosд =ТinА
.

ometriс еxpression, or to bе ablе to provе that two expressions

arе equal for all possiblе values of thе angle or angles involvеd. It is not сlear whiсh side is the morе соmpliсatеd' so use
Меthod 2. The аdvantagе with Меthod 2 is that therе is thеn
An еquation whiсh is truе for all possiblе valuеs of the anglе or an obvious way to proсеed, thаt is, сhangе the resulting еxpres-
anglеs is сallеd an idеntity. siоn for L}Is - RHS into a singlе fraсtion.
For ехamplе, sin(А - B) = sinА сosB - сosА sinB is an exam-
1+.сogА
plе of an idеntity, as are all the formulae given in Еquations 1 LHs-RHS =,'i'A,
l - сoslt - slnlt
to 18. So also is 1 + sin0 = 1sin}0 + сos}o;2, but thе laшеr nееds
to bе provеd to bе an identity. sin2А -( 1 -сosA)(1 + соsА)
To provе that a trigonomеtriс еquation is аn identiry you сan
sin2А-(1-сos2А)
сhoosе onе of two possiblе mеthods.
Мethod 1 Start with thе sidе of the identity you beliеve to bе
Тn7.tЕФ
sin2А-1+соs2А
the morе сompliсated, and manipulatе it, using various formu-
lae inсluding those in Еquations 1 to 18, until you arrivе at thе ffiГ
other side. =0.
Меthod 2 |f'уo:u do not seе how to proсeеd with Мethod 1, The last stеp follows from Pщhagoras's thеorеm,
thеn it may hеlp to take thе гight-hand sidе from thе lеft-hand
sidе and to prove that the rеsult is zеro.
sin2А+сos2А=1.
Hеrе arе somе еxamplеs. Sinсе RHS = LHS, thе identity is truе. l
Example 10.4 Еxample 10.6
Provе the identity 1 + sin0 = (sin}O + сos}o;2.
Provе thе idеntity cosa ф - sinaф = cos2Ф,

The morе сompliсated sidе is the right.hand sidе, so thе strat- Starting from thе left-hand sidе, and using Method 1,
egy rvill be to usе Mеthod 1 and to prove that this is еqual tо LHS =
thе lеft-hаnd sidе.
In the work whiсh follows. LHS will bе usеd to dеnote the lеft-
i:"!; :#')(сos2 ф + sin2 ф)
сos2Ф x 7
hand.Jide of an equation and RHS thе right.hand sidе. =

RHS = s:шrzt,O + 2 snL,O сos}O + cos2L,O

- cos2ф = RHS.
Еquation я гyt-hagoгas,s thеorеm arе usеd in thе sесоnd
= (sin2}0 + сos2}0) + 2 sin\O сos}0. ",,d
stеp of the argumеnt.
Now usе Pythagoras's theorеm, and Еquation 8. Thеn
Sinсе RHS - LFIS, the identity is true. l
RHs=1+2sin*Oсos*O
You must bе сarеful not to usе an illоgiсal argument whеn
=1+sinO=t"t. proving idеntitiеs. Here is an еxamplе of an illogiсal argumеnt.
Sinсе RHS - LFIS, the identity is truе. l
Example 10.7 An illogical'proof' Then сos20o = sin0o
Provethat2=3.
so t -2 sin20 = sinOo
If 2=3
so 2sinz9o+sinOo-1=0.
thеn 3 =2.
Faсtorizing (2 sinO'- 1)(sin0" + 1) = 0
Adding thе lеft-hand sidеs and right-hand sidеs of these еqua-
tions gives so sinOo = 0.5 or sinOo =
*1.

5=5. Using the mеthods of Seсion 6.2,уo:u сan solve thеse equations
for 0.
As this is truе, thе original statеmеnt is true, so 2 = J. t
W,hen sinOo = 0.5, 0 = 30 or 150, and whеn sinO" = -L,0 = -90.
This is oЬviously absurd, so the argumеnt itsеlf must bе invаlid.
Nеvеrthеlеss' many students usе just this argumеnt whеn Thеreforе 0 =-9О,30 or 150. l
attempting to prove somеthing whiсh is true. Bеware! Howevеr,
if you stiсk to thе argumеnts involvеd with Мethods 1 and 2, Exeпвise 10.4
you will be safе. |n questioпs 1 to 10, solve the given вquation for 0, giving your
answers in the interval from -180 to 180.
Exerоise 10.3 I sin20o = cosOo 2 2coszх"-1=,1
In questions 't to 7, prove the given identities.
3 сos20o sin0o сos0o 4 4 sinOo coS0o =
1 sin(А + B) + sin(А - B) = 2 sinА сosB
= 1

2 сos(А + 8) + сos(А - B) = 2 сosА сosB 5 1- 2sin20o = 2 sinOo сosoo о'*on.*J=!Щ2 = }

с9"Ч,=CoSА-sinА
3 сosА+sInА 7cos20"=сoS0o 8 3sinfl=4sinзOo

4 sin3А = 3sinА - 4sin3А 94сos39.=3coso" l0 2tano.=1-tan2oo

sinА. сosА 2
'- сosА sinА sin2А
o 1 . coso=me-
^ ъiБэ.. lo
ъБe "o" Z

, оosO * сosO
- 2sin(0+Ф)
sinф сosф sin2ф

10.8 More trigonometriс equations

Sometimеs you сan usе somе of thе formulaе on еarliеr pagеs to
hеlp you to solve еquations. Herе are some еxamplеs.

Example 10.8
Solve the equation cos2Oo = sinOo giving all solutions betwееn
-180 and 180 inсlusivе.
You сan replaсе thе сos20" tеrm by 1 - 2 sin20" (Еquation 11)
and you rшill thеn hаvе an еquation in sinO.
 1 1.1 lntroduсtion
If you havе a graphiсs сalсulator avаilable, try drawing
thе graphs of funсtions of the form y = 2sinх + 3 сosx and
У = 3 sinx - 4 сos r. Thеse two graphs arе shown in Figure 1 1.1.

у
5
y= зsiп ,Y" - 4c0s x"
4
a

-t
-2

+
-3

q)
5
-4 У=2sin х. + зcos xo

ao
-5
figutэ 11.1

{r
Both graphs havе the сharaсtеristiс wave properties of the sine
-t and сosinе funсtions. They have Ьeen enlargеd in thе y.direс-

o
э tion, Ьy diffеrеnt amounts' and translated in thе r-diгeсtion, by
diffеrеnt amounts.
х

+
't This suggests that you may be able to writе both of thеsе funс-
tions in thе form
y = Rsin(r + с)o

з for suitablе valuеs of thе сonstants R and d,, wherе thе valuе of
R is positivе.
Ф
o
This idеa is pursuеd in the nеxt sесtion.
ln ilris сhapter you will learn:
. thatthegraphof

o 11.2 The form У = asinx bсosx

y = asinx + bсosx is like the
+

o
graph of a sine or a cosine
. how to expross
asinx + bcosx in the form
B sin(x + с)' and find B and с
in terms of a and b
х . howto usetheform
B sin(x + с) in appliсations.
If you try to фoose thе values of R and a so фat thе funсtion
y = R sin(х + с) is idеntiсal with y = аsinх + bcosх, you сan
start by expanding sin(r + a) so that
Rsinr сosс + Rсosr sinс
У=
or у = (Rсosс)sinx + (Rsina)сosx.
If this is thе samе funсtion as у = сl sin x + b cos х for all valuеs Thеsе еquations' in whiсh сos d and sin d arе both positive,
оf r thеn show that с is a first.quadrant anglе, and that
Rсosс=dandRsind=b, d= 56.31..
that is сosd=
ftandsina=ft. Therеforе 2 sinxo + 3 сosro : r/13 sin(x + с)
You сan intеrprеt thеse two еquations by thinking of а and b as
the adjaсent and opposite of a trianglе whiсh has R as its whеrе d = 56.31..1
hypotеnuse. Notе that thе symbol .='
is usеd to mеan
.idеntiсally еqual to'.

Thеrеforе R=ч} a@. Example 11.2

Alternativеly, if you squarе thеsе equations and add thе two Ехpress 3sinx - 4сosx in thе form Rsin(.r + с) with с in
equations, you gеt radians.

R2 сos2d + R2 sin2с = а2 + b2,

For the funсtion 3sinx _ 4сos X, 4 = 3 and D = -4. From
Еquation 1, R = 5. Using this value in Еquations 2,
so R2(сos2с sin2a)
1and sinс = {.
+ а2 + b2,
= сosd =
)J
that is R2 = а2 + b2 and R = + а, * b,.
^{ These equations, in whiсh сosd is positive and sinс is nеgativе,
Thе valuе of R is always сhosеn to bе positivе. show thаt с is a fourth.quadrant anglе, and that:

Thеrеforе R= +[} ap. а * 5.36.

