Transistor As An Amplifier

 Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the amplitude of

an electrical signal and is one of the major properties of a transistor.

 Transistor exhibits current gain (𝛽).

 When a transistor is biased in the active or linear region BE junction

has low resistance due to forward bias and BC junction has high
resistance due to reverse bias.
 Transistor As An Amplifier(contd)
 DC and AC Quantities
Designations:
 DC:
 IB, IC, IE, VBE, VCE, VCB, VB, VE, VC

Upper-case Non-Italic

 AC:
 Ib, Ic, Ie, Vbe, Vce, Vcb, Vb, Vc, Ve

Lower case-Italic
Transistor As An Amplifier(contd)

IC = 𝛽IB RC >> r’e so output

voltage is always
greater than input
r’e = Internal ac emitter resistance voltage
The Transistor as Switch
 When used as an electronic switch, the transistor is normally operated
alternately in cutoff and saturation.
 Digital circuits make use of the switching characteristics of the transistors.
The Transistor as Switch
Conditions in Cutoff:

Conditions in Saturation:

IB >> IB(min) to keep transistor well into

saturation
An Application of Transistor as a Switch
Example 4-1
Q. Determine 𝛽𝐷𝐶 and IE if IB = 50 µA and IC = 3.65 mA
Solution:-
Example 4-2
Determine IB, IC, IE, VBE, VCE, and VCB, in the circuit below. The
transistor has a BDC = 150
Solution:-
Example 4-4
Determine whether or not transistor in figure below is in saturation.
Assume VCE (sat) = 0.2 V.
Solution:-
 Example 4-6
The transistor in figure has the following maximum ratings: PD(max) =
800 mW, VCE(sat) = 15V, IC(max) = 100 mA. Determine the maximum
value to which VCC can be adjusted without exceeding a rating.
Which rating would be exceeded first?
Solution:-
 Example 4-8
Determine the voltage gain and ac output voltage if r’e = 50 Ω
Solution:-
 Example 4-9
a. For a transistor in figure what is VCE if VIN = 0 V?
b. What minimum value of IB is required
to saturate this transistor if 𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 200?
a. Calculate the maximum value of RB when
VIN = 5 V.
Solution:-
 Example 4-10
The LED in figure requires 30 mA to
emit sufficient level of light. The
collector current should be
approximately 30 mA. For the
following circuit values, determine the
amplitude of the square wave input
voltage necessary to make sure that
the transistor saturates. Use double
the minimum value of base current as
a safety margin to ensure saturation.
VCC = 9 V, VCE(sat) = 0.3 V, RC = 270 Ω, RB
= 3.3 kΩ and 𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 50.
Solution:-