APPM 4360/5360 Homework Assignment #2 Solutions Spring 2015

Problem #1 (8 points): Use the definition of a limit to (b)

show the following: z2 z2 1
lim = lim = .
z→∞ (3z + 1)2 z→∞ z 2 (3 + 1/z)2 9
z̄ 2
(a) lim = 0. (c)
z→0 z
Re(z) Im(z) (r cos φ) (r sin φ)
£ ¤
(b) lim x + i (2x + y) = 1 + i , where z = x + i y. lim = lim = 0.
z→1−i z→0 |z| r →0 r

Solution: We want to find a δ > 0 such that for any

Problem #3 (8 points): Show that f (z) = z −2 is
² > 0 that you choose that | f (z) − w 0 | < ² whenever
uniformly continuous in 12 < Re z < 1 but not in
0 < |z − z 0 | < δ; this will prove that
0 < Re z < 12 .
limz→z0 f (z) = w 0 .

(a) Write z = r e i θ so |z − 0| = r and Solution: Consider | f (z) − f (z 0 )|

¯ 2 ¯ ¯ 2 −2i φ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ z̄
¯ − 0¯ = ¯ r e
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯1 1 ¯¯ ¯¯ z 02 − z 2 ¯¯ |z − z 0 | |z + z 0 |
¯ ¯ r e i φ ¯ = r. ¯ 2 − 2¯=¯ 2 2 ¯= .
¯ ¯
¯z ¯z z0 ¯ ¯ z z0 ¯ |z|2 |z 0 |2
Thus, if 0 < δ ≤ ² then |z̄ 2 /z − 0| < ² whenever (a) If 1
< Re z < 1, 1
< Re z 0 < 1, then
2 2
0 < |z − 0| < δ and limz→0 z̄ 2 /z = 0.
(b) First we note that |z − z 0 | · |z + z 0 | |z − z 0 |(|z| + |z 0 |)
≤
|z|2 |z 0 |2 |z|2 |z 0 |2
|x + i y − (1 − i )| = |(x − 1) + i (y + 1)| < δ µ
1 1
¶
= |z − z 0 | +
implies that |x − 1| < δ and |y + 1| < δ. So |z||z 0 |2 |z|2 |z 0 |
2
≤ |z − z 0 | = 16|z − z 0 |
|x + i (2x + y) − (1 + i )| (1/2)3
= |(x − 1) + i (2x + y − 1)| means | f (z) − f (z 0 )| < ² if 0 < |z − z 0 | < δ ≤ ²/16
≤ |x − 1| + |2x − 2 + y + 1| in this region. So f (z) is uniformly continuous in
this region.
≤ 3|x − 1| + |y + 1| < 4δ
(b) If 0 < Re z < 21 , 0 < Re z 0 < 12 , then
implies that if 0 < δ ≤ ²/4 that
|z + z 0 |
|x + i (2x + y) − (1 + i )| < ² whenever
|z|2 |z 0 |2
0 < |x + i y − (1 − i )| < δ.
is unbounded from above, so f (z) is not
Problem #2 (16 points): Evaluate the following uniformly continuous in this region.
limits:
Problem #4 (8 points): Prove or disprove:
(a) lim z −m , where m is an integer.
z→z 0 µ ¶
1
z2 lim z sin =0
(b) lim . z→0 z
z→∞ (3z + 1)2
Re(z) Im(z) Solution: Consider z real, i.e., z = x ∈ R. Since, on the
(c) lim .
z→0 |z| real axis, sin is bounded between 1 and -1, we cite the
squeeze theorem to show
Solution: µ ¶
1
(a) Is undefined for z 0 = 0 and m > 0 but exists for lim x sin =0
x→0 x
the other cases,
 However, if z is pure imaginary, z = i y for y ∈ R we
−m
z 0 z 0 6= 0 find

 µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
lim z −m = 1 z 0 = 0, m = 0 lim i y sin = lim y sinh →∞
z→z 0 
 y→0 iy y→0 y
0 z 0 = 0, m < 0
1
so the limit does not exist. The general solution is
" Ã p ! Ã p !#
kt kt /2 3 3
Problem #5 (8 points): Let f (z) be continuous and let w = ce +e A cos k t + B sin k t
2 2
limz→0 f (z) = 0. Show that
³ ´ The second solution is found the same way. The
lim e f (z) − 1 = 0. characteristic equation is z 6 = k 6 . Finding the sixth
z→0
roots of unity (or the sixth roots of (k)unity :-)...) we
What can be said about find that our six roots are
e f (z) − 1 z 1 = ke 0 = k
lim ?
z→0 z k p
z 2 = ke πi /3 = (1 + i 3)
2
Solution: If f (z) is continuous, then e f (z) is also and k p
z 3 = ke 2πi /3 = (−1 + i 3)
limz→0 e f (z) − 1 = e 0 − 1 = 0. (You could also have
¡ ¢
2
expanded e f (z) as 1 + f (z) + f 2 (z)/2 + · · · and used this z 4 = ke πi = −k
in the limit.) k p
z 5 = ke 4πi /3 = (−1 − i 3)
If f (z) is differentiable at z = 0 – that is, in any small 2
neighborhood of z = 0 – then e f (z) is also and 5πi /3 k p
z 6 = ke = (1 − i 3)
2
e f (z) − 1 e f (z) f 0 (z) and so the general solution is
lim = lim = f 0 (0).
z→0 z z→0 1
w =c 1 e kt + c 2 e −kt
" Ã p ! Ã p !#
Problem #6 (6 points): Suppose we are given the 3 3
+ e kt /2 A 1 cos k t + B 1 sin k t
following differential equations: 2 2
" Ã p ! Ã p !#
−kt /2 3 3
d 3w +e A 2 cos k t + B 2 sin k t
(a) − k3w = 0 2 2
dt3

d 6w
(a) − k6w = 0 Problem #7 (20 points): Where are the following
dt6
functions differentiable? Compute f 0 (z) where it’s
where t is real and k is a real constant. Find the
defined.
general real solution of the above equations. Write the
solution in terms of real variables (a) f (z) = sin z.
(b) f (z) = tan z.
Solution: Assume the solution is of the form w = ce zt (c) f (z) = [(z − 1)z]1/3 .
where c, z ∈ C. Substituting this into (d) f (z) = z Re(z).
(e) f (z) = x 2 + i y 2 .
d 3w
− k3w = 0
dt3 Solution:

we obtain the characteristic equation, z 3 − k 3 = 0 (a) f 0 (z) = cos z is defined everywhere in C.

which gives us three roots. Recall that we can express (b) f 0 (z) = cos12 z is defined everywhere that cos z 6= 0;
k 3 as the complex number k 3 = k 3 e 0+2nπi and so when that is, z 6= π2 + πk, k ∈ Z.
we take the cube root we get one real root for n = 0 an 2z − 1
(c) f 0 (z) = is defined everywhere
two complex roots for n = 1, 2. 3[(z − 1)z]2/3
except z = 0 and z = 1.
k³ p ´ (d) Here, f (z) = u + i v where u = x 2 and v = x y. So
z 1 = ke 2πi /3 = −1 + i 3
2 u x = 2x, v y = x, u y = 0, and v x = y. Thus, f 0 is
k³ p ´ only defined at z = 0, where
z 2 = ke −2πi /3 = −1 − i 3
2 f 0 (0) = u x (0) + i v x (0) = 0, and nowhere else is it
z3 = k differentiable.

2
 (e) Here, f = u + i v implies that u = x 2 and v = y 2 . −8x 3 y
uy = = −2 sin 2θ − sin 4θ,
So u x = 2x, v y = 2y, u y = 0, and v x = 0 and the (x 2 + y 2 )2
Cauchy–Riemann conditions are only satisfied −8x y 3
when x = y and f 0 (a + i a) = 2a. vx = = −2 sin 2θ + sin 4θ.
(x 2 + y 2 )2
Since z → 0 implies r → 0 but says nothing of θ, none
Problem #8 (8 points): Let f denote the of the partial derivatives are continuous at z = r = 0.
function ½ 2 Therefore, f (z) is not differentiable at z = 0.
z̄ /z z 6= 0,
f (z) =
0 z = 0.
Problem #9 (18 points): Consider the differential
Show that the f 0 (0) does not exist but u x = v y and equation,
v x = −u y at z = 0. d 2w dw
x2 2
+x + w = 0,
dx dx
Solution: Since where x is real.
f (z) − f (0) r 2 e −2i φ (a) Show that the transformation x = e t implies that
lim = lim 2 2i φ = e −4i φ ,
z→0 z r →0 r e
d d d2 d2 d
0
f (0) does not exist because it depends on how we x = , x2 2
= 2
− .
dx dt dx dt dt
approach zero.
(b) Use these results to find that w also satisfies the
Writing f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y), we get that differential equation