Then сosd = +and sinс =

b
Thеrеfore 3 sinх _ 4сosr = 5 sin(.x + d)
^''l а2 + b2 \'l а2 + b2
whеrе d = 5.36.1
Тhеsе thrее еquations,
R=li + Р Еquation 1
Example 11.3
Exprеss sinx - 2 сosx in thе form R сos(x + d), where R > 0.
and сosс = Дand sina = L- Еquаtions 2 This is a differеnt form from thе originаl, but it is not diffiсult
^',l а2 + b2 n'l
а2 + b2 to adаpt thе mеthods of the bеginning of this sесtion.
enablе you to determinе the valuеs of R and o. Compaгing thе ехpanded form Rсosr сosd - R sinx sinс with
the foгm sinx - 2сosr, givеs
Example 11.1
Ехprеss 2sinro + 3 сosro in the form Rsin(x + d)", whеre thе Rсosd =2andRsinс=1.
anglеs arе in dеgreеs. Squaring and adding, as bеforе, gives
For the funсtion 2sinro + 3сos = 2 and b = 3. From
'co.4
Еquation 1, R = VТ3. Using this valuе in Еquation 2, R=Vj
сosdo =fu^ndsinс" =1fu. andсosl1.1
'= fr anо smd =
Ё.
Thus, as сosd and sind arе Ьoth pоsitivе, 0 is а first-quadrant or sin(x + 57.991" =
#.
anglе, and
а = 0.46.
Let z = х + 57 .99.Then
for valuеs of z bеtwееn
you^
57
rеquirе tЩ .solutions of ,in
.99 and 417 ,99. ""
=
#
Thus sinr _ 2 cosх = {5 сos(r + с) Thе prinсipal anglе is 18.54, and thе othеr anglе bеtwееn
0 and 360 is thе sесond quadrant anglе (sее Seсtion 6.2),
whеrе а - 0.46.| 180-18.54=161.46.
You now have to add 360 to thе first of thеsе to find thе valuе
Exerсise 11.l of e in the rеquired intеrval. Thеn the two solutions for z are
.1
ln questions to 6' write the given funсtion in the form R sin(x + с)..
z = 378.54 and,1,61.46.
1 sin x" + cos xo 2 Ssinx" + 12оosf
3 2оosxo + 5sinxo 4 сos xo - sin xo You find thе solutions for x by substitutin$ Z = х + 57.99, and
5 sin xo - 3сos xo 6 Scos xo - sin xo you find that
|n questions 7 to 9' give с in radians. x - 57.99 = 320.55
= 378.54
7 Write the funсtion sin x + сos x in the form Rcos(x + с). or х = L61.46 - 57.99 = 103.47.
8 Write the funсtion sin х + сos x in the form Rcos(x - с).
Thus thе sоlutions are 103.47 and 320.55". l
9 Write the funсtion sin x + сos x in the form Яsinfi - с).
10 By writing the funсtions 7сos x + sin x and Sсos x - Ssin x in
Example 11.5
the form Еsin(x + с), show that they have the same maximum
Find the maximum and minimum valuеs of sinr - 3 сosr and
value.
thе values of x, in radians, for whiсh thеy oссur.
!Иriting sinr _ 3 сosr in thе form R sin(r - с) using thе mеth-
I1.3 Using the alternative form ods in Seсtion 11.2 givеs

Thеrе аrе two main advantagеs in writing somеthing likе sinr - 3 сosx = {Ш sin(x _ 1.249|.
sinx + сosr in any one of thе four forms Rsin(r + с), Rsin(x - с), Thе quеstion now bесomеs: Find thе maхimum and minimum
Rсos(x + с) and Rсos(х - с). valuеs of V10 sin(x - 1'.249) and the values of r for whiсh thеy
oссur.
It enablеs you to solvе еquations easil1 and to find thе maxi
mum and minimum valuеs of thе funсtion without furthеr You know that thе maximum of a sine funсtion is 1 аnd that it
work. oссurs when thе ang|e isL,lt.
Herе arе somе еxamples.
Thus thе maхimum valuе of fiO sin(x - 1'.249| is {Ш, and this
Example 11.4 oссurs whеn х _ |.249 = )п, that is, whеn х = 2.820.
Solve thе equation 5 sinx" + 8 сosxo = 3 giving all thе solutions
Similaтly the minimum valuе of a sinе funсtion is -1, and this
bеtwееn 0 and 350.
oссurs whеn thе ang|e is!п.
Using thе method of Seсtion 11.2,уou саn write 5sinх" + 8сosro
as Thus thе minimum value of {10 sin(x - 1,259) is -{Ш, and this
{g9 sin(x + 57.991". oссurs whеn.т _ 1,.259 = }п, thatis, whеn х = 5.96|. I
Thе еquation thеn bесomеs

{89 sin(x + 57.99)" =3

Еxemp|e 11.6 Exerсise l1.2
Solvе the equation 3сos2xo - 4sin2хo = 2 giving all solutions ln questions 1 to 6, solve the given equation for 0, giving the value of
in thе intеrval -180 to 180. 0 in the interval 0 to 360 inclusive.

Bеgin by writing У = 2хз the equation beсomes 1 sin0" + cos0" = 1 2 sinO. + r/3 сosOo = 1

3сosyo _4sinуo =)
3 3сosOo-2sinOo=1 4 12 sinO" - 5 оosOo = 5
5 -8 сos0o - 7 sinOo = 5 6 сos20o - sin20. = -1
with solutions for y neеded in thе intеrva| -360 to 360.
n questions 7 to 12, solve the given equation for 0, giving the value
Vriting 3 сos yo _ 4 sin y" in thе form R sin(y - с)o using thе
f

of 0 in the interval-180 to 180 inсIusive.

methods in Seсtion 11.2 gives
7 сosO" + sinOo = -1 8 V3 sin0' + cosOo = -1
3 сosyo - 4sinyo = 5сos(y + .53.1.3)". 9 3сosOo-sinOo=2 10 _2 сos0o - 3 sinOo = 3

Solving thе equation 5сos(y + 53.13). - 2 gives

11 6sin0"-7 cosOo =-8 12 lзсos2Oo-sin2Oo=-1
In questions 13 to 18, find the maximum and minimum values of the
сos(y+53.13).=0.4. funсtion and the va|ues of x in the interval between -180 and 180
inclusive, for whiоh they oссur.
The prinсipal angle is 66.42.
13 у=2sinx"-cosxo 14 у=3cosxo-4sinxo
Using thе methods of Sесtion 6.3, thе anglеs Ьetwееn -360 and 15 у =VЗоos2x.-sin2x. 16 у =сos2x"-sin2xo
360 satisfying this еquation arе
17 у=3sinxo+4сosxo+2 18 у= ^'t2cos2хo-sin2xo+3
-293.58, 46.42, 66.42, 293.5 8.
Thus y + 53.13 = -293.58,-66.42,66.42,293.58
sо У =-346.71,_||9.s5,L3.29'240.45.
Finally, dividing by 2 as у = 2x giv,es

x
-173.35,-59.78,6.65, !20.22.
=
Notе that фе deсision about whethеr to round up or to round
dowп thе final figurе on dividing by 2 was madе by kеeping
morе signifiсant figures оn the сalсulator. !
Еxamp|e 11.7
Show that thе еquation 2sinх + 3сos'r = 4 has no solutions.
You сan rмritе this equation in thе form

fi3 sin(x + al = |
for а suitablе valuе of с.
You саn thеn rеwritе thе еquаtion in thе fоrm
sin(x+с)=ТТЗ.
^

l
IL
A. > 1, thеrе is no solution to this equation.
тiз
 12.1 The first set of faсtor formulae
ln Еxетсisе 10.3, question 1, you wеrе askеd to provе thе idеntity

sin(А + B) + sin(А - B) = 2 sinА сosB.

Thе proof of this idеntity rеliеs on starting rмith thе left-hand
sidе and eхpanding thе tеrms using Еquations 1 and 2 of
Chaptеr 10 to gеt
sin(А + B) = sinАсosB + сosАsinB
and sin(А - B) sinАсosB - сosАsinB.
=
Adding the left-hand sidеs of these two еquations you obtain
thе rеquired rеsult
sin(А + B) + sin(А - B) = 2 sinАсosB,
whiсh will bе used in the rеrмrittеn form

{r
2 sinАсosB = sin(А + B) + sin(А - B). Еquation 1

o
rr+ This is thе first formula of its type. Thеsе formulae enablе you
Цr to movе from а produсt of sines аnd сosinеs, to a sum oт diffет-

.I J
o
enсе of sinеs and сosinеs еqual to it.

Example 12.1
Usе Еquation 1 to simplify 2 sin 30. сos 60o.

з {i 2 sin30. сos60o sin(30 + 60). + sin(30 - 60)"

g)
=

o
= sin90o + sin(-30)'
Е =1-sin30o
П
1-\
r+ = =tr..

oo
ц)
In thе middlе of фе ехample, the fасt that sin(4) = - sinO for
any anglе 0 was usеd to сhangе sin(.30)" to sin30o.
.т If you subtraсt thе еquations
!n this chapter you will loam:
. how to oxprcss the sum and sin(А + B) = sinA сosB + сosА sinB
differэnce of two sines or and sin(А - B) = sinA сosB - сosА sinB
сosines in an altemative form
as a produсt you obtain sin(А + B) . sin(А - B) = 2 сosА sinB,
. how to do this pюсess in is
roverse
фat 2 сosA sinB = sin(А + B) - sin(А - B). Equation 2
. howtouseboththo If you had usеd Еquation 2 to solvе Еxample 12.|, уotl would
pкюesses in solving say
problems.
 2 sin30" сos60o = 2 сos60o sin30" Notе thе following points.
.diffеrеnсе,
= sin(60 + 30)'- sin(60 - 30)' o In Еquations 1 and 2, it is importаnt that thе
is found Ьy suЬtraсting B from А.
= sin 90o - sin 30o
о In Еquations 3 it is not important whеthеr you
and 4
=1 - sin3Oo А - B оr as B _ A: the еquation
take thе differenсе as
сos(_O) = сos 0 for all anglеs 0 ensurеs that
=|-ь=*. сos(B_А)=сos(А_B).
TWo othеr formulaе сome frоm thе еquivalеnt formulaе for о The ordеr of thе right-hand sidе in Еquation 4 is diffеrеnt
сos(А + B) and сos(А - B), from thе othеr formulaе.
сos(А + сosА сosB - sinА sinB
B) = ЕxаmpIe 12.2
and сos(А - B) = сosА сosB + sinА sinB. Еxprеss sin 50 сos 30 as thе sum of two trigonоmеtriс ratios.
First adding, and then subtraсting, thеsе еquatiоns gives Using Еquation7,2 sinА сosB = sin(А + B) + sin(А + B), givеs

сos(А + B) + сos(А -B| = 2 сosА сosB sin 50 сos 30 = } 12 sin 50 сos 30)

and сos(А + B) - сos(А -B) = - 2 sinА sinB. = }1sи{s0 +30) + sin(50 _30))
.W-hen
you rewrite thesе еquations you havе = }1slniв0) + sin(20)). l
2 сosА сosB = сos(А + B) + сos(А - B) Еquation 3
Еxample 12.3
and 2 sinA sinB - сos(А + B). Еquation 4
= сos(А - B) Сhangе sin70o sin20" into a sum.
Notе thе fоrm of thеsе four equations whiсh are gatherеd Using Еquation 4,2 sinА sinB = сos(А - B) _ сos(А + B), givеs
togеthеr for сonvеnienсе сos20.)
sin 70o сos20o = } 12 sin 70"
2 sinA сosB = sin(A - B)
+ B) + sin(А Еquation 1
= }(сos(70.
_20") -сos(70. +20"))
2 cosA sinB = sin(А + B) - sin(A - B) Еquаtion 2
= } (сos 50. - сos 90")
2 cosACoSB = сos(А + B) + сos(А - B) Еquation 3 50" _ 0)
= } (сos
2 sinA sinB = соs(А - B) - сos(А + B). Еquation 4
= }сos50.. l
Thеsе formulae arе often rеmеmbеrеd as
Еxerсise l2.1
2 x sin Х сos = siл(surп| + sin(dфrenсe|, In questions 1 to 8, express the given expression as the sum or
2 х сos x sin = sin(sum| - sin(differeпсе|, differenсe of two trigonometriс ratios.

