List of Figures

Figure 1: Biomass scene in Sri Lanka 8

Figure 2: Scrubland distribution (left) and paddy land distribution (right) of Sri Lanka 9
Figure 3: Stakeholder engagement cycle 11
Figure 4: Map of Sri Lanka Railway network 24
Figure 5: Rail freight charge tables 24
Figure 6: Photo montage of terminal operations (briquettes) 25
Figure 7: Photo montage of terminal operations (briquettes) 26
Figure 8: Photo montage of end-user operations (logs) 27
Figure 9: Photo montage of end-user operations (logs) 27
Figure 10: Photo montage of end-user operations (chips) 28
Figure 11: Basic supply chain diagram 30
Figure 12: Medium truck fuel economy 34
Figure 13: Pie charts showing cost breakdown for small truck trip (left) and large truck trip
39
(right)
Figure 14: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for small truck with woodchip (left) and with logs
42
(right)
Figure 15: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for small truck with briquettes 42
Figure 16: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for medium truck with woodchip (left) and with
43
logs (right)
Figure 17: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for medium truck with briquettes 43
Figure 18: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for large truck with woodchip (left) and with logs
44
(right)
Figure 19: Cost ceiling isochrone maps for large truck with briquettes 44
Figure 20: Comparison of truck emissions at different speeds and loads per km 45

Figure 21: Comparison of truck emissions at different speeds and loads per km per MWh 45
Figure 22: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for small truck with woodchip (left) and
47
with logs/ briquettes (right)
Figure 23: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for medium truck with woodchips (left)
48
and with logs/ briquettes (right)
Figure 24: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for large truck with woodchip (left) and
49
with logs/ briquettes (right)
Figure 25: Comparison of truck types with one tonne load 50
Figure 26: Comparison of truck types with four tonne load 51
Figure 27: Comparison of truck types with nine tonne load 51
Figure 28: Route 1 Galle to Katunayake route options 52
Figure 29: Route 2 Galle to Horana route options 53
Figure 30: Route 3 Galle to Avissawella route options 54
Figure 31: Route 4 Gall to Biyagama route options 55
Figure 32: Route 5 Moneragala to Kandy route options 56
Figure 33: Route 6 Moneragala to Nuwara Eliya 57
Figure 34: Route 7 Homagama to Katunayake route options 58
Figure 35: Route 8 Homagama to Biyagama route options 59
Figure 36: Homagama to Avissawella route options 60
Figure 37: Route 10 Homagama to Horana route options 61
Figure 38: Route 11 Homagama to Kandy route options 62
Figure 39: Route 12 Homagama to Nuwara Eliya route options 63
Figure 40: Route 13 Gampaha to Horana 64
Figure 41: Route 14 Gampaha to Avissawella route options 65
Figure 42: Route 15 Gampaha to Katunayake route options 66
Figure 43: Route 16 Gampaha to Biyagama route options 67
Figure 44: Route 17 Gampaha to Kandy route options 68
Figure 45: Route 18 Gampaha to Nuwara Eliya route options 69
Figure 46: Route 19 Kurunegala to Horana route options 70
Figure 47: Route 20 Kurunegala to Avissawella route options 71
Figure 48: Route 21 Kurunegala to Katunayake route options 72
Figure 49: Route 22 Kurunegala to Biyagama route options 73
Figure 50: Route 23 Kurunegala to Kandy route options 74
Figure 51: Route 24 Kurunegala to Nuwara Eliya route options 75
Figure 52: Simple supply chain of terminal operations 77
Figure 53: Broader supply chain of terminal operations 77
Figure 54: Terminal process diagram 78
Figure 55: Modern sawdust compression equipment 78
Figure 56: Vibrating floor machinery 79

Figure 57: Modern briquetting machinery (left) with examples of briquette outputs (right) 80

Figure 58: Modern briquette packaging equipment (left) and packaged briquettes (right) 80
Figure 59: 2,500kg Loadmac truck mounted forklift in operation (left) and mounted on a
81
truck (right)
Figure 60: Hiab truck mounted crane with a pallet loading attachment 81
Figure 61: Simple supply chain of end-user operations 82
Figure 62: Broader supply chain of end-user operations 82
Figure 63: end-user process diagram (logs) 83
Figure 64: High strength mesh bag 83
Figure 65: Automated log handling and auto-feed system 84
Figure 66: Heizohack industrial chipper 85
Figure 67: Simple supply chain of end-user operations 86
Figure 68: Broader supply chain of end-user operations 86
Figure 69: End-user process diagram (chips) 87
Figure 70: Suitable improvement pre-transport improvement options for woodchip 87
Figure 71: Revised supply chain diagram 88
Figure 72: Lanka Ashok Leyland type Partner 4 90
Figure 73: Tata Ultra 812 (left), Tata LPT709 (centre), Eicher Pro1059xp (right) 90
Figure 74: Tata truck type LPT1109 91
Figure 75: BharatBenz MD914R (left), Lanka Ashok Leyland Boss Ex (centre),
91
BharatBenz In-Power 914R (right)
Figure 76: Bharatbenz truck type 1617R 92
Figure 77: Eicher Pro3015 (left), Tata LPT3118 (centre), BharatBenz 2523R (right) 92
Figure 78: Small flatbed truck 94
Figure 79: Small flatbed truck with low fixed sides 95
Figure 80: Small flatbed truck body with low drop sides 95
Figure 81: Small flatbed truck body with high fixed sides 95
Figure 82: Small curtainsided truck body 96
Figure 83: Mid-size blower truck(left) and blower trailer connected to hoppers (right) 96
Figure 84: Revised terminal process diagram incorporating blower trucks 97
Figure 85: Woodchip self-loading articulated vehicle 99
Figure 86: Revised terminal process diagram incorporating self-load trucks 99
Figure 87: Walking floor trailer in operation (left) and empty (right) 100
Figure 88: Revised terminal process diagram incorporating self-load trucks 100