d 2w
(x − i y)2 (x − i y)3 + w = 0.
f (z) = = 2 dt2
x +i y x + y2
x 3 − 3x y 2 + i (−3x 2 y + y 3 ) (c) Use these results to establish that w has the real
= , solution
x2 + y 2
so w = C e i (log x) + C̄ e −i (log x)
3 2 3 2
x − 3x y y − 3x y
u= , v= . or
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
w = A cos(log x) + B sin(log x).
Using the definition of partial derivatives, we get
that Solution:

u(h, 0) − u(0, 0) (a) Apply the operators to a test function, such as

u x = lim = 1, f (x(t )): By chain rule,
h→0 h
v(0, h) − v(0, 0) d df df
v y = lim = 1, f (x(t )) = x 0 (t ) f 0 (x(t )) = e t =x
h→0 h dt dx dx
v(0, h) − u(0, 0)
u y = lim = 0, and so
h→0 h d d
v(h, 0) − v(0, 0) =x .
v x = lim = 0. dt dx
h→0 h Likewise,

But this is not a counter-example for the d2 d 0

2
f (x(t )) = x (t ) f 0 (x(t ))
Cauchy–Riemann theorem because u x , u y , v x , and v y dt dt
are not continuous at z = 0: using x = r cos θ and = x 00 (t ) f 0 (x(t )) + (x 0 (t ))2 f 00 (x(t ))
y = r sin θ gives d d2 d 2 ¶
2 d
µ ¶ µ
= et + e 2t f = x + x f.
dx d x2 dx d x2
x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 − 3y 4
ux = = 2 cos 2θ − cos 4θ,
(x 2 + y 2 )2 Using x ddx = d
gives
dt

y 4 + 6x 2 y 2 − 3x 4 d2 d2 d
vy = = −2 cos 2θ − cos 4θ, x2 = − .
(x 2 + y 2 )2 dx 2 dt 2 dt

3
 (b) Then 1
As m → ∞ we have S + i T = . Further we can
1 − ae i b
2 2 apply Euler’s identity
d w dw d w dw dw
x2 2
+x +w = − + +w
dx dx dt2 dt dt
1 1
d 2w = =
= + w = 0. 1 − ae i b 1 − a(cos(b) + i sin(b))
dt2
(c) Then, for some real A, B , 1 − a cos(b) + i a sin(b)
=
1 − 2a cos(b) + a 2
w = A cos t + B sin t = A cos(log x) + B sin(log x)
We conclude
or
∞ 1 − a cos(b)
e i log x + e −i log x e i log x − e −i log x a n cos(bn) =
X
and
w=A +B n=0 1 − 2a cos(b) + a 2
2 2i
A − i B i (log x) A + i B −i (log x)
= e + e ∞ a sin(b)
2 2 a n sin(bn) =
X
= C e i (log x) + C̄ e −i (log x) . n=0 1 − 2a cos(b) + a 2

Extra-Credit Problem #10 (6 points): Find the sum of Extra-Credit Problem #11 (4 points): If f (z) is
the series holomorphic and | f (z)| = (x 2 + y 2 )e x , z = x + i y, find
∞ ∞ f (z).
a n cos(bn) and a n sin(bn)
X X
n=0 n=0
Solution: Recall that
for a ∈ (−1, 1).
|e z | =p
|e x || cos y + i sin y| = |e x | = e x . Since
|z| = x 2 + y 2 we have |z|2 = x 2 + y 2 and so a possible
Solution: Since |a n cos(bn)| ≤ |a|n we know both
solution is f (z) = z 2 e z . We have to take care here,
series converge. Consider the partial sums
however. It is also the case that z z̄ = |z|2 but it was
m m shown that z̄ is not holomorphic anywhere.
a n cos(bn) and Tm = a n sin(bn)
X X
Sm = ¯ ¯
n=0 n=0 ¯ f (z) ¯
Moreover, we now have ¯ 2 z ¯¯ = 1. We can therefore
¯
and their sum, z e
multiply f by any function whose magnitude is 1 over
m m
the complex plane and still satisfy the hypothesis and
a n (cos(bn) + i sin(bn)) = a n e i bn =
X X
S m + i Tm =
n=0 n=0 so we conclude

m 1 − (ae i b )m+1 f (z) = z 2 e z e i θ , θ ∈ R.

(ae i b )n =
X
= .
n=0 1 − ae i b
| {z }
geometric series