2 x сos x сos = cos(sutп| + cos(differeпсe|, 1 sin30 сos0 2 sin35'cos45"

3 cos50" cos3Oo 4 оos 50 sin 30
2 x sin х sin = cos(differеnсe| - cos(sum|. 5 сos(C + 2D\ cos{2C + D) 6 сos60" sin30"
7 2 sin3А sinА 8
сos(3O + 5D) sin(3C - 5D)
9 |n Еquation 1, putА = 90 -Cand B = 90-D and simp|ify both
sides of the resulting identity. What equation results?
10 |n Еquation 1, put А = 90 - C and simplify both sides of the
resulting identity. What equation results?
12.2 The seсond set of faсtor formulae Еquations 5 to 8 are oftеn rеmеmЬеred as
Thе sесond set of faсtor formulaе are rеally a rеhash of thе first sin + sin х sin(serпisиrп| х cos(semidifferenсе|,
= 2
sеt whiсh еnablе you to vrork thе othеr way round, that is, to sin - sin = 2 x сos(s emisum| х sin(s erпidiffer eпсe|,
writе thе sum or diffеrеnсе of two sinеs or two сosinеs as a
produсt of sinеs and сosinеs. сos + сos = 2 х сos(sеmisurп) x cos(semidifferenсe),
Starting from сos - сos =2xsin(sеmisum) х sin(sеmidiffereпсe rеuersed|,

2sinАсosB = sin(А + B) + sin(А - B)' Example 12.4

writе it the othеr way round as Transform sin25o + sin 18o into a produсt.

sin(А + B) + sin(А _ B) 2sinА сosB. Using Еquation 5, sinC sinD - 2 sin 9/,8iu.,
Ч.o,
= +
PutА+B=CandA_B=D.
Thеn thе identity Ьeсomes sin25" + sin18" = 2sin ,J+у.o' Z5fl
sinC + sinD = 2sinА соsB.
= 2 sin21.5o сos 3.5". l
If you сan rмritе А and B in tеrms of C and D yоu will obtain a
formula for thе sum of two sinеs. Еxample l2.5
Change сos30 - сos70 into a produсt.
Frоm thе equаtions
A+B=C Using Еquation 8, сos С - сosD = 2 sin 9* sin Lt', вivеs
and A-B=D, 30 t^ 70 3a
сos 30 _ cas70 = -2-2
2 sin in70 :-
you сan usе simultanеous еquations to dеduсе that

А=С!D С:.D. = 2 sin 50 sin 20. I

22 andB=
Еxample 12.6
Then sinC+sinD=2sin С+D С_D
z сos l-. Еquation 5 Solvе thе еquation sin0" - sin30o, giving solutions in thе intеr-
val -180 to 180.
You сan dеduсе a sесond formula in a similar way from sin0o _ sin 30o = 2 сos20" sin(_0).
Еquation 2,Ьу a similar mеthod. - -2 сos20" sinO".
Еquation 2 then beсomеs Henсе сos20. = 0 or sinOo = 0.

sinC* sinD = 2 sin C; D .o, C 1 D. Еquation 6 Thе solutions of сos20o = 0 arе _ 135, - 45,45,135 and thе
2-""2 solutions of sin0" = 0 arе _180, 0, 180.
Similar mеthods appliеd tо Еquations 3 and 4 givе Thеrеforе thе solutions оf thе original equation arе
сosC+сosD= z,o'ff.o.f Еquation 7 -180, - 135, - 45,0,45,135, 180. 1

You сould also havе еxpandеd sin30 in thе form 3sin0 - 4 sin30
and сosC- сosD =z
D' С. Еquation 8 and thеn solvеd thе еquation 4 sin30 _ 2 sinO = 0 to gеt the
"inC iD,i,, samе rеsult.
ExаmpIe 12.7 Еxercise 12.2
Provе that if А + B + C = 180. thеn ln questions 1 to 6, express the given sum or differenсe as the
produсt of two trigonometriс ratios.
sinА sinB - sin C _ tanА tanB
sinА
+
+ sinB + sinC =
1 sin4А + sin2А 2 sinSА - sinА
3 сos4o-сos20 4 сosА-оosSА
LHS tslд4tsЩьllщ
= (sinА 5 сos47o + сos35o 6 sin49o - sin23"
+ sinB) + sin C
|n questions 7 to 0, use the faоtor formulae to simp|ify the given
.t

zsinl(а + в)сosl(д _ в) _ zsinlссoslс expressions.

-
2sin\(A + B)сos}(А - B) + 2 sin} Cсos} C sin30'+sin60' sinс+sinf
сos30.-сos60; сosс+оosB
zсoslс сos1(д - в) - zsin* ссoslс
-
2сos\C.o'] {а - B) + 2 sin] Ссos} C v^ сos0-сos30
ъin6БйEб.
10
sin0+2sin20+sin30
сos0+2сos20+cos30
Inquestions 1 .t to 14, use the faсtor formu|ae to solve the following
zсoslс(сos1(д - в) - sin}с)
- equations, giving all solutions in the interval 0 to 360.
2сos} С(сos trtд _ вl + sin} C)
11 сos0o-сos20o=0 12 sin0'+ sin20" = 0
13 sinO"+sin20.+sin3Oo=0 14 сosO. +2cos20" +сos30o=0
-.o.l(д-в)-'i',1с ln questions 15 to 17, you are given that A B C = 180". Prove
сos} {а - B) + sin} C + +
that each of the following results is true.
сos1(д - в) - сosl(д * в) 15 sinА + sinB + sinC = 4сos}Аcos}всos}с
-
сos}{а-B)+сos}1а*в) 16 sinА + sinE} - sinC = 4sin}Аsin1Bсos}C
2sinАsin D 17 сosА + сosB + сosC - 1 = 4sinlАsln}вsin}с
=ffi=tanАtanB=RHS.
Sinсе thе Lнs = RHS, the idеntity is truе. l
Notiсе horм in Еxample 72.7,the faсts that сos(90 - 0)o = sin0o
and sin(90 - 0)o = сos0" wеrе used in thе forms

сos}{а + B) = sin}C and sin}(А + B) - сos}с.

 13..| The cirсumсirсle
The сirсumсirсlе of a trianglе АBC (sее Figurе 13.1) is thе сirсlе
whiсh passes through еaсh of the vеrtiсes. Thе сеntrе of thе сir-
сumсirсle will bе dеnotеd Ьy o and its radius will bе dеnotеd
bv R.

1+
o o tl flgure 13.1

g) o
To сalсulatе thе radius R of thе сirсumсirсlе, drop thе perpеndi
- сular from o on to thе sidе BC to mееt BC at N. Sее Figure 13.2.

+o П

-l
П

s)
a .т
э
GT
o П ln this chapter you will leаrn:
s)
o o+
f . that the сirоumсirсle is the
сirсle which passes through
the vertices of a triangle
. that the inсirс]e and the three figure 13.2

a.
eсirоles all touсh the three
sides of a triangle
. how to calсulate the radii of As BoC is an isosсеlеs trianglе, bесausе two of its sidеs arе R,
these сirc]es from infomtation the linеoN biseсts thе basе. Thеrеfore BN = ]t{C = }a.
about the triangle.
In addition, angle BoC, the angle at the сentre of the сirсlе Usingsin2С=1_сos2C,
standing on thе arc BC, is twiсе thе anglе BАC' whiсh stands
on thе same arс. Thus anglе BoC = 2A, so angle BON = А.
sin2C= t-*=#
BoЩ
Therеfore, in triangle
I
so sinc= ,'164 Б

Finally, using thе full vеrsion 'g=1.