Figure 89: Truck bed layout of briquette pallets for new small, medium and large trucks 102

Figure 90: Truck bed layout of bagged logs for new small, medium and large trucks 102
Figure 91: Truck mounted crane loading options for woodchip (left) and logs (right) 104
Figure 92: Revised terminal process diagram incorporating automated equipment 107
Figure 93: End-user process diagram revised for automated feeder system with blower
109
truck
Figure 94: Revised terminal process diagram incorporating truck mounted cranes 111
Figure 95: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for new small truck with woodchip (left)
114
and with baled briquettes/ logs (right)
Figure 96: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for new medium truck with woodchip
115
(left) and with baled briquettes/ logs (right)
Figure 97: Emissions reduction isochrone maps for new large truck with woodchip (left)
116
and with baled briquettes/ logs (right)
List of Tables
Table 1: Availability of biomass fuel in Sri Lanka 8
Table 2: Common biomass fuel basic details 20
Table 3: Co-ordinates detailing locations of terminals 21
Table 4: Common truck basic details 22
Table 5: Maximum weight capacity for each existing truck type with different biomass fuel
23
types
Table 6: Breakdown of fuel typical costs 30
Table 7: Breakdown of fixed and variable costs for logs 31
Table 8: Tasks compared to duration of event baseline 32
Table 9: Fixed costs obtained through survey for each truck type 32
Table 10: Fixed costs calculated through reference to industry standards 32
Table 11: Vehicle depreciation costs for each truck type 32
Table 12: Distances between terminals and end-users 33
Table 13: Road classification speed limits 33
Table 14: Nine routes for cost and emissions analysis 34
Table 15: Example transport cost calculation 35
Table 16: Total costs for the nine routes for each vehicle and fuel type 35
Table 17: Per tonne costs for the nine routes for each vehicle and fuel type 36
Table 18: Per MJ cost for the nine routes for each vehicle and fuel type 36

Table 19: Total carbon dioxide emissions for the nine routes for each vehicle and fuel type 37
Table 20: Per tonne carbon dioxide emissions for the nine routes for each vehicle and fuel
38
type
Table 21: Biomass (logs) and Furnace oil comparative properties 40
Table 22: Biomass current, maximum cost ceiling and buffer values 41
Table 23: Suitable delivery radii for each truck and biomass fuel type 49
Table 24: Comparison of proposed small trucks 90
Table 25: Comparison of Proposed Medium Trucks 90
Table 26: Comparison of proposed large trucks 91
Table 27: Proposed truck basic details 93

Table 28: Maximum weight capacity for each new truck type with different biomass fuel types 94

Table 29: Cost comparison for large truck with logs to medium blower truck 98
Table 30: Evaluation of pre-transport improvements and basic body types 101
Table 31: Comparison of truck mounted fork-lift and truck mounted crane 103
Table 32: Comparison of blower truck and self-loading truck 103
Table 33: Evaluation of existing and preferred truck bodies to standard and improved
104
biomass types
Table 34: Revised tasks compared to duration of event 105
Table 35: Revised breakdown of fixed and variable costs for logs 106
Table 36: Cost comparison for existing large truck with logs to new large truck, and new large
108
truck with other upgrades
Table 37: Overall briquette costs for base case and improvements 108
Table 38: Cost comparison for existing large truck with logs to new large truck, and new large
110
truck with other upgrades
Table 39: Overall log costs for base case and improvements 111
Table 40: Cost comparison for existing large truck with logs to new large truck, and new large
113
truck with other upgrades
Table 41: Overall woodchip costs for base case and improvements 113
Table 42: Suitable radii for each truck and biomass fuel type 116
Table 43: Journey comparison between selected rail and road routes 117
Table 44: Cost comparison between selected rail and road routes 118
Table 45: GHG emissions comparison between selected rail and road routes 118