тсl
SlIlА =a
It of the sinе fоrmula, Еquation 1,

2p = .а_.
2R = -ц.you
srnU-' obtain
.D 6 76
sln.at L^=т]т=trт'
You will reсognize that thе right-hand sidе of this formula for R -в-
also oссurs in thе sinе formula.
Thus thе radius R of thе сirсumсirсle is
fiсm. l
Thеrеforе
аbс
...-sinА-sinB-sinС. Еquation 1 Еxample 13.2
Thе anglеs A, B and С of, a trianglе arе 50o, 60. and 70o, and
Еquation 1, whiсh еnaЬles you to сalсulate the radius R of thе thе radius R of its сirсumсirсlе is 10 сm. Calсulatе thе arеa of
сirсumсirсlе, is what somе pеople undеrstand Ьy thе sinе for- thе trianglе.
mula fоr a trianglе, rather than thе shortеr vеrsion on page 66. Thе standard formula for the area Ь,of a trianglе is Ь = |аb sinC.
Notе thаt thе еquation zR = 4т
srnА
would itself givе you a prоof You сan hnd а and b from thе full vеrsion of thе sinе formula.
of thе sinе formula for thе trianglе. For, by symmеtry' thе
тadius оf thе сirсumсirсlе must bе a property of the trianglе as a Thus'. from 2p =
srnА= L'
-.а- sln б.
whole, and not .biasеd' towards onе partiсular vertex.
Therеforе, if you had started with another vertех' you would а - 2R sinА = 20 sin50"

obtain thе formulaе 2R = .b _ or 2R = L. and b =2R sinB = 20 sin60'.

slnб sln L Using thеsе in thе formu|a tr \аb sinC,
Thus2R=-+=*=-.
-aЬ6'
sln1t slnб sшlL
=

Ь=\x20 sin50" x 20 sin60. x sin70o

Example 13.1 = 200 sin50o sin60o sin70".
Find thе radius of thе сirсumсirсlе of thе triangle with sidеs of Thе arеa of the trianglе is 200 sin 50" sin 60o sin 70o сm2. l
lеngth 4сm,5сm and 6сm. Ь
Thе full vеrsion of
г 1 a =;;B =
thеsinе formula'й
r
2R,
Let' а = 4, b = 5 and с trian-
= 6. Then саlсulatе an anglе of thе #с =
glе, say thе largеst anglе, C, using thе сosinе formula. From thе сan oftеn bе usеd, togеthеr with thе tact tЬat thе sum of thе
valuе of сos C, work out thе value of sin C, and thеn usе anglеs of a trianglе is 180o, to provе оthеr formulaе сonсernеd
Еquation 1 to find R. with a triangle.
Using thе сosinе formula,} = а2 + b2 -2аb cosC' As an examplе, hеrе is a proof of thе сosinе formula using this
62=42+52-2х4x5xсosС method. This prооf is сеrtainly not thе rесommendеd proof of
the сosinе formula, but it doеs have thе advantagе that yоu do
whiсh rеduсеs to 40сos C = 5 not nееd to сonsidеr thе aсutе-anglеd and oЬtusе-anglсd trian-
gles sеparatеly.
сosC=}.
Example 13.3
Usе thе sinе formula to pfovе thе сosine formula
13.2 The inсirсle
The inсirсlе of a triangle ABC (sеe Figurе 13.3) is thе сirсle
а2 = b2 + с2 -2bc casА. rмhiсh touсhеs еaсh of thе sidеs and lies insidе thе сirсlе. Thе
Starting vrith thе morе сompliсatеd right-hand sidе, first substi- сentfe of thе inсirсle will be denoted bv / and its radius will Ье
tute b = 2RsinB and с = 2RsinC. Thеn manipulatе thе dеnotеd bv r.
right-hand sidе, kееping symmetry as muсh аs possiblе and
using А + B + С= 180 judiсiously, into a form that you сan rес-
ognizе as thе lеft-hand side.
You usе A + B + C = 180. by substituting B + C = 180 * А and
thеn rесognizing that sin(B + С). = sin(180 - А). = sinА" and
that сos(B + C)o = сos(1.80 - А)o = -сosАo.
RHS=F+ё-2bccosА"
= 4R2sirlBo + 4R2sirfC - 8R2sinB"sin CсosАo
= 2Rz(zsirlBo + 2 жf C - 4sinB"sinCсosАo)
flguro 13.з
= 2P ((1' - сos 2Bo) + ( 1 - сos 2C ) - 2 cos A" (2 sinB" sin C))
To сalсulatе thе radius r of the inсirсlе, lеt thе pеrpеndiсulars
=2p(2- (сos28. + сos2C) _2cosА"(2 sinB" sinC)) from I on to the sidеs of thе trianglе АBC meet thе sidеs at L,
= 2Rz (2 - (2 сos(B + C).сos(B - C).l 2 сosАo(2 sinB" sin C)) М and N. Join IА,IB and IС. Sее Figurе 13.4.
=2P(2 + 2сosАoсos(B _ C|" _2сosА.(сos(B -C)" - сos(B + C).)) А

=2l€(2 + 2соsАoсos(B _ с)" -2сosАo(сos(B _с)" + сosАo))

=2P(2 + 2сosАoсos(B - C)o - 2сosАo сos(B _C). - 2сo*А.)

=2R2(2sir*A"l
= (2RsinA')2

= d =lllS.
DV
Sinсе RHS = LHs, thе idеntity is truе. l L

f,gure 13.4
Еxerсise l3.1
1 Ca|culate thr radius of the сirсumсirc|e of the triang|e А8C given Using the formula } ba'е х hеight, thе arеa of the trianglе B/C is
thata = 10cm and thatangleА = 30..
2 Find the exaсt radius of the сirсumcirс]e of а triangle with sides 2 zаr.
сm, 3сm and 4сm, |eaving square roots in your answer. Similarly, the areа of thе trianglеs CIА and AIB are
3 Тhe area of a triangle А8C is 40сm2 and ang|es B and C are 50" L,br andL,сr.
and 70o respeсtively. Find the radius of the сirсumсirсle.
4 Prove that а = bоosO + ссos8. Adding thеsе you gеt A' thе arca of thе triangle АBC. Therеforе
5 Lets = }1a + b + с). Provethat s = 4Rсos}Асos.l вcos}с. Ь=tаr *tb, *\"'
.-а+b+с
=rх_-.
Dеnoting the exprеssi on
o* , Ьy s, (fоr sеmi-pеrimеtеr), Thе сentrе of the есirсlе oppositе А will bе denotеd Ьy Io and
you find that Lч* its radius will bе dеnotеd Ьy rд.
/S=4. Еquation 2
Еquation 2 is used to dеrivе rеsults сonсerning thе inсirсlе of a
triangle.

Example 13.4
The sidеs of a triangle ate 4 сm,5 сm and 6 сm. Calсulatе thе
radius of the inсirсlе.

Let. а = 4, b = 5 and c = 6. Usе thе сosinе formula tо сalсulate

the сosinе of thе largеst anglе, C. Thеn find sin C, and usе this
in thе formu|a \аb sin С to find thе area of thе trianglе. Thеn
usе Еquation 2.
Using thе сosinе formula, с2 _ 2аb сos C, givеs
= а2 + b2

36=16+25_2x4x5сosC
whiсh lеads to .o'C = *.

Using sin2 C = 1 _сos2 C shows that

E _т -
figure 13.5
sinC-=J,- rcт -3\т
64= ]64 =-Г.
To сalсulate rд, lеt the points of сontaсt of thе есirсlе with the
Using thе formulа \аb sinС for arca,you oЬtаin sides of trianglе АBСЬe P, Q and R.
PС = У. Thеn RB = x and QC = y.
A=}х4x5x
.E+ Ч-=ЦF. Let. PB = ,с and
Thеn, from Figure 1.З.5, x + У = а and as tangеnts from an
For this trianglе '= + =o
*
}.*
u
=E. еxtеrnal point, in this саsе А, arе еqual

Thеrеforе, using Еquation 2, rs = Ь,,

с+х=b+у.
Solving thе еquations
х1'} 1'5lт
"'24 - Xtу=4
so =Ч.
, х_у=b_с
simultanеously' givеs
Thе radius of thе inсirсlе is }t'7сm. l
а+b-С 's.. = а_b+
13.3 Тhe ecirсIes
* =
Ч=3 = s - сandy
tr' = s- b.

Notiсе also that АR = с + х = с+ (s_ с) = s andthatАQ = 5.

Thе есirсlеs of a trianglе АBC are thе сirсlеs whiсh touсh еaсh
of the sidеs and lie outsidе thе сirсlе. There arе thrеe suсh сir-
сlеs. Figurе ]'3.5 shows part of the сirсle oppоsitе thе vertеx А.
Lоoking аt arеas' and notiсing that thе area Ь, of trianglе АBC is (b + с + а)(b + с - а)(а +b - с|(а - b + c)
=
A = xг€Д ARIAQ _ atea BR/аP - area СQIAP
- 2x arca АR/А _ 2xarea BR/А _ 2x area СQIд
_2x\ro$ -
=7 2s(2(s * а|)(2(s - с||(2(s - b))

=2xlrдs -2хlro$ - c) b|
4s(s_a)(s _b)(s*с)
=rа(s_(s*с)-(s-b)) o'r'
=rд(b+c-s) Thеrеforе
= rд\s - а). t =\bс sinA
Thеreforе Ь= rдG _ а|, Еquation 3
r ,. . .. V4,Gl7П' - Ц' _ с)
Therе are rеlatеd formulae fot rg and rg. = ^-
'Ос
= {16- r)(rl bXr -
").
13.4 HeronЪ formula: the area of a Thеrеforе A = {ф - aр _lр j. Еqu atton 4
triangle
Еquation 4 is сalled Hеron's formula.
A numЬеr of thе formulae in thе previous sесtion involvеd thе
sеmi-pеrimetеr of a trianglе, that is, s. Thеre is a vеry famous You сan use thе four еquations еstablishеd in this сhaptеr,
formula, сallеd Hеron's formula, involving s for thе area af a togеthеr rмith the teсhniquе usеd in Ехamplе 73.4,to еstaЬlish
triangle. It is most of фе formulaе you nеed.
A ={s(s _а)(s_b)(s_ с),
Example 13.5
Thе mеthod of estaЬlishing Heron's formula сomеs from firрt Find thе radii of thе thrее inсirсlеs of thе trianglе with sidеs of
using thе сosinе formula to сalсulatе сosА. Thе value of sinА is 4сm,5сm аnd 6сm.
thеn сalсulatеd using sinzА = 1- сos2-А. Finally this valuе is
substitutеd in thе foйula for arеa, ь=\bс sinА. Letа=4,b=5andс=6.
Rеarranging thе сosine formula а2 = b2 + ё _2bс сosA givеs Thеn s =t{а + b + с| =t,' - o =|,s - | = }and s - c =*.

In Еquation 3, A = rд$ _ а|, usе Hеron's formulа, Еquation 4,

с^"д-bz+с2_а2
-us.l = to find thе arеa of thе trianglе.
-т.
Thеn using sin2А = 1* сos2А = (1 + сosА)(1
obtain
- сosА), you Then ^= E;TfJ2=t}^rт.
sin2А = (1 + сosА)(1 - сosА) Thеrеforе, from A = re! - а|
l, - b2 + с2 _ а2Il.
=
lt 2b" Il'- 2b"
b2 + с2 _ а2\
I
i* =tr'^

|zbc * b, * ё_ а2||zbc _ b, _ ё * a2| so ,o=$*?=#

4bzё

-|Ф+d2-а2|(а2_(b_d2|
Similarly ,u=$,t=Ч
4b2l
and ,"=s,з=Ч.
 5{ l Exerсise 13.2
Thе radii of thе inсirсlеs arе
#,-,Ч,* a,d c^. 1 For the triang|e with sides of length 2 сm, 3 сm and 4 сm, find the
Notiсе that thе arca of this trianglе was found Ьy an alternativе area and the radii of the inсircle and the three eсircles.
mеthod in Еxample 1'3.2.1. 2 Find the radius of the inсirс|e of the triang|e with sides 3 сm'
4 сm with an angle of 60o between them.
Exаmple 13.6
3 Prove thatrrnryr"= А,z'
Provе that sin *А =
4 Prove thatr= 8B sin }А sin lв sin }C.
Usе the сosinе formula to find сo-sА, and thеn usе Еquation 16 5 Prove that r" = 4B cos }я сos ,lв sin ]c.
in Chaptеr 1.0, сosА = 1' - 2 sina )А, to find sin jА.
_ 2bс сosА givеs
6 ln Examp|e 13.4,2 a formula for sin }А is derived. Use a similar
Rеarranging thе сosine formula а2 = bz + с2 method to derive a formula for cos !,А, and then use both of
сosA =
b2 Ц- а2. them to find a formula tor tan\A.
7 Provetheformulatan }{в-O =
fficot }я.
Thеrеforе 7 -2 sir}+o =Ч# 8 Prove that r = (s - a) tan }А.

so 2 sin2 |А =
_u, t.,'*i o, .

'
Therеforе

2bc_b2-с2+а2
4bс

.- (а + (b - с||(а _(b - с)|

4bс

_(2(s * cl)t2(s
_
4bс
- b))

Thеrеforе sin }А =
 14.1 The equation sin 0 = sin s
In еarliеr сhaptеrs you havе always, whеn askеd to solvе an
еquation, been givеn an intеrvаl suсh as -180 to 180 оr 0 to
360 in whiсh to find thе solutions. In this сhaptеr thе task will
be to find a way of giving all solutiоns of a trigonomеtriс еqua-
tion, not just those solutions сonfinеd to a givеn intеrval.
For ехamplе, if you arе givеn thе еquation sin0" = 0.6427...
yOu сan immediatеly look up the сorrеsponding prinсipal
anglе, in this сasе 40. You сan thеrеforе rеplaсе thе equation
sin0o = 0,6427.., Ьy thе equation sinOo = sin 40o and thе prob.
lеm оf finding all solutions of sinOo = 0.6427... Ьy finding all
solutions of sin 0o = sin 40o.
In Sесtion 6.2 уou saw thаt if 40 is a solution, thеn 180 - 40 = 140
is also a sоlution, and that you сan add anу wholе numЬеr multi
ple of 360 to givе all solutions.

o a GI
Thus all solutions of sinO" = sin 40o arе

o
..., -320, 40, 4oo, 60,...

o
7

and
-a
...,-220,140,500,860,...

g C
.

You сan writе thеsе solutions in thе form

f,
360п.
r+ o
(z an intеgеr)
э 40 + 360n and 1,40 +

Notiсе that thеse two formulaе follоw a pattеrn. Starting from

ц) 40 yоu сan writе thеm, in asсеnding оrdеr, as
r+
o
fl
т 0x180+40

o q)
.I 1x180-40
П 2x180+40
э 3x18O-40

ao
э
Thе pattеrn works baсkwards also, so all solutions fall into thе

{r patтеrn :

-2х 1'80 + 40
-1x180-40
In this сhapter you wil| learn:
. 0x180+40
how to find all the solutions
of simp|e trigonometriс 1x180-40
equations 2x180+40
о $enerol formulae for these
3x180-40
solutions.
You сan usе this pattеrn to writе аll thе solutions in onе for- Thе prinсipal angle is {z. So thе solution of the еquation is
mula as
У = пIt + (-1)" \lt.
L80n + (-1.\" 40
whеrе (_1), takes thе valuе -1 whеn z is odd and +1 whеn z is Therеfore 20 + f,п = nпtr + {-1Y ь7т
еvеn.
You сan geneta|ize this rеsult furthеr. If you solvе for 0 thе
so 0 =\пlт + (-1)" 2o _ Ьo (и an intеgег). I
еquation sin 0o = sin do to givе the solutions in tеrms of с you
would oЬtain
0 = 180n + (-1)"a (n an integer). Еquation 1
14.2 The equation сos 0 = coS 0
It is сonvеniеnt to сonsidеr thе еquation сos0o = 0.7660...,tЬat
Notiсе that in the formula 1'80п + (*1)"a thеrе is no rеason is, thе equation соsOo = сos 40o.
why d should Ье an aсutе anglе. Using thе mеthod of Sесtion 6.3, thе solutions of this еquation
If thе оriginal angle had bееn 140, thе formula are
..., *320,40,400,760,...
0=1.80n+{*1.)1.40
цrherе п is an intеgеr givеs thе solutions and ..., -400, 40,320,680,... .

.,., _З60 + 740, -180 _ 140, 0 + t40,180 - 1'40' 360 + \40, ... Yоu сan write thеsе solutions in thе form
or ...,-220,-320,\40,40,500,.... 40 + 36Оn and40 + 360п (z an integer).
You сan sее that thеsе sоlutions arе thе samе sоlutions as thosе
in thе middle of pagе 139, but thеy arе in a diffеrеnt order. Thе pattеrn for thеse solutions is еasiеr to follow than that for
thе sinе funсtion. It is
Thеrеforе the formula 180n + (-7)"а rмhеrе n is an intеgеr givеs
you all solutions of thе equation sin 0o = sin с" providеd yоu 0 = 360n + 40 (и an integеr).
havе onе solution a. You сan gеnеralizе this further, as in thе сase of thе sinе funс-
In radians, thе samе formula givеs tion. Thе solution оf thе еquation сosOo = сosd" is

0 - nlt + (_1)"а (z аn intеgеr) Еquation 2 0 = 360n + а (n an intеgеr). Еquation 3

as thе solution оf thе equation sin0 = sinс. In radians, thе samе formula givеs

0 = 2п1tr
+ а (n an intеgеr) Еquatioп 4
Example 14.1
Find ail thе solutions in dеgrееs оf thе еquation si'Oo= -1. as thе solution of thе еquаtion сosO = сosс.
The prinсipal solution of the еquation sinOo= -} ь -30.
Using Еquation 1, all solutions arc 780n + (-1),(-30) or altеr-
nativеly, Т80n . (-1. )"30 for integet n. I 14.3 The equation tan 0 = tan q,
Considеr thе еquation tanOo = tan40",
Еxample 14.2
Find ail solutions in radians оf thе еquation sin(20 Using thе method of Sесtion 6.4, the sоlutions of this еquation
+ |п) = \^{1.
arе
Lеt'у = 20 +tп, Thеn thе еquation bесomеs siny = }Г} ..., -320, -1.40, 40, 220, 400, 580, 7 60,... .
An altеrnativе form is Exаmple l4.4
н"J.Ё. g""еral solution in radians of the equationtan2х - -Гe
40 + I80n (п anirrteger).
Let 2х = y. Thе prinсipal angle for еquation talу - -l1 }п, so
Thе solution of thе еquation tanOo = tanflo is the gеnеral solution for y is
0 = |80п + d (n an intеgеr). Еquation 5 У = nItr x(1п) (и an intеgеr).
In radians, thе samе formula givеs This is thе samе 2S y = nI !ьп (z an intеgеr).
7I1т + q' (z an intеgеr) Еquation 6 Thеrеforе, * =Ьу, х =|nп *[п 1n an intеger). l
^'
as thе solutiоn of thе еquation tan9 = tand,.
ЕxampIe 14.5
Solvе in radians thе equation cos20 = Cos0.

14.4 Summary of results Using Еquatiol4, 20 = 2n7t ! 0 (n an intеgеr).

Hеrе is a summary оf thе rеsults of thе prеvious sесtions. Taking thе positive sign givеs
Q = 2n1I (п an intеger),
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation sinOo = sinс" is
and thе nеgative sign 30 = 2n7t (z an integer).
0 = 1"80п + (-1,|"а, {n an integet). Еquation 1
Thereforе thе сomplеtе solution is 0 =lnп (z an integеr). l
Thе genеral sоlution in radians of thе еquation sin 0 = sin d is
Notiсе that thе sоlution givеn, Q =\nlt (r an
intеger), inсludеs,
0 = ппtr + (-7)"а (n an iлteger). Еquation 2 whеn z is a multiplе of ihrее, thе Ьolution obtainеd Ьy taking
thе positive sign.
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation сos 0o = сos do is

0 = З60п + d (n an intеger). Equation 3 Еxample 14.6

Solve in rаdians the еquation sin30 = sin0.
Thе gеneral solution in radians of thе еquation соs 0 = сos d is
Using Еquatiоn 1,
0 2nrt + d (n an integеr). Еquation 4
= 30 - nп * (-7|" 0 (n an intеgеr).
Thе gеnеral solution in dеgrees of thе еquation tan 0o tan d" is writing n 2rп gives
= Taking n eveш, and =
0 = I80n + d (n an intеgеr). Еquation 5 30 = 2t'7т + 0, that is, 0 = rnItr.
Thе general solution in radians of thе equation tan0 = tand is Tаking nodd,andwriting n=2nl + 1givеs
0 = nnt + {х {п an intеgеr). Е'quation 6 3Q = (2m + 1)tt -0, that is, 40 = (2m + 1'lr.
Thus thе сomplеtе solution is
ЕxampIe l4.3
Find thе gеneral solution in degrеes of thе еquation сos0" = 1lз. еithеr 0 = ?nltr ot 6 = !12rn + 1 )z whеre rп is an integеr. l
Thе prinсipal anglе is 150, so thе gеnеIal solution is
0 = З60п + 750 (n an intеgеr). I
Example 14.7
Solvе thе еquatiоn сos20o = sin0o giving all solutions in t'*l
dеgrееs. tl
Usе thе fact' tЬat sinOo = - 0). to rеwritе
сos(90 thе еquation as GI
r
Using Еquation 3,
сos20.=сos(90_0)..
o
a
20 = 360n t (90 _ 0) (п an intеgеr). сл
Taking thе positivе sign gives
anglе of dеpression Thе аnglе of dеprеssion of B from А, whеrе
30 = 360n+ 90 or 0 = 120n + 30.
B is Ьеlow А, is the anglе 0 that thе linе АB makеs with thе в)
and thе nеgative sign horizontal,. Sее Figurе 15.1. т
0=З60n_90.
Thus thе сomplеtе solution is
еithеr 0 = 1.20n + 30 or 0 = 360n- 90 whеrе n is anintеger. I
Comparе this solution with that for Еxamplе 10.8.
figure 15.1

Еxerсise 14
anglе of еlevation The anglе of еlevation of B from А, wherе B
ln questions 't to 10 find the general solution in degrees of the given
is aЬove А, is thе anglе 0 that thе linе АB makеs with thе hori-
equation.
zonta|. Sее Figurе 15.2.
I = l{3 2 сos}" -|
"ino"
3 tanO" = -'1 4 sin(20 - 30г = -1
5 сos30" = -1 6 tan(30 + 60). = -]r/З
7 tan20 = tanO" 8 сos30" = GoS2Oo

9 sin30" = sinO" 10 sin30" = cosO" figure 15.2

Inquestions '1
1 to 20 give the general solution in radians of the given Ьеaring Thе Ьеaring 0 of B from А is the anglе in degrееs
equation. Ьеtwееn north and thе linе AB, mеasured сloсkwisе from thе
north. Sее Figure 15.3.
11 sin20 = -l 12 сos30 = 0
13 tan(20 +ltt)=O 14 sin(30 +f,п)=t п0rth

15 сos(20 +f,п]l=g 16 tan()п - 20) = -1

17 tan30 = оot({) 18 сos30 = sin20
19 сos30 = sin$п _ 0) Ю sin20=_sinO

figure 15.3
сorrеsponding angles !Иhеn two parallеl lines, АB and CD, arе
travеrsеd Ьy а linе XY, thе marked angles in Figurе L5.4 are
сallеd сorrеspоnding anglеs, and arе еqual.

figure 15.7

rhombus A rhombus is a quadrilatеral whiсh has all four sidеs

еqual in lеngth. Sее Figurе 15.8. In а rhombus, thе diagonals
сut at right anglеs, and Ьisесt еaсh othеr.
figшв 15.4

isosсеlеs triangle An isosсelеs trianglе is a trianglе with two

equal sides. In Figurе L5.5, АB = АС.
А

/\^
/\
figure 15.8

similar trianglеs Two trianglеs whiсh havе еqual anglеs аrе sim-
/\
B-с ilar. Thе sidеs of similar trianglеs arе proPortional to eасh
othеr. In Figurе 15.9, trianglеs АBC and XYZ arе similar, and
figurо 15.5
BС СА AB
kitе A kitе is a quadrilatеral whiсh has onе linе of rеflесtivе YZ Zх хY
-=-=--
.!.5.6,
sylrmetry. In Figurе ABCD is a kitе with АC as its axis of с
symmetry.
/хz
/,\ /х

a
/ \ ,/ \
B\,
figure 15.9
, '\ , ,'/"
slant hеight, of a сonе Thе slant hеight of thе сonе is thе lеngth
figurc 15.6
of thе sloping еdge АB in Figurе 15.10.
periodiс, pеriod A pеriodiс funсtion /(x) is a funсtion with thе
property ihat thеrе ехists a numbеr с suсh that f(х) = f(х + с)
ior Ъll valuеs of r. The smallеst suсh value of с is сallеd thе
pеriod of thе funсtion.
Pythagoгas's theorеm Рythagoras's thеorеm states that in a
right-anglеd trianglе with sidеs а, b and с, wherе с is the
hypotenusе, cZ = а2 + b2, See Figure 15.7. figure 15,10
 сos(А + B) = CosА сosB - sinА sinB
tl
11481
сos(А - B) = сoSА сosB + sinА sinB

сл =-|tanA tanB
+
tan(А B)
C
+
-tanAtanB
tanA - tanB
з
tan(А - B) =
т;;;БrГB
з Multiple angles
q) sin2А=2sinАсosА
Relations between the ratios
-
ч< titO=
сos2A=сoszА-sin2А
t"rrO =
o
{r
сos U cos2A=2coszА-7
cos2А = 1-2 sinz A
equation
i+ ffihagorasЪ sin20 + сos20 = 1 tanlA - 'L 2tan4
-tantA
|+tan20=sес20
GI
=.
o L+co*0=CоS€C20 Faсtor formu|ae
2 sinА сosB sin(А + B) + sin(А - B)
э =

o Relations for solving equations

sin0"=sin(180-0)'
2 сosA sinB
2 cosA сosB
=

=
sin(А
сos(А
+

+
B) _ sin(А _ B)
B) + сos(А - B)
з
o
+.ф
сos0 =
tan9o=tan(180+0)'
сos(-0) 2 sinА sinB

sinC sinD
= сos(А - B) - сos(А

z rin C I D.o,
+

C; D
B)

+ =
2---2
o
=. Solution of triangles sinc* sinD z *tff sin 9/
rfr
=
ь=\bс sinА \са sinB =\аb sinC
o
=
C D .o* C- D
rl sinА-sinB-sinC сosC + сosD = 2.o, l/'2
a b- с
з -2bc cosA сosC_сosD z sin C 1 D,i,, D ] C
а2 = b2 + с2 =
2--'2
Е b2 = с2 + а2 -2са cosB

q) General solution of equations

- с2 = а2 + b2 - 2ab сosC
o Compound angles
Thе gеnеral solution in dеgreеs of the еquation sin 0o
0 = 780n + (-1)"а (z an intеgеr).
= sin do 1S

sin(А + B) = sinА сosB + сosА sinB The gеnеral solution in radians of thе еquation sinO = sinс is
sin(А - B) = sinА сosB - сosА sinB 0 = пntr + (_I|"а (и an integer).
Thе general solution in dеgrеes of thе еquation сos 0" = сos d" is
0 = sin 360n + а (п an intеger). ш
Thе gеnеral solution in radians of thе еquation сos0 = сosс is g)
0 2nlт ! а, (n an intеgеr).
=
э
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation tan0o
0 = 180п + d (п an intеgеr).
= tando is
U'

o
Thе gеneral solution in radians of thе еquation tan0 = tand is €
0 = пnt + d (п' an intеgеr). Answеrs involving lеngths arе givеn eithеr сorrесt to thrее sig.
nifiсant figurеs or to thrее dесimal plaсеs, whiсhеvеr sееms .т
Radians
E tad = 180 dеgrееs
morе apprЬpriatе. Answеrs fоr anglеs arе usually given сorrесt
to two dесimal plaсеs. o
Еxerсise 2.1 (page 9)
1 0.364 2 0.577
Length of arc 3 5729.578 4 0.852
s=r0 5 1.881 6 0.009
7 18.88" 8 63.43'
Area of сirсular sector I 80.72" 10 0.01"
11 45" 12 600
д =\Р0
Exercise 2.2 (pаge 13}
Radius of сirсumсircle 1 8.36 m 2 038.66"

b 3 4.69 miles 4 19.54 m

.,p а с
5 6 21.3 m
а,. =
Jlffi ;;ъ-
= =;i;т 7
126m
53.01',36.99' I 144m
I 75.64"
Radius of inсirсle
/S=Д Exerсise 2.3 (page 17)
1 68.20' 2 3.73 сm
wherе
'=t{а+b+c). 3 2.51 сm 4 48.81"
5 11.59 сm 6 3.46 сm
Rаdius of eсirсle 7 8.06 оm 8 24.78"
9 63.86' 10 3.60 cm
A = rд(s - аl = rвb - b) = 16$ - с)

whеre Еxerсise 3.1 (page 24)

'=||а+b+с). 1 66.42' 2 5.47 cm
3 2.25 cm 4 28.96"
HeronЪ formula for areа of triangle 5 3.37 сm 6 1.73 сm
7 6.85 cm I 27.49"
A = r/s(5 -l[J- 6115 - 61
I 60.6'l' 10 2.68 cm
whеrе s=)@+b+с). ll 0.994,0.111 12 5.14 сm,3.06 сm
13 36.87', 53.13" 14 38.4з" Еxerсise 5.2(page52|
i5 9.32 km 16 4.82 cm 1 -1.732 2 4.577
17 2.87 cm 18 7.19 km з 0.364 4 -5.671
19 38.42", 51.58', 7.4O cm 6 0.213 7 -0.'176

Exerсise 3.2 (page 29) Exerсise 6.l (page 57)

1 73.30' 2 6.66 сm 1 17.46.162.54 2 26.74.'t53.26
3 5'79 сm 4 48.81" з 0' 180' 360 490
5 9.44 сm 6 2.1cm 5 270 6185.74,354.26
7 10.03 сm I 67.з8. 7 206.74,333.26 I 210,330
9 19.02' 10 5.38 сm 9 *171.37, -8.63 10 -150. -30
1.| 35.02.' 2.86 сm 12 44.20" 11 -'180,0,180 12 90
13 55.5 mm,72.7 mm 14 30.500,59.50' 13 -90 14 64.16,115.84
15 2.66 оm, 1.86 сm, 3.88 сm 16 44.12",389.8 mm 15 -115.84. -64.16 16 -130.00. -50.00
17 69.51' 18 14.7 km,10.3 km 17 15,75,195,255 t8 13.37, 72.63,193.37, 256.63
.|9 0.681 сm 19 0, 60, 120,'180, 240, 300, 360 20 '135,315
20 |хlзm,tФ,\
21 2'60 сm' 2.34 сm 2, 3.59' 21 60,300 2, 180
ж 10.1т km, 11'70 km 24 З28'17"' 17.1 km 23 90' 210' з30 24 20.91, 69.09, 200.91, 249.09
25 1.62 hours 26 About 122daуs
Exercise 3.3 (page 33)
1 10'05 оm 2 4.61cm Еxercise 6.2 (pаge 61)
в 145'42" 4 4.33 сm 1109.47,250.53
3
2 вЗ.43'24з.43
4 '153.43,333.43
5 10.91 km,053.19" 6 85.06"
5
4',1.41,318.59
7 44.80 сm 8 8.58 сm 30, 150,210,330 6 22.5, 1 1 2.5, 202.5, 292.5
9 25.24 сm
.|0 13.20 сm 7 203.07 I
143.18
I 70.00, 1 10.00, 250.00, 290.00
Еxerсise 4 (page 43) 10 87.14, 177.14, 267.1 4, 357.14
I 68.20',60.50" 2 73.57',78.22" 11 -126.27,-s3.73, 53.73, 126.27
12 _10З.28' _13'28' 76.72, 166.72
3 3.68 m 4 97.08'
5 35.26" 612.72",15.76" 1з *168.2.1
'
_101.79' 11.79,78.21
7 54,т4. 8 5.20 cm,50.77" 14 -90,90
I 56.31' 10 35.26' 15 -90,30,150
16 -45
Еxerсise 5.1 (page 50) 17 4.14 pm and 7.46 pm
1 0.766 2 -0.766
з -0.940 4 0.985 Exerсise 7.l (page 69)
5 -o.з42 6 0.174 Тhese answers are given in alphabetiсa| order.
70 80 1 15.82 cm, 14.73 cm, 94.22 cm2
93 10 1 2 20.29 оm, 30.36 cm,152.22 cm2
11 't 12 1 3 7.18 mm,6.50 mm, 18.32 mm2
132 144 4 5.59 сm, 7.88 cm,22.0О cm2
15 1 160 5 23.06 cm, 17.З2сm, 192.88сm2
170 18 -1 6 C = 28.93., А = 126'o7",a = 58.15 сm or
t9 -1 20 1 C = 15.t.07", А = 3.93", a = 4'93 оm
 7 C А = 88.69., a =109.26 сm or
= 51 .31o, 11 0.966 12 0.5
C = 128.69"' А = 11.31", a = 21.43 cm 13 13.41 14 +n
8 А = 61.28", B = 52.72",b = 87.10 cm t5 |п tв ll*rс
9 А = 35.00., 8 = 115.55", b = 143.13 сm or
А = 145.00o, B = 5.55o, b = 15"35 сm 17 {27т 18 4.75
19 1.12 оm 2o 6.72 сm2
Exerсise 7.2|page72| 21 1.6 22 0.611 rad,35-01o
1 2
5.30 сm ж |п,tп
3
37.77 crn
54.73 сm 4
25.9 сm
anа fп 24 23.18 сm2 and 55.36 сm2

5 2.1'l cm 6
7.97 cm 25 2.9O cm2 26 3.03 cm2
7 I
28.96",46.57"104.47" 40.11", 57.90", 81.99' Exerсise 9 (page 95}
9 62.19", 44'44",7З.З7" 10 28.91.,31.99., 119.10.
2
1t 't06.23" 12 43.84" 1 -0.5735 tз.180
k
13 You get аn error message from the сalсu|ator beсause the +1.077
"t- lPl
сosine of the |argest angle is -1'029' whiсh is impossible. Тhe
probIem arises beсause the triang|e is impossible to draw, as a+
a 1 {s2-1
the longest side is longer than the sum of the other two sides. -^,11 ' ----l-.
+P- -=-!- - r/s2-1' s
14 5.93 km 15 52.01',88.05',39.93"
^,!1+t2' ^,!1+t2
8
16 45.17" , 59.60', 7 .25 cm 't 7 56.09' 7 -120, -60, 60, 120
I
-135' -45' 45, 1з5
10 -180,0, 180
18 16.35 m,13.62 m 19 41.04'
11
-180,0,30, 150, 180
38.17,141.83 12 -116.57,63.43
20 Two triangles' 66.82., 63.18" and 29.13 сm
1 6.82., 1 1з.1 8. and 9.44o сm
13 -153.43,26.57 14 -75.52,0, 75.52
't5 -60,30,60, 150
21 98.34 m 22 5.71 m,6.08 m
23 3.09 mm 24 7.98 оm, 26.32. and 29.93.
Еxercise 10.1 (page 102}
25 3.81 сm, 4.2o cm,7.81 cm2 2в 4.5'l hours
l -0.749 t6-tt t6-ta
27 4.41km 28 0.305 m2 0.663, 2
т,4
29 49.46',58.75' 3 Еxpanding gives sin(90 - 0)" = sin90. сos0o - сos90o sin0o
= 1 x сos0o -0 x sinO. = CoSOo
Еxerсise 7.3 (page 80) 4 -0.997 5 0.894, 1.999
1 15.2 m 2 546m
3 276m 4 192m о 3*€o, €Д
3-V3 or2+l3 7 #= 3.oтт,2* = l'sцl
5 889m 6 '1.26 km {3 - 1

7 3700m 8 2.23 km 8 Using Equаtion 6' tan(180 - 0)o

tan 180'-tan0'
=
9 2.88 km 1O 2.17 km ] +taггiъoтaпЕ;
0-tan0'
11 500 m
13 72.9 m,51.1 m
12 з.64 km' 315.'
14 1.246Rm
5.15 km = 1ftffi; =-tano"
15 189m 16 63.7 m 9 sin34" 10 сos61 o
17 3470m,727om 11 tan68" 12 tan39"

Exerсise 8 (page 88) Еxerсise 10.2 (page l05}

160 215
з 270 4 120 1 '*,*,? 2 -ц7-ц
25' 25' 7

5 135 в 72o з 0.553

0.484' 0.875' 4 1,0
7 0.588 8 0.924 5 0.992, -0.129 6 -0.992, -0.129
I 0.309 10 0.383 7 sin72",сos72" 8 0.5, -0.5
 9 Use Еquation 16, сosO = 1 -2 sin2 f,L,to get sin2 Lo =LP 6 LHs =-1=*сos0
sin 0 sin 0
,t
and the resu|t follows. Use Equation 1 5, сos 0 = 2 cot2 Ь0 - ,

=-1 +сos0
-'-щz
to get сosz Ь0 = and the result follows. sin 0
10 !ь'*ьФ 11 t0.6 2c:s2Ь0
12 tan2О" =2 sin}0сosi0= (12 & 8)
сos10
Exerсise 10.3 (page 108) = ---!- = RHS
ln the solutions to the identities, the reason for eaсh step is given by sin i0
plaсing an Еquation number from Chapter 10 in bold-faсed type in сosQ
braсkets. Where no reason is given, either an aIgebraiо
7 LHs = "jng *'
sinф сosф
simp|ifiсation or the use of sin2А + сos2А = 1 is involved.
sin0сosФ+sinФcos0
1 -
sinИ + B) + sinИ _ 8)
-]iБfi;oФ-_
LHs =
=
= sinА сosB + сosА sinB + sinА cosB - сosА sinB(1 & 2) sin(O +

= 2 sinА сosB = RHS

=F*фй7(1)
ф)

2 LHs _ сos(А + B) + сos(А * B)

= CoSА сosB - sinА sinB + сosА cosB + sinА sinB(3 & 4) =?ffi4o)=RHS
=2cosA cosB = RHS
сos2А Еxerсise 10.4 (page l09)
ЦQ
|Lllv _- сosА+sinА 'r -90,30,90, 1s0
2 -15o' -з0' 30' 150
сos2А - sin2А
сosА+sinА
,^'
з -148.28' -58'28' 31'72'122.72
4
--'-I

-165, -105, 15,75

-
(сosА sinА)(сosА - sinА)
+ 5 -157.5, -57.5, 22.5, 112.5
сosА + sinА 6 -150, -30,30, 150
= coSА - sinА = RHS 7 -120,0,120
LHs = sin 3А sin(2А А) I 0, +60, +120, +180
= +
9 r30,190,1150
= sin2А сosА + cos2A sinА(l) 10 -157.5, -67.5,22.5, 112.5
= 2 sinА сosА x сosА + (1 -2 sin2А) x sinА(7 &
11)

= 2 sinА сos2А + sinА -2 sin3А

Exerсise 11.l (page 114)
= 2 sinА (1 -sin2А) + sinА
*2 sinзА 1 d2sin8 45)'
+ 2 13 sin(x + 67.38)'

=3sinА-4sin3А=RHS 3 V20 sin(x + 21 .80)" 4 {2 sin(x + 135)"

5 V1Osin(x + 288.43)" 6 {Тбsin(x + 108.43)"
sinА . сosА
Lг|D =БьsА_"ъjГд.. т Фcos(х+f,п) s l2cos(х-\п)
sin2А
=- sinА сosА
+ сos2А 9 ^'[2sin(х -|п)
12 10 Both funсtions have the form R сos(x + с) with в = VsO. This
=
гnZъ;;7- = Бi;7ъъъ7 means, see Seсtion 1.t.3, that in both сases the maximum value
2 is Vso.
RHS
= йс/) =
Еxerсise l1.2 (page l17) 16 LHs = sinА + sinB - sinO
't 0,90,360 2 90,330 = (sinА + sin8) - sin(А + B)
з 40.21,252.41 4 45.24,180 z sinf,(A+ в) сos}(А - B) _ 2sin}(А + в) сos] (А + B)
5 1s9.24,283.13 6 45,90,225,270
=
z sin}И в)(сos}И - в1- сos}(А + 8))
7 -180, -90, 't80 I -'180,60, 180
= +

9 -.69.20,32.33 't0 -157.38, -90 =zcos|C(2sin}я sin}в1

11 289.59,349.20 12 -135, -75,45, 105 = + sin}А sin}B сos}C = RHS
1з {5 x = 16.57, _t/s at x = - 63.43
at
.1 .|7 LHs CoSА + сosB + сosO - 1
=
14 5 at х = -53.13, - 5 atx = 126.87 = (сosА + сosB) +
(сosC - 1)
15 2atх =_15and 165'-2 atx=-105and75 = z cos|(А+ в) cos} И
_ B) - 2sin2]C

16 12 at х = -22.5 and 157.5' _ц[2 at х = -112'5 and 67.5 = z sinlC 1сos}(А - s) - sin}с)
17 7 atх = 36.87, -3 atx = -144'13 = z sinz1C 1сos,1И -в) - cos}(А + в))
18 4.7З2 at x = -1 7.63 and 1 62'37' 1'268 at х = -1 07.63 and 7 2.37 = z sinlC (2 sin}А sin}в1
= + sin }А sin ,1в sin } C = RHS
Еxerсise 12.1 (pagel2l}
1 l(sin40 + sin20) z (sin в0. - sin
.10")
Exerсise l3.1 (pagel3O)
1
}
3 }(сos80" + 4 ; (sin
sin20") s0 - sin 20) 10сm
I
5 }(оos3(C + D) + сos(C - D)) 6 }(sin90. - sin30.) = ] 2 {Gсm
7 cos2A - сos4А в !(sinос - sin 10D)
9 2 сosO sinD = sin(C + D) - sin(C-D) --
sin50"sin60'sin 70"
em
-"'
10 2 оosC оosB = сos(C + B) + cos(C. B)
RHS =bcosC+ссosB
Еxerc se 1 2.2 |page1 25|
i = 28 sin8 сosO + 2R sinO сosB
1 2 sin3А сosА 2 2 сosЗA siп2A = 2Е(sinB оosO + sinO сosB)
3 -2 sin30 sinO 4 2 sin3А sin2А C)
= 2R(sin(B +
5 2 сos41" сos6" 6 2 оos36. sin.t3. =2ЯsinА=2=LHS
7 сot15" в tant@ + Р) 5 LHS =g
9 tan0 10 tan20 =!r@+b+c)
11 0,120,240,360 12 0,120,180,240,360 B(sinА + sinB + sinC)
1з 0' 90' 120' 180' 240'27o,360
=

14 45,135,180,225,315 = л(2 sinlA сos}я + (sinB + sinO))

15 LHs + с1 сos](в -
= R(2 sin'Acos]я + z sin}(8
с))
= sinА + sinB + sinO

= (sinА + sinB) + sin(А + B) = zR(sinlAсos}я + сos }я сos,1 (8 - с))

= z sin}И + в1 сos,1(А - B) + 2sin}И + в) сoslИ + B) = zB сos}А(sinf,A + сos}(в _ с)
_ с))
= z sin}И + в)(сos}(А - в1 + cos}(А + в)) = zЕ сos}А(сos}{в + с1 + сos}(в

=z cosf,C(2 сos}я сos}в1 =zн cos|А(2 сos}в сos}с)

= 4 сos}А сos}в сos}c = RHS = 4R cosьA сos]в сos}с = RHS
Еxerсise 13.2 (page 137) 5 LHS =Гс
^
t f r/lsоm2, }{lsсm, f VGсm,,1{isсm,!{Gсm IabsinC
=--
=m
6{з
z^ _=-сm {з(7 _{1з) i@+b-c)
7+ ц!13 6 2RsinАx2Psin8хsinC
3 Using Еquations 3 and 4:
LHs = ffд|вtc
AAAA =.rтffiБЪ
Ah sinАsinBsinC
s s-a ^_---;
s_o s-с 2sin z}Асos.uл x zsin,18 cos}8 x zsin } Cсos}C
.-
.,' '
Ц=o,=RHS --DEt + B|сos t И - B) -2 sin } о сos} о
N
A -2€tnlи.сoslАsin
вsin 1А lв сos}вsin] z Ccos}с C
4 LHS= s
^^ - - z z z z
о)
2 сos ] C(сos Ьtд - вl - sin }
}аbsinC sin}всos}вsin }с
!(a+b+c)
-- sin]Асos}я
^^
Z z <

сostИ -в)-сos21И + B)
2ЕsinАx2RsinBxsinC
2RsinA+2Rsin8+2RsinC
=8Е
sinАsinBsinC
= ^h
Zг1ъinА
+-ъiБЕ_;ъ;n" 4Есos}Асos,1вsin}о RHS
= =

2sin|A сos}я x 2sin}B сos}в x 2sin}C сos}с

-
^^ - / Z

2sinlИ + в) сos,1И - B) + 2sin}C сos]с

- вsin }А сos }я sin } всos }вsin,1 ссos с

-
^^zz
}
RHS = ff"ot2л
z сos } C(сos Ltа - вl + sin } C)

sin сos'1я sin,1 в сos} вsin } с 2t sinB - 2B sinO сos}я

-oDЩ
- - "1А
сos}И-B)+сosi$+B)
=
*г
sinB _ sinC сos}А
'ьъi;Б*zяъinсi^
..
=8R =
sinB + sinC sin]я

=@^"inlТ
z сos - c)', сos }1!
4вsin}Аsin}вsin}c RHS (B + с1 sin (B
= = } }

-x-j
sin !я sin}tв - C) .- cos}z\A
сosЁtлcos|tB_C).' sin}А
I

sinl(B - c)
=;щ
_ tan}{в - C) = LHS
I RHS =(s-a)x t'*l
tl
tl
э
_ r1"-\БG-aXs-bDF-с)
a.
s
s
A
o
=r=LHS х
Еxerсise 14 (page 1Ц|
ln all the answers to this exerсise, л and m are integers. |t is adjaсent 14 ecirсles 132
possible that your answer might take a different form from the one cosx= c 57
ambiguous сase 68 equation
given and still be оorreсt.
angle of depression 145 equation CoSX= сosсr 141
l 180л + (_1),60 2 360л + 60 anglr of elevation 1tl5 equation sinx= с 54
3 180л-45 4 180m or 180m + 120 angle offoсus 14 equation sinx= sinсr 139
tаnx= с 59
angle of slopе 28 equation
5 120л + 60 6 60n-30 area of triangle 63, 134 equationtаnx= tanсr 141
7 18On I 72n Aryаbhata | 4 equations 92,108
9 180mor90m+45 1O (4m + 1)45 or $m + 1)221 asinx+ 0сosx 111
faсtor formu|ae 119
11 |nп - $Fl)"lт 12 |nп !f,п
bearing 145 faсtorformuIae, second set 122
1з |nп-}п fi |mп orltzm + 1)п -f,п box problems 39
15 f,nп 16 |nп + f;п general solution of equations 139
1s _ сa|сulator, use of 27 gradient 28
17 lnп +\п iЪ(4л + 1)п or |{+n l|lт
сhords 3
19 tnп 2o 2'nп
сirсular arс, |ength of 8.4 height of distant objeсt 73
сirсular seсtor, area of 87 Heron's formula 134
сirсumсirсle 127 Hipparсhus 3
сompound angle 97 horizontal distanсe 75
сorresponding ang|es 145 hypotenuse 15
cos45o, оos30o, cos60o 25,26
cos(t+ fl 99 identities 106
сos(,4 - 0 100 il|ogiсa| method of proof 108
сosecaпt 91 inсirсle 131
оosine 19,20,46 inverse сosinе 21
сosine formuIa 69 inverse sine 21
оotangent 91 inverse tangent 9

degree, radian сonversion 86 Joseph, Geоrge

distanсe, inaссessib|е objесt 75 Gheverghese 3
kite 146 seсant 91
similar triangles 6, 147
mode, of оalсu|аtor 9 sin45o, sin30o, siп60. 25
multiple angle formulae lffl sin(/ +0 97
sin(t- 0 S
notation for sides аnd ang|es 6i} sine 19,20,46
sine formula 66, 128
opposite 14 sIant height of a сone 147
slope 28
pеriod 48,52j8 survеying 73
periodiс 49' 146
prinсipa|ang|e 54 tап 45o, tan 30o, tan 60o 25, 26
projeсtions 28 tan(/ + O 100
Ptolemy 4 tan(t- O 100
pyramid рroblems 36 tаngent 8,5{l
Pythagoras's theorеm 9',1ф Thа|es 1' 6
triangulation 76
radian, degree сonversion 86 trigonometry 3
radiаns 84
Regiomontanus 4 Varahаmihara 4
Яsin(O + а| 111
wedgе prob|ems 41
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 trigonometry
p. abbott & hugh neill

o Are you new to trigonometry?

o Do you need praсtiсe for an exam or сourse?
о Do you need to refresh your understanding?

Trigonometry offers a сomprehensive introduсtion to trigonometry

whiсh progresses steadi|y to more advanсed skilIs. Worked
examp|es and сarefu||y graded exerсises are suppoгted by
extensive answers including fuII demonstrations of trigonometriс
proofs.

Hugh NeilI is a mathematiсs author and a former teaсher,

inspeсtor and сhief examinеr in mathematiсs at various |eveIs.

Why not try о A|gebra оBasiс Мathematiсs о Ca|сulus

о Mathematiсs о Statistiсs о or visit www.teaсhvourseIf.сo.uk?
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